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False Data Injection and Its Mitigation

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False Data Injection and Its Mitigation energies Review Enhancing Cybersecurity in Smart Grids: False Data Injection and Its Mitigation Derya Betul Unsal 1,* , Taha Selim Ustun 2 , S. M. Suhail Hussain 2 and Ahmet Onen 3 1 Department of Energy Science and Technology, Renewable Energy Research Center, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey 2 Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), Koriyama 963-0298, Japan; [email protected] (T.S.U.); [email protected] (S.M.S.H.) 3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri 38170, Turkey; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +90-(346)-219-1153 Abstract: Integration of information technologies with power systems has unlocked unprecedented opportunities in optimization and control fields. Increased data collection and monitoring enable control systems to have a better understanding of the pseudo-real-time condition of power systems. In this fashion, more accurate and effective decisions can be made. This is the key towards mitigating negative impacts of novel technologies such as renewables and electric vehicles and increasing their share in the overall generation portfolio. However, such extensive information exchange has created cybersecurity vulnerabilities in power systems that were not encountered before. It is imperative that these vulnerabilities are understood well, and proper mitigation techniques are implemented. This paper presents an extensive study of cybersecurity concerns in Smart grids in line with latest developments. Relevant standardization and mitigation efforts are discussed in detail and then the classification of different cyber-attacks in smart grid domain with special focus on false data injection (FDI) attack, due to its high impact on different operations. Different uses of this attack as well as Citation: Unsal, D.B.; Ustun, T.S.; developed detection models and methods are analysed. Finally, impacts on smart grid operation and Hussain, S.M.S.; Onen, A. Enhancing Cybersecurity in Smart Grids: False current challenges are presented for future research directions. Data Injection and Its Mitigation. Energies 2021, 14, 2657. https:// Keywords: smart grid cybersecurity; false data injection; power system operation; power system doi.org/10.3390/en14092657 protection; cybersecurity attacks; intruder detection; cybersecurity for scada systems Academic Editor: Seon-Ju Ahn Received: 12 April 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 28 April 2021 The traditional electricity grid system of the 20th century is insufficient to meet today’s Published: 6 May 2021 needs. Novel technologies such as Electric Vehicles (EVs), smart inverters and renewable energy-based generators are continually being deployed [1]. They change power system Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral operation paradigms, introduce bi-lateral power flow and create a dynamic operation with regard to jurisdictional claims in structure which was not originally envisioned [2]. To tackle these issues, power systems are published maps and institutional affil- equipped with more measurement, communication, and control capabilities. More accurate iations. information about the grid’s current state can be obtained in this fashion, and a decision can be made in pseudo-real time [3]. This modern power system structure is collectively called the Smart Grid (SG). There are many definitions of SG concept, such as “A network where all consumers can reach efficient, cheap, accessible, and reliable energy by using control and Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. communication technologies” [4]. Alternatively, SG is a system that is adaptive, reliable, Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. interactive and allows for renewable energy sources integration and optimization [5,6]. This article is an open access article In addition to these definitions, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) distributed under the terms and gives a high-level perspective and classifies SGs. Moreover, application characteristics and conditions of the Creative Commons requirements of SG infrastructure are divided into different layers [7]: Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ • Application; 4.0/). • Security; Energies 2021, 14, 2657. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092657 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 38 Energies 2021, 14, 2657 2 of 36 • Application; • Security; •• Communication;Communication; •• ControlControl of of Power; Power; •• PowerPower system.system. AsAs shownshown inin FigureFigure1 ,1, SGs SGs are are divided divided into into generation, generation, transmission, transmission, distribution, distribution, serviceservice providers,providers, and and consumers. consumers. According According to tofields fields of study, of study, control control of power of power and com- and communicationmunication technologies technologies should should solve solve possible possible problems problems encountered encountered in the in SG the [7]. SG The [7]. Theworking working principles principles of ofall allpower power electronics electronics elements elements integrated integrated into into the networknetwork shouldshould bebe wellwell analysedanalysed toto achieveachieve effectiveeffective SGSG system system [ 8[8].].Stable Stable and and efficient efficient transmission transmission of of energyenergy toto thethe endend customercustomer isis crucialcrucial for for a a reliable reliable network network implementation. implementation. IfIf itit isis made,made, energyenergy efficiency efficiency and and local local renewable renewable energy energy usage usage will will increase, increase, and and the the ideal ideal grid grid system sys- willtembe will realised be realised by reducing by reducing the transmission the transmission losses losses [9]. [9]. FigureFigure 1. 1.NIST NIST SGSG Model.Model. ConsideringConsidering thethe vastvast geographicalgeographical spanspan ofof SGsSGs andand thethe numbernumber ofof devicesdevices theythey host,host, itit is is inevitableinevitable thatthat thethe cybersecuritycybersecurity vulnerabilitiesvulnerabilities becomebecome moremore prevalentprevalent thanthan thethe other.other. Furthermore,Furthermore, the the consequences consequences of securityof security breaches breaches in such in such critical critical infrastructure infrastructure will have will significanthave significant ramifications, ramifications, as all organizations as all organizations with energy-providing with energy-providing authorities authorities agree [10]. Accordingagree [10]. toAccording [11], SG canto [11], be consideredSG can be cons an electricalidered an system electrical that system uses cyber that uses secure cyber in- formationsecure information and communication and communication technologies. technolo Thegies. system The works system to works obtain to a safe,obtain reliable, a safe, andreliable, efficient and computationalefficient computational intelligence intelligen systemce integrated system integrated with electricity with electricity transmission, trans- generation,mission, generation, and distribution and distribution substations. substation It is possibles. It is to possible classify cybersecurityto classify cybersecurity into three systems,into three as systems, shown belowas shown in Figurebelow2 in: SmartFigure energy, 2: Smart information, energy, information, and communication and commu- systemsnication listed systems under listed smart under infrastructure smart infrastr system.ucture They system. must work They simultaneously must work simultane- with the smartously managementwith the smart system management and support system its and protection support system its protection [12]. Existing system cybersecurity [12]. Existing solutionscybersecurity have solutions difficulties have in meetingdifficulties the in needs meeting of SGthe communicationneeds of SG communication systems. When sys- recenttems. When research recent is examined, research itis canexamined, be understood it can be that understood traditional that cybersecurity traditional cybersecu- methods andrity algorithmsmethods and have algorithms usually studied, have andusually there st areudied, separate and studiesthere are on separate power and studies commu- on nicationpower and regarding communication cyber risks. regarding If critical systemscyber risks. such If as critical the power systems system such communication as the power infrastructuresystem communication have cybersecurity infrastructure risks, have that cancybersecurity have severe risks, consequences that can have and traditionalsevere con- riskssequences are now and included traditional in risk risks assessments. are now incl However,uded in risk SG communicationassessments. However, systems securitySG com- ismunication a relatively systems new topic; security few academic is a relatively and experimental new topic; few studies academic have been and found experimental [13]. studies have been found [13]. Energies 2021, 14, x 2657 FOR PEER REVIEW 3 3of of 38 36 FigureFigure 2. 2. SGSG Cyber-Security Cyber-Security Sy Systemstem Structure Structure and Relationship Diagrams. AA general general assessment assessment of of the the vulnerabilities vulnerabilities can split into five five categories: •• InteractionInteraction control control framework framework security; security; •• SmartSmart meter meter measurement measurement security; security; •• AssessmentAssessment of of power power system system status security; •• IntelligentIntelligent network network communication
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