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Downloads Reached a New Industry Record in the US Market of $370 Million in 2011 CONSUMPTION CITY: PRECARIOUS LABOUR AND CAPITAL IN VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA by ELLIOT SIEMIATYCKI B.A. (Honours), McGill University, 2006 M.A., York University, 2008 A THESIS SUMBITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Geography) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) June 2013 ©Elliot Siemiatycki, 2013 Abstract Vancouver is increasingly being recognized as a model of urban development in the 21st century. While much of the attention paid to Vancouver has focused on ‘Vancouverism’ as an urban planning and design approach that encourages high-density, amenity-rich, mixed-use development to reenergize urban cores, this dissertation examines the exceptional economic development trajectory underlying Metro Vancouver’s urban transformation since the early 1980s. The central claim in this research is that changes to the built form of the city over the past three decades represent a fundamental shift in the orientation of the local economy away from export-oriented resource activity and business services towards local consumption in real estate and tourism which is driven by inward international investment and immigration. The single most important outcome of this largely unplanned shift in urban economic development has been the unprecedented increases in local housing prices. Instead of a healthy ‘diversified’ economy, this reorientation of Vancouver as a consumption city has created a dysfunctional ‘hybrid’ economy characterized by significant job losses in key local economic sectors, below average levels of productivity and exports, and relatively low incomes. Through a set of comparative sectoral case studies exploring food and beverage services, legal services and digital media services, this dissertation seeks to understand what impact the rise of Vancouver as a consumption city has had on local workers and firms. This research complicates a variety of conceptual frameworks used by human geographers such as precarious employment, global and creative cities, firm competitiveness, and entrepreneurial governance. Above all, the many paradoxes of Vancouver’s contemporary economic development trajectory are exposed in the words of local workers, firms, commentators and industry experts: Vancouver is simultaneously the most livable and unaffordable city in the world; Vancouver is a leading creative city in which creative firms and workers alike struggle under conditions of precariousness; Vancouver is mythologized as a healthy, sustainable, lifestyle city while these very qualities often must be sacrificed by working Vancouver residents. Tracing the underlying story and challenges of Vancouver’s emergence as a global consumption city provides important insights into 21st century urban development. ii Preface The research in this dissertation involved interviews with human subjects. Ethics approval was obtained from the UBC Behavioural Research Ethics Board, Certificate Number H11-00036. All images in this dissertation have been used with the permission of the copyright holders or in accordance with the terms of use provisions for public organizations. iii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Preface............................................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... viii Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................................1 Study Overview ...........................................................................................................................7 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................13 Chapter 2: Literature Review and Methodology ...........................................................................14 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................14 Precarious Employment and Flexible Labour Markets .............................................................16 Global/World Cities and Urban Change ...................................................................................24 Major Themes and Research Questions .................................................................................29 Methodology ..............................................................................................................................31 Quantitative Methods .............................................................................................................35 Qualitative Methods ...............................................................................................................36 I) Case Study Parameters ...................................................................................................40 II) Data Generation ............................................................................................................41 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................44 Chapter 3: Economic Restructuring in Canada’s Global Cities.....................................................45 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................45 Outline and Methodology ..........................................................................................................47 Changes in Labour Market Composition, Process and Remuneration ......................................53 Occupational Composition ....................................................................................................53 Labour Process .......................................................................................................................59 Income and Inequality ............................................................................................................62 iv Beyond the Labour Market: Demographics and Housing Trends .............................................66 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................74 Chapter 4: Vancouver as a Global (Consumption) City ...............................................................76 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................76 The Consumption-Oriented City in Theory ..............................................................................78 Vancouver: A Different Kind of Global City ............................................................................84 Consumption and Production .....................................................................................................96 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................101 Chapter 5: Precarious Employment in the Post-Industrial City ..................................................105 Introduction .............................................................................................................................105 Precariousness A La Carte ......................................................................................................109 Inside the Food Services Workplace ....................................................................................111 Playful Precariousness ..............................................................................................................120 Inside the Creative Services Workplace ..............................................................................122 (Un)Lawful Precariousness .....................................................................................................128 Inside the Legal Services Workplace ..................................................................................129 Occupational and Geographical Profiles of Precariousness ....................................................136 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................141 Chapter 6: Firm Performance and Strategy in a Superstar City ..................................................144 Introduction .............................................................................................................................144 Firm Dynamics and Creative Class Theory: A View from Vancouver ..................................147 Firm Dynamics in Vancouver’s Video Game Sector ..............................................................153
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