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Spatial Modeling of Potential Lobster Harvest Grounds in Palabuhanratu Bay, West Java, Indonesia

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Spatial Modeling of Potential Lobster Harvest Grounds in Palabuhanratu Bay, West Java, Indonesia fishes Article Spatial Modeling of Potential Lobster Harvest Grounds in Palabuhanratu Bay, West Java, Indonesia Mutia Kamalia Mukhtar 1, Masita Dwi Mandini Manessa 1,*, Supriatna Supriatna 1 and Liya Tri Khikmawati 2 1 Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia; [email protected] (M.K.M.); [email protected] (S.S.) 2 Jembrana Marine Fisheries Polytechnic, Jembrana 82218, Indonesia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Palabuhanratu Bay is a location in the southern part of Java Island with a high lobster population. Based on field observation, the lobster population in Palabuhanratu Bay is dominated by Panulirus homarus (green sand lobster), Panulirus versicolor (bamboo lobster), Panulirus penicillatus (black lobster), and Panulirus ornatus (pearl lobster). This study aimed to develop a spatial model using satellite-derived data to predict potential lobster harvest grounds in Palabuhanratu Bay. The Earth observational satellite data used were multispectral Landsat 8-SR imagery, and information about chlorophyll-a, salinity, total suspended solids (TSSs), sea surface temperature (SST), and distance from the coastline was extracted. Multiple linear regression was applied to build the prediction model, which was validated using 10-fold cross-validation. The result of the lobster harvest prediction model agreed with the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and adjusted R2 values of 0.326 and 0.708, respectively. The distribution of lobsters was strong at the following preferred Citation: Mukhtar, M.K.; Manessa, 3 ◦ M.D.M.; Supriatna, S.; Khikmawati, ranges: chlorophyll-a: 1.1–1.7 mg/m ; salinity: 20.2–23.7 ppt; TSS: 40–56.4 mg/L; SST: 29.5–29.9 C; L.T. Spatial Modeling of Potential and distance from the coastline: 500–4700 m. In this study, the habitats of four species of lobsters and Lobster Harvest Grounds in their relationships with satellite-derived parameters were evaluated. Palabuhanratu Bay, West Java, Indonesia. Fishes 2021, 6, 16. Keywords: chlorophyll-a; lobster; TSS; salinity; SST; potential catching grounds https://doi.org/10.3390/ fishes6020016 Academic Editors: 1. Introduction Maria Angeles Esteban Sukabumi Regency is a potential lobster-producing area in Indonesia, specifically in and Eric Hallerman the Palabuhanratu Bay area of West Java Island (Figure1). The waters of Palabuhanratu are characteristic of coral waters, the main habitat of lobsters [1]. Lobsters are a potential fishery Received: 9 February 2021 commodity and are important for export because of their economic value [2]. According Accepted: 18 April 2021 Published: 21 April 2021 to the Director General of Indonesian Fishery Product Processing and Marketing, in 2014, 69.4% of Indonesia’s lobsters were exported to China and 22.6% were exported to Taiwan. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral These exports collectively weighed 3427 tonnes and were worth US$ 42.8 million [3]. The with regard to jurisdictional claims in majority of lobsters caught in Palabuhanratu Bay are Panulirus homarus (green sand lobster), published maps and institutional affil- Panulirus versicolor (bamboo lobster), Panulirus penicillatus (black lobster), and Panulirus iations. ornatus (pearl lobster). [4]. Lobsters have been caught at several locations around the Palabuhanratu Bay area, including the waters of Cisolok, Karang Hawu, Karang De’et, Cimandiri, Sanggra Wayang, Jampang, and Karang Hantu. In addition to being potential lobster harvest grounds, Palabuhanratu Bay also has the potential for lobster cultivation. Palabuhanratu Bay is located in West Java Province, Indonesia, between the coordinates Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. ◦ 0 ◦ 0 ◦ 0 ◦ 0 Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. 06 57 S, 106 22 E and 07 07 S, 106 33 E. Palabuhanratu Bay is bordered by the Cisolok, This article is an open access article Cikakak, Palabuhanratu, and Simpenan districts (Figure1), and it is the largest bay along distributed under the terms and the southern coast of Java Island [5]. conditions of the Creative Commons Oceanographic conditions, such as the physical and chemical aspects of seawater, Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// determine the productivity of the waters [6]. Lobster habitats are dependent on chemical creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ aspects of the coastal environment and are spatially distributed along the coastline. The 4.0/). biology of lobsters is influenced by oceanographic conditions, including chlorophyll-a [7,8], Fishes 2021, 6, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6020016 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes Fishes 2021, 6, 