Cotton Arthropod 1Pm 325
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Chapter 25 Cotton arthropod 1PM Steven E. Naranjo and Randall G. Luttrell Cotton is the world’s most important natural states grouped into four major production regions source of fiber, accounting for almost 40% of total (Fig. 25.1) with a total production of 21.7 million worldwide production. The rich history of cotton bales in 2006. Total USA harvested cotton hectares and cotton production is closely linked to expand and total production of lint has increased ing human civilization (Kohel & Lewis, 1984; about 10% and 22%, respectively, from the ten- Frisbie et al., 1989). Cotton belongs to the genus year period 1986—95 to the period 1996—2005 Gossypium and four species are cultivated world (Table 25.1). Crop loss to insects and mites has wide. Levant cotton (C. herbaceum) and tree cotton generally declined in the past ten years which rep (C. arboreum) are primarily grown in Asia, while resents a marked improvement in crop protection the long staple sea island (American Pima, Cre technologies and 1PM practices. ole, Egyptian) cotton (C. barbadense) is cultivated Cotton farmers in the USA have a long his in Egypt, India, the West Indies and parts of the tory of organized support from public and private western USA and South America. Upland cotton research and education efforts. The National Cot (C. hirsutum) is the most common species culti ton Council coordinates a wide range ofinitiatives vated throughout the world. Cotton is a perennial and policies for the cotton industry with a defined plant, but is grown as an annual through manip mission to ensure the ability of all USA segments ulation of irrigation, defoliants and cultivation. of the cotton industry to compete in national The harvestable portions of the plant are found in and international markets. They also sponsor an the cotton fruit. The primary product, fiber, arise annual industry-wide meeting (Beltwide Cotton from the growth of single cells on the seed sur Conferences). Cotton Incorporated is an organi face, while the seeds are further used as animal zation funded through per-bale assessments on feed or in the production of oil found in many producers and importers. It is a major source of food products. funding for cotton 1PM and it has a mission to Cotton is grown in more than 75 countries increase the demand for and profitability ofcotton with a total production in 2006 of 116.7 million through research and promotion. Public support bales (-‘25 400 million kg: National Cotton Coun through various extramural and intramural pro cil, 2007a). The current top five producing coun grams ofthe US Department ofAgriculture (USDA) tries, in order, are China, India, the USA, Pak continues to be a critical resource for research and istan and Brazil. In the USA, cotton is grown in 17 extension efforts. Integrated Pest Management, ed. Edward B. Radcliffe, William D. Hutchison and Rafael E. cancelado. Published by cambridge University Press. © cambridge University Press 2009. COTTON ARTHROPOD 1PM 325 Table 25. I Summary of cotton production (balesfha) and insect control costs ($US) in the four major USA production regions over the past 20 years (1986—2005) West Southwest Midsouth Southeast 986— 996— 986— 996— 986— (996— 1986— 1996— 995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 995 2005 Harvested ha (x 000) 604 451 2(43 210 1444 453 607 1261 Production (bales x l000)° 3538 2862 4747 5583 5052 5802 1918 4376 Percent production (lint) 23.2 15.4 3 1.1 30.0 33.1 31.2 (2.6 23.5 Percent crop loss to insects and mites 6.3 4.4 6.1 8.0 9.1 5.9 9.0 5.4 Control cost per hab Insecticides and application I 3 I (68 49 47 36 141 (24 77 (Insecticides, application, scouting, (205) (74) (220) (I 33) eradication and technology fees) o Cotton bale = 2(8 kg of lint. b The data from 1996 onward is more complete, including costs ($US) associated with scouting, eradication of boll weevil and technology fees for growing transgenic cotton, in addition to insecticide and application costs. This more inclusive figure is presented within parentheses. None of the cost figures are adjusted for inflation. Source: Summarized from Cotton Insect Losses, a database compiled by the National Cotton Council (2007b). 25.1 Arthropod fauna . 