Eine Kugel Kam Geflogen (A Bullet Came A-Flying.) (Mediavistik Band

Home , Erich Maria Remarque, Peter Brown (actor)

Beihefte zur Mediaevistik: Band 28 2015

Andrea Grafetstätter / Sieglinde Hartmann / James Ogier (eds.), Islands 2015 · and Cities in Medieval Myth, Literature, and History. Papers Delivered at the International Medieval Congress, Univer-sity of Leeds, in 2005, 2006, and 2007 (2011) Internationale Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Mittelalterforschung

Olaf Wagener (Hrsg.), „vmbringt mit starcken turnen, murn“. Ortsbefesti- Band 28 gungen im Mittelalter (2010)

Hiram Kümper (Hrsg.), eLearning & Mediävistik. Mittelalter lehren und lernen im neumedialen Zeitalter (2011)

Olaf Wagener (Hrsg.), Symbole der Macht? Aspekte mittelalterlicher und frühneuzeitlicher Architektur (2012)

N. Peter Joosse, The Physician as a Rebellious Intellectual. The Book of the Two Pieces of Advice or Kitāb al-Naṣīḥatayn by cAbd al-Laṭīf ibn Yūsuf al-Baghdādī (1162–1231) (2013)

Meike Pfefferkorn, Zur Semantik von rike in der Sächsischen Weltchronik. Reden über Herrschaft in der frühen deutschen Chronistik - Transforma- tionen eines politischen Schlüsselwortes (2014)

Eva Spinazzè, La luce nell'architettura sacra: spazio e orientazione nelle chiese del X-XII secolo tra Romandie e Toscana. Including an English summary. Con una introduzione di Xavier Barral i Altet e di Manuela Incerti (2016)

Begründet von Peter Dinzelbacher Herausgegeben von Albrecht Classen LANG MEDIAEVISTIK

MEDI 28-2015 83024-160x230 Br-AM PLE.indd 1 11.04.16 KW 15 16:55 Beihefte zur Mediaevistik: Band 28 2015

Olaf Wagener (Hrsg.), „vmbringt mit starcken turnen, murn“. Ortsbefesti- Band 28 gungen im Mittelalter (2010)

Hiram Kümper (Hrsg.), eLearning & Mediävistik. Mittelalter lehren und lernen im neumedialen Zeitalter (2011)

Olaf Wagener (Hrsg.), Symbole der Macht? Aspekte mittelalterlicher und frühneuzeitlicher Architektur (2012)

N. Peter Joosse, The Physician as a Rebellious Intellectual. The Book of the Two Pieces of Advice or Kitāb al-Naṣīḥatayn by cAbd al-Laṭīf ibn Yūsuf al-Baghdādī (1162–1231) (2013)

Meike Pfefferkorn, Zur Semantik von rike in der Sächsischen Weltchronik. Reden über Herrschaft in der frühen deutschen Chronistik - Transforma- tionen eines politischen Schlüsselwortes (2014)

Begründet von Peter Dinzelbacher Herausgegeben von Albrecht Classen LANG MEDIAEVISTIK

MEDI 28-2015 83024-160x230 Br-AM PLE.indd 1 11.04.16 KW 15 16:55 Internationale Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Mittelalterforschung

Begründet von Peter Dinzelbacher Herausgegeben von Albrecht Classen

Band 28 · 2015 Hl. Leonhard, S. Maria della Carità, Venedig

Auch in Italien fand der heilige Leonhard von Limoges, Patron der Gefangenen und Viehpatron, seine Verehrer. Dieses mit 1377 da- tierte Hochrelief zu Seiten des Eingangs zur (heute profanierten) Kirche S. Maria della Carità am Canal Grande zeigt ihn mit einem byzantinischen Vortragekreuz und eisernen Fesseln als Attributen. Zu seinen Füßen knien zwei Angehörige einer Bruderschaft, „con- fraternita“, die sich als „penitenti“ mit ihren Geißeln abbilden ließen. Ihm gegenüber ist ein gleichzeitig entstandener und in die gleiche Umrahmung gestellter heiliger Christophoros angebracht. Über bei- den Heiligen thront die Jungfrau Maria. (Bild und Text: Peter Dinzelbacher)

ISSN 0934-7453 ISSN-Internet 2199-806X © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Frankfurt am Main 2016 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Peter Lang Edition ist ein Imprint der Peter Lang GmbH. Peter Lang – Frankfurt am Main · Bern · Bruxelles · New York · Oxford · Warszawa · Wien Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. www.peterlang.com Mediaevistik 28 · 2015 1

Inhalt

Aufsätze Herausgegeben von Werner Heinz

Werner Heinz, Eine Festschrift für Albrecht Classen 11 Peter Meister, The Scholar as Poet 15 Andrew Breeze, The Name of King Arthur 23 Connie L. Scarborough, The Disabled and the Monstrous: Examples from Medieval Spain 37 Cristian Bratu, Prologues as Locus Auctoris in Historical Narratives: An Overview from Antiquity to the Middle Ages 47 Penny Simons, Geographies in Aimon de Varennes’ Florimont 67 Sibylle Jefferis, The Influence of the Trojan War Story on theNibelungenlied : Motifs, Characters, Situations 87 Peter Dinzelbacher, „strîtes êre“ – über die Verflechtung von Ehre, Schande, Scham und Aggressivität in der mittelalterlichen Mentalität 99 Christopher R. Clason, A “Courtly” Reading of Natural Metaphors: Animals and Performance in Gottfried’s Tristan 141 Alan V. Murray, Wernher der Gartenaere and the Arthurian Romance: The Intertextuality of Helmbrecht’s Cap 161 Karen Pratt, Adapting the Rose for New Manuscript Contexts: the Case of Poitiers, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 215 175 William C. McDonald, Red Jews and the Antichrist as the Jewish Messiah: Michel Beheim’s Endicrist (c. 1455). With a Translation 195 Andrew Weeks, Deutsche Mystik und mystisches Deutschtum 217 Winfried Frey, Die versäumte Gelegenheit zur Toleranz gegenüber den Juden: Anselms von Canterbury Cur deus homo. Eine Skizze 233 Birgit Wiedl, ...und kam der jud vor mich ze offens gericht. Juden und (städtische) Gerichtsobrigkeiten im Spätmittelalter 243 Thomas Willard, Beya and Gabricus: Erotic Imagery in German Alchemy 269 Reinhold Münster, Die Pilger und die Fleischeslust. Zur Ideengeschichte von Erotik, Kunst und Religion 283 Werner Heinz, Heilige Längen: Zu den Maßen des Christus- und des Mariengrabes in Bebenhausen 297 2 Mediaevistik 28 · 2015

