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VOLUME 20 A College Library Reports on Its Fresh- NUMBER 6 man Lecture Program

Philosophical Concepts of Professional Organization

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Maurice F. Tauber, Editor Peter Demery, ACRL Contents Publications Officer DOCTORAL STUDY IN LIBRARIANSHIP IN THE UNITED Editorial Staff: RALPH E. ELLS- STATES, by J. Periam Danton 435 WORTH, buildings; JENS NYHOLM, methods; JOHN C. RATHER, news; LAWRENCE S. THOMPSON, person- THE LIBRARY IN THE MODERN WORLD, by Nor- nel; ROBERT B. DOWNS, resources. man Cousins 454 CARLYLE J. FRAREY, CLARENCE GORCHELS, EUGENE P. SHEEHY, assistants to the editor. LIBRARY RESOURCES FOR CLASSICAL STUDIES, by William Vernon Jackson 459 College and Research Libraries is the official journal of the RECENT EXPERIENCES WITH SOVIET LIBRARIES AND Association of College and Re- ARCHIVES: UNCOMMON RESOURCES AND PO- search Libraries, a division of the American Library Associa- TENTIAL FOR EXCHANGE, by Oswald Backus, tion. Inclusion of an article or III 469 advertisement does not constitute official endorsement by ACRL or ALA. A COLLEGE LIBRARY REPORTS ON ITS FRESHMAN LECTURE PROGRAM, by Rose Z. Sellers and Subscription to CRL is included Antoinette Ciolli 474 in membership dues to ACRL of $6 or more. Other subscriptions are $5 a year; single cop- NEWS FROM THE FIELD 477 ies, $1.25 or $1 each for five or more copies. PERSONNEL 480

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November 1959 Volume 20 Number 6

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Doctoral Study in Librarianship In the United States

HIRTY YEARS AGO, in the 1928/29 ac- and—it may be said frankly—consider- Tademic year, the first program for able difficulties of various kinds, has doctoral study in librarianship was in- been fully described. It may be noted, augurated in the United States. It seems however, that the Graduate Library fitting that this anniversary be the oc- School did not begin to come into its casion for an examination of the current own and certainly did not win a measure status of doctoral studies in the field, a of general professional support and rec- review of present objectives and pro- ognition until after the appointment of grams of the six schools now offering Louis Round Wilson to the deanship in doctoral programs, and an inquiry into 1932. Doctoral programs were begun at accomplishments to date. Since 1929, 129 the Universities of Illinois and Michigan degrees have been awarded by five of in 1948, at Columbia University in 1952, these schools; the sixth has yet to award at the University of California in 1955, the degree. A seventh school starts a and at Western Reserve University in doctoral program this fall. 1956. A doctoral program has been ap- For the first two decades of the thirty- proved at Rutgers University. Through year period, the field of doctoral studies June 1959, Chicago awarded eighty-nine in librarianship was the exclusive prop- degrees. This is more than twice as many erty of the Graduate Library School of as the forty degrees of all of the other the University of Chicago.1 The history schools combined. Consequently, the his- of its establishment, early development, tory and accomplishments of doctoral

1See Lester Asheim, "The Graduate Library School study in librarianship in this country of the University of Chicago," Illinois Libraries, are necessarily in large part the history XL (1958), 177-85; Bernard R. Berelson, "Ad- vanced Study and Research in Librarianship," in of the Graduate Library School; the con- Berelson, ed., Education for Librarianship (Chi- cago: ALA, 1949), pp. 207-35; Harriet E. Howe, tributions and activities of the other "Two Decades in Education for Librarianship," Li- brary Quarterly, XII (1942), 557-70; Frederick P. Kep- schools begin to be of importance only pel, "The Carnegie Corporation and the Graduate Li- brary School: A Historical Outline," Library Quarter- during the last decade. ly,. I (19-31), 22-25; William M. Randall, "Louis R. Wilson and the Graduate Library School," Library (A small number of doctoral disserta- Quarterly, XII (1942), 645-50; Douglas Waples, "The tions on subjects in librarianship have Graduate Library School at Chicago," Library Quarter- ly, I (1931), 26-36; Louis R. Wilson, "Development of been written under other departments, a Program of Research in Library Science in the Grad- uate School." Library Journal, LIX (1934), 742-46; such as history and education; Sidney Wilson, "The Objectives of the Graduate Library School in Extending the Frontiers of Librarianship," Ditzion's "Arsenals of a Democratic Cul- in New Frontiers in Librarianship (Chicago: Univer- sity of Chicago, Graduate Library School, 1940), pp. ture" [Teachers College, Columbia Uni- 13-26. versity], Howard McGaw's "Marginal Dr. Danton is Dean, School of Li- Punched Cards—Their Use in College brarianship, University of California, and University Libraries" [Teachers Col- Berkeley. This paper was presented be- lege, Columbia University], and Eugene fore a meeting of the Association of Wilson's "Pre-Professional Background American Library Schools, Washington, of Students in the Library School" [Psy- D. C., June 22, 1959. chology and Education, University of II- linois] are well-known representative be listed under two different subject examples. As the over-all programs of headings. However, in the great majority the authors of such studies were in dis- of cases the dissertation title suggests ciplines other than librarianship, they quite clearly the subject and for our pur- have not been included in the present poses the picture presented by Table I is paper.) sufficiently accurate. The study is divided into seven parts: The table presents some interesting (1) An analysis of dissertations thus far contrasts. It may be noted, for example, presented, by institution and subject, that 47 (36 per cent) of the 129 disserta- and by period; (2) The present objec- tions were written in the two fields of tives of the schools' doctoral programs; library history and history of books and (3) The principal fields now embraced printing and publishing. If we add to in these programs; (4) Factors prevent- this the dissertations on other media of ing the schools from the fullest attain- public communication, censorship, con- ment of their objectives; (5) The with- tent analysis, and controls, the total is drawal rate and the time factor; (6) 66 (51 per cent). At almost the other ex- Positions currently held by those who treme of the quantitative analysis it is have received the doctorate at the sev- rather surprising to find the showing of eral schools; and (7) A consideration of two subjects: reference, information, and the general contribution which doctoral advisory services; and cataloging, clas- study has made to the profession, to- sification, and subject headings. These gether with an estimate of the ways in two are among the most formalized— which and extent to which such study and surely most important and funda- has not achieved its fullest potential. mental—of our library activities, yet

QUALITATIVE-QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS only 9 dissertations, or 7 per cent of the OF DISSERTATIONS total number, were written in each. Other areas which attracted dissertation Table I classifies by institution and writers less frequently than might, per- subject the 129 dissertations presented haps, have been expected, are organiza- from 1930, when Chicago awarded its tion and administration, with 13 dis- first degree, through June 1959. The classification used is, with one amplifica- sertations or 10 per cent of the total; re- tion, that presented and agreed upon sources, with 14 dissertations or about 11 for research studies in librarianship at per cent; and personnel and education, the January 26, 1959 meeting of the As- with 9 dissertations or 7 per cent. sociation of American Library Schools. Table II groups the dissertations ac- This classification was, in turn, largely cepted in three-year periods. The most based upon that used in the October striking fact revealed by the table is the 1957 issue of Library Trends. (An alpha- enormously accelerated output of the betical list, by author, of the 129 dis- most recent years. In the period 1957-59 sertations will be found at the end of this more dissertations were accepted (and article. degrees awarded) than in the first twelve It must be recognized, of course, that years; more than 41 per cent of the total the assignment to subjects in Table I is were produced during the past six years probably not absolutely accurate; even and one-quarter during the last three an examination of all of the dissertations years. Should this order of increase con- would very likely not make possible as- tinue, even at the present level, we might signments of this kind in every case, in expect to have several hundred active view of the fact that some dissertations graduates by the end of another ten might, with almost equal justification, years.

