Wilderness Solitude Monitoring on the Cascade Crest

Home , Diamond Peak Wilderness, Marion Lake (Oregon), Menagerie Wilderness, Three Sisters Wilderness, Waldo Lake, Waldo Lake Wilderness

WILDERNESS SOLITUDE MONITORING IN THE CASCADE CREST

Jesse Engebretson

Dr. Troy Hall

Oregon State University

College of Forestry

Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society

Report Prepared for the Willamette National Forest

September, 2015

Executive Summary

This report documents the use and results of a modified version of the National Minimum Protocol for Monitoring Outstanding Opportunities for Solitude in Wilderness (Hall, 2014) for the Willamette and Deschutes National Forests (WNF and DNF). This work was undertaken to fulfill Element 5 of the 10-year Wilderness Stewardship Challenge, which states that wildernesses should have adequate direction, monitoring, and management actions that protect opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation. Further, this analysis can be used over the long term to assist Forest Service personnel in managing visitor use to help preserve wilderness character.

The major purpose of this report is to document the state of solitude at selected locations in six wildernesses across WNF and DNF by presenting results of travel and campsite encountering monitoring conducted in accordance with the national minimum protocol. However, by using data collected in the 1991-93 field seasons, this document also compares travel encounter numbers between 1991-93 and 2013-14 for several locations. In addition to the minimum protocol, the 2014 crew also collected data on overflights, both fire and non-fire related. The analysis presented in this report

Following the minimum protocol does not lead to data robust enough to establish definitively whether or not encounter standards are being exceeded. Therefore, this report cannot state conclusively whether encounter standards as established in the WNF and DNF Forest Land and Resource Management Plans are being exceeded. It does, however, indicate which areas across the wildernesses appear to be exceeding encounter standards and can therefore be used as a guide for more focused monitoring attention in the future. The 2013-14 data suggest that in the Green Lakes and South Sister Climb monitoring areas, travel encounter standards appear to be greatly exceeded, and management attention is required. Specifically, we encountered an average of 127.6 groups on weekends/holidays in Green Lakes and 90.4 groups on weekdays. In the South Sister Climb area, we encountered an average of 78.4 groups on weekends/holidays and 44.1 on weekdays. Another area of concern is Jefferson Park, where we encountered an average of 33.8 groups on weekends/holidays, which is nearly triple the standard articulated in the WNF Forest Plan.

We collected limited data on sites visible or audible from occupied campsites. These data suggest that campsite encounters are minimal across the monitoring areas. No monitoring areas appear to be exceeding Forest Plan standards. However, this may be a product of the manner in which data were collected per the National Minimum Protocol (generally during midday hours), rather than what a typical overnight user may experience. Because monitoring was typically limited to 4 hours a day and was not typically collected late in the evening or early in the morning, our camp encounter data should be interpreted cautiously and with appropriate managerial judgment.

Differences in travel encounter rates between 1991-93 and 2013-14 varied from inconsequential to substantial, depending on the specific monitoring area. Our data suggest that travel encounters have greatly increased in the Green Lakes area. Specifically, we documented 520% and 460% increases in mean travel encounters on weekends/holidays and weekdays, respectively. Other areas, such as the Sisters Mirror Lake, had more moderate, but still substantial, increases in travel encounters. Travel encounters in other areas, such as the Obsidian Limited Entry Area and Duffy Lake, remained relatively stable or even decreased.

Table of Contents

List of Tables ...... 3

List of Figures ...... 4

Solitude Monitoring in the Willamette and Deschutes National Forests ...... 6

USFS National Minimum Protocol for Monitoring Outstanding Opportunities for Solitude ...... 6

Background ...... 6

Data Collection Procedures ...... 8

Data Analysis ...... 9

2013-2014 Travel and Campsite Encounter Monitoring Results ...... 9

Diamond Peak Wilderness ...... 10

Menagerie Wilderness ...... 12

Mt. Jefferson Wilderness ...... 14

Mt. Washington Wilderness ...... 23

Three Sisters Wilderness ...... 26

Waldo Lake Wilderness ...... 35

Compliance with Forest Plan Standards ...... 38

Travel Encounters ...... 38

Campsite Encounters ...... 41

Travel Encounter Comparison between 1991-93 and 2013-14 Field Seasons ...... 42

Travel Encounter Trend Analysis ...... 42

Discussion of Trends ...... 42

Fire and Non-fire Overflights in 2014 ...... 46

Works Cited ...... 49

Appendices ...... 48

Appendix A – Legend for All Maps ...... 50

Appendix B – Sampling Data for 2013-2014 ...... 51

Appendix C – Sampling Data for 1991-1993 ...... 57

List of Tables

Table 1. Key definitions ...... 6 Table 2. WRS Definitions and Trail and Campsite Encounter Standards ...... 7 Table 3. Diamond Peak Wilderness Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounters ...... 11 Table 4. Diamond Peak Wilderness Weekday Travel Encounters ...... 11 Table 5. Diamond Peak Wilderness Occupied Campsites ...... 11 Table 6. Menagerie Wilderness Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounters ...... 12 Table 7. Menagerie Wilderness Weekday Travel Encounters ...... 13 Table 8. Menagerie Wilderness Occupied Campsites ...... 13 Table 9. Mt. Jefferson Wilderness Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounters ...... 18 Table 10. Mt. Jefferson Wilderness Weekday Travel Encounters ...... 19 Table 11. Mt. Jefferson Wilderness Occupied Campsites ...... 20 Table 12. Mt. Washington Wilderness Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounters ...... 24 Table 13. Mt. Washington Wilderness Weekday Travel Encounters ...... 25 Table 14. Mt. Washington Wilderness Occupied Campsites ...... 25 Table 15. Three Sisters Wilderness Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounters ...... 30 Table 16. Three Sisters Wilderness Weekday Travel Encounters ...... 30 Table 17. Three Sisters Wilderness Occupied Campsites ...... 31 Table 18. Waldo Lake Wilderness Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounters ...... 36 Table 19. Waldo Lake Wilderness Weekday Travel Encounters ...... 37 Table 20. Waldo Lake Wilderness Occupied Campsites ...... 37 Table 21. Monitoring Areas Likely Not Exceeding Forest Plan Standards ...... 39 Table 22. Monitoring Areas Potentially Exceeding Forest Plan Standards ...... 41 Table 23. Comparison of 1991-93 and 2013-14 Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounter Data ...... 44 Table 24. Comparison of 1991-93 and 2013-14 Weekday Travel Encounter Data...... 45 Table 25. Number of Fire Related Overflights per Month – 2014 ...... 46 Table 26. Number of Non-fire Related Overflights per Month – 2014 ...... 47 Table 27. Number of Fire Overflights: Weekday vs. Weekend/Holidays – 2014 ...... 47 Table 28. Number of Non-fire Overflights: Weekday vs. Weekend/Holidays – 2014 ...... 48

List of Figures

Figure 1. Diamond Peak Monitoring Areas ...... 10 Figure 2. Menagerie Wilderness Monitoring Areas ...... 12 Figure 3. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in Rooster Rock Monitoring Area ...... 14 Figure 4. Duffy Lake Monitoring Area ...... 16 Figure 5. Canyon Creek Meadows Monitoring Area ...... 16 Figure 6. Jefferson Park Monitoring Area ...... 17 Figure 7. Marion Lake Monitoring Areas ...... 17 Figure 8. Pamelia Lake Monitoring Area ...... 18 Figure 9. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Canyon Creek Meadows Monitoring Area ...... 21 Figure 10. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the in Duffy Lake Monitoring Area ...... 21 Figure 11. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in Jefferson Park Monitoring Area ...... 22 Figure 12. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Marion Lake West Monitoring Area ...... 22 Figure 13. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Marion Lake East Monitoring Area ...... 23 Figure 14. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Pamela Lake Monitoring Area ...... 23 Figure 15. Benson/Tenas Monitoring Areas ...... 24 Figure 16. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Trail 4345 Monitoring Area ...... 26 Figure 17. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Benson/Tenas Monitoring Area ...... 26 Figure 18. Green Lakes Monitoring Area ...... 28 Figure 19. Obsidian and Linton Meadow Monitoring Areas ...... 28 Figure 20. Mink Lake, Corner Lake, and Spy Lake Monitoring Areas ...... 29 Figure 21. South Sister Climb, Wickiup/Mesa, and Sisters Mirror Lake Monitoring Areas ...... 29 Figure 22. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Green Lakes Monitoring Area ...... 32 Figure 23. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Linton Meadows Monitoring Area ...... 32 Figure 24. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Obsidian Monitoring Area ...... 33 Figure 25. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Mink Lake Monitoring Area ...... 33 Figure 26. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the South Sister Climb Monitoring Area ...... 34 Figure 27. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Sisters Mirror Lake Monitoring Area ...... 34 Figure 28. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Wickiup/Mesa Monitoring Area ...... 35 Figure 29. Waldo Lake Wilderness Monitoring Area ...... 36 Figure 30. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Rigdon Lakes Loop Monitoring Area ...... 38

Figure 31. Comparison of Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounters between 1991-93 and 2013-14 ...... 44 Figure 32. Comparison of Weekday Travel Encounters between 1991-93 and 2013-14 ...... 45

Solitude Monitoring in the Willamette and Deschutes National Forests

USFS National Minimum Protocol for Monitoring Outstanding Opportunities for Solitude

During the 2013 and 2014 field seasons, staff and volunteers collected data on travel and campsite encounters to fulfill Element 5 of the 10-year Wilderness Stewardship Challenge. This data collection, and subsequent analysis, was completed to determine if the selected wildernesses within the WNF and DNF have places “that allow visitors to experience different levels of isolation, closeness to nature, tranquility and challenge in an environment that is in distinct contrast to their normal lives” (10-Year Wilderness Challenge Guidebook). The data collection and analysis were based on the U.S. Forest Service Minimum Protocol for Monitoring Outstanding Opportunities for Solitude Table 1. Key definitions (Hall, 2014). As pointed out by Hall, Traveling encounters refer to the number of people that Element 5 includes all three were seen and/or heard while traveling in the monitoring components of experience areas. Traveling encounters are presented as either the opportunities: solitude, primitive number of individuals observed or the number of groups of recreation, and unconfined recreation. people observed (Group Encounters). However, the minimum protocol addresses only solitude. Managers Campsite encounters refer to the number of other must use other approaches to monitor camping groups visible or audible from each occupied opportunities for primitive and campsite. unconfined recreation, such as Occupied campsites refer to campsites field staff visited indicators identified in Keeping It Wild: from which they observed for campsite encounters. An Interagency Strategy to Monitor

Trends in Wilderness Character across Over-flights refer to flights below 2000 feet in sight or the National Wilderness Preservation audible within the monitoring areas. To the best of our System (Landres et al. 2008). In ability, we differentiated between fire and non-fire related implementing the minimum protocol, flights by paying attention to fire-related activity on radio we collected other data relevant to traffic (these data were only collected in the 2014 field solitude in our particular wilderness season). units, specifically the number of overflights (See Table 1 for key definitions).