Martha Moffitt Peacock, Mirrors of Skill and Renown: Women and Self-Fashioning in Early-Modern Dutch Art 325 Berta Raposo, Der Gegensatz Nord/Süd als Seitenentwurf in der Mittelalterrezeption Friedrich de la Motte Fouqués 353 William McDonald, A Short Introduction to George F. Jones, Eine Kugel kam geflogen 361 George Fenwick Jones, Eine Kugel kam geflogen (A bullet came a-flying.) 363

Rezensionen Herausgegeben von Albrecht Classen

Gesamtes Mittelalter

Aborte im Mittelalter und der Frühen Neuzeit: Bauforschung, Archäologie, Kulturgeschichte, ed. Olaf Wagener (A. CLASSEN) 371 Emily Albu, The Medieval Peutinger Map: Imperial Roman Revival in a German Empire (A. CLASSEN) 372 La Fascination pour Alexandre le Grand dans les littératures européennes (Xe–XVIe siècle): Réinventions d’un mythe, ed. C. Gaullier-Bougassas (R. J. CORMIER) 374 Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger, Tim Neu, Christina Brauner (Hgg.), Alles nur symbo- lisch? Bilanz und Perspektiven der Erforschung symbolischer Kommunikation. Symbolische Kommunikation in der Vormoderne (R. LÜTZELSCHWAB) 376 The Arma Christi in Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture. With a Critical Edition of ‘O Vernicle’, ed. by Lisa H. Cooper and Andrea Denny-Brown (R. SCHMITZ-ESSER) 379 Barlaam und Josaphat: Neue Perspektiven auf ein europäisches Phänomen. Hg. von Constanza Cordoni und Matthias Meyer, unter Mitarbeit von Nina Hable (A. CLASSEN) 380 Georg Scheibelreiter, Wappen im Mittelalter (H. BERWINKEL) 382 Thomas Wozniak, Sebastian Müller, Andreas Meyer (Hg.), Königswege. Festschrift für Hans K. Schulze zum 80. Geburtstag und 50. Promotionsjubiläum (H. BERWINKEL) 384 A Catalogue of Western Book Illumination in the Fitzwilliam Museum and the Cambridge Colleges, Part IV: The British Isles. Volume I: Insular and Anglo-Saxon manuscripts, ed. N. Morgan and S. Panayotova, with the assistance of Rebecca Rushforth (S. BRUCE) 386 Mediaevistik 28 · 2015 3

Daniel O’Sullivan, ed., Chess in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age. A Fundamental Thought Paradigm of the Premodern World (S. LUCHITSKAYA) 387 Handbook of Medieval Culture: Fundamental Aspects and Conditions of the European Middle Ages. Ed. Albrecht Classen (W. C. JORDAN) 390 Paul M. Cobb, Der Kampf ums Paradies: Eine islamische Geschichte der Kreuzzüge (A. CLASSEN) 392 Alexander Demandt, Der Baum: Eine Kulturgeschichte (A. CLASSEN) 394 Marina Münkler, Antje Sablotny und Matthias Standke, Hgg., Freundschaftszeichen: Gesten, Gaben und Symbole von Freundschaft im Mittelalter (A. CLASSEN) 396 Kerstin Hundahl, Lars Kjær, and Niels Lund, eds. Denmark and Europe in the Middle Ages, c. 1000–1525: Essays in Honour of Professor Michael H. Gelting (L. TRACY) 399 Jan Keupp und Romedio Schmitz-Esser, Hrg., Neue alte Sachlichkeit: Studienbuch Materialität des Mittelalters (A. CLASSEN) 401 Gerhard Karpp, Mittelalterliche Bibelhandschriften am Niederrhein (C. GALLE) 402 Katalog der mittelalterlichen Helmstedter Handschriften der Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel, Teil 1: Cod. Guelf. 1 bis 276 Helmst (C. GALLE) 404 Katalog der mittelalterlichen Handschriften in Salzburg. Stiftsbibliothek Mattsee, Archiv der Erzdiözese Salzburg, Salzburger Landesarchiv, Archiv der Stadt Salzburg, Salzburg Museum. Katalogband. Unter Mitarbeit von Beatrix Koll und Susanne Lang bearbeitet von Nikolaus Czifra und Rüdiger Lorenz. Registerband. Bearbeitet von Nikolaus Czifra und Rüdiger Lorenz (J. JEEP) 405 Anne Kirkham and Cordelia Warr, ed., Wounds in the Middle Ages. The History of Medicine in Context (L. TRACY) 407 Christina Mochty-Weltin, Karin Kühtreiber, Thomas Kühtreiber und Alexandra Zehetmayer, Wehrbauten und Adelssitze Niederösterreichs, Bd. 3: Das Viertel unter dem Wienerwald (R. WAGENER) 409 Hiram Kümper, Materialwissenschaft Mediävistik: Eine Einführung in die Historischen Hilfswissenschaften (A. CLASSEN) 411 Erik Kwakkel, Manuscripts of the Latin Classics, 800–1200 (S. BRUCE) 412 Literatur- und Kulturtheorien in der Germanistischen Mediävistik: Ein Handbuch. Hrsg. von Christiane Ackermann und Michael Egerding (A. CLASSEN) 414 Mächtige Frauen? Königinnen und Fürstinnen im europäischen Mittelalter (11.–14. Jahrhundert). Hrsg. von Claudia Zey. Unter Mitarbeit von Sophie Caflisch und Philippe Goridis (A. CLASSEN) 416 4 Mediaevistik 28 · 2015