436 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES TABLE I: DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS IN LIBRARIANSHIP, 1930-1959, BY SUBJECT AND SCHOOL

SUBJECT Chicago Columbia Illinois Michigan W. Reserve SUB-TOTAL TOTAL

I. Background, A. Philosophy, objectives, purposes 2 1 3 B. History of libraries and librarians 1. General and other countries 2 2 2. United States 11 1 2 14 C. History of books, printing, and publishing 1. General and other countries 13 2 2 2 19 2. United States 4 1 8 13 D. Contemporary social setting: books and publishing; other media of public communication (communi- cator, content, audience or users, adult reading, effect, controls, censorship) 11 1 3 15 66 II. Organization and Administration A. External legal, policy, political, and financial controls and support 10 10 B. Internal organization, administration, management analysis 2 2 C. Interlibrary relations and organization 1 1 13 III. Resources A. Acquisitions, selection policies and practice 4 2 6 B. Survey of resources 4 1 5 C. Evaluation of books and other library materials 3 1 4 D. Bibliographic and storage centers E. Interlibrary lending; photoreproduction 15 IV. Reader Services A. Reference and information services 2 1 3 B. Reader guidance and advisory services 2 1 1 4 C. (Other) adult education activities 1 1 D. Circulation analysis 1 1 9 V. Technical Processes; Documentation A. Cataloging 3, 1 4 B. Classification 3 3 C. Subject headings 2 2 D. Centralized processing E. Indexing, abstracting, coding 1 1 F. Machine methods of identification, storage, retrieval, distribution of materials G. Documentation 2 I 3 13 VI. Personnel and Education 2 1 3 A. Organization and administration of personnel B. In-service training C. Education of librarians 3 2 5 8 VII. International, Comparative, and Foreign Librarianship 2 1 3 3 VIII. Methods of Research ayid Evaluation; Standards, Surveys 1 1 2 2 89 7 13 19 1 129 As we have seen, a total of 129 de- TABLE II grees have been awarded during the thir- DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS IN LIBRARIANSHIP, ty-year period of our doctoral programs. 1930-1959, BY THREE-YEAR PERIODS This is an average of 4.3 a year. To some, this number will seem pitifully small in CUMULATIVE relation to the money and effort—in- NUMBER OF PER CENT PERIOD DISSERTATIONS (ROUNDED) stitutional and personal—expended. This may be so, but the fact is that the figure 1930-1932 6 5 is not in unfavorable contrast with those 1933-1935 9 11 1936-1938 5 16 for certain of the other newer profes- 1939-1941 11 24 sions, and even for some of the more 1942-1944 13 34 specialized academic disciplines. In the 1945-1947 13 44 1948-1950 11 53 thirty-year period 1926-1955 earned doc- 1951-1953* 7 58 tors degrees were awarded as follows: 1954-1956 21 75 architecture, 17; forestry, 164; journal- 1957-1959 33 100 ism, 38; meteorology, 85; public admin- TOTAL 129 istration, 77; Russian, 57; social work, 86; and veterinary medicine, 59. In the * First non-Chicago degree, 1951. same period, the figure for librarianship was 93.2 the sake of excellence in the functioning 3 OBJECTIVES of libraries." The objectives of the programs may The objectives of the programs are, be summarized as follows: (1) To fur- mutatis mutandis, the same as those of nish mature librarians, having scholarly doctoral study in major American uni- ability and interest, with opportunity for versities in other disciplines, especially, advanced study and research in the li- of course, the professional fields. This is brary field; (2) To develop in the stu- not surprising—indeed, it is no doubt dent (a) subject mastery and (b) com- inevitable—in view of the fact that in- petence in research and investigation; auguration of the programs required ap- (3) To organize, conduct, and publish proval of some kind of graduate council studies which will extend the bounds of or committee having general jurisdiction knowledge in fields pertinent to the over graduate studies in the several in- theory and practice of librarianship; stitutions. The one difference that may and, through these means, (4) To pro- profitably be noted between the objec- vide for the profession qualified re- tives of doctoral programs in librarian- searchers and personnel for teaching and ship on the one hand and those in such higher administrative positions. a purely "academic" field as history, for instance, on the other, is that the former MAJOR FIELDS OF STUDY FOR THE are, in part at least, more oriented to- DOCTORATE ward the practical. Thus, "The . . . pro- Although none of the schools has gram . . . and requirements for degrees sponsored dissertations in all of the fields [at Chicago] reflect the belief of its fac- of Table I, it is probably safe to say ulty that librarianship is a practical that all are prepared to supervise dis- rather than a purely theoretic science; sertations in any of them. No school, at that is, that it aims, not at knowledge least, specifically excludes any area of for its own sake, but at knowledge for professional study. At any given point in time a kind of natural limitation re- 2Mary Irwin (ed.), American Universities and Col- leges (7th ed.; Washington, D. C.: American Council 3University of Chicago, Graduate Library School, on Education, 1956), Table 4, p. 69. Announcement, 1959-1960, p. 1.

438 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES suiting from the special interests and sources; organization of materials for competence of members of a faculty and retrieval and use; public and school li- the resulting advice and stimulus which brary services and use; organization and students receive will, as a practical mat- administration of libraries; personnel ter, tend to cause more dissertations to and training; historical evolution of li- be written in some fields than in others, braries and of publication; contemporary and no dissertations at all to be written setting of libraries as one of the media of in certain fields. "However," as one li- public communication" and, in prospect, brary school administrator notes, "with "comparative librarianship."7 This, too, a fairly broad area representation is about as comprehensive a list as one throughout the faculty and a collection could ask for and very well covers all of of research materials which has been de- the areas set forth in T able I. veloping for some three-quarters of a It is clear, therefore, that the prospec- century, we feel that with the assistance tive doctoral student in librarianship of the qualified subject specialists out- does not lack for opportunity to pursue side the Library School we can permit an investigation in virtually any field of a student to go into any area of librarian- our discipline. ship presently recognized."4 At Califor- nia, the student "may specialize in col- OBSTACLES AND DETERRENTS lege and university libraries, public li- Without exception, the major prob- braries, bibliography, history of books lem cited is the inadequate number and and printing, history of libraries, or the amount of research grants, fellowships, library as a social institution." But, "al- and teaching assistantships for doctoral though most dissertations written for the students; or its corollary, the difficulty of . . . degree will fall within one or an- attracting sufficient numbers of very good other of these . . . fields, the designation students. "Corollary," because no one of fields of specialization does not pre- doubts that if the profession were able clude the writing of a dissertation which to offer fellowships of five thousand dol- does not obviously fall in one field or lars a year for each of three years to another."5 fifty outstanding students a year, we Among the special fields open to the should not lack for a sufficient number student at Chicago are: public libraries, of able applicants. We should also, al- college and university libraries, library most certainly, substantially reduce the work with children and young people, present high attrition rate. A consider- bibliography and reference, bibliograph- able number of students can probably fi- ical history, technical processes, and read- nance their education at the doctoral ing and other media of communication.6 level for a year or perhaps two years An analysis of the dissertations thus with some small financial assistance, of- far presented at Michigan reveals an ten in the way of part-time employment. equally broad range. Beyond such a period, the problem tends to become an exceedingly difficult one, The major fields at Columbia "include particularly for the most able and ma- the fields of specialization of our senior ture students, many of whom have fam- faculty members who conduct our sem- ily obligations. The large majority of inars and serve as advisors to our doc- students do not have the means and the toral students," and are: library re- schools do not have sufficient fellowships 4Harold Lancour, in a letter to the author dated in sufficiently large amounts for the fi- January 12, 1959. nancial support of the latter part of the 5University of California, School of Librarianship, Announcement, 1959-60, pp. 34, 36. 8University of Chicago, Graduate Library School, 'Robert D. Leigh, in a letter to the author dated op. cit., p. 9. February 20, 1959.

NO V EMBER 1959 439 program, especially the extra year or member institutions on the question, more of full-time work necessary to write "What factors tend to prolong the proc- the dissertation. Having completed the ess of completing the degree require- course work, the student leaves with ments?" Summarizing the responses, the every intention of doing his research in committee notes that, "the problem of fi- his spare time; but, as a library em- nancing is most frequently mentioned as ployee, he lacks the long summer vaca- the major obstacle to more rapid prog- tion that doctoral students in academic ress in the training of Ph.D.'s."10 posts have and his library position, of- Apparently there is not a single fel- ten administrative in nature, is of a lowship anywhere set up exclusively for type and importance to take up all his the doctoral student in librarianship. A time, thought, and energy. possible alternative to attempts, thus far Obviously, this situation adversely af- unsuccessful, to secure such fellowships fects both the students and the schools. may be suggested here. The schools, Equally obviously, it works to the se- singly or in combination, might develop rious disadvantage of the profession "in substantial and important research proj- the field." "I have several faculty mem- ects, secure financial support for such bers here," one library school dean has projects from foundations, and then seek written, "who need financial assistance or assign students to assist in the prosecu- . . . work on their doctorates has been tion of these projects. In addition to delayed or continued in interrupted furnishing financial help for the student, fashion. Although we now have an in- this approach should have the additional creasing number of scholarships for stu- value of providing a more systematic dents working on their first professional attack on needed areas of investigation. degree, there isn't positive help for the Aside from the financial predicament, faculty member who wants to go off for the general indifference of the practical, a year or two of study to work toward practicing librarian to problems of ac- a doctorate. Indeed, as far as I know, ademic research is undoubtedly an ad- there is no earmarked substantial grant ditional factor in the matter of at- for Ph.D. work in librarianship."8 tracting first-rate people to doctoral The problem of financing the able study. It is almost as true today as it was doctoral student and the closely related a quarter of a century ago that librarian- problem, discussed hereafter, of reducing ship offers little or no incentive or op- the average length of time required to portunity for the librarian to pursue re- earn the degree, appear to be virtually search. The number of libraries employ- universal. At Columbia, for example, for ing researchers on library problems can graduate students in general, it is be- probably be counted on the fingers of lieved that one of the three major ob- two hands. As one public librarian puts stacles to a legitimate acceleration (i.e., it, "We are still trying to help the re- one not gained at the expense of qual- search worker in other fields without try- ity) is "The student's need to work for ing to apply research methods in our money during or immediately after res- solution of our own problems."11 There is idence."9 The Committee on Policies in almost no demand for the doctor's de- Graduate Education of the Association gree from the public or special library of Graduate Schools canvassed thirty and even less from the school library. And, while the college or university pres- 8Louis Shores, in a letter to the author dated May 7, 1959. 10Association of American Universities and Asso- "Jacques Barzun, Graduate Study at Columbia; the ciation of Graduate Schools, Journal of Proceedings Report of the Deem of the Graduate Faculties for and Addresses, LVII (October 1956), 9. 1958 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958), "Louis M. Nourse, in a letter to the author dated p. 5. April 14, 1959.