Background

Prior to collecting data, we reviewed the WNF and DNF Forest Land and Resource Management Plans to determine traveling and campsite encounter standards for the WRS classes (Table 2). These classes served as the areas from which we selected monitoring areas for encounter monitoring. The WNF and DNF have slightly different nomenclature for their WRS classes. The WNF Wilderness Management Plan includes four classes: transition, semi-primitive, primitive, and pristine. The DNF Wilderness Management Plan, on the other hand, includes only three: semi-primitive (transition), primitive, and pristine. The semi-primitive class in the WNF and the semi-primitive (transition) class in the DNF have the same encounter standards (Table 2), though the WNF’s transition class has somewhat more lenient standards.

Table 2. WRS Definitions and Trail and Campsite Encounter Standards 7 WRS Class Definition Trail Encounter Standard† Campsite Encounter Standard† Transition Characterized by conditions of relatively concentrated There should be greater than an There should be an 80% probability (WRS visitor use where opportunities for solitude are limited 80% chance of not more than 12 that 5 or fewer camps are visible Class I) and management activities are highly evident. Those encounters with other parties per from any other campsites. portions of the Wilderness where Transition class day while on trails. management applies are typically staging areas or trailheads. Also included are areas where day use is predominant due to easy access and relatively short trails. Semi- Characterized by predominately unmodified natural There should be greater than an There should be an 80% probability primitive* environments of moderate to large size. Visitor use 80% chance of not more than 10 that 2 or fewer camps are visible or (WRS may be low, but encounters between users may be encounters [per day] while on audible from any other camp. Class II) fairly common and evidence of human use may be trails. relatively apparent. Primitive Areas surrounding existing trails which are essentially There should be greater than an There should be an 80% probability (WSR unmodified natural environments. Concentration of 80% chance of not more than 7 that 1 or fewer camps are visible or Class III) visitors is low and evidence of human use is minimal. encounters with other parties per audible from any other camp. day while on trails. Pristine The untrailed areas of Wilderness: these are areas There should be greater than an Camps should not be visible or (WRS characterized by an extensive, unmodified 80% chance of not more than 1 audible from any other campsites. Class IV) environment. Natural ecosystem processes and encounter with other parties per conditions have not been measurably affected by day while on trails [sic; human use. This management area provides the most presumably travel corridor]. outstanding opportunities for isolation and solitude and is virtually free of evidence of past human activities. Visitors to Pristine Wilderness areas have only infrequent encounters with other users. Extensive opportunities exist to travel cross-country. *The DNF Wilderness Management Plan includes only three WRS classes: semi-primitive (transition), primitive, and pristine. The semi-primitive class in the WNF and the semi-primitive (transition) class in the DNF have the same encounter standards.

† The Minimum Protocol for Monitoring Outstanding Opportunities for Solitude is not meant to determine whether any standard is being exceeded in a wilderness area as per a wilderness management or forest plan. However, this report can be used by wilderness managers to justify the future monitoring of areas at risk of exceeding standards based on the 2013-2014 encounter data.

When opportunity class zoning was originally done for these wildernesses, it was recognized that some areas – namely access trails to popular destinations – were likely out of compliance with reasonable encounter standards, but should ultimately be managed to conform to semi-primitive standards. The forests differed in how these areas were treated; the DNF zoned them for desired future condition (semi-primitive), while the WNF zoned them as “transition” (meaning that they would be transitioning to semi-primitive conditions over time). The 2013-14 maps created for monitoring erroneously applied the label “transition” to areas not originally zoned as transition. Therefore, to avoid confusion in this report, we refer to each monitoring area with a descriptive geographic label, rather than by its opportunity class.

It is important to note that the standards in Table 2 refer to “parties” encountered. The forests have interpreted this to mean encounters among groups (e.g., a visitor should expect to encounter fewer than 12 other groups per day 80% of the time in the transition zone). However, application of the minimum protocol in 2013 collected data only on the total number of individuals observed per monitoring session. Therefore, to interpret conditions relative to standards, one must use an average group size from 2013 permit data to transform individual encounters to group encounters. For example, the average group size from permits from the Devil’s Lake Trailhead, the primary access point for the South Sister Climb, was 2.3. The 2013 crew reported 48 individual encounters during one 4-hour monitoring session in the area. We divided 48 encounters by the 2.3 average group size to get 20.9 groups in a 4-hour period. This value was used to determine that the crew would have seen approximately 42 groups in an 8-hour period. This approach was used for six monitoring areas in Three Sisters Wilderness (Mink Lake, Corner Lake, Spy Lake, Wickiup/Mesa, Sisters Mirror Lake, and the South Sister climb). Unfortunately, permits were not stocked by USFS in 2013 for the Diamond Peak and Waldo Lake Wildernesses so we could not compute mean group sizes. Given this, we used 2.5 as the average group size for these wildernesses because it is the approximate average group size of across wildernesses for the 2013 season and used the same procedure as above to compute the number for groups seen in an 8-hour period. In 2014, observers collected data on both individual and group encounters, so the mean number of groups encountered could be ascertained directly.

Data Collection Procedures

In 1991-93, wilderness rangers and volunteers collected encounter data during all patrols at all locations. This resulted in a large dataset, with many days of data for many areas. When selecting monitoring areas for the 2013-14 effort, we were careful to identify geographical boundaries to conform as much as possible to the areas defined in 1991-93. In each wilderness, areas were selected within each WRS class. Typically, a high use area was identified first (e.g., Benson/Tenas Lakes in Mount Washington Wilderness). Then, adjacent areas from the other WRS classes were identified (e.g., east of Scott Mountain, adjacent to the Benson/Tenas monitoring area). Selecting areas in proximity permitted efficiency insofar as a single observer could collect data in two areas in a single day while still achieving the minimum of 4 hours of data collection.

Wilderness rangers collected encounter data during the 2013 and 2014 field seasons. As per the protocol, the data were collected on at least five weekdays and five weekend days for each monitoring area, and data were collected for at least four hours total on each day. The selection of dates was

9 guided by different considerations: 1) the need for regular patrols across the season in high use areas; 2) the availability of volunteers; and 3) optimizing deployment of staff across different areas to generate data across the season for each area. Therefore, the data are not based on a random sample of dates, but in many cases provide a reasonable approximation of typical use patterns.

For camp encounters, we recorded the total number of occupied campsites we saw during each travel encounter monitoring session; for each of these sites, we noted the number of other occupied campsites visible and/or audible. Since monitoring was usually done for approximately 4 hours on each day, we usually captured morning or afternoon hours in each location, but not both. Moreover, we were typically not present early in the morning or in the evening, when we would have been likely to see the most camps.

Data Analysis

Data were collected for varying amounts of time on different monitoring days, and therefore an approach was needed to standardize encounter rates to compare across locations and times. We did this by dividing the number of people (and groups) observed on each monitoring day by the number of hours of observation. To make these numbers more intuitively meaningful – and to permit comparison with forest plan standards, which use the “day” as the unit of analysis – we multiplied the mean number of encounters per hour by 8, to generate the number of encounters per 8-hour day. We report data for weekend days/holidays separately from weekdays, given the typical disparity in use across times of the week.

For camp encounters, we report the total number of occupied camps we observed, to give a sense of the level of camping pressure within each monitoring area (for instance, in Diamond Peak Wilderness, we never observed any groups camping). Then we provide frequency distributions of the number of groups visible/audible from occupied sites. It is important to note that, in some cases, the base number is rather small (for instance, we saw only six occupied campsites in Linton Meadows on the five weekend days/holidays when we were present).

2013-2014 Travel and Campsite Encounter Monitoring Results

This section includes summary tables and short discussions about solitude monitoring for the 2013-14 seasons. Sections on each wilderness includes maps for the monitoring areas (appendix A has a legend of for the map) and three tables: (1) travel encounter data for weekends/holidays, (2) travel encounter data for weekdays, and (3) campsite encounter data for both weekends/holidays and weekdays. For every area in which a field crew member encountered at least one occupied campsite, a figure depicting the number of non-administrative campsites seen from occupied visitor campsites is presented. For the travel encounter tables, each table contains the following: monitoring area, number of days sampled, mean number of encounters per hour, standard deviation of the mean encounters per hour, mean number of individual encounters per 8-hour day, and the mean number of group encounters per 8-hour day. For campsite encounter tables, each table contains the following: monitoring area, whether the row represents weekends/holidays or weekdays, number of sample days, and the number of occupied

10 campsites encountered. For the campsites seen figures, a histogram depicting the number of campsites encountered (N) and the total amount of other campsites seen (t) from each campsite encountered is presented (∑t = N).

Diamond Peak Wilderness

Field crews collected solitude monitoring data in the Diamond Peak Wilderness in the 2013 and 2014 seasons. Three locations were monitored (Figure 1): Emigrant Pass, the PCT, and Diamond/Rockpile. Because the PCT (Trail 2000) transects the transition and semi-primitive opportunity classes, these areas may see higher usage in late July and early August, when the majority of PCT hikers pass through, which is when much of the data were collected in the two seasons. Nevertheless, encounter numbers in the Diamond Peak Wilderness were low across the opportunity classes, with a mean of fewer than 3 groups per day on weekends and holidays (Table 3) and approximately 1 group per day on weekdays (Table 4).

No occupied camps were observed in any of the Diamond Peak monitoring areas on either weekdays or weekend/holidays (Table 5).

PCT (II)

Diamond/ Rockpile (III)

Emigrant Pass (I)

Figure 1. Diamond Peak Monitoring Areas

Table 3. Diamond Peak Wilderness Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounters Diamond Peak Wilderness Weekend/Holidays Monitoring Area # Days Mean People/ Std. Mean People/ Mean Groups/ Sampled Hour Deviation 8-hour day 8-hour day* Diamond/Rockpile (III) 5 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.30

PCT (II) 5 1.1 1.0 8.5 2.93

Emigrant Pass (I) 5 0.9 0.9 7.2 2.87 *Because permits were not stocked in 2013, 2.5 was used as the average group size for 2013 data.

Table 4. Diamond Peak Wilderness Weekday Travel Encounters Diamond Peak Wilderness Weekdays Monitoring Area # Days Mean People/ Std. Mean People/ Mean Groups/ 8- Sampled Hour Deviation 8-hour day hour day* Diamond/Rockpile (III) 5 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.20

PCT (II) 5 0.2 0.3 1.9 1.32

Emigrant Pass (I) 5 0.2 0.3 1.5 1.11 *Because permits were not stocked in 2013, 2.5 was used as the average group size for 2013 data.

Table 5. Diamond Peak Wilderness Occupied Campsites Occupied Campsites in the Diamond Peak Wilderness Number of Occupied

# Campsites* Day of Total Occupied Monitoring Area Sample 0 Week Campsites^ Days Number of Days#

Weekday 5 5 0 Diamond/Rockpile (III) Weekend 5 5 0

Weekday 5 5 0 PCT (II) Weekend 5 5 0 Weekday 5 5 0 Emigrant Pass (I) Weekend 5 5 0

* Number of Occupied Campsites = Total number of campsites occupied by recreationists during one monitoring session from which field staff observed for campsite encounters (i.e., other campsites seen from an occupied campsite). # Numbers of Days = Total number of days for which above number of occupied campsites (*) were encountered. ^ Total Occupied Campsites = Total number of campsites from which field staff observed for campsite encounters for all weekend/holiday or weekday monitoring sessions in a monitoring area.