Matter of Faith: An Interdisciplinary Study of Relics and Relic Veneration in the Medieval Period, ed. by James Robinson and Lloyd de Beer with Anna Harnden (R. SCHMITZ-ESSER) 417 The Meanings of Nudity in Medieval Art, hrsg. von Sherry C. M. Lindquist (R. SCHMITZ-ESSER) 419 Medieval Clothing and Textiles, ed. Robert Netherton and Gale R. Owen-Crocker, with the assistance of Monica L. Wright (A. CLASSEN) 421 The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach, ed. by Gregory L. Halfond (W. SAYERS) 422 Rudolf Simek, Monster im Mittelalter: Die phantastische Welt der Wundervölker und Fabelwesen (A. CLASSEN) 423 Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader, ed. Jarbel Rodriguez (A. CLASSEN) 428 Jean Passini, The Medieval Jewish Quarter of Toledo (R. CORMIER) 429 Georg Patt, Studien zu den Salzehnten im Mittelalter, 2 Bde. (H. KÜMPER) 430 Polemic: Language as Violence in Medieval and Early Modern Discourse. Eds. Almut Suerbaum, George Southcombe, and Benjamin Thompson (F. ALFIE) 431 Thomas Wozniak, Quedlinburg. Kleine Stadtgeschichte (D. NICHOLAS) 433 Suzanne Reynolds, A Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library at Holkham Hall. Volume I. Manuscripts from Italy to 1500. Part I. Shelfmarks 1–399 (R. LÜTZELSCHWAB) 434 Barbara H. Rosenwein, Generations of Feeling: A History of Emotions, 600–1700 (A. CLASSEN) 437 Michael Mitterauer, St. Jakob und der Sternenweg. Mittelalterliche Wurzeln einer großen Wallfahrt (C. GRAFINGER) 439 Robert Bartlett, Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things? Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation (S. BRUCE) 441 John Carey, Emma Nic Cárthaigh, and Caitríona Ó Dochartaigh, with a fore- word by Bernard McGinn, The End and Beyond: Medieval Irish Eschatology (E. GARDINER) 442 The Medieval Chronicle IX, ed. Erik Kooper and Sjoerd Levelt (A. CLASSEN) 445 Von achtzehn Wachteln und dem Finkenritter: Deutsche Unsinnsdichtung des Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit. Mittelhochdeutsch / Frühneuhochdeutsch / Neuhochdeutsch. Hrsg., übersetzt und kommentiert von Horst Brunner (A. CLASSEN) 446 Vergessene Texte des Mittelalters, hrsg. von Nathanel Busch und Björn Reich (A. CLASSEN) 448 Mediaevistik 28 · 2015 5

Katie L. Walter, Ed., Reading Skin in Medieval Literature and Culture. The New Middle Ages (J. BARR) 451 Dorothea Weltecke, Ulrich Gotter und Ulrich Rüdiger (Hg.): Religiöse Vielfalt und der Umgang mit Minderheiten. Vergangene und gegenwärtige Erfahrungen (C. SCHOLL) 453 Siegfried Wenzel, Medieval Artes Preaedicandi. A Synthesis of Scholastic Sermon Structure (C. GALLE) 455

Frühmittelalter

Kristján Ahronson, Into the Ocean: Vikings, Irish, and Environmental Change in Iceland and the North (W. SAYERS) 457 Anthologia Latina. Eingeleitet, übersetzt und kommentiert von Wolfgang Fels (A. CLASSEN) 458 The Dating of “Beowulf”: A Reassessment, ed. Leonard Neidorf (A. BREEZE) 460 Luigi Andrea Berto, In Search of the First Venetians: Prosopography of Early Medieval Venice (A. THALLER) 461 Constance Brittain Bouchard, Rewriting Saints and Ancestors. Memory and Forgetting in France, 500–1200 (E. MEGIER) 463 Claire Breay and Bernard Meehan, The St. Cuthbert Gospel: Studies on the Insular Manuscript of the Gospel of John (S. BRUCE) 465 Peter Brown, The Ransom of the Soul: Afterlife and Wealth in Early Western Christianity (S. BRUCE) 467 Michael D. C. Drout, Tradition & Influence in Anglo-Saxon Literature: An Evolutionary, Cognitivist Approach (J. HILL) 468 Ego Trouble: Authors and their Identities in the Early Middle Ages, ed. Richard Corradini, Matthew Gillis, Rosamond McKitterick, and Irene van Renswoude (C. LANDON) 470 Janine Fries-Knoblach and Heiko Steuer, with John Hines (eds.), The Baiuvarii and Thuringi. An Ethnographic Perspective (M. PIERCE) 472 Clemens Gantner, Freunde Roms und Völker der Finsternis. Die päpstliche Konstruktion von Anderen im 8. und 9. Jahrhundert (C. GRAFINGER) 474 Tim Geelhaar, Christianitas: Eine Wortgeschichte von der Spätantike bis zum Mittelalter (E. MEGIER) 475 Die Gumbertusbibel: Goldene Bilderpracht der Romanik. Hrsg. von Anna Pawlik und Michele C. Ferrari (A. CLASSEN) 479 6 Mediaevistik 28 · 2015

Die Kaiserchronik: Eine Auswahl. Mittelhochdeutsch / Neuhochdeutsch. Übersetzt, kommentiert und mit einem Nachwort versehen von Mathias Herweg (A. CLASSEN) 480 Katalog der lateinischen Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München. Die Handschriften aus Regensburg. Band 4. Clm 14401–14540. Neu beschrieben von Friedrich Helmer und Julie Knödler unter Mitarbeit von Günter Glauche (J. JEEP) 481 Arnulf Krause, Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie und Heldensage (W SCHÄFKE) 483 Derek Krueger, Liturgical Subjects: Christian Ritual, Biblical Narrative, and the Formation of Self in Byzantium (V. MARINIS) 486 Natalie Maag, Alemannische Minuskel (744–846 n. Chr.) Frühe Schriftkultur im Bodenseeraum und Voralpenland (J. JEEP) 487 Richard Marsden, The Cambridge Old English Reader (A. CLASSEN) 489 Valerie L. Garver and Owen M. Phelan, ed., Rome and Religion in the Medieval World: Studies in Honor of Thomas F.X. Noble (S. BRUCE) 490 Otfrid von Weißenburg, Evangelienbuch. Aus dem Althochdeutschen übertragen und mit einer Einführung, Anmerkungen und einer Auswahlbibliographie versehen von Heiko Hartmann (A. CLASSEN) 491 Michael Philip Penn, Envisioning Islam: Syriac Christians and the Early Muslim World. Divinations: Rereading Late Antique Religion (S. BOYD) 493 The Old English Martyrology: Edition, Translation and Commentary, ed. Christine Rauer (S. GODLOVE) 495 Markus Schiegg, Frühmittelalterliche Glossen. Ein Beitrag zur Funktionalität und Kontextualität mittelalterlicher Schriftlichkeit (J. JEEP) 497 Juan Signes Codoñer, The Emperor Theophilos and the East, 829–842 (W. TREADGOLD) 500 Victoria Zimmerl-Panagl, Lukas J. Dorfbauer and Clemens Weidmann, ed., Edition und Erforschung lateinischer patristischer Texte: 150 Jahre CSEL: Festschrift für Kurt Smolak zum 70 (S. BRUCE) 502 Anders Winroth, The Age of the Vikings (A. SAUCKEL) 503