440 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES ident appears to be increasingly interest- few of them have had meaning for me ed in head librarians with the doctorate, as administrator of a large library sys- there is more than a little evidence to tem."14 The histories of single librar- suggest that it is the presumed benefits ies, of minor publishing houses and of academic respectability and prestige, booksellers; the development of school rather than either the content of the pro- library legislation of a particular state; gram leading to the degree or the re- and early libraries and printing in coun- search productivity which it should make tries of Asia—to cite actual cases—are possible, that underlie the interest. "The representative of topics not likely to be pursued with much eagerness by the real pressure from the field," as one dean average "practitioner." points out, "is for shorter and more practical training rather than for the care- Neither of those just quoted nor most fully developed and integrated educa- of the others who speak to this point tion at the doctoral level."12 This judg- suggest that the primary purpose of the ment is inferentially borne out by the dissertation is to make a direct, practical contribution to librarianship, but the opinions expressed by a number of the fact is that the nature of and require- writer's recent correspondents. For ex- ments for this exercise are such that the ample, the librarian of a large public documents produced have, with some library suggests that, "from the point of notable exceptions, little or no relevancy view of librarians in the field . . . the to the work of the average practicing li- doctoral programs in librarianship would brarian. As a result, his interest in doc- be useful if subjects selected were of a toral study, of which the dissertation is more practical nature dealing with spe- the most tangible manifestation, is like- cific types of assignments such as registra- ly to be lukewarm at best. tion procedure, loan desk work, statistics We do not, however, have to turn to kept in libraries, simplification of rou- the public library to find indifference tines, etc." The difficulty here, of course, to the fundamental values and impor- is that very few dissertation topics could tance of research in librarianship. Caro- be developed at this level and in these lyn Kay's study showed that, "In the areas which would pass muster with selection of faculty members, directors graduate faculties and councils. But we appeared to place most emphasis on ad- cannot argue with the public librarian vanced degrees in library science, per- who notes that "most [dissertation] top- sonality, and library experience. Demon- ics are of interest mainly to students and strated research ability was ranked sixth research people," and who cites by title, in a list of seven qualifications, followed "examples of theses limited in subject only by publications. The most impor- or . . . too theoretical to be of much val- tant factor in recommending faculty ue to practicing librarians."13 members for advancement in rank and/or Nor can one suggest more than half salary, was the ability to work effectively a dozen "useful," or even reasonably with studejits. Interest in and ability to pertinent, dissertations to him and to a supervise research studies was ranked colleague who writes, "I am aware that fifth, and number and quality of re- several . . . studies have been briefed or search publications was ranked seventh described in issues of the Library Quar- in a group of seven factors."15 The rank- terly, but I can honestly say that very "Harold L. Hamill, in a letter to the author dated May 11, 1959. 12Asheim, in a letter to the author dated January 20, "Carolyn Kay, "Research Training at the Master's 1959. Degree Level in ALA Accredited Schools, 1956," in 13Emerson Greenaway, in a letter to the author Association of American Library Schools, Report of dated May 6, 1959. Meeting, January 26, 1959, p. 25.

NO V EMBER 1959 441 ings Kay's data reveal would undoubted- sixty-three candidates for the degree from ly be much different for the doctoral 1952-59 of whom four resigned from or schools alone, but her findings cast a sad were removed from candidacy; six who illumination on the climate of opinion have been awarded the . . . degree; and in library education generally. Elsewhere fifty-three who are at various stages Kay notes that, "If the research 'climate' of progress toward the degree. . . ,"17 in the library schools was not as favor- If one includes all of the sixty-three in- able as might be desired, it may be hy- dividuals mentioned above, and one sub- pothesized that in the profession at large sequent graduate, the Columbia ratio is it is even less favorable for the develop- 9.1:1. Similarly, at Illinois there were ment of research. The support for re- 153 student enrollments in the doctoral search on library problems has come al- program in librarianship from 1948/49 most altogether from the library schools through 1958/59, with thirteen degrees themselves and from foundations, not awarded, a ratio of 11.9:1. Again, at from the profession. Not only does there Chicago, in the years 1950/51 through appear to be lack of interest in the re- 1957/58, a total of 152 students were reg- search process, but little attention is istered in the Ph.D. program; during given or little value attached to the re- the same years nineteen students earned sults of research. Beyond disinterest, the degree, the resulting ratio being there seems at times to be ill-concealed 8:1. The foregoing figures point to an disrespect, distrust or even open hostility unmistakably high attrition rate and toward the process, the results and those engaged in research."16 suggest that unless the causal factors— e.g., the lack of substantial fellowship aid—should change we shall have to con- THE WITHDRAWAL RATE AND THE TIME tinue to expect a small proportion of FACTOR doctoral graduates in relation to the to- It seemed worthwhile to attempt to tal numbers who begin study at this discover the ratio between the total num- level. ber of students who have been in res- The situation in librarianship is, how- idence for the degree at the several ever, little if any different from that in schools and the number who have ac- other disciplines. While precise figures tually been awarded it. The point of and comparative data are largely lack- this inquiry is to determine whether a ing, it is clear enough that the at- useful answer can be suggested to the trition rate at the doctoral level is, in question, "About how many student in- most fields, inordinately high.18 It may dividuals who actually embark upon the be noted in this connection that a num- program result in one graduate a year?" The figures that resulted from this as- ber of universities, prompted by the pect of the study are illuminating, and Sputniks and American shortages of per- tend to support the academic cliche that sonnel with academic training at the "The woods are full of people who have highest level, have recently instituted completed their course work but have measures of various kinds which may never finished their dissertations." The have the indirect result of reducing pres- ratio between total students and those ent attrition rates. One of the common- awarded the degree varies from 8:1 at er of these methods involves a drastic Chicago to nearly 12:1 at Illinois. At "Leigh, in a letter to the author dated April 6, 1959. Columbia there was "a grand total of 18E.g., see Benjamin F. Wright, "The Ph.D. Stretch- out and the Scholar-Teacher," in Arthur E. Traxler (ed.), Vital Issues in Education (Washington, D. C.: leIbid., p. 29. American Council on Education, 1957), pp. 140-51.

