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(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Recovered from Leptocybe Invasa

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(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Recovered from Leptocybe Invasa Selitrichodes neseri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) recovered from Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) galls after initial release on Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in Brazil, and data on its biology Marcus V. Masson1, Wagner de S. Tavares1,*, Fabricio de A. Lopes1, Amanda R. de Souza2, Pedro J. Ferreira-Filho3, Leonardo R. Barbosa4, Carlos F. Wilcken2, and José C. Zanuncio5 Abstract Blue gum chalcid, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), causes galling damage to Eucalyptus species (Myrtaceae) in various regions of the world, but has been controlled effectively by its primary parasitoid, Selitrichodes neseri Kelly & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the recovery of S. neseri after its initial release on Eucalyptus plants in Brazil and to provide data on its biology. Selitrichodes neseri was imported from South Africa to Brazil for the biological control of L. invasa, in Mar 2015, and recovered from Aug 2015 to Dec 2016. Successful recovery of this parasitoid shows its potential to become established in the field. Seedlings of 2 hybrids obtained from crosses between rose gum Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill. ex Maiden and flooded gum Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake and between Eucalyptus sp. and (river red gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. × E. grandis) showed potential as hosts for culture of S. neseri on L. invasa in the laboratory because up until the adult parasitoid emergence these seedlings did not wilt. When reared at 25.1 to 26.0 °C, the total number of parasitoids and the proportion of male parasitoids were highest, relative to hosts reared at 26.1 to 27.0 °C. Peak emergence ofS. neseri occurred 28 d after parasitism. Key Words: emergence; exotic pest; gall wasp; parasitoid; South Africa Resumo Vespa-da-galha, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), causa galhas danosas às espécies de Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) em várias regiões do mundo, mas tem sido efetivamente controlada por seu parasitoide primário,Selitrichodes neseri Kelly & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eu- lophidae). Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a recuperação deS. neseri após sua liberação inicial em plantas de Eucalyptus no Brasil e fornecer dados sobre sua biologia. Selitrichodes neseri foi importado da África do Sul para o Brasil para o controle biológico de L. invasa em março de 2015 e recuperado de agosto de 2015 a dezembro de 2016. Recuperação com sucesso deste parasitoide mostra seu potencial para se tornar estabelecido no campo. Mudas de 2 híbridos obtidos a partir dos cruzamentos Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill. ex Maiden and Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake e entre Eucalyptus sp. e (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. × E. grandis) mostraram potencial como hospedeiro para se criar S. neseri em L. invasa em labora- tório porque até a emergência do parasitoide adulto essas mudas não murcharam. Quando criado de 25,1 a 26,0 °C, o número total de parasitoides e a proporção de parasitoides machos foram maiores, relativo aos hospedeiros criados de 26,1 a 27,0 °C. O pico de emergência de S. neseri ocorreu aos 28 dias após parasitismo. Palavras Chave: emergência; praga exótica; vespa-da-galha; parasitoide; África do Sul Mated Selitrichodes neseri Kelly & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulo- the biological control of L. invasa (Kelly et al. 2012). In South Africa, S. phidae: Tetrastichinae) females parasitize mature larvae and newly neseri is maintained by the Tree Protection Co-operative Programme of formed pupae in galls caused by the blue gum chalcid, Leptocybe the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute at the University invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), in of Pretoria in partnership with the Biological Control of Eucalypt Pests eucalyptus plants, Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) (Kelly et al. 2012). Selitrich- program. odes neseri was collected in Australia, where it is native, in 2010 and Galls caused by L. invasa and bearing larvae parasitized byS. neseri reared in quarantine in South Africa, where it has been released for were sent on 26 Mar 2015 to the “Laboratório de Quarentena Costa 1Bahia Specialty Cellulose/Copener Florestal Ltda., rua Dr. José Tiago Correa, s/n, bairro Alagoinhas Velha, 48030-480, Alagoinhas, Bahia, Brasil; E-mail: [email protected] (M. V. M.), [email protected] (W. de S. T.), [email protected] (F. de A. L.) 2Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, 18603-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil; E-mail: [email protected] (A. R. de S.), [email protected] (C. F. W.) 3Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 18052-780, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brasil; E-mail: [email protected] (P. J. F.