Hochmittelalter

Aelred de Rievaulx, Sermons. La Collection de Reading (C. GALLE) 507 Hartmann von Aue, Der arme Heinrich. Mittelhochdeutsch/Neuhochdeutsch. Hrsg., übersetzt und kommentiert von Nathanael Busch und Jürgen Wolf (A. CLASSEN) 509 Mediaevistik 28 · 2015 7

Philippe Buc, Holy War, Martyrdom, and Terror: Christianity, Violence, and the West (E. KUEHN) 510 Lothar Voetz, Der Codex Manesse. Die berühmteste Liederhandschrift des Mittelalters (A. CLASSEN) 512 Helge Eilers, Studien zu Sprache und Stil in alt- und mittelhochdeutscher Literatur (M. PIERCE) 513 Heiko Hartmann, Einführung in das Werk Wolframs von Eschenbach (A. CLASSEN) 515 Joachim Heinzle, Traditionelles Erzählen. Beiträge zum Verständnis von Nibelungensage und Nibelungenlied (M. PIERCE) 516 Eduard Hlawitschka, Die Ahnen der hochmittelalterlichen deutschen Könige und Kaiser und ihrer Gemahlinnen (A. WOLF) 518 Mirabilia Urbis Romae: Die Wunderwerke der Stadt Rom. Einleitung, Übersetzung und Kommentar von Gerlinde Huber-Rebenich, Martin Wallraff, Katharina Heyden und Thomas Krönung (A. CLASSEN) 523 Jan-Dirk Müller, Das Nibelungenlied. 4. neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Aufl. (A. CLASSEN) 524 Rupert T. Pickens, Perceval and Gawain in Dark Mirrors: Reflection and Reflexivity in Chrétien de Troyes’s Conte del Graal (A. CLASSEN) 525 Christine Putzo, Konrad Fleck, ‘Flore und Blanscheflur’ (A. CLASSEN) 526 The Romance of Tristran by Beroul and Beroul II: A Diplomatic Edition and a Critical Edition by Barbara N. Sargent-Baur (A. CLASSEN) 529 Larissa Schuler-Lang, Wildes Erzählen – Erzählen vom Wilden: Parzival, Busant und Wolfdietrich D. (A. CLASSEN) 530 Solomon ibn Abirol (Avicebron), The Font of Life (Fons Vitae). Trans. from the Latin with an Introduction by John A. Laumakis (A. CLASSEN) 531 Die jüngere Translatio s. Dionysii Areopagitae, hg. von Veronika Lukas (R. LÜTZELSCHWAB) 532 Verena Türck, Beherrschter Raum und anerkannte Herrschaft (H. BERWINKEL) 535 John Tzetzes, Allegories of the Iliad. Translated by Adam J. Goldwyn and Dimitra Kokkini (R. CORMIER) 537 Bernardus Silvestris, Poetic Works, .ed. and trans. by Winthrop Wetherbee (R. CORMIER) 538 Chris Wickham, Sleepwalking into a New World: The Emergence of the Italian City Communes in the Twelfth Century (F. ALFIE) 540 Wigamur, ed. and trans. by Joseph M. Sullivan (A. CLASSEN) 542 8 Mediaevistik 28 · 2015

The Histories of a Medieval German City, Worms, c. 1000-c. 1300. Translation and Commentary. Trans. by David S. Bachrach (A. CLASSEN) 543 Roland Zingg, Die Briefsammlungen der Erzbischöfe von Canterbury, 1070–1170 (M. WITZLEB) 545 Christopher Tyerman, The Practices of Crusading. Image and Action from the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Centuries (S. LUCHITSKAYA) 547

Spätmittelalter

Die Augsburger Cantiones-Sammlung. Hrsg., übersetzt und kommentiert von Michael Callsen (A. CLASSEN) 551 Steven Bednarski. A Poisoned Past: The Life and Times of Margarida de Portu, a Fourteenth-Century Accused Poisoner (W. PFEFFER) 551 John Page’s “The Siege of Rouen”, ed. Joanna Bellis (A. BREEZE) 554 Vasil Bivolarov, Inquisitoren-Handbücher (A. KOBAYASHI) 555 Undine Brückner, Dorothea von Hof: “Das buoch der götlichen liebe und summe der tugent” (A. CLASSEN) 559 The Book of Gladness / The Livre de Leesce, trans. annotated, and with an Introduction by Linda Burke (A. CLASSEN) 561 Gisela Drossbach und Gerhard Wolf (Hrsg.), Caritas im Schatten von Sankt Peter (P. DINZELBACHER) 561 Christine de Pizan, Le Livre des epistres du debat sus le Rommant de la Rose (A. CLASSEN) 562 The Complete Harley 2253 Manuscript. Vol. 2 and 3. Ed. and trans. by Susanna Fein with David Raybin and Jan Ziolkowski (A. CLASSEN) 564 Der Stricker, Daniel von dem Blühenden Tal. 3., überarbeitete Aufl. Hg. von Michael Resler (A. CLASSEN) 565 Death, Torture and the Broken Body in European Art, 1300–1650, ed. John R. Decker and Mitzi Kirkland-Ives (A. CLASSEN) 566 Deutsches Literatur-Lexikon: Das Mittelalter. Hrsg. von Wolfgang Achnitz (A. CLASSEN) 568 Clayton J. Drees, Bishop Richard Fox of Winchester (R. LÜTZELSCHWAB) 570 Nikolaus Andreas Egel, Die Welt im Übergang. Der diskursive, subjektive und skeptische Charakter der Mappamondo des Fra Mauro (R. SCHMITZ-ESSER) 572 Arnold Esch, Die Lebenswelt des europäischen Spätmittelalters: Kleine Schicksale selbst erzählt in Schreiben an den Papst (A. CLASSEN) 574 Mediaevistik 28 · 2015 9

