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For Predicting In-Hospital Mortality in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Journal of Clinical Medicine Article Performance of Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) for Predicting In-Hospital Mortality in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Dong-Ki Kim , Dong-Hun Lee * , Byung-Kook Lee, Yong-Soo Cho, Seok-Jin Ryu, Yong-Hun Jung, Ji-Ho Lee and Jun-Ho Han Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea; [email protected] (D.-K.K.); [email protected] (B.-K.L.); [email protected] (Y.-S.C.); [email protected] (S.-J.R.); [email protected] (Y.-H.J.); [email protected] (J.-H.L.); [email protected] (J.-H.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-62-220-6809 Abstract: The present study aimed to analyze and compare the prognostic performances of the Revised Trauma Score (RTS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), Shock Index (SI), and Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) for in-hospital mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This retrospective observational study included severe trauma patients with TBI who visited the emergency department between January 2018 and December 2020. TBI was considered when the Abbreviated Injury Scale was 3 or higher. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. In total, 1108 patients were included, and the in-hospital mortality was 183 patients (16.3% of the cohort). Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed for the ISS, RTS, SI, and MEWS with respect to the prediction of in-hospital mortality. The area under the curves (AUCs) of the ISS, RTS, SI, and MEWS Citation: Kim, D.-K.; Lee, D.-H.; Lee, were 0.638 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.603–0.672), 0.742 (95% CI, 0.709–0.772), 0.524 (95% CI, B.-K.; Cho, Y.-S.; Ryu, S.-J.; Jung, Y.-H.; 0.489–0.560), and 0.799 (95% CI, 0.769–0.827), respectively. The AUC of MEWS was significantly Lee, J.-H.; Han, J.-H. Performance of different from the AUCs of ISS, RTS, and SI. In multivariate analysis, age (odds ratio (OR), 1.012; Modified Early Warning Score 95% CI, 1.000–1.023), the ISS (OR, 1.040; 95% CI, 1.013–1.069), the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (MEWS) for Predicting In-Hospital Mortality in Traumatic Brain Injury (OR, 0.793; 95% CI, 0.761–0.826), and body temperature (BT) (OR, 0.465; 95% CI, 0.329–0.655) were Patients. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1915. independently associated with in-hospital mortality after adjustment for confounders. In the present https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10091915 study, the MEWS showed fair performance for predicting in-hospital mortality in patients with TBI. The GCS score and BT seemed to have a significant role in the discrimination ability of the MEWS. Academic Editor: Rafael Badenes The MEWS may be a useful tool for predicting in-hospital mortality in patients with TBI. Received: 23 March 2021 Keywords: traumatic brain injury; scoring system; modified early warning score; mortality Accepted: 22 April 2021 Published: 28 April 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral 1. Introduction with regard to jurisdictional claims in Trauma is the leading cause of death in people aged below 46 years [1]. Although the published maps and institutional affil- mortality of trauma patients has declined over the last decades, the cause of trauma-related iations. death has gradually shifted from multiple organ dysfunction syndrome to central nervous injury [2]. Therefore, it is important to identify risk factors early and provide intensive care for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Several triage tools for TBI have been developed, and studies have reported the Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. efficacies of these tools for predicting prognosis [3–8]. Among these, the Injury Severity Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Score (ISS) and Revised Trauma Score (RTS) are the most commonly used tools in severe This article is an open access article trauma patients, including those with TBI [3,4]. However, the relationship between these distributed under the terms and tools and the prognosis of patients with TBI is not well understood, and some studies have conditions of the Creative Commons even questioned these relationships [9–11]. The Shock Index (SI), the ratio of heart rate to Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ systolic blood pressure (SBP), was related to hypovolemic shock in patients with severe 4.0/). trauma, including TBI [5,6], and may be related to the mortality of patients with TBI [7]. In J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1915. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10091915 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jcm J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1915 2 of 10 addition, previous studies have reported that early warning scores, such as the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), are related to adverse events, including hypotension and the need for advanced airway management, need for intensive care, and early mortality in patients with TBI [8]. However, few studies have shown the association between various triage tools and outcomes in patients with TBI. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze and compare the prognostic performances of the RTS, ISS, SI, and MEWS for in-hospital mortality in patients with TBI. We also investigated the risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with TBI. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Design and Population We performed a retrospective observational study involving patients with TBI at Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea, who were admitted between January 2018 and December 2020. Severe trauma was defined as an ISS greater than 15 [12]. TBI was considered when the head Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score was 3 or higher [13]. Isolated TBI was defined as a head AIS score of ≥3 and any other AIS score of <3 [14]. Combined TBI was defined as a head AIS score of ≥3 and at least one other AIS score of ≥3 [14]. The following exclusion criteria were applied: age below 18 years; cardiac arrest following trauma before arrival at the emergency department (ED); specific trauma mechanisms, such as drowning, burns, or hanging; and missing data. This study was approved by the institutional review board of Chonnam National University Hospital (CNUH-2021-064). Vital sign and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores were measured by triage nurses who have received in-hospital education and training in the triage room at ED visits. All the triage nurses have been working in the ED for at least 2 years before performing triage. The AIS and ISS scores were calculated by physicians who have received training in Korean Trauma Assessment and Treatment (KTAT). 2.2. Data Collection Data on the following variables were obtained for each patient: age, sex, mechanism of trauma, SBP (mmHg) on admission, respiratory rate on admission, pulse rate on admis- sion, body temperature (BT, ◦C) on admission, initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, amount of transfused packed red blood cells (PRC), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and platelet concentrates (PC) within 24 h after arrival at the ED, and in-hospital mortality. The RTS was calculated based on vital signs and the GCS score (Table1)[ 15]. The SI was calculated as the heart rate divided by SBP [5]. The AIS score and ISS were calculated on ED arrival. The MEWS was calculated based on vital signs and AVPU (Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive) scale data on ED arrival (Table2)[ 16]. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Table 1. Revised Trauma Score. The Revised Trauma Score (RTS) Glasgow Coma Scale Systolic Blood Pressure Respiratory Rate Coded Value (GCS) (SBP) (RR) 13–15 >89 10–29 4 9–12 76–89 >29 3 6–8 50–75 6–9 2 4–5 1–49 1–5 1 3 0 0 0 RTS = 0.9368 (GCSc) + 0.7326 (SBPc) + 0.2908 (RRc). J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1915 3 of 10 Table 2. Modified Early Warning Score. Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) Score 0 1 2 3 9–14 15–20 21–29 ≥ 30 Respiratory rate (min−1) ≤ 8 51–100 101–110 111–129 ≥ 130 Hear rate (min−1) 41–50 ≤ 40 101–199 ≥ 200 Systolic BP (mmHg) 81–100 71–80 ≤ 70 35.1–38.4 ≥ 38.5 Temperature (◦C) ≤ 35 Neurological Alert Responding to Voice Responding to Pain Unresponsive The total score is the sum of each component. 2.3. Statistical Analysis Continuous variables did not satisfy the normality test and are presented as median values with interquartile ranges (IQR). Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages. Differences between survivors and non-survivors were tested using the Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables. Fisher’s exact test or the chi-square test was used for the comparison of categorical variables, as appropriate. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to examine the prognostic performances of the ISS, RTS, SI, and MEWS for in-hospital mortality. The comparison of dependent ROC curves was performed using the DeLong method [17]. We conducted multivariate analysis using logistic regression of relevant covariates for in-hospital mortality. Variables with p values of <0.20 in univariate comparisons were included in the multivariate regression model. We used a backward stepwise approach, sequentially eliminating variables with a threshold p value of >0.10 to build the final adjusted regression model. We included one of the prognostic tools (MEWS, RTS, ISS, and SI) into the final model and performed the analysis separately in each group (all TBI, isolated TBI, and combined TBI groups). The results of logistic regression analysis are presented as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All analyses were performed using PASW/SPSS™ software, version 18 (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and MedCalc version 19.0 (MedCalc Software, bvba, Ostend, Belgium).
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