(On-Snow) Cross-Country Skiing REFERENCE MATERIAL Competition Coaching Introduction
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Learning to Train (On-Snow) Cross-Country Skiing Learning to Train REFERENCE MATERIAL Competition Coaching Introduction Competition Coaching Introduction Learning to Train (On-Snow) Cross-Country Skiing REFERENCE MATERIAL Competition Coaching Introduction Learning to Train (On-Snow) Cross-Country Skiing REFERENCE MATERIAL Good ski technique habits should be further developed through repeated practice and the use of games that reinforce the technique being taught. All basic cross- country ski skills should be refined by the end of the Learning to Train stage of athlete development. Prepared under the authority of Cross Country Canada’s Coach and Athlete Development Committee © All rights reserved, Coaching Association of Canada and Cross Country Canada, 2008 © All rights reserved, Coaching Association of Canada and Cross Country Canada, 2008 ATHLETE & COACH DEVELOPMENT PROGRESSION Athlete Age LTAD Stage NCCP Context 23 +/- males Competition Coaching: Training to Win (T2W) 23 +/- females High Performance (CCHP) 20 - 23 +/- males Competition Coaching: Training to Compete (T2C) 19 - 23 +/- females Development (CCD – T2C) 16 - 20 +/- males Competition Coaching: Learning to Compete (L2C) 15 - 19 +/- females Development (CCD – L2C) 12 - 16 males Competition Coaching: Training to Train (T2T) 11 - 15 females Introduction (CCI – T2T) 9 - 12 males Competition Coaching: Learning to Train (L2T) 8 - 11 females Introduction (CCI – L2T) 6 - 9 males FUNdamentals Community Coaching (CC) 6 - 8 females Community Coaching: 0 - 6 Active Start Introduction (ICC) © All rights reserved, Coaching Association of Canada and Cross Country Canada, 2008 Illustration by barnstorm creative group © All rights reserved, Coaching Association of Canada and Cross Country Canada, 2008 Table of Contents Section 1 – Developing a Successful Team 1.1 Athlete Recruitment ....................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Recruitment Strategies ....................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Developing Your Recruitment Game Plan .......................................... 4 1.2 Team Building ................................................................................................ 9 1.2.1 Communication ..................................................................................10 1.2.2 Concept and Importance of Team Building ........................................12 1.2.3 Team Player Styles ............................................................................14 1.2.4 Factors Affecting a Team ...................................................................16 1.2.5 Ten Ingredients for a Successful Team ..............................................17 1.2.6 Individual Skills for Effective Team Building .......................................17 1.2.7 Factors That Facilitate Teamwork and Cooperation ...........................18 1.2.8 Organizational Shells .........................................................................19 1.2.9 Team Building Using Physical Challenges ........................................ 20 1.3 Creating the Right Image ............................................................................ 24 1.4 Retention ..................................................................................................... 26 1.4.1 Coaching Children to Embrace a “Love of the Game” ....................... 26 1.4.2 Why Do Teens Drop Out? ................................................................. 30 1.5 CCC Athlete Development Grid ................................................................... 32 Section 2 – Equipment Selection and Ski Preparation 2.1 Equipment Selection for L2T Athletes ......................................................... 35 2.2 Base Preparation ......................................................................................... 37 2.3 Ski Preparation and Competitions ............................................................... 40 2.3.1 Tool Box ............................................................................................ 40 2.3.2 Setting Up Shop ................................................................................ 40 2.4 Snow and Weather Terminology ..................................................................42 2.5 Snow Physics .............................................................................................. 44 Section 3 – Technique Development - Theory 3.1 Overview ..................................................................................................... 55 3.1.1 Acquisition of Skills ........................................................................... 60 3.2 Biomechanics ...............................................................................................61 3.2.1 Skill Phases ........................................................................................61 3.2.2 Laws of Nature ...................................................................................61 3.3 Observation Planning and Preparation ........................................................ 67 3.3.1 Observation Planning ........................................................................ 67 3.3.2 Teaching and Observation Formations ............................................. 68 3.3.3 Effective Use of Video ....................................................................... 72 3.4 Skill Criteria and Checklists ......................................................................... 76 3.4.1 Track Attack Skill Criteria .................................................................. 76 © All rights reserved, Coaching Association of Canada and Cross Country Canada, 2008 3.4.2 Track Attack Skill Checklists ............................................................. 89 3.4.3 Track Attack Progress Report ........................................................... 92 Section 4 – Technique Development - Skating 4.1 Teaching Skating Technique ........................................................................ 95 4.2 Skating Techniques ..................................................................................... 98 4.2.1 Offset Technique (1st Gear) .............................................................. 99 4.2.2 One Skate Technique (2nd Gear) .....................................................109 4.2.3 Two Skate Technique (3rd Gear) ......................................................120 4.2.4 Free Skate Technique (4th Gear) .....................................................128 4.2.5 Skating Technique Checklists ..........................................................134 4.3 Skating Technique Drills .............................................................................138 4.4 Games for Teaching Skating Technique .....................................................139 Section 5 – Teaching and Learning - Part 1 5.1 Introduction or Analysis of a Coaching Situation ........................................143 5.1.1 Key Factors to Consider in Assessing the Effectiveness of Teaching .......................................................................................144 5.2. Defining Learning .......................................................................................145 5.2.1 Performance versus Learning ..........................................................145 5.3 Maximizing Learning ..................................................................................148 5.3.1 My Preferred Learning Style – Questionnaire ..................................148 5.3.2 Interpretation Table ..........................................................................150 5.3.3 Recognizing Preferred Learning Styles ............................................152 5.4 The Teaching Process ................................................................................157 5.4.1 Organization and Set-Up ..................................................................158 5.4.2 Explanations and Demonstrations ...................................................158 5.4.3 Observation .....................................................................................167 5.4.4 Intervention and Feedback ...............................................................157 5.4.5 Observation of the Coach’s Feedback ............................................173 Section 6 – Teaching and Learning - Part 2 6.1 Putting It All Together .................................................................................181 6.1.1 Coach Evaluation Tool for Observers: Organization and Set-Up .....182 6.1.2 Coach Evaluation Tool for Observers: Active Engagement Time .....183 6.1.3 Learning Styles Questionnaire for Athletes ..................................... 184 6.1.4 Preferred Learning Style Checklist for Athletes ................................187 6.1.5 Vocabulary Tables ...........................................................................189 6.2 Teaching and Learning: Self-Assessment ..................................................193 6.2.1 Self-Assessment Sheet ...................................................................193 Section 7 – Athlete Support 7.1 Team Management ....................................................................................199 © All rights reserved, Coaching Association of Canada and Cross Country Canada, 2008 7.1.1 Sample Club Policy - Code of Conduct ........................................... 200 7.1.2 Sample Club Policy - Travel ............................................................ 202 7.1.3