Menagerie Wilderness

Field crews collected solitude monitoring data in two locations in the Menagerie Wilderness in the 2014 season (Figure 2): Rooster Rock and the untrailed area north of Rooster Rock, which is used by rock climbers. Overall, encounter numbers were very low (Tables 6 and 7), being less than one person encountered on average in the untrailed area and 2 (weekday) to 3 (weekend/holiday) groups encountered in the Rooster Rock area. Although rock climbing is a relatively popular recreational activity, many of the climbs are highly technical. In the future, this area may receive higher visitation, as several climbing rocks are close to the wilderness boundaries in both opportunity classes.

There were three times that observers saw an occupied campsite in the Rooster Rock monitoring area (Table 8). No camps were observed in the other monitoring area.

North of Rooster Rock (IV)

Rooster Rock (II)

Figure 2. Menagerie Wilderness Monitoring Areas

Table 6. Menagerie Wilderness Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounters Menagerie Wilderness Weekend/Holidays Monitoring Area # Days Mean People/ Std. Mean People/ Mean Groups/ Sampled Hour Deviation 8-hour day 8-hour day North of Rooster 5 0.1 0.2 0.71 0.4 Rock (IV) Rooster Rock (II) 6 0.6 0.5 4.73 3.1

Table 7. Menagerie Wilderness Weekday Travel Encounters Menagerie Wilderness Weekdays Monitoring Area # Days Mean People/ Std. Mean People/ Mean Groups/ Sampled Hour Deviation 8-hour day 8-hour day

North of Rooster 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rock (IV) Rooster Rock (II) 5 0.6 0.8 4.7 2.3

Table 8. Menagerie Wilderness Occupied Campsites Occupied Campsites in the Menagerie Wilderness Number of Occupied Campsites* Total # Sample Monitoring Area Day of Week 0 3 Occupied Days Campsites^ Number of Days# Weekday 5 5 0 0 North of Rooster Rock (IV) Weekend 5 5 0 0 Weekday 5 5 0 0 Rooster Rock (II) Weekend 6 5 1 3 * Number of Occupied Campsites = Total number of campsites occupied by recreationists during one monitoring session from which field staff observed for campsite encounters (i.e., other campsites seen from an occupied campsite). # Numbers of Days = Total number of days for which above number of occupied campsites (*) were encountered. ^ Total Occupied Campsites = Total number of campsites from which field staff observed for campsite encounters for all weekend/holiday or weekday monitoring sessions in a monitoring area.

Rooster Rock -- Weekend/Holiday N=3 100% 90% 80% Campsites 70% seen 60% 2 50% 100% 40% t=3 30% 20% 10% 0%

Figure 3. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in Rooster Rock Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Mt. Jefferson Wilderness

Field crews and volunteers collected solitude monitoring data in six monitoring areas in Mt. Jefferson Wilderness in the 2014 field season: Duffy Lake (from Duffy Trailhead to Mowich Lake; Figure 4); Canyon Creek Meadows loop, including Wasco Lake (Figure 5); Jefferson Park (from the PCT junction to north of Russell Lake, but not including the Whitewater Trail from the trailhead to the PCT; Figure 6); Marion Lake West (from the trailhead to the lake, including the north shore to Mist Creek; Figure 7); Marion Lake East (mostly off-trail, including the remainder of the shore of Marion Lake not included in Marion Lake West; Figure 7); and Pamelia Lake (from the Pamelia Trailhead to the east end of Pamelia Lake; Figure 8).

Travel encounters varied across the Mt. Jefferson monitoring areas. Jefferson Park and Canyon Creek Meadows had the highest encounter numbers overall on weekends/holidays (Table 9). However, with the exception of Marion Lake East, the areas were more similar in weekday encounters (Table 10). It is important to note that the Pamelia Lake area experienced a trail closure in the 2014 season because of the Bingham Complex Fire. Although data were collected after part of the area was reopened to public use, the low encounter numbers may be partially explained due to fire, fire effects, and the associated trail closures. Further, the Limited Entry status of Pamelia Lake likely contributed to low encounter numbers.

Although much of the Eight Lakes Basin burned in the B and B Fire in 2003, most of Duffy Lake was not affected. Traveling encounters there were relatively high (14 groups on average on weekends/holidays).

For Marion Lake, the aesthetic effects on the landscape from the B and B fire in 2003 may have led to relatively lower visitation than historic numbers.

In many of the Mt. Jefferson monitoring areas, observers saw no occupied campsites on a majority of the days they were present (Table 11). The notable exception was Jefferson Park; on 4 of 5 weekend days/holidays and 4 of 5 weekdays, observers saw groups camping. The maximum number of groups observed camping on any given day in the Jefferson Park area was 23.

Most camping groups had fewer than 2 other groups camped within sight or sound at the time they were recorded by our observers (Figures 9 to 14). Even in Jefferson Park on weekends, 33% of campers had no other groups camping nearby, and 43% had only one other group within sight or sound (Figure 11).

Duffy Lake (II)

Figure 4. Duffy Lake Monitoring Area

Canyon Creek Meadows (II)

Figure 5. Canyon Creek Meadows Monitoring Area

Jefferson Park (II)

Figure 6. Jefferson Park Monitoring Area

Marion Lake West (II)

Marion Lake East (I)

Figure 7. Marion Lake Monitoring Areas

Pamelia Lake (I)

Figure 8. Pamelia Lake Monitoring Area

Table 9. Mt. Jefferson Wilderness Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounters Mt. Jefferson Wilderness Weekend/Holidays Monitoring Area # Days Mean People/ Std. Mean People/ Mean Groups/ Sampled Hour Deviation 8-hour day 8-hour day Canyon Creek 5 8.2 5.6 65.7 27.7 Meadows (II) Duffy Lake (II) 5 5.1 4.1 40.5 14.4

Jefferson Park (II) 6 11.5 6.3 91.7 33.8

Marion Lake West (II) 5 4.2 3.0 33.7 13.0

Marion Lake East (I) 6 2.3 2.2 18.3 6.7

Pamelia Lake (I) 5 2.4 2.1 19.4 6.2

Table 10 Mt. Jefferson Wilderness Weekday Travel Encounters Mt. Jefferson Wilderness Weekdays Monitoring Area # Days Mean People/ Std. Mean People/ Mean Groups/ Sampled Hour Deviation 8-hour day 8-hour day Canyon Creek 5 3.2 3.3 25.6 8.7 Meadows (II) Duffy Lake (II) 5 0.7 0.8 5.8 3.5

Jefferson Park (II) 5 3.5 3.0 28.0 13.3

Marion Lake West (II) 5 1.6 2.1 12.7 6.5

Marion Lake East (I) 5 0.6 1.1 4.9 2.9

Pamelia Lake (I) 5 2.9 1.5 23.0 11.1

Table 11. Mt. Jefferson Wilderness Occupied Campsites Occupied Campsites in the Mt. Jefferson Wilderness

# Number of Occupied Campsites* Total Monitoring Day of Sample Occupied Area Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 19 23 Days Campsites^ Number of Days#

Canyon Creek Weekday 5 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 Meadows (II) Weekend 5 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 7

Weekday 5 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 Duffy Lake (II) Weekend 5 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 4

Weekday 5 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 9 Jefferson Park (II) Weekend 5 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 46

Marion Lake Weekday 5 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 West (II) Weekend 5 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 11

Marion Lake Weekday 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 East (I) Weekend 5 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 5

Weekday 5 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 Pamelia Lake (I) Weekend 5 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 * Number of Occupied Campsites = Total number of campsites occupied by recreationists during one monitoring session from which field staff observed for campsite encounters (i.e., other campsites seen from an occupied campsite). # Numbers of Days = Total number of days for which above number of occupied campsites (*) were encountered. ^ Total Occupied Campsites = Total number of campsites from which field staff observed for campsite encounters for all weekend/holiday or weekday monitoring sessions in a monitoring area.

Canyon Creek -- Weekday Canyon Creek -- Weekend/Holiday N=5 N=7 100% 100% 14% t=1 90% 20% 90% t=1 Campsites 80% 80% seen 70% 70% 43% 2 60% 40% 60% t=3 1 50% t=2 50% 0 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 40% 20% 43% t=2 t=3 10% 10% 0% 0%

Figure 9. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Canyon Creek Meadows Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Duffy Lake -- Weekday Duffy Lake -- Weekend/Holiday

N=2 N=4 100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% Campsites seen 70% 70%

60% 60% 75% 2 50% 100% t=3 50% 1 40% t=2 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 25% 0% t=1 0%

Figure 10. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the in Duffy Lake Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Jefferson Park II -- Weekday Jefferson Park II -- Weekend/Holiday N=9 N=46 100% 100% t=1 2% 11% t=1 2% t=1 90% 90%

11% t=1 20% 80% 80% t=9 Campsites seen 70% 70% 5 60% 60% 3 43% 50% 56% 50% t=20 2 t=5 1 40% 40% 0 30% 30%

20% 20% 33% 10% 22% 10% t=15 t=2 0% 0%

Figure 11. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in Jefferson Park Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Marion Lake West -- Weekday Marion Lake West -- Weekend/Holiday N=2 N=11 100% 100% 9% t=1 90% 90% Campsites 18% t=2 80% 80% seen 70% 70% 2 60% 60% 1 50% 100% 50% t=2 40% 0 40% 73% 30% t=8 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0%

Figure 12. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Marion Lake West Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Marion Lake East -- Weekend/Holiday N=5 100%

80% Campsites 60% seen

100% 0 40% t=5

20%

Figure 13. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Marion Lake East Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Pamelia Lake -- Weekday Pamelia Lake -- Weekend/Holidays N=4 N=1 100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% 50% Campsites 70% 70% t=2 seen 60% 60% 50% 50% 100% 0 40% 40% t=1 1 30% 30% 50% 20% 20% t=2 10% 10% 0% 0%

Figure 14. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Pamela Lake Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Mt. Washington Wilderness

Field crews collected solitude monitoring data in the Mt. Washington Wilderness in the 2014 season in two locations: from the Benson Trailhead past Benson and Tenas Lakes to the top of Scott Mountain; and Trail 4345 east of Scott Mountain (this area included only 1.4 miles of trail). Travel encounter numbers were moderate in both zones. Travel encounters in the Trail 4345 monitoring area were significantly higher on the weekends (Table 12) than weekdays (Table 13), although the number of

24 encounters in the Benson/Tenas monitoring area were similar between weekdays and weekends/holidays. Campsite encounters were low in both zones (Table 14), with only one group observed camping at Benson/Tenas and 8 groups observed camping along Trail 4345.

Groups camped in these areas never had more than two other groups camped within sight or sound (Figures 16 and 17).