Everyday Objects. Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings, hrsg. von Tara Hamling und Catherine Richardson (R. SCHMITZ-ESSER) 576 Claire Fanger, Rewriting Magic: An Exegesis of the Visionary Autobiography of a Fourteenth-Century French Monk (T. WILLARD) 577 Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde in Modern Verse. Trans., with Notes, by Joseph Glaser (A. CLASSEN) 579 Ursula Gießmann, Der letzte Gegenpast: Felix V.: Studien zu Herrschaftspraxis und Legitimationsstrategien (1434–1451) (A. CLASSEN) 580 Bernd-Ulrich Hergemöller, Prager Köpfe von Karl IV (A. CLASSEN) 582 Die Inschriften des Landkreises Hildesheim, bearb. von Christine Wulf (R. SCHMITZ-ESSER) 583 Ulrike Jenni, Maria Theisen, Mitteleuropäische Schulen IV (ca. 1380–1400) (J. JEEP) 584 Douglas Kelly, Machaut and the Medieval Apprenticeship Tradition: Truth, Fiction and Poetic Craft (U. SMILANSKY) 587 Sari Kivistö, The Vices of Learning: Morality and Knowledge at Early Modern Universities (E. KUEHN) 590 Die Bibliothek Herzog Johann Albrechts I. von Mecklenburg (1525–1576), beschrieben von Nilüfer Krüger (H. KÜMPER) 591 Maximilians Ruhmeswerk: Künste und Wissenschaften im Umkreis Kaiser Maximilians I. Hrsg. von Jan-Dirk Müller und Hans-Joachim Ziegeler (A. CLASSEN) 592 A Middle English Medical Remedy Book Edited from Glasgow University Library MS Hunter 185, ed. Francisco Alonso Almeida (A. BREEZE) 594 „Mit schönen figuren“ Buchkunst im deutschen Südwesten. Eine Ausstellung der Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg und der Württembergischen Landesbibliothek Stuttgart. Hg. von Maria Effinger und Kerstin Losert mit Beiträgen von Margit Krenn, Wolfgang Metzger und Karin Zimmermann (J. JEEP) 596 Nils Bock. Die Herolde im römisch-deutschen Reich (D. NICHOLAS) 598 Christina Normore, A Feast for the Eyes: Art, Performance & the Late Medieval Banquet (A. RUSSAKOFF) 600 Oton de Granson, Poems. Ed. and trans. by Peter Nicholson and Joan Grenier- Winther (A. CLASSEN) 602 Sophie Page, Magic in the Cloister: Pious Motives, Illicit Interests, and Occult Approaches to the Medieval Universe (S. BRUCE) 604 Passional. Buch I: Marienleben. Buch II: Apostellegenden. Hrsg. von Annegret Haase, Martin Schubert und Jürgen Wolf (A. CLASSEN) 605 10 Mediaevistik 28 · 2015

Paurnfeindts Fechtbuch aus dem Jahr 1516, hg. von Matthias Johannes Bauer (A. CLASSEN) 607 Pedro Martínez García, El cara a cara con el otro: la visión de lo ajeno a fines de la Edad Media y comienzos de la Edad Moderna a través del viaje (A. CLASSEN) 608 Perceforest. Sixième partie. Edition critique par Gilles Roussineau (A. CLASSEN) 610 Coriolano Cippico, The Deeds of Commander Pietro Mocenigo in Three Books. Introduction, translation and notes by Kiril Petkov (A. THALLER) 611 The Works of the “Gawain” Poet: “Pearl”, “Cleanness”, “Patience”, “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”, ed. Ad Putter and Myra Stokes (A. BREEZE) 613 Wolfgang Riehle, The Secret Within. Hermits, Recluses, and Spiritual Outsiders in Medieval England (J. LUDWIKOWSKA) 615 Rosengarten. Hrsg. von Elisabeth Lienert, Sonja Kerth und Svenja Nierentz. Teilband I: Einleitung, ‘Rosengarten ‘ A. Teilband II: ‘Rosengarten’ DP. Teilband III: ‘Rosengarten’ C, ‘Rosengarten’ F, ‘Niederdeutscher Rosengarten, Verzeichnisse (A. CLASSEN) 617 Alexander Markus Schilling, Mögliches, Unwahrscheinliches, Fabelhaftes: Die “Historia trium regum” des Johannes von Hildesheim und ihre orientalischen Quellen (D. RIEDEL) 618 Sebastian Brant, Indices zu Tugent Spyl und Narrenschiff. Hrsg. von Frédéric Hartweg und Wolfgang Putschke (A. CLASSEN) 620 Gabriele Signori, ed., Prekäre Ökonomien: Schulden in Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit (H. KÜMPER) 621 Charlotte A. Stanford, Commemorating the Dead in Late Medieval Strasbourg: The Cathedral’s Book of Donors and Its Use (1320–1521) (A. CLASSEN) 624 Supplications from England and Wales in the Registers of the Apostolic Penitentiary 1410–1503, volume II: 1464–1492, vol. III: 1492–1503 ed. by P. D. Clark-P.N.R. Zutshi (C. GRAFINGER) 625 Volker Stamm, Grundbesitz in einer spätmittelalterlichen Marktgemeinde: Land und Leute in Gries bei Bozen Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte (A. RAFFEINER) 627 Horst Rupp, Hrsg., Der Waltensburger Meister in seiner Zeit (A. CLASSEN) 629 Rainer Welle, ... vnd mit der rechten faust ein mordstuck. Baumanns Fecht- und Ringkampfhandschrift. Edition und Kommentierung der anonymen Fecht- und Ringkampfhandschrift Cod. I.6.4o2 der UB Augsburg aus den Beständen der Öttingen-Wallersteinischen Bibliothek (A. CLASSEN) 631 William Langland, Piers Plowman: A Modern Verse Translation, trans. Peter Sutton (A. CLASSEN) 632 Der Wunderer, hrsg. von Florian Kragl (A. CLASSEN) 634 10.3726/83024_363 Mediaevistik 28 · 2015 363

George Fenwick Jones

Eine Kugel kam geflogen (A bullet came a-flying.)