25. I I Pest species and damage Rainwater (1952) stated “cotton is a plant that nature seems to have designed specifically to attract insects.” Over 1300 herbivorous insects are known from cotton systems worldwide (Harg reaves, 1948) but many fewer are common Major cotton producing regions of the USA inhabi (modified from National Cotton Council, 2007a). tants and still fewer are of economic importance. Roughly 100 species ofinsects and spider mites are pests ofcotton in the USA but only 20% ofthese are In many ways, cotton arthropod 1PM both common and likely to cause damage if left uncon exemplifies and has shaped many of the general trolled (Leigh et cii., 1996) (Fig. 25.2). The remain principles, control tactics and integrated strate ing 80% are sporadic or secondary pests that gies covered with great detail throughout this become problematic in some years due to chang textbook. Numerous reviews have previously sum ing environmental factors or the misuse ofinsecti marized cotton insect pest management in the cides or other disruptions of natural controls. Pest USA (Gaines, 1957; Bottrell&Adlcisson, 1977; Ridg species vary from one production area to the next. way et al., 1984; Frisbje et al., 1989; El-Zik & Frisbie, Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) and tobacco budworm 1991; Luttrell, 1994; King et al., 1996b). Here we (Heliothis virescens) are major pests of cotton in the summarize current and recent past efforts in cot USA from Texas eastward while the pink boliworm ton 1PM that continue to build upon more than (Pectinophora gossypieiia) is the dominant bollworm a century of scientific research and innovation in the western USA. Various species of Lygus and based on ecological principles and understanding. other mind plant bugs affect cotton throughout 326 STEVEN E. NARANJO & RANDALL G. LUTTRELL I Plsnt bugs (Lygus hespems) (L. iineolaris) (Pseudatomoscelis seriatus) (1.23,0.95%) W, SW, MS SE Oilier defoliators e.g. (Bucculafrix thuthe,iella, Trichoplusia ni) 5 (Grasshoppers) (0.22, 0.38%) W.SW, MS SE Thrips e.g. (Frankiinieila occicientafis, Spider mites F. ftisca) e.g. )Tetranychus u,ticae, Cutworms T. paciftaus) (0.39, 0.45%) W, SW, MS, SE .0.14%) W, SW, MS, SE arthropod LT41 Summary of major insect and mite pests of cotton pests in USA cotton was 4.47%, which in the USA, Numbers in parentheses indicate the average represented a loss of >1.5 million bales of cot percent yield loss for the periods 1986—95 and 1996—2005, ton valued at $US 1250 million in yield reduction respectively, for each pest group across the entire USA. Bold and control costs (Williams, 2006). As will be dis letters denote the major production regions where the pest cussed below, many factors have contributed to group primarily impacts cotton production; ‘N, West; SW, reductions in pest losses over the past 20 years Southwest; MS, Midsouth; SE, Southeast. Insects attacking including boll weevil eradication, transgenic cot cotton boils (fruit) generally attack squares (flower buds) as tons for control of caterpillar pests and well. Dotted lines pointing to lint indicate that whiteflies and improved overall 1PM programs aphids can affect yield quality through the deposition of for various pests. honeydew. Asterisks next to species names denote exotic pests and shaded boxes indicate pests which are affected 25.1.2 Beneficial arthropods significantly by Bt cotton. Loss figures summarized from Many beneficial arthropod species are associated Cotton insect Losses, a database compiled by the National with cotton. In a seminal study, Whitcomb & Cotton Council (2007b). Bell (1964) cataloged about 600 species of arthro pod predators including ‘—‘160 species of spi ders in Arkansas cotton fields. Van den Bosch the & world. The pink boliworm, the cotton aphid Hagan (1966) suggested that there may be nearly (Aphis gossypii) and sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia 300 species ofparasitoids and arthropod predators tabaci) are significant pests of cotton throughout in western cotton systems. Like cotton herbivores, the world while the boll weevil (Anthonomus gran only a fraction of these are common, with some dis) is only found in the Americas. Some pests such of the more abundant groups including big-eyed as the bollworm, tobacco budworm and plant bugs bugs (Geocoris spp.), anthocorid bugs (Onus spp.), are native insects that have expanded their ranges damsel bugs (Nabis spp.), assassin bugs (Zelus and as cotton production grew, while the sweetpotato Sinea spp.), green lacewings (Chrysopa and Chiysop whitefly and pink bollworm are exotic invaders. erla spp.), lady beetles (e.g. Hippodamia and Scym The exotic boll weevil’s movement into the USA nus spp.), ants (especially Solenopsis spp.), a wide was associated with the expansion of cotton variety of web-building and wandering spiders production. and both parasitic wasps (e.g. Bracon spp., Cotesia Although the levels of crop loss may appear spp., Microplitis spp., Hyposoter spp., Trichogramma ii small, the economic impact can be enormous. spp.) and flies (Archytas spp., Eucelatoria spp.). We Ii For example, in 2005 total yield reduction from continue to learn about the important role that COTTON ARTHROPOD 1PM 327 natural enemies play in cotton pest control 0 these C) but the most dramatic evidence of their impact us C comes from studies in which the destruction or 0 disturbance of natural enemy communities by 0us 0. indiscriminant insecticide use is associated with a. us0 pest outbreaks (e.g. Leigh et al., 1966; Eveleens U Stoltz & Stern, Trichilo & Wilson, 0 2h/\*/j\A*144 et al, 1973; 1978; 1993).