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A Left-Wing Historical Revisionism

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A Left-Wing Historical Revisionism C Abstract: C R R I The great political and social changes that have paved the neoliberal I S turn were accompanied also by cultural transformations of not lesser S I extent. Historical revisionism plays in historiographical science the same I A Left-Wing S S role that postmodernism plays in philosophy and in the humanities: a & deligitimation of the revolutionary tradition in order to reiterate the & argument that the history of modern democracy have exclusively to C C R be identified with the history of liberalism, the history that ideological R Historical I position that triumphed at the end of the Cold War. I T T I I Q Historical revisionism puts in question the revolutionary cycle Q U that begins with the French Revolution and reaches up to the U E E decolonization. It focuses, however, in a particular way on the “Second Revisionism: / Thirty Years' War” (1914-1945), in whose interpretation it replaces / the category of "international democratic revolution" with the idea Volume 3 / Volume 3 / Issue 1 of a perpetual conflict between liberal democracy and right- and left- Issue 1 wing “totalitarianism” (Nazism and communism are the same in this Studying the perspective). The revisionist cultural hegemony has almost since many years erased, therefore, the historiographical anti-fascist paradigm born during the Seond World War from the alliance between the liberal democracies and Conflicts of the the Soviet Union. To this offensive we have not to answer, however, with the nostalgic defence of the past, but by fighting back: new discoveries and researches have, instead, to stimulate the construction of an autonomous "historical revisionism from the left.” A revisionism which is able, for instance, to question the deep link between the neoliberal world Twentieth Century of today and the Western colonial tradition. Keywords: antifascism, theory of totalitarianism, historical revisionism, After the Crisis neoliberalism, historical materialism, revolutionary circle. The demonization of the history of the Twentieth century Let us briefly review the titles of some works about Stalin and the history of the Soviet Union recently published on the international academic of Anti-Fascist scene: The European dictatorships: Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini, by Alan Todd; Stalin und Hitler: das Pokerspiel der Diktatoren, by Lew Besymensky; The dictators: Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Russia, by Richard Overy; Schlachtfeld der Diktatoren: Osteuropa in Schatten von Hitler und Stalin, Paradigm by Dietrich Beyrau…1 Those are books – we could have a much longer list – that starting with their title are inspired by the famous “plutarchian” 1 Todd 2002; Besymensky 2004; Overy 2005; Beyrau 2000. Stefano410 Althusser and “Communism” G. Azzarà 411 A Left-Wing Historical Revisionism study of Stalin and Hitler “parallel lives”, written a long time ago by Alan C mutual support and for the division of Europe, as was the case in 1939 C R R Bullock. Such books explicitly aim indeed to compare/put on the same I with the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact, thereby manifesting a certain affinity I level or even identify these two figures. S that was already present in the ideological roots and in the political S Nothing different can be said of books like Victims of Stalin and I purposes of their respective movements. I S S Hitler: the exodus of Poles and Balts to Britain, by Thomas Lane; Two After this short excursus, let’s imagine now a brave University Babushkas: how my grandmothers survived Hitler's war and Stalin's & scholar trying to tackle the question of Stalin's role in XXth century in & peace, by Masha Gessen; La strana guerra. 1939-1940: quando Hitler e an academic scenario. And let’s imagine that he chose to discuss such C C Stalin erano alleati e Mussolini stava a guardare, by Arrigo Petacco, R topic through a conference or a publication that, although inevitably R to quote an italian author.2 As part of this real “history of monsters” I immersed in a political context, would be as rigorous and scientific a I T T (Gramsci) that the 20th century and beyond is reduced to, a book I study as possible. Well, in the light of the aforementioned list of books, it I characterized by an unique and incomparable title stands out then for Q is not difficult to predict that that would end up being a daunting and very Q openness and equanimity of its vision: Tyrants: 2,500 years of absolute U complicated task for this poor guy. His intention would no doubt get into U E E power, death and corruption in the life and history of the 50 most powerful a collision course with a common sense which nowadays is deeply rooted and cruel despots of all time from Genghis Khan to Hitler, from Stalin to / both in the academic community and, more