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Staphylococcus Aureus and Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius in Animals: Molecular Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence and Zoonotic Potential

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Staphylococcus Aureus and Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius in Animals: Molecular Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence and Zoonotic Potential TESIS DOCTORAL Título Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in animals: molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, virulence and zoonotic potential Autor/es Elena Gómez Sanz Director/es Carmen Torres Manrique y Mirian Zarazaga Chamorro Facultad Facultad de Ciencias, Estudios Agroalimentarios e Informática Titulación Departamento Agricultura y Alimentación Curso Académico Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in animals: molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, virulence and zoonotic potential , tesis doctoral de Elena Gómez Sanz, dirigida por Carmen Torres Manrique y Mirian Zarazaga Chamorro (publicada por la Universidad de La Rioja), se difunde bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 Unported. Permisos que vayan más allá de lo cubierto por esta licencia pueden solicitarse a los titulares del copyright. © El autor © Universidad de La Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones, 2014 publicaciones.unirioja.es E-mail: [email protected] Dpto. Agricultura y Alimentación Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Animals: Molecular Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence and Zoonotic Potential. Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus pseudintermedius en Animales: Epidemiología Molecular, Resistencia a Antimicrobianos, Virulencia y Potencial Zoonótico. Elena Gómez Sanz Tesis Doctoral con Mención Internacional Logroño, 2013 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA RIOJA Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular TESIS DOCTORAL Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in animals: molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, virulence and zoonotic potential. Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus pseudintermedius en animales: epidemiología molecular, resistencia a antimicrobianos, virulencia y potencial zoonótico. Memoria presentada por ELENA GÓMEZ SANZ para optar al título de Doctora con la mención internacional por la Universidad de La Rioja. Logroño, Mayo 2013 Dra. CARMEN TORRES MANRIQUE, Catedrática del Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de la Universidad de La Rioja. Dra. MYRIAM ZARAZAGA CHAMORRO, Profesora Titular del Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de la Universidad de La Rioja. Por la presente declaran que, La memoria titulada “Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in animals: molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, virulence and zoonotic potential”, que presenta Dña. ELENA GÓMEZ SANZ, Licenciada en Biología, ha sido realizada en el Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de la Universidad de La Rioja, bajo su dirección, y reúne las condiciones exigidas para optar al grado de Doctor, Lo que hace constar en Logroño, a 20 de Mayo de 2013. Fdo.: Carmen Torres Manrique Fdo.: Myriam Zarazaga Chamorro “La ciencia es parte de nuestra naturaleza en la vida” “Die Wissenschaft ist Teil unserer Natur im Leben” “Science is part of our nature in life” Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Al final de un camino, como en la vida, sólo permanecen los buenos recuerdos, y no tengo más que palabras de agradecimiento a tod@s y cada un@ de l@s que, de una manera u otra, habéis formado parte de éste. Gracias a mis directoras de tesis, Dras. Carmen Torres y Myriam Zarazaga por llevarme de la mano en este camino. Gracias Carmen, por abrirme la puerta del “labo” cuando, justo antes de mi andadura por tierras inglesas, aparecí - ya dando guerra – sin saber qué hacer con mi futuro. No tenía ni idea, por aquel entonces, de que, casi 6 años después, estaría escribiendo estas líneas. Gracias por tu cercanía y tu apoyo, tu entusiasmo e ilusión contagiosa por el trabajo. Gracias Carmen, por transmitirme pasión por la investigación y gracias por confiar en mí y por demostrármelo. Myriam, creo que si me has aguantado durante casi 5 años sin tirarme algo a la cabeza es que nos vamos a echar de menos, jeje. Gracias por tu empatía, por las largas tardes y noches que me has dedicado durante estos años, por tu mirada crítica, tu escepticismo de buen investigador y tu dedicación plena al trabajo bien hecho. Pero gracias a ambas, sobre todo, por vuestra gran calidad humana y por mostrarme y transmitirme la importancia del trabajo en equipo. Fernanda, gracias por tenderme la mano siempre que lo he necesitado, y por tu disciplina, que tanta falta hacía de vez en cuando en un laboratorio lleno de doctorand@s. A Yoli, por tener siempre una sonrisa en la cara y una carcajada en la retaguardia. Gracias por tu predisposición a ayudar a todo aquél que lo necesite y gracias, sobre todo, por hacer equipo. Bea, te debo un agradecimiento especial, ya que gracias a ti aparecí en el “labo”. Gracias por tu consejo y por mostrarme la