-F.) 4Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Florestas, 83411-000, Colombo, Paraná, Brasil; E-mail: [email protected] (L. R. B.) 5Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil; E-mail: [email protected] (J. C. Z.) *Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected] (W. de S. T.) 2017 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 100, No. 3 589 590 2017 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 100, No. 3 Lima” of the “Embrapa Meio Ambiente” in Jaguariúna, São Paulo State, of 74.18 ha. Leptocybe invasa has been present at this location since Brazil, where they remained in quarantine to prevent the introduc- 2012. tion of other exotic agents, including bacteria, fungi, mites, and other insects, into Brazil. Selitrichodes neseri was imported according to RECOVERY OF SELITRICHODES NESERI EMERGING FROM LEP- protocols of the Brazilian “Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abas- tecimento”, as part of the “Projeto Cooperativo de Manejo de Pragas TOCYBE INVASA GALLS COLLECTED IN THE FIELD Exóticas do Eucalipto” of the “Programa Cooperativo em Proteção Flo- Recovery of S. neseri was evaluated monthly from Aug 2015 to Dec restal” at the “Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais.” Emerged 2016, with 6 branches (approximately 50 cm length) of a eucalyptus parasitoids were sent to the “Laboratório de Controle Biológico de Pra- tree infested by L. invasa galls bagged individually within an organza gas Florestais” of the “Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita fabric bag (20 cm width × 40 cm length). Trees within the stand where Filho” in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil, where they were raised on S. neseri were released showed a high incidence of galling and drying L. invasa galls in seedlings of a cross between rose gum Eucalyptus of the upper third of the tree canopy due to the high level of L. invasa grandis W. Hill. ex Maiden (Myrtaceae) and river red gum Eucalyptus infestation. Pure honey was placed on the edge of the bags as food for camaldulensis Dehnh. (Myrtaceae), clone 3025, at 26 ± 2 °C, 60 ± 10% the collected insects (S. neseri and L. invasa). The numbers of S. neseri RH, and a 12:12 h L:D photoperiod. and L. invasa individuals inside these bags were evaluated visually 2 d The population dynamics of natural predators often mirrors that after being installed in the field without removal of the branches. of their prey (Bjorksten et al. 2005; Ferreira-Filho et al. 2008). Thus, these biological agents have the greatest potential for successful bio- ADEQUACY OF EUCALYPTUS HYBRIDS FOR CULTURE OF SELIT- logical control when released in the field at the beginning of pest out- breaks (Huber et al. 2006). Selitrichodes neseri is a specialist L. invasa RICHODES NESERI IN THE LABORATORY, AND NOTES ON S. NE- parasitoid and therefore does not attack other insect species (Dittrich- SERI BIOLOGY Schröder et al. 2014). Mass rearing of S. neseri is important for L. invasa Three S. neseri females and 1 male were placed in each wood- biological control programs, and knowledge of this parasitoid’s biology framed cage sealed with screen on the sides and with glass on the top could assist with large-scale production and release in the field (Kelly (45 cm length × 50 cm width × 80 cm height) with 3 potted eucalyptus et al. 2012). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the recovery seedlings infested by L. invasa galls. Potted eucalyptus seedlings with and establishment of S. neseri in L. invasa galls after its initial release galls exposed to parasitoids were placed in other cages after 2 d of ex- on Eucalyptus plants in Brazil and to provide data on its biology. posure to parasitoids until the emergence of parasitoids or gall wasps. The same 3 female and 1 male parasitoids received 3 other potted eu- calyptus seedlings (same hybrid) with L. invasa galls for parasitism for Materials and Methods an additional 2 d. One assay with the hybrid E. grandis × E. uropylla and a second assay with the hybrid Eucalyptus sp. × (E. camaldulensis × E. grandis) separated by cages were used per tested temperature. RECEIVING AND MAINTAINING SELITRICHODES NESERI Drying out and mortality of eucalyptus seedlings were evaluated ADULTS IN THE LABORATORY daily for each hybrid through visual observation and counting the num- Sixty S. neseri adults (41 females and 19 males) were brought to ber of emerged insects (S. neseri and L. invasa). The generation time the “Laboratório de Proteção Florestal” of the “Bahia Specialty Cellu- from parasitism to emergence and the adult longevity ofS. neseri were lose/Copener Florestal Ltda.” in Alagoinhas, Bahia State, Brazil, on 1 Jul also evaluated. The emergence of adults and rate of parasitism were 2015. We placed 21 females and 7 males of the 60 parasitoids in wood- evaluated in separate rooms at 24.0 to 25.0, 25.1 to 26.0, 26.1 to 27.0, framed cages sealed with screen on the sides and with glass on the top 27.1 to 28.0, 28.1 to 29.0, and 29.1 to 30 °C with a constant RH and (45 cm length × 50 cm width × 80 cm height).
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