In Der gute Kamerad, Ludwig Uhland’s touching poem of conflict between military com- radeship and military discipline, a veteran recalls the death of his buddy in battle. He re- members how, as they were advancing to the attack in cadence, he heard a bullet coming at them. Before the ball tore away his friend, as if it were a piece of himself, he had time to speculate “Is it for me or is it for you?” When the fallen warrior reached for his comrade’s hand, the well-disciplined soldier could not give it. Since troops at that time loaded and fired at command, he could not give his hand, but he could express the hope that they would remain good comerades in eternity. Here Uhland uses a dramatic literary topos or literary commonplace, that of the soldier who hears the incoming bullet or shell. A similar situation occurred at the siege of Vicks- burg in the American Civil war. In his memoirs a Yankee sergeant named Charles Wilcox describes the grape, cannister, shells, and solid shot landing around him and then adds “I hear a ball whizzing towards me; I fall to earth for safety and just in time for it to go about three feet over me. It strikes the ground a few yards from me […]” During the last half century I have found frequent use of this topos, perhaps most vividly in a novel about the Franco-Prussian War, which I read some sixty years ago and in which the Prussian soldiers speculate as to which of them will be killed by the French shell they hear approaching. I am sure that most readers of this article will remember one or more such literary examples. Among those I remember, several appear in Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front. The narrator is under artillery barrage when a shell hits his dugout. “Then it shrieks again, I fling myself down and when I stand up the wall of the trench is plastered with smoking splinters, lumps of flesh, and bits of uniform.” Later, as an experienced soldier, he finds the recruits unprepared for battle: A man “must have a feeling for the contours of the ground, an ear for the sound and character of the shells, must be able to decide beforehand where they will drop, how they will burst, and how to shelter from them.” He argues that, while the recruits listen to the big shells falling in their rear, they “miss the light, pip- ing whistle of the low spreading little daisy-cutters.” Therefore, the old-timers sharpen the newcomers’ ears “to the malicious, hardly audible buzz of the smaller shells that are not so easily distinguished. They must pick them out from the general din by their insect-like hum – we explain to them that these are far more dangerous than the big ones that can be heard long beforehand.” 364 Mediaevistik 28 · 2015

While on leave, the narrator is startled by the screaming of the tramcars, “which resembles the shriek of a shell coming straight for one.” Back in action, he says, “Whenever I hear a shell coming I drop down on one knee […]”; and, while the narrator and his friends are fording a stream, they duck their heads under water “whenever a shells whistles.” On one occasion Remarque’s faith in the sound of the incoming missile is revealed only negatively: “A bomb or something lands close beside me. I have not heard it coming and am terrified.” Ernest Hemingway also used this topos negatively. In hisA Farewell to Arms, when he and his friend are under an Austrian artillery barrage: A shell burst short near the river bank. Then there was one we did not hear coming until the sudden rush. We both went flat and with the flash and bump of the burst and the smell heard the singing of the fragments and the rattle of falling brick. In his very realistic memoirs of his service in World War I, Ludwig Renn occasionally men- tions the sound of incoming shells, but usually they are overheard and land somewhere behind him. In several instances, however, he hears a coming shell that lands very close. Also on the Western Front, but on the other side, the English poet Robert Graves had a similar sensation: “I heard one shell whish-whishing towards me and dropped flat. It burst just over the trench where ‘Pettycoat Lane’ runs into ‘Lowndes Square.’ “ In describing an artillery barrage, Lt. Will Percy wrote to his father that “you hear this rushing, tearing sound as the thing comes towards you and then this huge explosion as it strikes, and, infinitely worse, you see its hideous work as men stagger, fall, struggle, or lie quiet and unrecognizable.” The incoming shell theme was just as popular in novels and histories of World War II as they had been in those of World War I. In his excellent account of the Okinawan campaigne of 1945, George Feifer states, “As in all modern wars, ears become acutely sensitive to menaces broadcast by sounds, especially of the varieties of incoming fire.” Though this statement does not say it specifically, it does imply that the sound of incoming fire precedes the shell itself. Feifer also creates dramatic effect by having his servicemen hear the approaching shells, for the “approach of heavy shells that could be heard from a far distance prolongued the macabre suspense; battle-hardenend men came to feel that the whistle alone could achieve the enemy’s goal.” Samuel Hynes, an aviator camped at the Yomitan airfield on Okinawa, also made drastic use of the “incoming shell” topos in describing the fear one felt when knowing that “the shriek would sound and the shell would fall, carrying your death.” A Navajo on Okinawa was dismayed most “by his fatal impotence as the murderous shells approached.” Charlton Ogburn, Jr., who fought in the Burma Campaign, is more specific when he says, “Oh, God, here comes another one, right for the pit of your stomach […] wheu-wheu- wheu-wheu-wheu-bam!” Elsewhere he says: There were the howitzers, 70 millimeters and perhaps 150’s too, that we had met at Walaw- bum. Their shells arched in on you and could be heard coming a long way with a sound like that of a bird with whistling wings. (In fact there was a bird, a kind of hornbill, that made a sound so similar when it took off ahead of the column in the forest that we froze when we heard it, waiting for the detonation.) If you were exposed you had time to dive for cover, but you had also time for a protracted and sickening apprehension. The others gave you no Mediaevistik 28 · 2015 365