442 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES reduction in the number of required dent to get the degree appears to be courses and seminars. Another method around five or six years, the figures pro- is the setting of fixed time limits for vided by Columbia, Illinois, and Mich- certification for the degree and/or for igan being 4.8, 6.0, and 5.7 respectively. the number of years allowed for com- Here, again, the situation in librarian- pletion of the dissertation after certifica- ship is not notably different from that in tion. As a result, the student who knows most other fields. Figures for Columbia for certain that he must complete his University covering the period 1940-56 work within a given time, will, by and show a departmental range, for the aver- large, be more likely to do so, than if, age number of years spent in earning the as has been pretty much the case in the degree, of 5.3 for chemistry to 12.5 for past, he can continue to be a candidate Germanic languages. But for approx- almost indefinitely.19 imately two-thirds of the thirty-three departments for which data were com- The withdrawal rate obviously bears puted the average number of years var- a close relationship to the length of time ies between 5.3 and 7.6.20 For a group of required to fulfill the requirements for ninety-five who took all of their grad- the degree. That is, if this time averaged uate work at Ohio State University in half of what it actually does more stu- 1928 and 1939, the median number of dents would have the intellectual, fi- years between admission to the Graduate nancial, and physical stamina necessary School and award of the doctorate was to complete the program, including the 6.4 and 6.5 respectively.21 dissertation. Precise figures on this point It is reported for the field of sociology can never be determined, chiefly be- "that there elapse on the average about cause of the great differences in the ways 7.6 years between a future sociologist's individual students pursue their doc- graduation from college and his receipt toral studies. A very few are fortunate of the doctoral degree. . . . The average enough to be able, through fellowship doctoral student in sociology, or in the aid or private financial means, to devote social sciences in general, spends up to full time to their studies. The great three years in graduate study and an ad- majority, however, are obliged to seek ditional four to five years in other ac- gainful employment for at least some, tivities such as teaching, before finally -and probably most, of the time. Such achieving the doctoral dissertation. For employment may be minimal—ten to this and other reasons it is felt that fifteen hours a week—during the years there is a special need for more financial in residence. At the other extreme is aid to students during the period before the student who, throughout his academ- receipt of their doctoral degrees."22 One ic labors, is obliged to spend half to of the most thorough institutional stud- three-quarters of his time earning money. ies covering this topic was conducted by The variations of the study-employment Radcliffe. There it was found that the combination are almost infinite. None- median number of years for the attain- theless, some generalizations in the way ment of the Ph.D. in the decade 1946-55 of averages may be suggested. In our was six. The report of the study notes field, the length of time it takes a stu- that "The total period of postgraduate 10E.g., see the report of the Committee on Policies in Graduate Education of the Association of Gradu- 20Barzun, op. cit., pp. [22-23], ate Schools for 1958, recommending, among other 21S. L. Pressey, "Some Data on the Doctorate," things, "a limit on the length of time within which The Journal of Higher Education, XV (1944), 193. a candidate must finish [his work for the Ph.D.]." ^Bernard N. Meltzer and Jerome G. Manis, "The Reported in Association of American Universities Teaching of Sociology," in The Teaching of the Social and Association of Graduate Schools. Journal of Pro- Sciences in the United States (Paris: UNESCO, ceedings and Addresses, LIX (October 1958), 33. 1954), p. 99.

NO VEMBER 1959 443 study for the doctorate varies from three librarians. Similarly, 56, or half the to- to seventeen years." As is the case else- tal, are associated with academic librar- where, "These years do not, of course, ies, and 35 (31 per cent) have positions represent time actually spent in resi- in library schools; altogether 91, or 82 dence . . . they represent the span of per cent, have an academic affiliation of time from entry in the graduate school some kind. At the other end of the scale, to the final granting of the doctorate. only 4 (3.6 per cent) are employed in They often include years spent else- public libraries, 5 (4.5 per cent) in where, frequently in working or teach- special libraries, and a single individual ing ... it has been impossible to deter- is in the school library field. These data mine the time spent by the candidates substantiate our general impression that in actual work for the degree."23 Finally, the great majority of those continuing and most comprehensive, are data com- for the doctor's degree are, for one piled by the Committee on Policies in reason or another, oriented toward an Graduate Education of the Association academic career of some kind. It is prob- of Graduate Schools from thirty member ably a safe inference also, that employ- institutions. The committee's figures ment opportunities for holders of the show that "The average time in the hu- doctorate are far greater in academic institutions than elsewhere. Whether manities [and] in the social sciences this is good or bad it may be left to [was] five and a half years. . . ."24 others to determine. It may be suggested, The data reported in the preceding however, that it might be to the general paragraphs are not put forward to "jus- advantage of the profession to attempt tify" the length of time generally re- to recruit doctoral students from and for quired for completion of the require- the school and public library fields, es- ments for the doctoral degree in librar- pecially, in greater numbers than has ianship, but simply to show that our been the case up to the present. situation in this regard is little, if any, different from that in most other (non- The data of Table III show that, for scientific) academic disciplines. In the better or worse, the values and philos- writer's view, a reduction in the time ophy of doctoral study are affecting factor is highly desirable. the highest administrative positions in forty-one academic libraries (including

POSITIONS CURRENTLY HELD half of the forty largest), and in more BY DOCTORAL GRADUATES than one-third of our library schools. What, precisely, the influences are we Table III presents data on the posi- cannot say. However, in the light of the tions held, as of June 1959, by those objectives of the doctoral schools and who have been awarded the degree. The the general standing of the parent insti- table provides several striking contrasts tutions among American universities, it and a general picture which should be would be difficult to argue that the in- of some professional interest. Omitting fluence was not a beneficial one. In the for present purposes the eighteen indi- same way, it seems safe to suggest that viduals included in the last three cate- the thirty-five doctoral graduates asso- gories, it may be seen that 60 (54 per ciated in some capacity with library cent) of the remaining 111 are now head schools—more than a quarter of the total full-time faculty of these schools— ^Radcliffe College, The Radcliffe Committee on have influenced the work of the schools Graduate Education for Women: The Radcliffe Ph.D. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 19S6), positively from the points of view of p. 21. ^Association of American Universities and Asso- scholarship, research activity, and aca- ciation of Graduate Schools. Journal of Proceedings demic standards. and Addresses, LVII (October 1956), 8.

444 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES TABLE III

POSITIONS HELD BY DOCTORAL GRADUATES, JUNE 1959

SCHOOL

TYPE OF POSITION TOTAL Western Chicago Columbia Illinois Michigan Reserve

College and University Libraries Head 28 5 8 41 Associate or Assistant Librarian; Administra- tive Assistant 1 4 1 6 Department Head 4 1 1 2 8 Staff Member 1 1 Library Schools Dean 9 1 10 Faculty Member 16 I 3 4 1 25 Public Libraries Head 2 2 Department Head 2 2 Special Libraries Head 2 3 5 National Libraries Department Head 1 1 2 State Libraries 1 1 2 Government Libraries Head 1 1 Staff Member 1 1 2 School Libraries Head 1 1 Miscellaneous 2 1* 3 Non-Library Positions 6 6 Retired 6 6 Deceased 6 6

Total 89 7 13 19 1 129

* Assistant Parliamentary Librarian, Iran.

These observations concern present showed that 19, or 29 per cent, of 65 (liv- positions only. It would presumably be ing) graduates were associated with possible to secure information on all schools of librarianship. This percentage of the positions of all doctoral graduates is not greatly different from today's 31 since they received their degrees. How- per cent. ever, the labor involved in doing so Quid Valet? seemed unjustified, chiefly because a random sampling of the curriculum vitae of There remains the most important a score of individuals suggested that the question, namely, that of the contribu- results would be substantially the same tion which our doctoral studies have as those just presented. In other words, made to the profession. Obviously, no there is no evidence to indicate that the definitive answer is possible and very kinds of positions formerly held by the likely no two people would agree on an graduates vary substantially from those answer in any except the most general . currently held. Indeed, some evidence terms. However, in an attempt to secure to the contrary may be adduced. A tab- judgments which might suggest at least ulation made by the writer in 1953 the broad outlines of an answer, opinion

NO VEMBER 1959 445 was solicited from two score library lead- so. I have asked myself whether I know ers—strictly a "non-scientific" sample!— which of my colleagues running larger in the country. The group included the university libraries today possess such Librarian of Congress, the executive di- doctorates and whether those who do rector of ALA, the director of its In- seem abler than those who don't; . . . ternational Relations Office, the execu- off the top of my head my answer would tive secretary of its Library Education only be imprecise. I have asked myself Division, who is also secretary of the whether I have any idea what kinds of Association's Committee on Accredita- positions are currently held by the re- tion, the president of the Council on cipients of doctorates . . . and whether Library Resources, and six library school they are held with distinction; it's quite deans; the remainder was about equally clear I know nothing at all about this divided between academic and public li- ... I have asked myself whether the ar- brarians. Intentionally, none of those ticles or books I have read and found queried was affiliated with one of the most compelling or influential have been doctoral schools. The replies to this in- written by people with doctorates or in quiry were noteworthy in three respects. pursuit of doctorates; I actually do not First, the spread of opinion was rather know." wide, ranging from high general praise At the other extreme were a number of both the published product of doc- of replies, chiefly from academic librari- toral studies and the other professional ans, indicating that the writers had fol- contributions of the graduates to a rela- lowed the development of doctoral study tively cool regard for the entire contri- quite closely and were acquainted both bution; what may be evaluated as gen- with specific dissertations and with the erally positive and affirmative appraisal careers and accomplishments of particu- outranks the negative judgments in a lar individuals. ratio of about ten to one. Second, the The question as to the over-all con- general subject of the study seemed to tribution of our doctoral programs may be one of considerable and genuine in- be considered in at least two distinct terest, inasmuch as many of the replies ways: The direct contribution of the dis- ran to a full typewritten page or more. sertations, and what those who have In the third place, and almost paradoxi- earned the doctorate have done for the cally, several of those queried confessed profession after they have gone into the to having almost no knowledge whatever field. of any of the work accomplished includ- Substantial difference of opinion as to ing, specifically, the dissertations them- what should be expected of the disser- selves. Thus one respondent, librarian tation is apparent throughout our uni- of a large, rapidly growing university li- versities. On the one hand are those who brary, wrote, "I frankly know nothing believe that it can be only a preparation about the current status of doctoral pro- in methodology, scholarly attitudes, and grams and nothing about the contribu- the like, for future research productivity. tion they have made ... I have asked On the other hand, are those who feel, myself whether in searching library lit- no less strongly, that the dissertation it- erature, or in having it searched, in or- self can and should be a major and signif- der to puzzle out a . . . problem, or in icant contribution to knowledge. Indeed order to prepare a speech or paper, I the statements in graduate division an- have ever read or even scanned a doc- nouncements usually describe the stand- toral thesis in librarianship; I must con- ards for the dissertation in some such fess that I can't remember ever doing terms as these. A recent expression of