puerta hacia un gran grupo. Gracias por tu cercanía conmigo y por ese halo de esfuerzo y superación que siempre te acompaña. A Carmen Tenorio, por tu buen hacer y tu derroche de simpatía. Carmencita, Petit, será muy difícil encontrar una compañera de trabajo con tal espíritu de compañerismo. Gracias por tu bondad, por tu apoyo incondicional, y por allanarme y acompañarme en un camino que podría haber sido muy pedregoso. Eres una de esas personas a las que quieres mantener siempre cerca, y espero de corazón que así sea. Elena, el “labo” también fue otro desde que tú te fuiste, gracias por tu apoyo constante, tu alegría contagiosa, tu cariño, y por tantos buenos ratos dentro y fuera del “labo” que hemos pasado y pasaremos juntas. A Roci y a Sonia, por los innumerables buenos momentos, que se cuentan por años. Gracias por mostrarme la importancia de que en el “labo”, tampoco todo es trabajo, por vuestro apoyo y vuestra comprensión. A Paula, sobre todo, por tu gran amor a los animales. Gracias por tu empatía en las duras tomas de muestras y por mostrarme que esos malos ratos que pasaba no eran cosa de una “tipa rara”. Gracias por ponerle voz a una causa tan noble. A Sarita, por tu ayuda en los últimos meses, por tus ganas de trabajar y tu ilusión por aprender. A Vane, por tu generosidad, tu silenciosa ayuda para que el labo fuera un lugar de trabajo mejor, y por tu voluntad a ayudar a todo aquel que lo necesitara. Sergio, gracias por nuestras largas y numerosas charlas sobre esos temas de discordia que tantos nos gustan. A Dani, por tu respeto y, en especial, por tu paciencia conmigo. Gracias Nere, por tu permanente sonrisa. A nuestr@s ya doctor@s, María de Toro (sé que te irá genial), Cauré (Vane y oihane!), Lorena, María López y Laura, por la ayuda prestada cuando la necesité. Gracias, cómo no, a tod@s l@s “compis” internacionales (Túnez, Méjico, Brasil, Nigeria, Portugal, Algeria…), vosotr@s también formáis parte de esto de una manera especial. Gracias por darle color, vida y alegría a este camino, por hacer del “labo” un lugar en el que tod@s aprendimos de tod@s, y por enriquecerlo con aire fresco plagado de entusiasmo. Rym, Haythem, Nathalia (novia, enhorabuena!), Rosa y Paty, os echo especialmente de menos. Prof. Dr. S. Schwarz, Thank you very much for hosting me in your group “Molecular Microbiology & Antibiotic Resistance” of Friedrich-Loeffler- Institut in Mariensee. Thanks for your determination, your support and your patience, not only during the 4 months I was there, but for all the way after. Thanks Andrea and Kristina for your understanding, your sacrifice and your perseverance. Thanks to all members of the group for smoothing the way, and thanks Geovanna, for your warmth and your unconditional support. Gracias a la Dra. Carmen Simón y al Dr. Carmelo ortega (Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza) por las cepas aportadas. Gracias Carmen, por tu ayuda siempre que lo he necesitado. A los veterinarios Julián Somalo y Elena Rodríguez, por vuestra ejemplar colaboración altruista en las tomas de muestras. Gracias por recibir siempre con una sonrisa a un par de personitas de mono blanco que entraban sonriendo pero que siempre salían con mala cara. Gracias por vuestra comprensión plena. Tampoco me olvido de todos los animales que han hecho posible esta tesis, ni de los que sufren cada día. “It doesn't matter if an animal can reason. It matters only that it is capable of suffering and that is why I consider it my neighbor.” Albert Schwitzer (1875-1965) Premio Novel de la Paz, 1952 Me gustaría agradecer de manera especial a la Comunidad Autónoma de La Rioja, por brindarme la excelente oportunidad de realizar esta tesis y el sustento para llevarla a cabo. Mi agradecimiento, también, a todos y cada uno de los miembros del Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación de la Universidad de La Rioja, por su interés y ayuda en el desarrollo de esta tesis. A mis amig@s, tanto a l@s más cercan@s, como a l@s que están lejos, pero a su vez presentes. Gracias por empujarme siempre hacia delante, por vuestras palabras de aliento y, sobre todo, por enriquecer mi vida. Gracias por “aguantarme” incondicionalmente y por, aún sin entender lo que hacía todas esas horas en el “labo”, mostrar siempre interés por mi trabajo. Gracias por valorarme tanto, por confiar tanto en mí, y por demostrármelo. Txapiyas, sin tu apoyo esta tesis no tiene ni sentido ni contenido. Gracias por formar parte de mi vida, por tu amor y la felicidad que me transmites. Gracias por tus palabras y tu comprensión infinita. Y por ser mi “ángel de la guarda”, por estar siempre alerta para sujetarme y empujar si las fuerzas flaquean. Gracias por confiar siempre en mí, por animarme y acompañarme en cada etapa que comienzo y en cada locura que se me ocurre. Esperaremos, cargados de ilusión y entusiasmo, nuestro próximo destino. A mis padres, por forjarme como soy, por mostrarme los valores de la vida, la importancia del esfuerzo y la perseverancia. Por darme alas pero a la vez unas raíces profundas y fuertes. Gracias por vuestro sacrificio para que hoy pueda escribir estas líneas, por vuestro consejo, por confiar siempre en mí, por apoyar todas mis decisiones y por levantarme cada vez que he caído.
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