time at all. The flat trajectory fire of a 77 millimeter gun was like a whiplash. It came with a shriek. There was no suspense, only an instant of cowering contraction: boom-whaaou- BANG! and it was all over except the zip and whine of the shell fragments and the rain of dirt and bits of trees. Later Ogburn tells how, when a man blows up his rubber pillow, another man in the next fox-hole exclaims, “Oh, for God’s sake, I thought it was a shell coming right in on us.” Af- ter that, he says, “At Shaduzup, they had both high-trajectory howitzers and 77-millimeters mountain guns that slammed their fire in with only a quick, demented shriek between the report of the gun and the explosion of the shell.” In his very gripping account of the Pacific War, William Manchester also discusses the incoming shell: Under close, flat fire the projectiles whipping in were no more identifiable to the veteran than to the greenest replacement. But most of the time you had some warning, and you became familiar with the acoustics of the big cannon. Given a little time in combat – the first days were dangerous for the newcomers – you could sort out the whines of 74-millimeter, 105-millimeter, 24-centimeter, and 30-centimeter howitzers; coastal guns as large as 8-inches (203 millimeters); 120- and 150-millimeter siege guns; rocket bombs; and huge, bloodcurdling 320-millimeter mortars. We have seen that Uhland, Wilcox, Remarque, Renn, Graves, Feifer, Ogburn, and Man- chester (like thousands of men under artillery fire) believed that you can hear the sound of the incoming shell, so it seems strange that this dramatic literary theme was not used by John Costello, who graphically depicted the violence of the same battles described so well by Feifer. Was he unaware of this dramatic literary device, or did he refuse to believe in it? A hasty reading of one passage in Costello’s book might suggest that he accepted the belief in the sound of the incoming shell, namely, of that of the atom bomb at Hiroshima: At seventeen seconds past 8:15, the bomb bay doors opened and “Little Boy” plummet- ed free, wobbling a bit until it picked up speed. The supersonic scream it generated was never to reach the ears of the people on the ground. At precisely 1,800 feet the barometric pressure device triggered the detonating mechanism. In split milliseconds a brief flash had become an engulfing ball of light and destructive energy. Since The Enola Gay was flying 200 miles per hour at 31,860 feet, the atom bomb would have been traveling that fast when it was dropped, but air resistance would have slowed it down quickly until it was free-falling and had probably attained terminal velocity when it detonated at 1,800 feet. The “supersonic scream” obviously refers not to the whistle of the free-falling bomb but to the crash made by the atomic explosion. We have seen that both Remarque and Hemingway were surprised that they had not heard the shells before they burst near them and that Manchester found that even veterans could not identify some flat-trajectory incoming shells. They did not know that they could not have heard them because most artillery shells, like rifle bullets, travel faster than the speed of sound, which is about 1100 feet per second, and therefore reach their target before their screams do. 366 Mediaevistik 28 · 2015

To explain how such a misunderstanding could be possible, we might mention two other uncontroversial folk-beliefs popular in the Pacific war. One of these was the belief in the “Imperial Japanese Marines,” a vast force of warriors who come from an island near Japan and are all over six feet tall and who cry “Tojo, Tojo” during their suicide charges. Many an ardent intelligence officer tried to disabuse his men of this belief, but in vain, even if he asked them whether they would die crying “Secretary Forrestal, Secretary Forrestal.” The so-called Imperial Japanese Marines were in actuality merely naval landing forces, who were scorned by the better trained and better armed Imperial Army. Their gigantic stature was suggested by their bloated corpses that were busting out of their uniforms and gave the appearance of mammoth size. The belief in the “Imperial Japanese Marines” is easy to explain. Since, in their own minds, the U.S. Marines were so infinitely superior to the U.S. Army, a Japanese army man would not be a worthy opponent for a U.S. Marine. Therefore the Marines created a race of marines worthy of their steel, and this fiction was still strong until the very end of the war. Feifer gives two examples of Marines sending home Japanese Imperial Marine uniforms and Nip Marine insignia as souvenirs. Manchester first refers to these armed swab-jockies as “Japanese Special Landing Forces: Japanese Marines”, but later he just calls them “Jap Marines” and “Japanese Marines”. Few authors cared to incur to U.S. Marines’wrath by saying that there were no “Imperial Japanese Marines”; but Costello at least had the cour- age to put the word in quotation marks. Another cherished folk-belief was that the Japanese said “So solly please.” Numerous devoted language officers tried to convince our Marines that the Japanese would have said “So sorry, prease.” One language officer must have succeeded half way. Finding he could not disabuse his men of their belief that the Japanese could not pronounce an R, he added the letter L. Thirty-five years after the war Manchester still clung to this cherished belief and objected to the password and countersign – “lollypop” and “lallygag” because he thought the Japanese could not pronounce the sound R. The Japanese say Sayonara and Rashomon with no difficulty, soR is no problem. It is the Chinese who say “So solly please,” as well as “flied lice.” Despite the interpreters’ efforts, many Marines continued to shoot at anyone who said L instead of R. The myth of the sound of the incoming shell, although generally accepted, may well belong in the category of the Imperial Japanese Marines who say “So solly, please.” The belief in the sound of the incoming shell is well illustrated by Sgt. Wilcox’s reaction mentioned above. Thinking he hears a shot headed for him, he falls to the ground and concludes that the shell passed only three feet above him and hit the earth behind him. If the shell was only a yard above him yet continued some yards behind him, it would have had to be a very very flat trajectory. It is far more likely that the shell was arching down and that he heard it as it screeched far over his head. The same would be true of Graves’ above-mentioned experience, and it is easier to agree with the observation of his friend Siegfried Sassoon, who also served on the Western Front but made no use of the incoming shell theme and said that “you couldn’t hear the shells coming.” Mediaevistik 28 · 2015 367