446 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES this viewpoint suggests that "If the dis- such dissertations one would mention sertation is to have any value at all, Anders' "The Development of Public there should be an all-out effort to make Library Service in the Southeastern Uni- it a contribution to scholarship. The ted States, 1895-1950"; Butler's "An In- doctoral candidate should demonstrate quiry into the Statement of Motives by a high order of ability to prosecute, with Readers"; Condit's "Studies in Roman proper methodology, an intellectual Printing Types of the Fifteenth Cen- problem in depth."25 Even so, most of tury"; Dawson's "The Acquisitions and those closely associated with doctoral Cataloging of Research Libraries . . ."; study in this country freely admit that Fussler's "Characteristics of Research many dissertations, perhaps the majority Literature Used by Chemists and Physi- of them, no matter how sound methodo- cists in the United States"; Joeckel's logically, are not, in fact, genuinely sig- "The Government of the American Pub- nificant contributions to knowledge. lic Library"; Merritt's "The United While the general requirements for the States Government as Publisher"; Roth- dissertation are quite similar among the stein's "The Development of Reference major universities, and while these re- Services in American Research Libraries quirements remain highly constant, the . . . "; Shera's "Foundations of the Public actual nature of the individual docu- Library"; Swank's "The Organization of ments produced depends to a large de- Library Materials for Research in Eng- gree upon departmental attitudes and lish Literature"; Willoughby's "The standards, and particularly upon those Printing of the First Folio of Shake- of the special doctoral committees ap- speare"; and Winger's "Regulations Re- pointed to pass on the dissertations. lating to the Book Trade in London The situation in librarianship is sub- from 1357 to 1586." This is assuredly far stantially the same as that in other fields. from an inclusive list; indeed, it consists That is, we have produced a number of simply of some of the studies with which excellent dissertations and some less the writer happens to be familiar. good; some have been genuinely impor- In another respect, our situation is tant contributions to learning and some, not unlike that which obtains in other even though solid pieces of investigation, fields. Whatever the causes, it appears have contributed little of significance in to be generally the fact that a large pro- extending the bounds of knowledge. An portion, and possibly a majority, of those objective over-all evaluation would re- who earn the doctorate do not, there- quire the reading of all of the disserta- after, achieve a major scholarly work. tions by groups of experts and a synthe- At Radcliffe, for example, it was found sis of their opinions. Such an evalua- that 29 per cent of 318 of its Ph.D.'s tion may be considered a practical im- had no publication record whatever and possibility. However, if one calls to mind an additional 21 per cent were classified the dissertations in librarianship which as "occasional" with one or two articles have won a general acceptance in the only.26 A graduate dean with almost scholarly library world and in scholarly twenty years of experience suggests "that reviewing, one is inclined to hazard the the majority of Ph.D.'s do not produce judgment, however subjective, that the a major piece of research after complet- proportion which does constitute genu- ing a doctoral thesis. . . ."27 ine contributions to knowledge is prob- Whatever the facts elsewhere, it is cer- ably as high as in most fields. Among 2"Radcliffe College, of. cit., p. 41. "Theodore C. Blegen, "How Can Graduate Schools "William W. Brickman, "Speed-Up of the Ph.D. Increase the Supply of College Teachers?" Journal Degree," School and Society, LXXXVII (1959), 51-52. of Higher Education, XXX (1959), 131.

NO V EMBER 1959 447 tainly true that most of those who have erence history and by John Dawson on earned the doctorate in librarianship cataloging, I am sure that theses as a have not subsequently produced re- source can be overlooked only at consid- search, though many have written useful erable risk."30 and even important contributions of var- Two more items of evidence on this ious other kinds. There are, of course, point seem worth reporting. "One of exceptions to this generalization; one our divisions suggested that the A. M. thinks, among others, of the names of McAnally dissertation, 'Characteristics Asheim, Berelson, Carnovsky, Joeckel, of Materials Used in Research in United L. Martin, Merritt, R. R. Shaw, Shera, States History,' . . . and others which and Tauber. Almost all of the exceptions employ the same technique in other are of men who, for relatively long peri- fields have proved useful. Irene Zimmer- ods in their careers, have been associ- man's 'Latin American Periodicals of ated with library schools. Here, the at- the Mid-Twentieth Century as Source mosphere, the traditions, the general Material for Research' . . . was helpful climate of activity and, perhaps, the in preparing background material for "publish or perish" requirement have Latin American seminars."31 "One staff provided both the opportunity and the member said that he had borrowed three incentive for scholarly productivity. dissertations to seek an answer to a prob- In the opinion of a group of leaders lem he had to deal with and that two in the profession, and in the writer's out of the three had 'pay dirt.' "32 opinion also, the doctoral programs 2. The knowledge of investigation and have made certain definite and direct of research methodology acquired in the contributions to the advancement of programs for the degree has made it pos- librarianship. These benefits and contri- sible for some of the graduates to pro- butions may be briefly summarized as duce additional significant studies later follows: on. 1. A respectable percentage of the dis- 3. The Ph.D.'s subject-matter mastery sertations constitutes genuine contribu- and knowledge of methods of inquiry tions to learning and has significantly in- have almost certainly beneficially affect- creased our knowledge and understand- ed the library schools, where, today, ing. Even library practice has apparently nearly one-third of all of the graduates been affected. "We have borrowed cop- hold positions. (Indirectly, also, the ies [of dissertations] from time to time," schools appear to have been benefited one public librarian reports, "and have with respect to their status in the parent used some with considerable benefit institution as a result of the increase in . . . there were three or four specific "academic respectability and prestige" of points [in one dissertation] which we their faculties.) To be sure, as many adopted and used with profit. . . ."28 friends and critics of American higher Another public librarian writes, "I can education have repeatedly pointed out, say with some assurance that many possession of the Ph.D. is no guarantee of us have learned to look more deep- whatever of the graduate's teaching com- ly into our problems, basing deci- petence or ability to impart knowledge sions upon whatever . . . research may or to counsel and work harmoniously be open to us."29 And a university li- with students.33 The degree also, we may brarian offers this opinion: "When I 30Louis Kaplan, in a letter to the author dated think of the theses by Rothstein on ref- March 31, 1959. 31Harald Ostvold, in a letter to the author dated 28John Hall Jacobs, in a letter to the author dated May 12, 1959. April 14, 1959. ^Greenaway, letter cited. ^Ralph Munn, in a letter to the author dated April ^E.g., see John W. Dykstra, "The Ph.D. Fetish," 24, 1959. School and Society, LXXXVI (1958), 237-39.