Trail 4345 (III)

Benson/ Tenas (II)

Figure 15. Benson/Tenas Monitoring Areas

Table 12. Mt. Washington Wilderness Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounters Mt. Washington Wilderness Weekend/Holidays Monitoring Area # Days Mean People/ Std. Mean People/ Mean Groups/ Sampled Hour Deviation 8-hour day 8-hour day Trail 4345 (III) 5 2.8 3.9 22.5 10.3

Benson/Tenas (II) 5 6.6 3.0 52.8 21.0

Table 13. Mt. Washington Wilderness Weekday Travel Encounters Mt. Washington Wilderness Weekdays Monitoring Area # Days Mean People/ Std. Mean People/ Mean Groups/ Sampled Hour Deviation 8-hour day 8-hour day Trail 4345 (III) 5 0.8 0.8 6.4 2.4

Benson/Tenas (II) 5 6.2 4.7 49.5 16.3

Table 14. Mt. Washington Wilderness Occupied Campsites

Occupied Campsites in the Mt. Washington Wilderness

Number of Occupied

Day of # Sample Campsites* Total Occupied Monitoring Area Week Days 0 1 2 3 4 Campsites^ Number of Days#

Weekday 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 Trail 4345 (III) Weekend 5 4 1 0 0 0 1 Weekday 5 3 1 1 0 0 3 Benson/Tenas (II) Weekend 5 2 1 0 1 1 8

Trail 4345 -- Weekend/Holidays N=1 100% 90% 80%

70% Campsites seen 60% 50% 100% 0 40% t=1 30% 20% 10%

Figure 16. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Trail 4345 Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Benson/Tenas -- Weekend/Holidays Benson/Tenas -- Weekday N=3 N=8 100% 100% 90% 90% Campsites 25% seen 80% 80% t=2 70% 70% 2 60% 60% 37.50% 1 50% 100% 50% t=3 40% t=3 40% 0 30% 30% 20% 20% 37.50% 10% 10% t=3 0% 0%

Figure 17. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Benson/Tenas Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Three Sisters Wilderness

Field crews and volunteers collected solitude monitoring data in the Three Sisters Wilderness in the 2013 and 2014 field seasons. Eight monitoring areas were included: Green Lakes, from the trailhead to the northernmost lake (Figure 18); the Obsidian Trail/PCT Loop (Figure 19); PCT south from Obsidian and Linton Meadows (Figure 19); Mink Lake area from Cliff Lake west, including trails encircling Mink Lake

(Figure 20); McBee Trail from Rock Lake to Spy Lake (called Corner Lake; Figure 20); Trail 3523 from Spy Lake to Pete’s Lake (called Spy Lake; Figure 20); the South Sister Climb from the junction of the Moraine Lake Trail to the forest boundary near Clark and Lewis glaciers, but not including the first two miles from the trailhead to the Moraine Lake Trail (Figure 21); Wickiup/Mesa from the junction of the PCT and Le Conte Crater Trails to Hinton Creek (Figure 21); and Sisters Mirror Lake, from Red Hill (Trail 3315) north past Sisters Mirror Lake on the PCT to Wickiup Plains (Figure 21).

Travel encounter numbers varied dramatically across the Three Sisters Wilderness (Tables 15 and 16). In the Mink Lake, Corner Lake, and Spy Lake monitoring areas it was quite rare to encounter any visitors at all. However, Green Lakes and the South Sister Climb had very high travel encounter numbers, on both weekdays and weekend/holidays. According to the DNF Forest Plan, “there should be greater than an 80% chance of not more than 10 [group] encounters per day” in semi-primitive WRS classes. Travel encounter numbers from the 2013-14 field season suggest this standard is being far exceeded in these areas. However, it should be noted that the standard deviation for the South Sister Climb on weekend/holiday days is large, suggesting that additional data might be needed to understand the variability in use.

Perhaps because of the Limited Entry Area status of Obsidian, encounter numbers fell in the mid-range relative to other monitoring areas in the wilderness. As would be expected, given the distance from the trailhead, the Linton Meadows monitoring area had fewer encounters than the Obsidian area.

With the exception of the Mink Lake monitoring area on weekends/holidays, no camps were observed in the monitoring areas around Mink Lake (Table 17). It was also relatively uncommon to see groups camping along the South Sister Climb or Sisters Mirror Lake, although more groups were encountered camping in the Wickiup/Mesa monitoring area. The Obsidian area was intermediate in terms of camps observed, but many groups were seen in the Green Lakes area. Indeed, on two of the five weekend/holiday sample days, more than 20 camps were observed.

Despite the large number of camps seen in the Green Lakes area (82 groups), only 12% (weekdays) and 14% (weekend/holidays) of them had more than two other groups camped within sight or sound (Figure 22). This likely is a result of the designated site camping policy in place around Green Lakes. The few campers seen in the Linton Meadows monitoring area tended to have one or two other groups camped in sight or sound (Figure 23), while campers in the Obsidian area tended to have few others camped nearby (Figure 24). Interestingly, camps in the Mink Lake monitoring area tended to have more other camps within sight or sound (Figure 25), although few camps were observed to begin with in this area. Campers in the South Sister Climb area (Figure 26) and Sisters Mirror Lake area (Figure 27) never had more than two other groups camped nearby, but the three groups observed camping in the Wickiup/Mesa area on weekends all were within sight of each other (Figure 28).

Green Lakes (II) Obsidian (I)

Linton

Meadows (I)

Figure 18. Green Lakes Monitoring Area Figure 19. Obsidian and Linton Meadows Monitoring Areas

Spy Lake (III)

Corner Lake (II)

Mink Lake (I)

Figure 20. Mink Lake, Corner Lake, and Spy Lake Monitoring Areas

Wickiup/ South Sister Mesa (I) Climb (III)

Sisters Mirror Lake (II)

Figure 21. South Sister Climb, Wickiup/Mesa, and Sisters Mirror Lake Monitoring Areas

Table 15. Three Sisters Wilderness Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounters Three Sisters Wilderness Weekend/Holidays Monitoring Area # Days Mean People/ Std. Deviation Mean People/ Mean Groups/ Sampled Hour 8-hour day 8-hour day* Green Lakes (II) 5 40.7 20.9 325.2 127.6

Linton Meadows (I) 5 2.6 1.2 20.9 9.6

Spy Lake (III) 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Corner Lake (II) 5 0.3 0.6 2.0 0.5

Mink Lake (I) 5 1.2 0.6 9.4 3.8

Obsidian (I) 10 4.7 1.9 37.8 14.6

South Sister Climb (III) 5 20.7 14.9 165.4 78.4

Sisters Mirror Lake (II) 7 5.8 3.3 46.0 20.7

Wickiup/Mesa (I) 5 4.2 4.4 33.6 15.4 *Because group numbers were not collected in 2013, the average group numbers were derived from trailhead permits for all areas except Green Lakes, Linton Meadows, and Obsidian.

Table 16. Three Sisters Wilderness Weekday Travel Encounters Three Sisters Wilderness Weekdays Monitoring Area # Days Mean People/ Std. Deviation Mean People/ Mean Groups/ Sampled Hour 8-hour day 8-hour day* Green Lakes (II) 5 28.7 15.9 229.2 90.4

Linton Meadows (I) 5 1.2 1.0 9.6 2.7

Spy Lake (III) 5 0.3 0.6 2.0 0.8

Corner Lake (II) 5 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.4

Mink Lake (I) 5 1.2 1.0 9.6 4.0

Obsidian (I) 10 4.0 2.9 32.4 12.2

South Sister Climb (III) 5 12.1 4.4 96.6 44.1

Sisters Mirror Lake (II) 6 3.8 4.2 30.8 11.2

Wickiup/Mesa (I) 6 4.5 2.5 35.9 14.0 *Because group numbers were not collected in 2013, the average group numbers were derived from trailhead permits for all areas except Green Lakes, Linton Meadows, and Obsidian.

Table 17. Three Sisters Wilderness Occupied Campsites Occupied Campsites in the Three Sisters Wilderness

Number of Occupied Campsites* # Total Day of Monitoring Area Sample Occupied Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 16 20 21 Days Campsites^ Number of Days# Weekday 5 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 25 Green Lakes (II) Weekend 5 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 57

Weekday 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Linton Meadows (I) Weekend 5 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6

Weekday 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spy Lake (III) Weekend 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Weekday 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Corner Lake (II) Weekend 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Weekday 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mink Lake (I) Weekend 5 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

Weekday 9 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Obsidian (I) Weekend 7 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

South Sister Climb Weekday 5 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 (III) Weekend 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Weekday 7 5 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Sister Mirror Lake (II) Weekend 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Weekday 5 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Wickiup/Mesa (I) Weekend 6 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 * Number of Occupied Campsites = Total number of campsites occupied by recreationists during one monitoring session from which field staff observed for campsite encounters (i.e., other campsites seen from an occupied campsite). # Numbers of Days = Total number of days for which above number of occupied campsites (*) were encountered. ^ Total Occupied Campsites = Total number of campsites from which field staff observed for campsite encounters for all weekend/holiday or weekday monitoring sessions in a monitoring area.

Green Lakes -- Weekday Green Lakes -- Weekend/Holidays N=25 N=57 100% 100% 2% t=1 12% 12% 90% t=3 90% t=7

80% 80% 24% 21% Campsites t=6 t=1 70% 70% seen 2 8 60% 60% 3

50% 25% 2 50% t=1 36% 4 1 t=9 40% 40% 0

30% 30%

20% 20% 40% 28% t=23 10% t=7 10%

0% 0% Figure 22. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Green Lakes Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Linton Meadows -- Weekend/Holidays N=6 100% 90% 33% 80% Campsites t=2 seen 70% 60% 2 50% 1

40% 67% 30% t=4 20%

10% 0%

Figure 23. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Linton Meadows Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Obsidian -- Weekday Obsidian -- Weekend/Holidays N=6 N=4 100% 100%

90% 90% 33% 80% 80% t=2 70% 70%

60% 60% Campsites 50% 50% 100% seen t=4 1 40% 40%

67% 0 30% t=4 30%

20% 20%

10% 10%

0% 0% Figure 24. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Obsidian Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Mink Lake -- Weekend/Holidays N=8 100%

90% Campsites seen 80% 38% t=3 70% 4 60% 12% t=1 2 50% 1 40% 0

30% 38% t=3 20%

10% 12% t=1 0% Figure 25. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Mink Lake Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

South Sister Climb -- Weekday

N=1 100%

90% 80% Campsites 70% seen 60% 0 50% 100% 40% t=1

30% 20% 10% 0%

Figure 26. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the South Sister Climb Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Sisters Mirror Lake -- Weekday N=4 100%

90%

80% Campsites seen 70% 75% 60% 2 t=3 50% 1

40%

30%

20%

10% 25% t=1 0%

Figure 27. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Sisters Mirror Lake Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Wickiup/Mesa -- Weekday Wickiup/Mesa -- Weekend

N=4 N=3

100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% Campsites 70% 70% seen

60% 60% 100% 50% 100% 50% 0 t=4 t=3 40% 40% 30% 30% 3 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0%

Figure 28. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Wickiup/Mesa Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Waldo Lake Wilderness

Field crews collected solitude monitoring data in the Waldo Lake Wilderness in the 2013 and 2014 field seasons in three areas: Rigdon Lakes Loop, Round Lake/Winchester Ridge, and Waldo Mountain. Perhaps because of the aesthetic impacts of the Charleton Fire in 1996, travel encounter numbers were low in all three areas, both on weekend/holidays (Table 18) and weekdays (Table 19). The standard deviations in most cases were large relative to the mean, indicating variability across monitoring sessions. Nevertheless, overall wilderness use is low and the mean number of groups met per day was always less than 2.

Only one group was observed camping during monitoring sessions (in the Rigdon Lakes Loop monitoring area; Table 20 and Figure 30). Thus, it appears that opportunities for solitude while camping are quite good.

