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Germany Since 1740 HI »'< HHHraMn m P*S4°n *> GERMANY SINCE 1740 BY GEORGE MADISON PRIEST PRINCETON UNIVERSITY % <i 1 \ GINN AND COMPANY BOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON COPYRIGHT, 1914, 1915, BY GEORGE MADISON PRIEST ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 515.2 GINN AND COMPANY • PRO- PRIETORS • BOSTON • U.S.A. TO MY SISTER R. P. I. PREFACE The rise of modern Germany has long attracted the interest of American readers, but interest has often been baffled by the complexities of German state and national life and by the mass of detail which historians have in- cluded in their accounts of Germany. Many Americans de- sire, I believe, an introduction to German history. I have attempted to meet this desire by choosing the most inter- esting period — from the accessions of Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great in 1 740 down to recent times — and presenting only the most important events of this period. Both for facts and for ideas I am indebted to German as well as English printed sources and to numerous Prince- ton friends and colleagues. More particular gratitude has been richly merited by Professor Sidney B. Fay of Smith College, who read the manuscript of the whole book with exceeding care and offered many acute observations and suggestions. To John Haughton Coney I can no longer voice acknowledgment of the stimulus which his counsel always gave, for he is gone, and Princeton and American historical science have lost one of their noblest spirits. GEORGE M. PRIEST Princeton University CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Germany as it was in 1740 1 The its and con- Holy Roman Empire ; origins political ditions the election of the Austria and other ; emperor ; states of the the foundations important Empire ; of Prus- sia social and intellectual life ; German around 1740 II. The Wars of Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great, 1740-1763 10 The causes and course of the Silesian Wars and the War of the Austrian Succession; results of the wars of 1740- 174S; the beginning of the Seven Years' War; the course of the war and its significance in German life III. Frederick and Germany in Time of Peace, 1763-17S6 23 Frederick's most important acts in the government of Prus- sia his attitude toward his ; people and toward German and literature conditions in thought ; Austria and other German states and the ; religious philosophical thought ; rise of classical German literature the first ; Partition of Poland ; the War of the Bavarian Succession the ; Fiirsten- bund the ; Frederick Great's ideals and achievements IV. The Decline of Germany to the Treaty of Luneville, 1786-1801 35 Frederick William II of Prussia ; the second and third Par- titions of Poland the French its first ; Revolution and effects in the Peace of Basel the of Germany ; ; campaign 1796 and the of Formio the of Treaty Campo ; campaign 1799-1800 and the of Luneville with its results the Treaty ; popular indifference to political affairs V. The Degradation of Germany, 1801-1808 46 French aggressions in Germany; the campaign of 1805, Austerlitz, and the Treaty of Pressburg; the rise of the vii viii GERMANY SINCE 1740 CHAPTER PAGE Rhine Confederation, and the fall of the Holy Roman Em- isolation of the Battle of pire ; Napoleon's Prussia; Jena and the Peace of Tilsit in control of ; Napoleon Germany VI. The Regeneration of Germany, 180S-1813 .... 55 Reforms in the Prussian state and army; regenerating forces in life Prussian public ; Austrian and other insur- rections the war between Russia against Napoleon ; and in the Prussian Prussia's in France 1812; uprisinr ; part the War of Liberation VII. The War of Liberation, 1813-1815 66 The first months of the war; the engagements around Dresden the Battle of the defeat of ; Leipsic ; Napoleon and his banishment to Elba his return and of a ; reign hundred the Battle of Waterloo benefits to Ger- days ; ; many from the Napoleonic era VIII. The German Confederation and the Period of Re- action, 1815-1S48 76 The Congress of Vienna, the Final Act, and the Federal Act the Alliance constitutional in ; Holy ; government minor German states reaction in Austria and Prussia ; the ; Carlsbad Resolutions; insurrections after 1830; the Zoll- verein a of rulers in Austria and Prussia affairs ; change ; in other states intellectual life in the of reaction ; period IX. The Popular Struggle for Constitutional Liberty and National Unity, 1848-1863 91 The March Revolutions of 1848; the Frankfort Parlia- ment ; rebellion and reaction in Austria and other states ; the failures and successes of and tne Prussian 1848 1849 '> constitution the Austria and ; rising struggle between Prussia for in the desire preeminence Germany ; popular for national the conflict between the states ; the unity ; accession of William I in Prussia the of ; reorganization the Prussian the constitutional conflict the army and ; ap- pointment of Bismarck as prime minister of Prussia X. The Founding of the German Empire, 1863-1871 . 