448 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES add, carries with it no assurance of the died, retired, or left the profession; administrative ability and talents re- nearly one-quarter received their de- quired in the top posts held by such a grees in 1957, 1958, or 1959—too recent- large proportion—54 per cent—of our ly to have produced much in the way own active doctoral graduates. Despite of post-doctoral contribution.) these truisms it seems hardly necessary 2. More than half of the graduates are to argue that the subject-matter mas- currently employed as chief administra- tery of which successful completion of tive librarians. The requirements of the doctoral program is surely some evi- these posts and the climate of administra- dence will bring definite plus values to tive activity provide little time, oppor- both the teaching and the administra- tunity, or incentive for the production tive position. of scholarly research, regardless of the 4. So far as the latter kind of post is other kinds of contribution which the concerned, whether in an academic li- doctoral graduate may make as an ad- brary or in a library school, understand- ministrative officer. ing of the approach, attitude of mind, 3. Many, and very likely most, disser- and research needs of other members tations, highly specialized and often the- of the academic community cannot help oretical in nature, are of a kind which but make more fruitful, easy, and effec- hold no interest for the librarian "in the tive the librarian's work with them. field" and have no direct impact upon Lacking this understanding it is difficult the work-a-day library world. To say for the librarian to deal with members this is to criticize neither the dissertation of the faculty in terms that are wholly nor the practicing librarian. satisfactory to the faculty. (It goes with- 4. At the same time, it seems probable out saying that this understanding has that the profession at large has not taken been gained and is possessed by a num- as full advantage as it might have of ber of highly successful librarians whose the results of doctoral research. Whether doctoral study was in fields other than this is because the activity cannot be librarianship.) So much for an apologia sufficiently popularized, or because of a pro vita sua. distrust of the activity, or because of an- On the negative side, it is no less clear ti-intellectualism in the profession at that the total contribution has fallen large, or because of some other reason considerably short of achieving its fullest is far from clear. potential. Among the reasons, the fol- 5. The highly limited number of li- lowing appear to be paramount: braries able, or at least prepared, to em- 1. The relatively small number of ploy personnel for research on library graduates thus far produced. Although problems. Even the university, now gen- in this respect we appear to be no worse erally more or less eager to have a doc- off, considering the length of the period toral graduate as head librarian, does involved and the total number of stu- not employ men and women trained in dents admitted to our doctoral programs, methodology to study and investigate li- than many other disciplines, the fact brary problems scientifically. remains that 129 is a minute fraction of 6. Programs for the doctorate and the the more than 31,000 full-time profes- resulting dissertations have possibly been sional librarians—or even of the 6,600 insufficiently experimental. Because li- academic librarians—in the country.34 brarianship is a relatively new field for (Of the 129, about a score have already doctoral work the schools have tended to 34Wyllis E. Wright (ed.), American Library Annual copy the older disciplines. Especially re- and Book Trade Almanac, 1959 (New York: R. R. Bowker Company, cl958), p. 12. cently, there has been a pronounced

NO VEMBER 1959 449 emphasis on historical and bibliographi- sult is that we have a number of largely cal study, to the general neglect of such uncoordinated studies on relatively small areas as the bibliographic control of re- aspects of the profession. Many of our search materials, which might be less ob- problems most needing attention are far viously "scholarly" to graduate councils too complex for prosecution by an indi- and dissertation committees. vidual. Time will, perhaps in part, take 7. There has been insufficient accre- care of this difficulty; when we have tion of the results of doctoral research. had as long a history of research activity Each student looks for a comprehendible as, for example, English literature, the and usually relatively small topic which sum of a multitude of individual studies he can exhaust in the limited time at may provide us with a more nearly ade- his disposal. Generally speaking, the re- quate research literature.

Doctoral Dissertations in Librarianship, 1930-1959

ABBOTT, JOHN CUSHMAN. "Raymond Cazal- in Determining Public Opinion." Chi- lis Davis and the University of Michigan cago, 1941. General Library." Michigan, 1957. BIDLACK, RUSSELL EUGENE. "University of AKERS, SUSAN GREY. "Relation Between Michigan General Library: The History Theory and Practice of Cataloging: With of Its Beginnings, 1837-1852." Michigan, Special Reference to Courses in Catalog- 1954. ing in Library Schools." Chicago, 1932. BOAZ, MARTHA TEROSSE. "A Qualitative ALVAREZ, ROBERT SMYTH. "Qualifications of Analysis of the Criticism of Best Sellers: Heads of Libraries in Cities of Over 10,- A Study of the Reviews and Reviewers of 000 Population in the Seven North-Cen- Best-Selling Books from 1944 to 1953." tral States." Chicago, 1939. Michigan, 1955. ANDERS, MARY EDNA. "The Development of BONK, WALLACE JOHN. "The Printing, Pub- Public Library Service in the Southeastern lishing, and Bookselling Activities of John States, 1895-1950." Columbia, 1958. P. Sheldon and His Associates in Detroit, ARCHER, HORACE RICHARD. "Some Aspects 1817-1830." Michigan, 1956. of the Acquisition Program of the Uni- BRANSCOMB, LEWIS CAPERS, JR. "A Biblio- versity of Chicago library, 1892-1928." graphical Study of Ernest Cushing Rich- Chicago, 1954. ardson." Chicago, 1954. ASHEIM, LESTER EUGENE. "From Book to BRODMAN, ESTELLE. "The Development of Film: A Comparative Analysis of the Medical Bibliography." Columbia, 1954. Content of Novels and the Films Based BURKE, REDMOND AMBROSE. "Control of Upon Them." Chicago, 1949. Reading by the Catholic Church." Chi- BALDWIN, RUTH MARIE. "Alexander Gil, the cago, 1948. Elder High Master of St. Paul's School: BUTLER, HELEN LOUISE. "An Inquiry Into An Approach to Milton's Intellectual De- the Statement of Motives by Readers." velopment." Illinois, 1955. Chicago, 1939. BARNES, EUGENE BURDETTE, JR. "The Inter- CARNOVSKY, LEON. "The Reading Needs of national Exchange of Knowledge in West- Typical Student Groups, With Special At- ern Europe, 1680-1689." Chicago, 1947. tention to Factors Contributing to the BERELSON, BERNARD REUBEN. "Content Em- Satisfaction of Reading Interests." Chi- phasis, Recognition, and Agreement: An cago, f 932. Analysis of the Role of Communications CARTER, MARY (DUNCAN) . "A Survey of

450 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Montreal Library Facilities and a Pro- FUSSLER, HERMAN HOWE. "Characteristics of posed Plan for a Library System." Chi- the Research Literature Used by Chemists cago, 1942. and Physicists in the United States." Chi- CONDIT, LESTER DAVID. "Studies in Roman cago, 1948. Printing Types of the Fifteenth Century." GLEASON, ELIZA (ATKINS) . "The Govern- Chicago, 1931. ment and Administration of Public Li- CONNOLLY, REV. BRENDAN CYRIL, S.J. "The brary Service to Negroes in the South." Roots of Jesuit Librarianship, 1540-1599." Chicago, 1940. Chicago, 1955. GOLDHOR, HERBERT. "The Selection of Em- DAILY, JAY ELWOOD. "The Grammar of Sub- ployees in Large Civil Service and Non- ject Headings: A Formulation of Rules Civil Service Public Libraries." Chicago, for Subject Heading Based on a Syntacti- 1942. cal and Morphological Analysis of the Li- GRADY, MARION BEHETHLAN. "A Compari- brary of Congress List." Columbia, 1957. son of Motion Pictures and Books as Re- DANTON, J. PERIAM. "The Selection of Books source Materials." Chicago, 1951. for College Libraries: An Examination of Certain Factors Which Affect Excellence GRIBBIN, JOHN HAWKINS. "Relationship in of Selection." Chicago, 1935. the Patterns of Bibliographical Devices." Chicago, 1958. DAVIES, DAVID WILLIAM. "Place of the Elzeviers in the Social History of the HAMMITT, FRANCES ELEANOR. "School Li- Seventeenth Century." Chicago, 1948. brary Legislation in Indiana, Illinois, and DAWSON, JOHN MINTON. "The Acquisitions Wisconsin; A Historical Study." Chicago, and Cataloging of Research Libraries: A 1948. Study Related to the Possibilities for Cen- HARRINGTON, REV. JOHN HENRY. "The Pro- tralized Processing." Chicago, 1956. duction and Distribution of Books in DEILY, ROBERT HOWARD. "Public Library Western Europe to the Year 1500." Co- Expenditures in Cities of Over 100,000 lumbia, 1956. Population in Relation to Municipal Ex- HARTIN, JOHN SYKES. "The Southeastern penditures and Economic Ability." Chi- United States in the Novel Through 1950: cago, 1941. A Bibliographical Review." Michigan, DOUGLAS, ROBERT RAYMOND. "The Person- 1956. ality of the Librarian." Chicago, 1957. HARVEY, JOHN FREDERICK. "The Content DYKE, JAMES PARVIN. "The Library-School Characteristics of Best-Selling Novels." Placement Examination: A Validation Chicago, 1949. Study." Illinois, 1958. HENNE, FRANCES. "Preconditional Factors EATON, ANDREW JACKSON. "Current Politi- Affecting the Reading of Young People." cal Science Publications in Five Chicago Chicago, 1949. Libraries: A Study of Coverage, Duplica- HERDMAN, MARGARET MAY. "The Public Li- tion, and Omission." Chicago, 1945. brary in Depression." Chicago, 1941. EATON, THELMA. "Wandering Printers of HERTEL, ROBERT RUSSELL. "The Decline of Spain and Portugal, 1473-1536." Chicago, the Paperbound Novel in America, 1890- 1948. 1910." Illinois, 1958. ELLSWORTH, RALPH EUGENE. "The Distribu- tion of Books and Magazines in Selected HEWLETT, LEROY. "James Rivington, Loyal- Communities." Chicago, 1937. ist Printer, Publisher, and Book-Seller of ERICKSON, ERNEST WALFRED. "Significance of the American Revolution, 1724-1802: A the Survey in the Development of Ameri- Biographical - Bibliographical Study." can College and University Libraries." Michigan, 1958. Illinois, 1958. HINTZ, CARL WILLIAM EDMUND. "Interna- FOSTER, JEANNETTE HOWARD. "An Experi- tionalism and Scholarship: A Compara- ment in Classifying Fiction Based on the tive Study of the Research Literature Used Characteristics of Its Readers." Chicago, by American, British, French, and Ger- 1935. man Botanists." Chicago, 1952.