Round Lake/ Winchester (II) Rigdon Lakes Loop (I)

Waldo Mt. (III)

Figure 29. Waldo Lake Wilderness Monitoring Areas

Table 18. Waldo Lake Wilderness Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounters Waldo Lake Wilderness Weekend/Holidays Monitoring Area # Days Mean People/ Std. Mean People/ Mean Groups/ Sampled Hour Deviation 8-hour day 8-hour day* Waldo Mt. (III) 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Round Lake/ 5 0.7 0.9 5.2 0.8 Winchester (II) Rigdon Lakes Loop (I) 5 0.5 0.8 3.9 1.5 *Because permits were not stocked in 2013, 2.5 was used as the average group size for 2013 data.

Table 19. Waldo Lake Wilderness Weekday Travel Encounters Waldo Lake Wilderness Weekdays # Days Mean People/ Std. Mean People/ Mean Groups/ Monitoring Area Sampled Hour Deviation 8-hour day 8-hour day* Waldo Mt. (III) 5 0.1 0.2 1.0 0.4 Round Lake/ 5 0.2 0.4 1.3 0.6 Winchester (II) Rigdon Lakes Loop (I) 5 0.7 0.7 5.4 2.0 *Because permits were not stocked in 2013, 2.5 was used as the average group size for 2013 data.

Table 20. Waldo Lake Wilderness Occupied Campsites Occupied Campsites in the Waldo Lake Wilderness Number of Occupied Campsites* Day of # Sample Total Occupied Monitoring Area Week Days 0 1 Camps^

Number of Days# Weekday 5 5 0 0 Waldo Mt. (III) Weekend 5 5 0 0

Round Lake/ Winchester Weekday 5 5 0 0 (II) Weekend 5 5 0 0 Weekday 5 4 1 1

Rigdon Lakes Loop (I) Weekend 5 5 0 0

Rigdon Lakes Loop -- Weekday N=1 100%

90% 80% 70% Campsites seen 60% 0 50% 100% t=1 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Figure 30. Campsites Seen from Occupied Camps in the Rigdon Lakes Loop Monitoring Area; N=the total number of occupied campsites, t=number of occupied campsites from which a number (indicated by color) of other campsites were seen (i.e., campsite encounters).

Compliance with Forest Plan Standards

The 1990 Willamette and Deschutes Forest Plans articulate travel and campsite encounter standards (Table 2, p. 7). Because of the relatively small number of monitoring days and the non-random selection of dates, this solitude monitoring protocol cannot establish conclusively whether forest plan standards are being exceeded. However, results from the protocol can be suggestive of areas within the forest that may be out of standards. For example, at Green Lakes on all five weekdays and all five weekend/holidays monitored across the use season, observers encountered more than 12 groups per day. Therefore, we have strong confidence that standards are exceeded in that area.

Travel Encounters

Table 21 identifies monitoring areas that we do not consider to be exceeding forest plan standards. For all these areas, our certainty is high. These include all three monitoring areas in Diamond Peak Wilderness, all three monitoring areas in Waldo Lake Wilderness, and the three monitoring areas in the southern portion of Three Sisters Wilderness (Mink, Corner, and Spy Lakes). Additionally, the 4345 trail in Mount Washington and the Rooster Rock area in Menagerie appear to be within standards for travel encounters.

Table 21. Monitoring Areas Likely Not Exceeding Forest Plan Standards Wilderness Monitoring Area (Day of Week)* Diamond Peak Emigrant Pass I (WEH and WD)

PCT II (WEH and WD)

Diamond/Rockpile III (WEH and WD)

Menagerie Rooster Rock II (WEH and WD)

North of Rooster Rock IV (WD)

Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake II (WD)

Marion Lake East I (WD)

Mt. Washington Trail 4345 III (WD)

Three Sisters Linton Meadows I (WD)

Mink Lake I (WEH and WD)

Corner Lake II (WEH and WD)

Spy Lake III (WEH and WD)

Waldo Lake Rigdon Lakes Loop I (WEH and WD)

Round Lake/Winchester II (WEH and WD)

Waldo Mountain III (WEH and WD) *WEH = Weekend/holiday; WD = weekday

Table 22 identifies monitoring areas that appear to be out of standard for travel encounters. It is divided into three categories based on the level of certainty that forest plan standards are being exceeded. For areas with very high certainty, the forest plan standard was exceeded at least 80% of days monitored. For medium certainty, the standard was exceeded at least 40% of the days monitored. For low certainty, standards were only exceed for one day of monitoring (i.e., 20% of 5 days of monitoring).

In the Menagerie Wilderness, the area north of Rooster Rock is zoned pristine, so the standard for encounters is no more than 1 per day 80% of the time. On weekdays this was not exceeded, but on one of the five weekend days observers saw more than one group. Thus, additional monitoring may be warranted in this area in the future – if the goal is to maintain the pristine classification – especially if rock climbing use increases.

In Mount Jefferson Wilderness, all but one of the monitoring areas appears to be exceeding travel encounter standards on weekends, weekdays, or both. The most significant concern is at Jefferson Park, where observers encountered more than 10 groups on five of six weekend/holidays and three of five weekdays. Moreover, the mean number of groups encountered on weekends was 33.8, much greater

40 than the standard of 10. In the Canyon Creek Meadows, Duffy Lake, and Marion West monitoring areas, standards appear to be exceeded on weekends/holidays. In Canyon Creek Meadows, observers encountered a mean of 27.7 groups per day on weekends, although the number was much closer to the forest plan standard of 10 at Duffy Lake (14.4 groups) and Marion West (13.0 groups). In these three areas, weekday encounter rates were much lower than on weekends/holidays. At Pamelia Lake, encounter standards were exceeded on two of five weekend/holidays and one of five weekdays. Although use may have been lower in 2014 than normal, due to the Bigham Fire, it is likely that the Limited Entry quota is maintaining encounter rates largely in line with the forest plan standard.

In Mt. Washington Wilderness, the Benson/Tenas monitoring area appears to be out of compliance with travel encounter standards. On all five weekends/holidays and three of five weekdays, observers encountered more than 10 other groups. Moreover, the mean number of groups encountered on weekends/holidays was 21, and this was nearly as high (15 groups) on weekdays. This area deserves discussion about appropriate management and potentially additional monitoring to confirm conclusions about encounter rates.

In Three Sisters Wilderness, as noted above, there is little doubt that encounter standards are being exceeded in the Green Lakes monitoring area: the mean number of groups encountered per 8-hour day was 127.6 on weekends/holidays and 90.4 on weekdays. The South Sister Climb monitoring area – though substantially less busy than Green Lakes – still far outpaces other monitoring areas for the number of travel encounters. On all 10 monitoring days observers encountered more than 10 groups, and the mean number encountered was 78.4 on weekends/holidays and 44.1 on weekdays. This is all the more notable given that the monitoring area did not include the first two miles of trail from the parking area, which likely receive even higher levels of use. The Sisters Mirror Lake and Wickiup/Mesa monitoring areas likely deserve additional monitoring in the future, as our data suggest that they are at or exceeding standards. On five of six weekends/holidays in the Sisters Mirror Lake area, observers encountered more than 10 other groups, with a mean of 20.7 groups per day.

We collected more data in the Obsidian area than any other area (10 weekend days/holidays and 10 weekdays), so we have greater confidence in the representativeness of those data. On 80% of weekends/holidays and 40% of weekdays, we encountered more than 10 other groups. However, the mean number of groups encountered was only 14.6 on weekends/holidays and 12.2 on weekdays. Although slightly above forest plan standards, these data suggest that the Limited Entry quota is maintaining encounter rates near the target level. We speculate that the increase in PCT through hikers, section hikers, and round-the-mountain hikers – who are not subject to the LEA quota – may have increased the number of encounters visitors have in the Obsidian area.

Table 22. Monitoring Areas Potentially Exceeding Forest Plan Standards Certainty that Ratio: Days standard is exceeded/days exceeded Monitoring Area* (Day of week†) monitored Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Meadows II (WEH) 5/5 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake II (WEH) 4/5 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park II (WEH) 5/6 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas II (WEH) 5/5 Three Sisters Green Lakes II (WEH) 5/5 Very high Three Sisters Green Lakes II (WD) 5/5 Three Sisters Obsidian I (WEH) 8/10 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake II (WEH) 5/6 Three Sisters South Sister Climb III (WEH) 5/5 Three Sisters South Sister Climb III (WD) 5/5 Mt. Jefferson Benson/Tenas II (WD) 3/5 Mt. Jefferson Trail 4345 III (WEH) 2/5 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park II (WD) 3/5 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake East I (WEH) 2/5 Medium Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West II (WEH) 3/5 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake I (WEH) 2/5 Three Sisters Obsidian I (WD) 4/10 Three Sisters Wickiup/Mesa I (WD) 3/6 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake II (WD) 2/6 Menagerie North of Rooster Rock IV (WEH) 1/5 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Meadows II (WD) 1/5 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West II (WD) 1/5 Low Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake I (WD) 1/5 Three Sisters Linton Meadows I (WEH) 1/5 Three Sisters Wickiup/Mesa I (WEH) 1/5 *“I” = Transition WROS class, “II” = Semi-primitive, “III” = Primitive, and “IV” = Pristine. †WEH = Weekend/holiday; WD = weekday

Campsite Encounters

Our results suggest that no monitoring areas within any wilderness in the two forests exceeded campsite encounter standards (see “Campsites Seen” histograms for each monitoring area). This finding is consistent with many of the monitoring areas being heavily used by day hikers but not campers (e.g., the South Sister Climb), by the ease of finding secluded campsites in many locations (e.g., Obsidian Falls

42 and Linton Meadows), and by the existence of designated site camping policies in some high use areas like Jefferson Park, Duffy Lake, and Green Lakes.

However, it is our opinion that these results may underestimate the actual number of groups camping in the areas and the number of other groups camped within sight or sound of them. The National Minimum Protocol for Monitoring Outstanding Opportunities for Solitude does not require data to be collected late in the evening or early in the morning, which would be more representative times of day for campsite encounters. In 2013 and 2014 crews typically started collecting data at 8:00 a.m. and ended by 6:00 p.m., which often meant that they were not in the monitoring area at times of day when the most campers would be present. For instance, if an observer monitored Obsidian and Linton Meadows areas in a single day, s/he might have left the trailhead at 8:00 a.m., arriving in the main Obsidian camping area around 9:30 a.m., when campers likely would have departed. The observer would then leave the Obsidian area around noon, before that day’s campers arrived, traveling to Linton Meadows and monitoring there from, say 1:00 p.m. until 5:00 p.m.

Thus, while we conclude that there do not appear to be substantial problems related to solitude at campsites in the areas we monitored, we recommend that further monitoring be done if managers have concerns about specific areas. This monitoring should be done early in the morning and/or in the early evening.

Travel Encounter Comparison between 1991-93 and 2013-14 Field Seasons

Travel Encounter Trend Analysis

Using travel encounter data from the 1991-1993 field seasons, we were able to compare travel encounters numbers for several monitoring areas. This comparison is useful for managers to determine how the amount of travel encounters is changing within specific destinations.