All soldiers subjected to artillery barrages have heard the scream of an overheard shell, a truly terrifying sound, yet one that should reassure the person hearing it that he is safe from it, even if not from the next shot. Let us suppose that the battle is being fought on level ground and that the flash of the gun can be seen (in actuality, present-day guns are usually on a reverse slope or well concealed. Also, whereas earlier guns shot black powder that made conspicious dark clouds of smoke, modern ones use a powder that makes only a wisp of pale vapor). Let us further assume that the gun is two thousand yards from the front and is aimed too high. Under such conditions, the sequence of events could be more or less as follows. The man under fire first sees the flash of the gun in front of him. Then, some three seconds later, he sees the flash of the detonating shell behind him. Almost simultaneously, he hears the screech of the shell passing overhead. Since most flat trajectory shells, like most rifle slugs, travel initially at some 3,000 feet per second, the shell would take two seconds to pass over the target area and another to hit the ground behind the target. The speed of sound being about 1100 feet per second, the sound of the cannon would not reach the target area for some six seconds. The interval between the flash of the gun and the sound of the gun would be the same as the interval between a flash of lightning and the subsequent sound of thunder. By a strange coincidence, I have just discovered that similar phenomena had been ob- served by a young surgeon aboard the Lackawanna in the battle of Mobile Bay in the Amer- ican Civil War when a columbiad was hurled toward his ship: “It is a curious sight to catch a single shot from so heavy piece of ordnance. First you see the puff of white smoke upon the distant ramparts, and then you see the shot coming, looking exactly as if some gigantic hand has thrown in play a ball toward you. By the time it is half way, you get the boom of the report, and then the howl of the missile, which apparently grows so rapidly in size that every green hand on board who can see it is certain that it will hit him between the eyes. Then, as it goes past with a shriek like a thousand devils, the inclination to do reverence is so strong that it is almost impossible to resist it.” Here we see that the missile was not aimed at the narrator but well over his head, and that is the reason he could hear it. What the surgeon on the Lackawanna said of the ballistics of the columbiad holds, of course, for bullets, as anyone knows who has manned the butts on the rifle range, where the slug hits the target long before the whistle is heard. Ambrose Bierce tells of a Southern saboteur who, while being hanged, has a fantasy that his rope has broken and that he has fallen into a rapid stream. Then “the sound of a clear, high voice came across the water with a distinctness that pierced and subdued all other sounds.” This “high voice” must have been the whistle of the bullet rather than the firing of the rifle. If the bullet was a minié ball, it may well have left the muzzle at supersonic speed and slowed down only a little on its short flight. By the twentieth century it was generally agreed that you could not hear an incoming rifle slug. As a cowboy said in a paperback I read many years ago, “You never hear the bullet that kills you.” Graves wrote: “And whereas we could usually hear a shell approaching, and take some sort of cover, the rifle-bullet gave no warning. So, though we learned not 368 Mediaevistik 28 · 2015 to duck a rifle-bullet because, once heard, it must have missed, it gave us a worse feeling of danger.” The only author I have found who denied the sound of the incoming shell was François Ponthier. In his L’Homme de Guerre of 1957 he quotes a German officer as saying that “one never hears the ball or the bomb or the shell that is going to kill you […]. They go faster than sound, so why worry?” The above sequence of events holds for all shells propelled at speeds greater than that of sound, as most of them are. There are still a few subsonic guns, but they are rare and surely not represented in the examples given above. Graves described a German canister full of scrap metal that could be heard approaching and looked harmless in the air and was fired from a wooden cannon. Muzzle velocity is, of course, not maintained: shells lose momen- tum because of air resistence, so that a shell fired at barely supersonic speed may reach its target at subsonic speed and therefore arrive after its sound. However, he interval in these rare cases would be negligible and insufficient to “prolongue the macabre suspense,” or cause a “protracted and sickening apprehension,” or “take some sort of cover.” Because Uhland’s grenadiers were advancing in step, they probably were doing so in the late eighteenth century, when musket balls travelled only some 850 feet per second, a bit under the speed of sound. However, muskets were seldom fired at more than one or two hundred feet (“Don’t fire till you see the whites of their eyes!”), so the ball that killed our comrade probably was no warning to take cover. Manchester claims that, even though the screaming meemies shrieked when launched, “they approached their targets silently.” It is ironic that these authors could not hear the slow-traveling mortar shells, whereas they claimed to hear the sound of flat, or almost flat, trajectory shells that travel faster than the speed of sound. It may seems strange that so many people tremble at the sound of the shell coming at them, since the shell would have arrived before its whistle. Even those so advised usually duck or fall to the ground as a normal and unconcious reaction. Once, when taking a boat tour of Bruges, I noticed that everyone ducked every time we went under the many bridges, even though all the bridges were a good yard above their heads. Few people fail to duck when boarding a helicopter. Is the theme of the sound of the incoming shell a literary topos or a bit of folk knowledge, or both? Which came first, the chicken or the egg? When used by a novelist who has not been in combat, it is probably a literary topos, unless he has talked with a man who had been under fire. In this case, the informant may actually have heard the approached of a subsonic missile, but it is far more likely that, having been mentally conditioned to hear a shell coming, he heard it because he expected to hear it. Literary authors have surely helped a battlefield myth become a soldier’s gospel. Mediaevistik 28 · 2015 369

Works cited:

Bierce, Ambrose, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, in The Night before Chancellors- ville, ed. Shelby Foote. New York: Signet Books, 1957 (Wilson College, Chambersburg, Pa). Bonner, W. Garth, Just like Clockwork. Salt Lake City: Metro Publishing Co., 1994. Commager, Henry Steele (Ed.), The Blue and the Gray. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1950. Costello, John, The Pacific War. New York: Rawson, Wade, 1982. Esclagon, Ernest, Acoustics of Guns and Projectiles, trans. by Walter A. Rosenblith. UCLA. Los Angeles 1941. Feifer, George, Tennozan. The Battle of Okinawa and the Atomic Bomb. New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1992. Foote, Shelby (Ed.), The Civil War. New York: Random House, 1974. Graves, Robert, Goodbye to All That. London: Cassell & Co., 1929. Hemingway, Ernest, A Farewell to Arms, New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1929. Lane, Mills (Ed.), Dear Mother: Don’t grieve about me…, Beehive Press, Savannah, Ga., 1990. Manchester, William, Goodbye Darkness. Boston: Little, Brown, 1989. Marquand, John P., Mellville Goodwin, USA. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1956. Ogburn, Charlton, Jr., The Marauders. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1956. Ponthier, François, L’Homme de Guerre, Paris, 1957. Remarque, Erich Maria, All Quiet on the Western Front. Trans. by A. W. Wheen. Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1929. Renn, Ludwig, Krieg. Frankfurt am Main: Frankfurter Societäts-Druckerei, 1929. Sassoon, Siegfried, Memoirs of an Infantry Officer. New York: Coward, McCann, Inc., 1930.