NO V EMBER 1959 451 HODGSON, JAMES GOODWIN. "The Rural Incorporation of Chinese Books in Amer- Reading Matter as Supplied by Land- ican Libraries." Chicago, 1931. Grant Colleges and Libraries." Chicago, LANE, ROBERT FREDERICK. "The Place of 1946. American University Presses in Publish- HOPP, RALPH HARVEY. "A Study of the ing." Chicago, 1939. Problem of Complete Documentation in LEWIS, BENJAMIN MORGAN. "A History and Science and Technology." Illinois, 1956. Bibliography of American Magazines, JOECKEL, CARLETON BRUNS. "The Govern- 1800-1810." Michigan, 1956. ment of the American Public Library." LILLEY, OLIVER L. "Terminology, Form, Chicago, 1934. Specificity, and Syndetic Structure of Sub- JOHNSON, ROBERT KELLOGG. "Characteristics ject Headings in Engfish Literature." Co- of Libraries in Selected Higher Military lumbia, 1959. Educational Institutions in the United LINDER, LEROY HAROLD. "The Rise of Cur- States." Illinois, 1957. rent Complete National Bibliography in JONES, VIRGINIA LACY. "Problems of Negro England, France, Germany, and the Unit- Public High-School Libraries in Selected ed States, 1564-1939." Chicago, 1958. Southern Cities." Chicago, 1945. LOGSDON, RICHARD HENRY. "The Instruc- KASER, DAVID EDWIN. "Messrs. Carey 8c Lea tional Literature of Sociology and the Ad- of Philadelphia, 1822-1838." Michigan, ministration of College Library Book Col- 1956. lections." Chicago, 1942. KELLEY, GRACE OSGOOD. "The Classification LOWELL, MILDRED HAWKSWORTH. "Indiana of Books in Terms of Use With Some Re- University Libraries, 1829-1942." Chicago, gard to the Advantages of the Subject- 1957. Catalog." Chicago, 1934. LOWRIE, JEAN. "Elementary School Libraries: KENNERLY, SARAH LAW. "Confederate Juve- A Study of the Program in Ten Systems nile Imprints: Children's Books and Pe- in the Areas of Curriculum Enrichment riodicals Published in the Confederate and Reading Guidance With Emphasis on States of America, 1861-1865." Michigan, the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Grades." 1957. Western Reserve, 1959. KNAPP, PATRICIA BRYAN. "The Role of the MACK, EDNA BALLARD. "The School Library's Library of a Given College in Implement- Contribution to the Total Educational ing the Course and Non-Course Objec- Program of the School: A Content Analy- tives of That College." Chicago, 1957. sis of Selected Periodicals in the Field of KNOX, MARGARET ENID. "Professional De- Education." Michigan, 1957- velopment of Reference Librarians in a MADDOX, LUCY JANE. "Trends and Issues in University Library: A Case Study." Illi- American Librarianship as Reflected in nois, 1957. the Papers and Proceedings of the Ameri- KRAMER, SIDNEY DAVID. "Stone & Kimball, can Library Association, 1876-1885." Mich- 1893-1897, and Herbert S. Stone 8e Com- igan, 1958. pany,. 1896-1905: Studies in Publishing MAIZELL, ROBERT EDWARD. "Information History." Chicago, 1938. Gathering Patterns and Creativity; A KRONICK, DAVID ABRAHAM. "The Origins Study of Research Chemists in an Indus- and Development of the Scientific and trial Research Laboratory." Columbia, Technological Periodical Press, 1665- 1957. 1790." Chicago, 1956. MARTIN, LOWELL ARTHUR. "The Desirable KRUMMEL, DONALD WILLIAM. "Philadelphia Minimum Size of Public Library Units." Music Engraving and Publishing, 1800- Chicago, 1945. 1820: A Study in Bibliography and Cul- MCANALLY, ARTHUR MONROE. "Character- tural History." Michigan, 1958. istics of Materials Used in Research in KRUSE, PAUL ROBERT. "The Story of the United States History." Chicago, 1951. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1768-1943." MCCARTHY, STEPHEN ANTHONY. "America Chicago, 1958. in the Eighteen-Eighties: A Bibliographi- KWEI, JOHN CHIH-PAI. "Bibliographical and cal Study of Intellectual and Cultural De- Administrative Problems Arising From the velopment." Chicago, 1941.

452 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES MCCOY, RALPH EDWARD. "Banned in Bos- Competence To Use the Library." Chi- ton." Illinois, 1956. cago, 1937. MCDIARMID, ERRETT WEIR, JR. "Conditions ROOD, HELEN (MARTIN) . "Nationalism in Affecting Use of the College Library." Children's Literature." Chicago, 1934. Chicago, 1934. ROTHSTEIN, SAMUEL. "The Development of MCGUIRE, ALICE BROOKS. "Developmental Reference Services in American Research Values in Children's Literature." Chicago, Libraries, 1876-1950." Illinois, 1954. 1958. RUFFIN, MARY BEVERLEY. "Types of Catalog MCMULLEN, CHARLES HAYNES. "The Admin- Knowledge Needed by Non-Cataloging istration of the University of Chicago Li- Library Personnel." Chicago, 1946. braries, 1892-1928." Chicago, 1949. SABINE, JULIA ELIZABETH. "Antecedents of MCNEAL, ARCHIE LIDDELL. "Rural Reading the Newark Public Library." Chicago, Interests: Needs Related to Availability." 1946. Chicago, 1951. SCHICK, FRANK LEOPOLD. "The Paperbound MACVEAN, DONALD SIDNEY. "A Study of Cur- Book in America: The History of Paper- riculum Laboratories in Midwestern backs and Their European Antecedents." Teacher-Training Institutions." Michigan, Michigan, 1957. 1958. ... • SHARIFY, NASSER. "A Cataloging Code for Persian Materials." Columbia, 1958. MERRITT, LEROY CHARLES. "The United States Government as Publisher." Chicago, SHAW, RALPH ROBERT. "Literary Property and the Scholar." Chicago, 1950. 1942. SHARMA, JAGDISH SARAN. "Mahatma Gandhi: MILLER, ROBERT ALEXANDER. "Cost Account- A Descriptive Bibliography." Michigan, ing for Libraries: A Technique for De- 1954. termining the Labor Costs of Acquisition and Cataloging Work." Chicago, 1936. SHERA, JESSE HAUK. "Foundations of the Public Library: The Origins of the Pub- MULLER, ROBERT HANS. "Social Stratification lic Library Movement in New England, in Magazine Fiction and Its Relation to 1629-1855." Chicago, 1944. the Socio-Economic Status of Readers." SHUKLA, CHAMPAKLAL PRANSHANKAR. "A Chicago, 1942. Study of the Publications of the Govern- PENALOSA, FERNANDO. "Mexican Book. In- ment of India, with Special Reference to dustry." Chicago, 1956. Serial Publications." Michigan, 1953. PHELPS, ROSE BERNICE. "The Effects of Or- SMITH, GEORGE DONALD. "The Nature of ganizational Patterns on Reference Serv- Student Reading." Chicago, 1946. ice in Three Typical Metropolitan Li- SMITH, SIDNEY BUTLER. "United States Gov- braries: Boston, St. Louis, and Los An- ernment as Bibliographer." Chicago, 1947. geles." Chicago, 1943. SPAIN, FRANCES (LANDER) . "Libraries of POSTE, LESLIE IRLYN. "The Development of South Carolina: Their Origins and Early U. S. Protection of Libraries and Archives History, 1700-1830." Chicago, 1944. in Europe During World War II." Chi- SPENCER, GLADYS. "The Chicago Public Li- cago, 1958. brary: Origins and Backgrounds." Chi- POWELL, BENJAMIN EDWARD. "The Develop- cago, 1939. ment of Libraries in Southern State Uni- STALLMAN, ESTHER LAVERNE. "Public-Library versities to 1920." Chicago, 1946. Service to Public School Children: Its Ad- POWERS, SISTER MARY LUELLA. "The Contri- ministration in Large American Cities." bution of American Catholic Publishers, Chicago, 1942. 1930-1942." Chicago, 1945. STANFORD, EDWARD BARRETT. "Library Ex- PURDY, GEORGE FLINT. "Public Library in tension Under the WPA: An Appraisal of the Middle West." Chicago, 1936. an Experiment in Federal Aid." Chicago, REAGAN, AGNES LYTTON. "A Study of Cer- 1942. tain Factors in Institutions of Higher Edu- cation Which Influence Students to Be- STEVENS, ROLLAND ELWELL. "The Use of Li- come Librarians." Illinois, 1957. brary Materials in Doctoral Research: A REED, LULU RUTH. "A Test of Students' (Continued on page 458)