There were small differences between how data were collected in 1991-93 and 2013-14. In 1991-93, data were collected only in Three Sisters, Mt. Washington, and Mt. Jefferson Wildernesses. In those areas, many of the monitoring sessions were well over 4 hours and data were collected for more than 10 days in each monitoring area. In 2013-14, much of the data were collected for only the minimum of 4 hours per day and 5 weekdays and 5 weekend/holidays per opportunity class, which is the minimum required in the national protocol (Hall, 2014). Despite these minor differences, useful comparisons can still be made between the two datasets. We present the data for individual encounters (rather than group encounters) because the 1991-93 data documented the number of individuals.

Discussion of Trends

The differences in travel encounter numbers between 1991-93 and 2013-14 show inconsistent change across the monitoring areas in the three wildernesses (Tables 24 and 25; Figures 31 and 32). For some areas, such as Green Lakes and the Sisters Mirror Lake, increases are seen. For others, such as Duffy Lake and Marion Lake West, decreases are seen. Because of this of spatially inconsistent change in travel encounter numbers, it is useful to briefly discuss potential explanations for the differences.

Perhaps because of its perceived scenic superiority relative to other areas and close proximity to the city of Bend, OR, Green Lakes saw a dramatic increase in travel encounters on both weekdays and weekends/holidays. Although the increases seen in the Sisters Mirror Lake monitoring area are more modest, they may also be explained by similar reasons. Further, a dramatic increase in the human population may have contributed to increased travel encounters in these monitoring areas. The population in Deschutes County, where Bend is located, increased from 74,958 in 1990 to 157,733 in 2010.

Jefferson Park and Linton Meadows did not appear to have increased encounter rates on weekdays, but weekend/holiday data suggest substantial increases. In both locations, the mean number of people encountered per 8-hour weekend/holiday more than doubled. For the Benson/Tenas monitoring area, we did not have sufficient data from 1991-93 to compare weekday encounter rates, but the mean number of encounters on weekends increased markedly. This may be due to increased use by people unable to get a permit for the Obsidian area.

The Obsidian area experienced no change in encounters on weekends/holidays and a moderate increase on weekdays. This is likely explained by the efficacy of its limited entry area status and the close supervision by the wilderness staff of the McKenzie River Ranger District of the WNF. The weekday increase may be explained by users shifting their use to weekdays due to the availability of limited entry permits.

Some areas saw decreases in encounter numbers. Specifically, the Marion West, Duffy, and Pamelia Lake monitoring areas saw drop-offs in encounters over time (the relatively large standard deviations for these zones, however, indicates considerable variation, so drawing conclusions from small sample sizes should be done cautiously). The decreases at Marion and Duffy Lakes may be explained by the aesthetic impacts of the B and B complex fires in 2003, specifically on Trail 3422, a travel corridor between the two areas. For Marion Lake, we initially postulated that the apparent decline might have been due to the different times of the season when data were collected, as much of the 1991-93 data were collected before the yearly algal bloom in mid-July, whereas all of the 2013-14 data were collected after that time. Because of the abundance of 1991-93 data, we were able to compare post-algal bloom 1991-93 travel encounters with the 2013-14 data, which generated conclusions similar to using all the data. Given this, the change in travel encounters is likely not due to the time of season when the data were collected. The Pamelia Lake area experienced a trail closure in the 2014 season because of the Bingham Complex Fire. Although data were collected after part of the area was reopened to public use, the lower encounter numbers in 2013-14 relative to 1991-93 may be explained due to fire, fire effects, and the associated trail closures.

Table 23. Comparison of 1991-93 and 2013-14 Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounter Data Weekends/Holidays Monitoring Area Monitoring Number of Mean Std. Deviation Individual Decade Days Sampled Encounters Per Encounters/ 8- Hour hour Day 1991-3 7 4.5 1.4 36.3 Benson/Tenas II 2013-4 5 6.6 3.0 52.8 1991-3 5 4.8 6.2 38.2 Duffy Lake II 2013-4 5 5.1 4.1 40.5 1991-3 17 7.8 3.9 62.3 Green Lakes II 2013-4 5 40.7 20.9 325.2 1991-3 20 5.5 3.3 43.7 Jefferson Park II 2013-4 6 11.5 6.3 91.7 1991-3 8 1.1 1.3 8.8 Linton Meadows I 2013-4 5 2.6 1.2 20.9 Marion Lake West 1991-3 29 8.4 6.1 66.8 II 2013-4 5 4.2 3.0 33.7 1991-3 46 5.1 3.8 41.0 Obsidian I 2013-4 10 4.7 1.9 37.8 1991-3 38 6.7 4.1 53.5 Pamelia Lake I 2013-4 5 2.4 2.1 19.4 Sisters Mirror Lake 1991-3 11 2.8 1.6 22.2 II 2013-4 7 5.8 3.3 46.0

Individual Encounters Per 8-hour Day* - Weekends/Holidays

350

300

250 1991-93 200 2013-14 150

100

Encountersday per 50 0

Figure 31. Comparison of Weekend/Holiday Travel Encounters between 1991-93 and 2013-14 *Encounters per day determined by multiplying encounters per hour by 8 (hour day).

Table 24. Comparison of 1991-93 and 2013-14 Weekday Travel Encounter Data Weekdays Monitoring Area Monitoring Number of Days Mean Encounters Std. Individual Decade Sampled Per Hour Deviation Encounters/ 8- hour Day Canyon Creek 1991-3 10 4.4 4.5 35.5 Meadows II 2013-4 5 3.2 3.3 25.6 Duffy Lake II 1991-3 13 1.7 2.0 13.4 2013-4 5 0.7 0.8 5.8 Green Lakes II 1991-3 15 6.2 5.0 49.4 2013-4 5 28.7 15.9 229.2 Jefferson Park II 1991-3 36 2.7 2.1 21.6 2013-4 5 3.5 3.0 28.0 Linton Meadows I 1991-3 12 0.6 0.7 5.0 2013-4 5 1.2 1.0 9.6 Marion Lake 1991-3 39 4.6 3.5 36.5 West II 2013-4 5 1.6 2.1 12.7 Obsidian I 1991-3 45 3.1 1.9 25.1 2013-4 10 4.0 2.9 32.4 Pamelia Lake I 1991-3 33 3.9 3.2 31.2 2013-4 5 2.9 1.5 23.0 Sisters Mirror 1991-3 10 2.5 1.4 19.6 Lake II 2013-4 6 3.8 4.2 30.8

Individual Encounters Per Day* - Weekdays

250

200 1991-93 150 2013-14 100

Encountersper day 50

Figure 32. Comparison of Weekday Travel Encounters between 1991-93 and 2013-14 *Encounters per day determined by multiplying encounters per hour by 8 (hour day).

Fire and Non-fire Overflights in 2014

During the 2014 field season, data were systematically collected on fire and non-fire related overflights. Any airplane seen or heard flying below approximately 2000 feet above the ground was counted during solitude monitoring sessions. Overflight data were also collected during the 2013 field season, but those data were not systematically collected (rather than counting only those overflights seen or heard below approximately 2000 feet, the field crew counted all overflights seen or heard at any elevation). Because of this, there was large variability between individual rangers’ counts. On inspection of the data, we concluded that the variability was due to the unsystematic character of the data collection and differences between what each wilderness ranger could see or hear, rather than actual differences in the number of overflights. Given this, we only include overflight data from the 2014 field season in this report.

Tables 25 and 26 provide descriptive statistics on the number of fire and non-fire overflights, broken out by the number of flights per month. July experienced the largest number of fire-related overflights, while August experienced the largest number of non-fire related overflights. We also explored whether there were substantial differences between weekends/holidays vs. weekdays, but found little difference (Tables 27 and 28).

Overflights, especially ones that are fire-related, will vary each season. If the wilderness manager seeks to understand trends in overflights over time, they must use the same data collection protocol in subsequent field seasons.

Table 25. Number of Fire Related Overflights per Month – 2014 Month July August Sept. Total Number of Count 36 58 57 151 0 fire % within Month 83.7% 84.1% 96.6% 88.3% overflights Count 1 7 2 10 1 % within Month 2.3% 10.1% 3.4% 5.8% Count 2 2 0 4 2 % within Month 4.7% 2.9% 0.0% 2.3% Count 0 1 0 1 3 % within Month 0.0% 1.4% 0.0% 0.6% Count 1 1 0 2 5 % within Month 2.3% 1.4% 0.0% 1.2% Count 1 0 0 1 9 % within Month 2.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% Count 2 0 0 2 12 % within Month 4.7% 0.0% 0.0% 1.2% Overflights per Total fire 43 19 2 month overflights: 64 % within month 67.1% 29.7% 3.1%

Table 26. Number of Non-fire Related Overflights per Month - 2014 Month July August Sept. Total Number of Count 30 47 47 124 0 non-fire % within Month 69.8% 68.1% 79.7% 72.5% overflights Count 6 14 10 30 1 % within Month 14.0% 20.3% 16.9% 17.5% Count 4 3 2 9 2 % within Month 9.3% 4.3% 3.4% 5.3% Count 2 3 0 5 3 % within Month 4.7% 4.3% 0.0% 2.9% Count 0 1 0 1 4 % within Month 0.0% 1.4% 0.0% 0.6% Count 1 0 0 1 5 % within Month 2.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% Count 0 1 0 1 8 % within Month 0.0% 1.4% 0.0% 0.6% Total per Overflights per Total non-fire 25 41 14 month month overflights: 80 % within month 31.3% 51.3% 17.5%

Table 27. Number of Fire Overflights: Weekdays vs. Weekends/Holidays - 2014 Weekday Weekend/ (WD) holiday (WEH) Total Number of 0 Count 84 67 151 fire % within WD/WEH 90.3% 85.9% 88.3% overflights 1 Count 5 5 10 % within WD/WEH 5.4% 6.4% 5.8% 2 Count 0 4 4 % within WD/WEH 0.0% 5.1% 2.3% 3 Count 1 0 1 % within WD/WEH 1.1% 0.0% 0.6% 5 Count 2 0 2 % within WD/WEH 2.2% 0.0% 1.2% 9 Count 0 1 1 % within WD/WEH 0.0% 1.3% 0.6% 12 Count 1 1 2 % within WD/WEH 1.1% 1.3% 1.2% Number of Total fire 30 34 overflights overflights: % within WD/WEH 46.9% 53.1% 64

Table 28. Number of Non-fire Overflights: Weekdays vs. Weekends/Holidays - 2014 Weekday Weekend/ (WD) holiday (WEH) Total Number 0 Count 69 55 124 of non-fire % within WD/WEH 74.2% 70.5% 72.5% overflights 1 Count 14 16 30

% within WD/WEH 15.1% 20.5% 17.5% 2 Count 6 3 9 % within WD/WEH 6.5% 3.8% 5.3% 3 Count 2 3 5 % within WD/WEH 2.2% 3.8% 2.9%

4 Count 1 0 1 % within WD/WEH 1.1% 0.0% .6% 5 Count 1 0 1 % within WD/WEH 1.1% 0.0% .6% 8 Count 0 1 1

% within WD/WEH 0.0% 1.3% .6% Number of 41 39 Total non-fire overflights overflights: % within WD/WEH 100.0% 100.0% 80

Works Cited

Hall, T. 2014. U.S. Forest Service national minimum protocol for monitoring outstanding opportunities for solitude: Element 5 of the 10-Year Wilderness Stewardship Challenge. Wilderness.net. Retrieved from http://www.wilderness.net/toolboxes/documents/vum/Minimum%20Protocol%20For%20Monitoring% 20Solitude.docx

Landres, P., C. Barns, J. G. Dennis, T. Devine, P. Geissler, C. S. McCasland, L. Merigliano, J. Seastrand, and R. Swain. 2008. Keeping it wild: An interagency strategy to monitor trends in wilderness character across the National Wilderness Preservation System. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-212. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.