107 The trouble in Schleswig and Holstein; its issuance in war between Austria and Prussia; the establishment of CONTENTS ix CHAPTER PAGE the causes of the North German Federation ; origins and War the establishment and constitu- the Franco-German ; Bismarck the founder of the tion of the German Empire ; the of his and the Empire ; significance methods, place of the new Empire in European politics XL The German Empire to the Fall of Bismarck, 1871-1890 124 International affairs : the Triple Alliance. National affairs : industrial life the centralization of the Kulturkampf ; ; gov- ernment; the rise of the Social-Democrats; parliamentary life the of the the of colonies ; expansion army ; acquisition ; intellectual life. State affairs : Prussia, Alsace-Lorraine, I Bavaria, and Brunswick. William ; the accessions of Frederick III and William II, and the fall of Bismarck XII. Germany under William II, 1890-1914 146 affairs : and industrialism the con- National agriculture ; flict between them effects of industrial on ; prosperity life and character the of the and German ; growth army reasons for armaments navy ; Germany's ; imperial legis- lation and other factors in life unifying German ; parlia- conditions the Social-Democrats the democratic mentary ; ; movement in colonial State affairs : Germany ; acquisitions. Prussia, Saxony, Baden, Wiirtemberg, Bavaria, Brunswick, and Alsace-Lorraine. Intellectual life. William II. Inter- national affairs : Pan-Germanism German imperialism and ; Morocco the immediate causes of war recent German ; ; the blame for the war diplomacy ; CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS IN GERMAN HISTORY SINCE 1740 .... xiii STATES COMPOSING THE GERMAN EMPIRE 185 GENEALOGIES OF LEADING GERMAN RULERS 186 A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ENGLISH BOOKS ON GERMAN HISTORY 188 INDEX 191 LIST OF MAPS PAGE I. GERMANY IN 1740 I II. GERMANY FROM 1815 TO 1866 77 III. GERMANY AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EMPIRE IN 1871 125 IV. TERRITORIES OF GREAT BRITAIN, UNITED STATES, AND GERMANY 141 XI A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS IN GERMAN HISTORY SINCE 1740 1740. Germany, or the Holy Roman Empire, composed of 318 states, is a federation of great age, but it is approaching disintegration because it lacks a strongly centralized government and unifying leadership. 1740-1748. Charles VI, Archduke of Austria and head of the Holy Roman Empire, dies in 1740 without a male heir, leaving the suc- cession of his daughter Maria Theresa in doubt. Frederick II (the Great), who has just (1740) become the king of Prussia, disputes Maria Theresa's succession to lands in Silesia and wins almost all of Silesia by conquest, 1740-1742 and 1744-1745. Bavaria, Saxony, France, and other states also contest the succession of Maria Theresa — in the War of the Austrian Succession, 1 741-1748 — but gain no territory permanently. The elector of Bavaria becomes the head of the Holy Roman Empire in 1742 as Charles VII, but dies in 1745, and the husband of Maria Theresa succeeds him as Francis I. The War of the Austrian Succession ends with the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, which secures to Maria Theresa the possession of all her father's realms except Silesia. 1756-1763. Frederick hears that Austria, France, and Russia, resent- ful of his are to seize and success, plotting dismember Prussia ; he therefore tries to checkmate his enemies by forcing hostilities. The Seven Years' War follows, leaving, by the Peace of Hubertusburg, the boundaries of each contestant's domains just as they were before. 1765. Francis I is succeeded by his son Joseph II (1765-1790) in Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, but Maria Theresa retains control until her death in 1780. 1772, 1793, 1795- Polandis partitioned among Russia, Prussia, and Austria. 1786. Frederick the Great dies after a reign of enlightened despotism, leaving Prussia thoroughly organized, equipped with a large stand- ing army, and recognized as a power of the first class. 1789. The French Revolution and its overthrow of absolutism lead to the intermeddling of Austria and Prussia in French affairs (1792), to the downfall of the French monarchy, and to the campaign of the First Coalition against France (1793). xiii xiv GERMANY SINCE 1740 1795. Prussia, in the demoralizing reign of Frederick William II (1786- 1797), deserts its allies by signing the Peace of Basel with France. II 1801. Austria, under Leopold II (1 790-1 792) and Francis (1792-1835), continues the struggle against France, but is forced, in its own name and in that of the Holy Roman Empire, to the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797) and, after the defeat of the Second Coalition by Napoleon Bonaparte, to the Treaty of Luneville (1801), which cedes to France the whole of the west bank of the Rhine. The Treaty of Luneville also causes, by a process of consolidation, a great re- duction in the number of states in the Holy Roman Empire.
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