generally, in the world of / Saddam Hussein, by Clive Foss! culture and communication. Consequently his attempt would be literally Volume 3 / Volume 3 / Apart from the excessive zeal and the millennial ambition shown Issue 1 scandalous in the current Italian historiography research landscape as Issue 1 by this latter work, the trend line is at this point clear enough: there is no much as in the European one. substantial difference between Nazi barbarism and Stalinist crimes. If First and foremost, this attempt would obviously be scandalous we oversee some minor questions, the deep nature of such horrors is the to the liberal world. Namely to that political and cultural side – which same: a horror that can be placed under the category of “totalitarianism” coincides mainly with the establishment - that on such issues has and is recognizable starting from its intrinsic hostility to democracy, expressed since the Cold War an opinion that aims at being quite individual freedoms, human and peoples' rights and to the respect for the definitive and dismissive, and that now tackles with annoyance any individual. additional call to discuss this matter. But it would be also scandalous In both regimes, for instance, there is a similar use of vicious for the progressive intellectuals, and even for some of those still linked dictatorship .3 The same goes for concentration camps (Nei lager di to Marxism. Also the left-wing historiography would be stumped by a Stalin, by Alessandro Ferioli). And the same for the persecutions of perspective that would be considered as a challenge and an explicit Jews.4 There is the same unscrupulous use of the propaganda machine political provocation: in reason of the choices acquired over the past and of the intellectual establishment for the purpose of manipulating decades, in fact, when this leftist intellectual world does not arise at minds.5 It has often been said that even the psychological profile - or the tail of the dominant liberal point of view, it scrupulously tends to rather psychopathological profile - of those two bloody and heinous avoid such questions as a a matter that should be discussed as little as criminals is the same, and the mark of infamy in fact weighs in the same possible. way on both of them. A profile very close to madness and paranoia, It is precisely this attitude that constitutes the most important whose roots lie, according to some interpreters, in the darkness of their issue now. This categorical rejection by progressive historiography to childhood trauma (Stalin’s secret life: a psychological and intellectual discuss the thorniest questions relating to the conflicts of the 20. century profile, his lectures, by Boris Semenovic Ilizarov; Stalin and his hangmen: reflects the difficulty by this cultural front to ponder on its own history. It an analysis of the Stalinist regime and psychology, by Donald Rayfield; is almost as if the guilt of the past militancy, introjected over the years, Stalin’s folly, by Constantine Pleshakov). could nowadays only be tackled through some sort of penitential removal. It does not seem to be a coincidence, in conclusion, that such But this sort of approach conceals something even more serious: namely parallel and converging follies have at some point made a blood pact for the unconditional and utter surrender of an entire cultural setting - that in Italy, for example, could refer to a distinguished and very high profile tradition – against to???? that liberal school that had been its main 2 Lane 2005; Gessen 2004; Petacco 2010 historical enemy since the end of World War II and until a few decades 3 Creuzberger & Gortemaker 2002 ago. 4 Borschtschagowski 1977; Rubenstein & Naumov 2001; Brent & Naumov 2003; Rapoport 1990 It would be wrong to underestimate the consequences of this defeatist attitude. The inability to come to terms with such a controversial 5 Beyrau 2000 412 A Left-Wing Historical Revisionism 413 A Left-Wing Historical Revisionism subject marked by a strong symbolic value, in fact, puts into question C Every day the discovery of previously unknown sources and documents C R R the ability of many intellectuals to safeguard the scientific status of their I sheds new light on the events of the past, forcing historians to review and I thought. And it contributes to legitimizING the ever increasing doubts S reinterpret them. Even more, it is the medium- and long-term maturation S about the meaning and usefulness of a leftist culture in Europe. Now that I of the historical-political processes which constitutes a perennial test I S S the ties to that strange and hybrid sort of historical materialism called bench: the present draws a balance of the past, allowing you to verify if “Western Marxism” — whose echo had dragged on from the 1960s an & the lines of interpretation adopted at any given time persist in the long & 70s until a few decades ago – have been cut for quite some time, , which run.
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