Appendix A

Legend for all maps

Appendix B

Sampling dates from 2013-2014

Date Wilderness Monitoring Area Opportunity class Day of Week 8/5/2014 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekday 8/4/2012 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekday 8/9/2014 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekday 8/11/2014 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekday 8/12/2014 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekday 8/3/2014 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekend 8/2/2014 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekend 8/10/2014 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekend 8/24/2014 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekend 8/31/2014 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekend 8/4/2014 Mt. Washington Trail 4345 Primitive Weekday 8/5/2014 Mt. Washington Trail 4345 Primitive Weekday 8/12/2014 Mt. Washington Trail 4345 Primitive Weekday 8/11/2014 Mt. Washington Trail 4345 Primitive Weekday 9/2/2014 Mt. Washington Trail 4345 Primitive Weekday 8/2/2014 Mt. Washington Trail 4345 Primitive Weekend 8/3/2014 Mt. Washington Trail 4345 Primitive Weekend 8/10/2014 Mt. Washington Trail 4345 Primitive Weekend 8/24/2014 Mt. Washington Trail 4345 Primitive Weekend 9/1/2014 Mt. Washington Trail 4345 Primitive Holiday 9/23/2014 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (transition) Weekday 9/22/2014 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (transition) Weekday 9/29/2014 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (transition) Weekday 9/30/2014 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (transition) Weekday 9/17/2014 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (transition) Weekday 9/21/2014 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (transition) Weekend 9/20/2014 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (transition) Weekend 9/13/2014 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (transition) Weekend 9/28/2014 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (transition) Weekend 9/7/2014 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (transition) Weekend 7/28/2014 Diamond Peak Emigrant Pass Transition Weekday 7/29/2014 Diamond Peak Emigrant Pass Transition Weekday 8/12/2013 Diamond Peak Emigrant Pass Transition Weekday 9/9/2013 Diamond Peak Emigrant Pass Transition Weekday 9/16/2013 Diamond Peak Emigrant Pass Transition Weekday 7/27/2014 Diamond Peak Emigrant Pass Transition Weekend 7/21/2013 Diamond Peak Emigrant Pass Transition Weekend 8/11/2013 Diamond Peak Emigrant Pass Transition Weekend 8/24/2013 Diamond Peak Emigrant Pass Transition Weekend 8/25/2013 Diamond Peak Emigrant Pass Transition Weekend 7/29/2014 Diamond Peak PCT Semi-primitive Weekday 7/28/2014 Diamond Peak PCT Semi-primitive Weekday 7/22/2013 Diamond Peak PCT Semi-primitive Weekday

8/12/2013 Diamond Peak PCT Semi-primitive Weekday 9/16/2013 Diamond Peak PCT Semi-primitive Weekday 7/27/2014 Diamond Peak PCT Semi-primitive Weekend 7/21/2013 Diamond Peak PCT Semi-primitive Weekend 8/11/2013 Diamond Peak PCT Semi-primitive Weekend 9/8/2013 Diamond Peak PCT Semi-primitive Weekend 9/15/2013 Diamond Peak PCT Semi-primitive Weekend 7/28/2014 Diamond Peak Diamond/Rockpile Primitive Weekday 7/22/2013 Diamond Peak Diamond/Rockpile Primitive Weekday 8/12/2013 Diamond Peak Diamond/Rockpile Primitive Weekday 8/26/2013 Diamond Peak Diamond/Rockpile Primitive Weekday 9/9/2013 Diamond Peak Diamond/Rockpile Primitive Weekday 7/28/2014 Diamond Peak Diamond/Rockpile Primitive Weekend 8/11/2013 Diamond Peak Diamond/Rockpile Primitive Weekend 8/25/2013 Diamond Peak Diamond/Rockpile Primitive Weekend 9/8/2013 Diamond Peak Diamond/Rockpile Primitive Weekend 9/15/2013 Diamond Peak Diamond/Rockpile Primitive Weekend 9/22/2014 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 9/23/2014 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 9/16/2014 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 9/29/2014 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 9/15/2014 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 9/20/2014 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 9/21/2014 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 9/13/2014 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 9/14/2014 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 9/28/2014 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 8/25/2014 Three Sisters Green Lakes Semi-primitive (transition) Weekday 8/26/2015 Three Sisters Green Lakes Semi-primitive (transition) Weekday 8/19/2014 Three Sisters Green Lakes Semi-primitive (transition) Weekday 8/15/2014 Three Sisters Green Lakes Semi-primitive (transition) Weekday 9/26/2014 Three Sisters Green Lakes Semi-primitive (transition) Weekday 8/23/2014 Three Sisters Green Lakes Semi-primitive (transition) Weekend 8/24/2014 Three Sisters Green Lakes Semi-primitive (transition) Weekend 8/16/2014 Three Sisters Green Lakes Semi-primitive (transition) Weekend 8/17/2014 Three Sisters Green Lakes Semi-primitive (transition) Weekend 9/6/2014 Three Sisters Green Lakes Semi-primitive (transition) Weekend 7/22/2014 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 7/21/2014 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/14/2014 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/27/2014 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/29/2014 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 7/20/2014 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 7/19/2014 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 8/16/2014 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 8/17/2014 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 7/26/2014 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 7/27/2014 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend

7/15/2014 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 7/14/2014 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 8/4/2014 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 8/12/2014 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 8/11/2014 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 8/3/2014 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekend 8/10/2014 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekend 8/9/2014 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekend 8/31/2014 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekend 8/30/2014 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekend 9/9/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake East Transition Weekday 7/22/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake East Transition Weekday 7/21/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake East Transition Weekday 9/19/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake East Transition Weekday 9/8/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake East Transition Weekday 7/19/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake East Transition Weekend 7/20/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake East Transition Weekend 9/2/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake East Transition Weekend 8/30/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake East Transition Weekend 8/31/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake East Transition Weekend 9/1/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake East Transition Holiday 9/9/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 6/21/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/22/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/21/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 9/8/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/19/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 8/30/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 8/31/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 7/20/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 9/1/2014 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Holiday 7/28/2014 Menagerie Rooster Rock Semi-primitive Weekday 9/9/2014 Menagerie Rooster Rock Semi-primitive Weekday 9/15/2014 Menagerie Rooster Rock Semi-primitive Weekday 9/16/2014 Menagerie Rooster Rock Semi-primitive Weekday 9/8/2014 Menagerie Rooster Rock Semi-primitive Weekday 7/26/2014 Menagerie Rooster Rock Semi-primitive Weekend 7/27/2014 Menagerie Rooster Rock Semi-primitive Weekend 8/17/2014 Menagerie Rooster Rock Semi-primitive Weekend 8/16/2014 Menagerie Rooster Rock Semi-primitive Weekend 9/14/2014 Menagerie Rooster Rock Semi-primitive Weekend 9/13/2014 Menagerie Rooster Rock Semi-primitive Weekend 9/8/2014 Menagerie North of Rooster Rock Pristine Weekday 7/29/2014 Menagerie North of Rooster Rock Pristine Weekday 8/19/2014 Menagerie North of Rooster Rock Pristine Weekday 8/18/2014 Menagerie North of Rooster Rock Pristine Weekday 9/15/2014 Menagerie North of Rooster Rock Pristine Weekday 9/20/2014 Menagerie North of Rooster Rock Pristine Weekend

9/7/2014 Menagerie North of Rooster Rock Pristine Weekend 9/6/2014 Menagerie North of Rooster Rock Pristine Weekend 9/14/2014 Menagerie North of Rooster Rock Pristine Weekend 9/21/2014 Menagerie North of Rooster Rock Pristine Weekend 7/15/2013 Three Sisters Mink Lake Transition Weekday 8/5/2013 Three Sisters Mink Lake Transition Weekday 8/6/2013 Three Sisters Mink Lake Transition Weekday 8/19/2013 Three Sisters Mink Lake Transition Weekday 9/17/2013 Three Sisters Mink Lake Transition Weekday 7/13/2013 Three Sisters Mink Lake Transition Weekend 7/14/2013 Three Sisters Mink Lake Transition Weekend 8/3/2013 Three Sisters Mink Lake Transition Weekend 8/4/2013 Three Sisters Mink Lake Transition Weekend 8/18/2013 Three Sisters Mink Lake Transition Weekend 7/15/2014 Three Sisters Corner Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 7/14/2014 Three Sisters Corner Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 9/12/2014 Three Sisters Corner Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 8/5/2013 Three Sisters Corner Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 9/17/2013 Three Sisters Corner Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 7/13/2014 Three Sisters Corner Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 8/4/2013 Three Sisters Corner Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 8/18/2013 Three Sisters Corner Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 9/1/2013 Three Sisters Corner Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 9/2/2013 Three Sisters Corner Lake Semi-primitive Holiday 7/14/2014 Three Sisters Spy Lake Primitive Weekday 7/15/2014 Three Sisters Spy Lake Primitive Weekday 8/5/2013 Three Sisters Spy Lake Primitive Weekday 8/19/2013 Three Sisters Spy Lake Primitive Weekday 9/17/2013 Three Sisters Spy Lake Primitive Weekday 7/13/2014 Three Sisters Spy Lake Primitive Weekend 7/14/2013 Three Sisters Spy Lake Primitive Weekend 7/14/2013 Three Sisters Spy Lake Primitive Weekend 8/4/2013 Three Sisters Spy Lake Primitive Weekend 9/1/2013 Three Sisters Spy Lake Primitive Weekend 9/2/2013 Three Sisters Spy Lake Primitive Holiday 8/5/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/4/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/5/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/29/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 9/2/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/14/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/15/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/8/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/11/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/12/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/3/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/2/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/30/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend

7/12/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 7/13/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/9/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/9/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 9/20/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 9/21/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 9/1/2014 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Holiday 8/19/2014 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 8/18/2014 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 9/8/2014 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 9/18/2014 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 9/19/2014 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 9/6/2014 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/17/2014 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/16/2014 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 9/13/2014 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 9/14/2014 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 7/8/2014 Three Sisters Wickiup/Mesa Transition Weekday 7/9/2014 Three Sisters Wickiup/Mesa Transition Weekday 9/2/2014 Three Sisters Wickiup/Mesa Transition Weekday 8/25/2014 Three Sisters Wickiup/Mesa Transition Weekday 8/5/2013 Three Sisters Wickiup/Mesa Transition Weekday 8/19/2013 Three Sisters Wickiup/Mesa Transition Weekday 7/12/2014 Three Sisters Wickiup/Mesa Transition Weekend 7/28/2013 Three Sisters Wickiup/Mesa Transition Weekend 8/4/2013 Three Sisters Wickiup/Mesa Transition Weekend 8/18/2013 Three Sisters Wickiup/Mesa Transition Weekend 9/2/2013 Three Sisters Wickiup/Mesa Transition Holiday 7/9/2014 Three Sisters Sister Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 7/7/2014 Three Sisters Sister Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 7/8/2014 Three Sisters Sister Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 8/5/2013 Three Sisters Sister Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 8/20/2013 Three Sisters Sister Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 9/3/2013 Three Sisters Sister Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 7/27/163 Three Sisters Sister Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 7/28/2013 Three Sisters Sister Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 8/4/2013 Three Sisters Sister Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 8/17/2013 Three Sisters Sister Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 8/3/2013 Three Sisters Sister Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 9/2/2013 Three Sisters Sister Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Holiday 7/8/2014 Three Sisters South Sister Climb Primitive Weekday 8/26/2014 Three Sisters South Sister Climb Primitive Weekday 8/25/2014 Three Sisters South Sister Climb Primitive Weekday 8/5/2013 Three Sisters South Sister Climb Primitive Weekday 8/19/2013 Three Sisters South Sister Climb Primitive Weekday 8/3/2013 Three Sisters South Sister Climb Primitive Weekend 8/4/2013 Three Sisters South Sister Climb Primitive Weekend 8/18/2013 Three Sisters South Sister Climb Primitive Weekend

9/1/2013 Three Sisters South Sister Climb Primitive Weekend 9/2/2013 Three Sisters South Sister Climb Primitive Holiday 8/11/2014 Waldo Lake Rigdon Lakes Loop Transition Weekday 8/25/2014 Waldo Lake Rigdon Lakes Loop Transition Weekday 7/8/2013 Waldo Lake Rigdon Lakes Loop Transition Weekday 8/12/2013 Waldo Lake Rigdon Lakes Loop Transition Weekday 9/9/2013 Waldo Lake Rigdon Lakes Loop Transition Weekday 8/10/2014 Waldo Lake Rigdon Lakes Loop Transition Weekend 7/7/2013 Waldo Lake Rigdon Lakes Loop Transition Weekend 7/21/2013 Waldo Lake Rigdon Lakes Loop Transition Weekend 8/24/2013 Waldo Lake Rigdon Lakes Loop Transition Weekend 8/25/2013 Waldo Lake Rigdon Lakes Loop Transition Weekend 9/16/2014 Waldo Lake Round Lake/ Winchester Semi-primitive Weekday 9/15/2014 Waldo Lake Round Lake/ Winchester Semi-primitive Weekday 7/8/2013 Waldo Lake Round Lake/ Winchester Semi-primitive Weekday 7/22/2013 Waldo Lake Round Lake/ Winchester Semi-primitive Weekday 8/26/2013 Waldo Lake Round Lake/ Winchester Semi-primitive Weekday 8/10/2014 Waldo Lake Round Lake/ Winchester Semi-primitive Weekend 9/14/2014 Waldo Lake Round Lake/ Winchester Semi-primitive Weekend 7/7/2013 Waldo Lake Round Lake/ Winchester Semi-primitive Weekend 7/21/2013 Waldo Lake Round Lake/ Winchester Semi-primitive Weekend 8/11/2013 Waldo Lake Round Lake/ Winchester Semi-primitive Weekend 8/11/2014 Waldo Lake Waldo Mt Primitive Weekday 9/15/2014 Waldo Lake Waldo Mt Primitive Weekday 7/8/2013 Waldo Lake Waldo Mt Primitive Weekday 7/22/2013 Waldo Lake Waldo Mt Primitive Weekday 8/26/2013 Waldo Lake Waldo Mt Primitive Weekday 7/7/2013 Waldo Lake Waldo Mt Primitive Weekend 7/21/2013 Waldo Lake Waldo Mt Primitive Weekend 8/11/2013 Waldo Lake Waldo Mt Primitive Weekend 8/24/2013 Waldo Lake Waldo Mt Primitive Weekend 8/25/2013 Waldo Lake Waldo Mt Primitive Weekend

Appendix C

Sampling dates from 1991-1993

Date Wilderness Monitoring Area Opportunity class Day of week 7/5/1991 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekday 8/1/1991 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekday 8/2/1991 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekday 7/13/1993 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekday 7/6/1991 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekend 8/3/1991 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekend 8/4/1991 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekend 8/18/1991 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekend 8/31/1991 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekend 9/1/1991 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekend 7/24/1993 Mt. Washington Benson/Tenas Semi-primitive Weekend 7/22/1991 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 7/24/1991 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 8/5/1991 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 8/6/1991 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 7/26/1993 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 8/18/1993 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 9/25/1993 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 7/2/1993 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 7/15/1993 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 7/23/1993 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 7/18/1993 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 7/3/1993 Mt. Jefferson Canyon Creek Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 6/21/1991 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 6/28/1991 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 7/5/1991 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 7/8/1991 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 7/31/1991 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 10/8/1991 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 10/10/1991 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 10/16/1991 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 5/28/1992 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 10/22/1992 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 10/23/1992 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 9/2/1993 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 8/2/1993 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 9/22/1991 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 10/19/1991 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 5/24/1992 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 7/25/1992 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 6/6/1993 Mt. Jefferson Duffy Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 7/2/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 7/8/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday

7/10/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 8/6/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 8/9/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 8/15/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 8/30/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 7/5/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 7/22/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 7/23/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 7/29/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 8/6/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 8/27/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 9/28/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 8/2/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekday 7/7/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 7/13/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 7/14/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 7/27/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 8/3/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 8/4/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 8/18/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 7/17/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 7/25/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 8/8/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 8/28/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 10/2/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 10/10/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 10/16/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 9/18/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Weekend 7/4/1991 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Holiday 9/6/1993 Three Sisters Green Lake Semi-primitive (Transition) Holiday 7/2/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 7/19/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 7/23/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 7/24/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 7/25/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/9/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/12/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/13/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/14/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/15/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/21/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/22/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/23/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/26/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/30/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 9/6/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 9/25/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 10/9/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday

10/17/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 7/7/1992 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 7/10/1992 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/4/1992 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/10/1992 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/11/1992 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/14/1992 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 9/16/1992 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 6/30/1993 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 7/1/1993 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 7/23/1993 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/2/1993 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/12/1993 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/13/1993 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/19/1993 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/20/1993 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 8/26/1993 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 9/9/1993 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekday 7/13/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 7/14/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 7/20/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 7/21/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 7/28/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 8/10/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 8/11/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 8/18/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 8/24/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 10/13/1991 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 7/11/1992 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 7/12/1992 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 8/1/1992 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 8/2/1992 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 8/8/1992 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 8/9/1992 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 9/6/1992 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 8/1/1993 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 8/14/1993 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 9/18/1993 Mt. Jefferson Jefferson Park Semi-primitive Weekend 7/22/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 7/23/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 7/30/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 7/31/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 8/2/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 8/28/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 8/29/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 8/30/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 9/6/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 9/18/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday

9/19/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 10/3/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekday 7/28/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekend 8/31/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekend 9/1/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekend 9/15/1991 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekend 8/7/1993 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekend 8/8/1993 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekend 9/4/1993 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekend 9/25/1993 Three Sisters Linton Meadows Transition Weekend 6/17/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 6/20/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 6/24/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 6/27/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/3/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/5/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/9/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/11/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/12/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/16/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/18/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/19/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/26/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 8/2/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 8/8/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 8/9/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 8/23/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 8/30/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 9/20/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 10/2/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 10/7/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 10/23/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 6/16/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 6/18/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/20/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/21/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/31/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 8/3/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 8/11/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 8/27/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 9/14/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/9/1993 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/29/1993 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 8/9/1993 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 8/12/1993 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 8/19/1993 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 9/3/1993 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 6/17/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday

7/17/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekday 7/6/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 7/7/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 7/13/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 7/20/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 7/27/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 8/4/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 8/10/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 8/17/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 8/24/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 8/31/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 9/1/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 9/8/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 5/23/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 6/6/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 6/7/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 8/9/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 9/19/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 10/17/1992 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 6/26/1993 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 7/3/1993 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 7/10/1993 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 7/31/1993 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 8/7/1993 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 8/8/1993 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 8/14/1993 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 9/5/1993 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 9/11/1993 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Weekend 7/4/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Holiday 9/2/1991 Mt. Jefferson Marion Lake West Semi-primitive Holiday 10/5/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/11/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/12/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/15/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/18/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/19/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/26/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/2/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/8/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/9/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/14/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/15/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/20/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/30/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/2/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/9/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/10/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/16/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday

7/17/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/20/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/21/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/24/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/30/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/31/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/7/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/10/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/11/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/12/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/13/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/14/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/17/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/20/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/21/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/27/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/28/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 9/3/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 9/11/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 9/14/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 9/15/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 9/25/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 10/2/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/2/1993 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 8/13/1993 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 9/3/1993 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 9/27/1993 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekday 7/6/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 7/13/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 7/14/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 7/20/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 7/21/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 7/27/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 7/28/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/3/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/4/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/10/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/17/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/18/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/25/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/31/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 9/1/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 7/4/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Holiday 9/7/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 9/8/1991 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 5/30/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 5/31/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 7/5/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend

7/11/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 7/18/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 7/26/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/1/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/2/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/8/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/9/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/15/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/16/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/22/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/23/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/29/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/30/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 9/5/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 9/6/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 9/12/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 9/26/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 9/27/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 10/3/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 10/4/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 7/25/1993 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 8/15/1993 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 9/4/1993 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 9/5/1993 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Weekend 7/4/1992 Three Sisters Obsidian Transition Holiday 6/14/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 6/26/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 7/22/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 7/25/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 9/26/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 6/18/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 7/1/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 7/2/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 7/5/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 7/12/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 7/26/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 7/29/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 8/20/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 8/22/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 6/17/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 7/10/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 7/17/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 8/3/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 8/7/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 8/17/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 8/19/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 8/21/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 9/3/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday

9/10/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 9/11/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 9/17/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 9/18/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 9/25/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 6/28/1993 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 7/12/1993 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 9/17/1993 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 9/24/1993 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 8/31/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekday 8/4/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 9/7/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 9/22/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 7/7/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 7/20/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 7/21/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 7/27/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/3/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/10/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/17/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/25/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 10/12/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 5/31/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 7/11/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 7/12/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 7/18/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 7/19/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/9/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/22/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/23/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/29/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/30/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 9/5/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 9/12/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 10/3/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 10/10/1992 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 6/26/1993 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 7/11/1993 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 7/17/1993 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/7/1993 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/28/1993 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 10/2/1993 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 7/31/1993 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/21/1993 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/22/1993 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 8/7/1993 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Weekend 7/4/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Holiday 9/2/1991 Mt. Jefferson Pamelia Lake Transition Holiday

7/18/1991 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 8/2/1991 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 9/12/1991 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 9/27/1991 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 7/19/1993 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 7/23/1993 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 7/29/1993 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 8/12/1993 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 9/23/1993 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 10/1/1993 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekday 7/27/1991 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 8/31/1991 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 9/7/1991 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 9/28/1991 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 7/17/1993 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 7/18/1993 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 7/24/1993 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 7/25/1993 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 8/28/1993 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 9/4/1993 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend 9/5/1993 Three Sisters Sisters Mirror Lake Semi-primitive Weekend