16 2 of 15 TSSs (total suspended solids) [9,10], temperature [11–13], substrate [14,15], salinity [16], and other environmental variables [17,18]. It is time-consuming and expensive to conduct observations of oceanographic conditions using conventional methods over a wide area; therefore, remote sensing on a large scale is more cost-effective than field surveys for the periodic collection of large-scale habitat data [19]. Remote sensing and geographic information systems can be applied to extract coastal and marine parameters related to Fishes 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 16 the characteristics of lobster habitats by identifying useful types of data, approaches, and algorithms as quick solutions for water quality assessments. FigureFigure 1. Research 1. Research location. location. Red dots Red show dots theshow collected the collected lobster catch lobster points. catch points. OceanographicRemote sensing conditions data,on such multispectral as the physical images, and such chemical as those collectedaspects byof Landsseawaterat 8, determinesatellite the productivity imaging, are of useful the waters for marine [6]. L monitoringobster habitat becauses are thedependent spatial resolutionon chemical of aspects Laof ndsatthe coastal 8 is 30 menvironment [20], which isand regarded are spatial as mediumly distributed resolution along and canthe becoastline. applied toThe a wide area of coverage. The availability of consistent data every 16 days [20] gives Landsat 8 biology of lobsters is influenced by oceanographic conditions, including chlorophyll-a the ability to support research that requires a series of observations. Landsat 8 also pos- [7,8], TSSsessess (total various suspended bands as s toolsolids to) [ implement9,10], temperature marine monitoring [11–13], substrate algorithms, [14,15], such as salinity the red, [16], andgreen, other blue, environmental and near infra-red variable bandss [20[17,18]], which. It canis time detect-consuming chlorophyll-a, and salinity, expensive and total to conductsuspended observation solidss of (TSSs). oceanographic Landsat 8 alsoconditions possesses using the thermal conventional infrared methods sensor band over [20 ],a wide areawhich; th canerefore, detect remote sea surface sensing temperature on a large (SST) scale values. is Landsat-8-derivedmore cost-effective oceanographic than field surveysinformation for the periodic has been collection widely used of large to model-scale the habitat potential data occurrence [19]. Remote of marine sensing resources and geographicsuch i asnformation shrimp, tuna, system and others can pelagicbe applied species. to Amongextract thecoastal advantages and marine of satellite-derived parameters related oceanographicto the characteristics information of are lobster free access habitat ands timeseries by identifying availability, useful which types make thisof data, type approachofes information, and algorithms suitable as for quick monitoring solution ands operationalfor water quality purposes. assessments. Lobsters are among the marine resources with high potential for commercialization. RemoteOperational sensing monitoring data on ofmultispectral their abundance images, is one such of the as ways those to sustaincollected their by populations. Landsat 8 satelliteResearch imaging, on are spatial useful modeling for marine of lobsters monitoring has mostly because been carried the outspatial on lobster resolution habitats of Landsat 8 is 30 m [20], which is regarded as medium resolution and can be applied to a wide area of coverage. The availability of consistent data every 16 days [20] gives Landsat 8 the ability to support research that requires a series of observations. Landsat 8 also possesses various bands as tools to implement marine monitoring algorithms, such as the red, green, blue, and near infra-red bands [20], which can detect chlorophyll-a, salinity, and total suspended solids (TSSs). Landsat 8 also possesses the thermal infrared sensor band [20], which can detect sea surface temperature (SST) values. Landsat-8-derived oceanographic information has been widely used to model the potential occurrence of marine resources such as shrimp, tuna, and other pelagic species. Among the advantages of satellite-derived oceanographic information are free access and timeseries availability, which make this type of information suitable for monitoring and operational purposes. Lobsters are among the marine resources with high potential for commercialization. Operational monitoring of their abundance is one of the ways to sustain their populations. Research on spatial modeling of lobsters has mostly been carried out on lobster habitats Fishes 2021, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 16 Fishes 2021, 6, 16 3 of 15 and distributions. The identification of lobsters’ preferred habitats [21] can be linked to theand density, distributions. abundance, The identification and biomass of of
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