NO V EMBER 1959 453 By NORMAN COUSINS

The Library in the Modern World

HERE IS A GOOD REASON why the dedi- several dozen tons of wheat for a few Tcation of this library should excite pounds of manuscript. the imagination and quicken the pulse. And the importance attached to li- The reason is that this affair involves braries in those early but otherwise ad- the heart of the university and affairs vanced times may be apparent from the of the heart are always exciting. amount of time Cicero took away from It is important to emphasize that what his consulship to spend in the library. I have said about this library is not uni- Every now and then, in fact, it became versally true. I wish it were. Some li- necessary for Cicero to assure the people braries are not at the heart of their uni- that he was not neglecting affairs of versities, and both the university and state in the pursuit of his hobby. In the library are the losers. But this li- more recent times, this question has brary has been conceived and built with come up in a somewhat different form, one central purpose—to be the center of indicating that the distance from Pub- the intellectual energy and life of the licans to Republicans may not be as entire university. It is this concept that great as we think. makes this library important. It is this In any event, the Greeks and the concept that gives this dedication a spe- Romans had a word for their books, a cial claim on our affections and our good word, and they attached to their pride. libraries the same special feelings of sat- In taking its vow to honor, cherish, isfaction and awe that a more modern and support its library, Colgate also generation has sometimes applied to does honor to one of the oldest tradi- Fort Knox. Indeed, the Latin term the- tions of scholarship. There was a time, saurus means, quite literally, a treasure- indeed, when a library was considered house. A library was a state treasure. In the greatest of all national treasures. We any inventory of their national assets, can remind ourselves that Demetrius the Romans counted their manuscripts Phalereus, who superintended the great even before they counted their edifices. library at Alexandria, held up a large To be sure, a library in the old days shipment of supplies to Greece—not be- was rather careful about the company cause he wanted more money but be- it kept. The first question a Roman in- cause he insisted that Egypt be paid by terested in a library would ask was not Greece in original manuscripts for the "How many books does it have?" or Alexandrian library. Phalereus held out even "What did it cost?" but "What for two folios by Aeschylus, one by Soph- does it have that is worth providing ocles, and one by Euripides. Not even a space to keep?" The yardstick then and lefthander or a switch-hitter to seal the for a few centuries to come was not cov- bargain. Just a straight transaction of erage so much as it was cogency. As late as the fourteenth century, in fact, one of Mr. Cousins is Editor, Saturday Re- the best libraries in Europe, the Royal view. This is the text of a talk given at Library of France, did not number more the dedication of the new library build- than nine hundred volumes, all of ing at Colgate University, April 13,1959. which knew the meaning of full-time

454 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES service. And some of the finest libraries deal with the problem of change in our in London proclaimed their superiority time. over the French because they carried There is not a single critical situation even fewer volumes. in the world today that does not involve In our time, of course, we are com- the challenge of change. It makes little pelled to be comprehensive. Inevitably difference whether we are talking about so. New knowledge is just as much en- our relations with the rest of the world, titled to elbow room as the old. In fact, our economy, our education, or even new knowledge is being generated so our hopes. There is a fast-moving cur- fast that it can hardly be classified let rent of change that ties all our problems alone be fitted out for its cubicles. We together. They are tied together in the must manage somehow both to pay our sense that all of them make insistent de- respects to such new knowledge and to mands on us: either we understand the find a place for it on the open stacks. vital problem of change involved in each Even so, one wonders whether the fas- case or we are left on a historical sid- cination with numbers ought not to be ing while the rest of the world goes bil- subdued somewhat where books are con- lowing by. cerned. The value of a library is no more There was a time in the life of nations represented by the number of volumes and civilizations when the pace of change it houses than a book by the number of was glacial. The problems of the period its pages. It is what happens to people of the Enlightenment, for example, were inside the library that counts and not at least two hundred years in the mak- the yardage of the catalog cards. A good ing. The effects were spread out over an- library should be the delivery room of other century or more. The lifeblood of the intellect for people who like to Greece may have run out in large meas- bring ideas to life. It is also, or should ure during the Peloponnesian Wars, but be, a busy thoroughfare where a reason- the causes fed slowly into that conflict ably curious man can rub shoulders and the consequences distributed their with the interesting and provocative peo- hurt over long years. In fact, ours is ple of history, and, indeed, where he can the first generation in history that has get on reading terms with some original had to absorb the kind of changes that ideas. It is an exchange center for basic heretofore took thousands of years to facts, to be sure; but there is no reason produce. why it should not also fulfill Disraeli's From 1945 to 1959 we have had to designation as a place which affords the withstand and comprehend greater and consoling pleasures of the imagination. more fundamental changes than have Finally, however, a library is the head- been recorded in all the histories since quarters for the endless process of edu- man first began to record his histories. cation and learning. It is a diffusion cen- In less than fifteen years we have seen ter for the intellectual energy in the change overtake almost the entire body vital life of the mind. It is a seminal of science and systematic knowledge. center for change. The one event represented by the liber- Our concern as a people today is with ation of atomic energy may have greater change—with the challenge of change significance than any previous utiliza- in a modern world. tion of the scientific intelligence of man. Whether the idea of America survives The conquest of earth gravity, as repre- in this world may depend less upon the sented by the man-made satellite, may amount of destructive force we can de- have an even more profound effect on velop or use than upon our ability to philosophy than upon physics. A sudden

NO VEMBER 1959 455 new perspective bursts upon the mind. tions with the rest of the world that The human brain now begins to per- gives us the basis for genuine leadership ceive, however dimly, the meaning of a in that direction. universe in which the earth and, indeed, If we are challenged by a powerful the solar system may occupy a position ideology, we can recognize that the only in relationship to the whole no larger time we need fear an ideology is if we than the atom itself is to this planet. lack a great idea of our own—an idea Nothing has been more difficult in that is great enough to encompass the evolution of thought than for man change, great enough to unify man, and to depart from his view of himself as set him free, give him reasonable peace, central in the universe. But now we and make the world safe for his diver- have to begin to live with the idea that sity. life, life with intelligence, may exist on The great idea is clearly within our millions or billions of planets and may reach. The uniqueness of the human even, in many cases, be far superior to mind is precisely that it is potentially our own. capable both of recognizing the fact of Meanwhile, even as we prepare to change and devising the means for meet- take off for other worlds we seem to be ing it. doing our level best to get rid of this A library not only records change; it one. The means now exist and stand scrutinizes change, perceives its germinal primed for instant use—means that can characteristics, contemplates its effects, expunge in a few seconds the work and and meditates on the failures to compre- culture of man that required thousands hend it. of years to put together piece by piece. In sum, the library offers more than No one knows whether it took man a incidental intelligence today for a soci- quarter of a million years to evolve into ety looking for a place to go. One of the his present being, or a half million years, unhappy aspects of our age is that we or two million years. What we do know live largely in a state of historical dis- is that he has now employed his evolved connection. We have not really put our intelligence in the creation of explosives experience to work in coping with new that would put an end to his place on dangers. We have tended to segregate this earth at least. ourselves from the wisdom accumulated Whether the explosives go off or over long centuries—wisdom that deals whether this planet becomes a safe place with principles that can be put to work for human life depends not on magical in the operation of a complex civiliza- solutions but on the ability of man to tion. We have made the mistake of understand the challenge of change. thinking that because there is so much If the use of nuclear military force no that is new in the nature of contempo- longer can achieve victory but achieves rary crisis that the past has nothing of the finality of suicide, then it becomes value to say to us. But the fact that men important to understand this change and like Socrates or Comenius or Milton or attempt to devise those means that can Jefferson or Lao-Tse or Confucius or be effective in enabling us to preserve Tagore did not have to cope with atomic our freedom and values and also serve weapons or intercontinental missiles the cause of humankind in general. does not mean that their views of life If our security today no longer de- and great issues had meaning only for pends on the pursuit of force but on the their own times. control of force in the world, then it Similarly, the Peloponnesian Wars becomes necessary to understand this may be more than two thousand years change and make the kind of connec- in the past, but some of the basic prin-

456 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES ciples emerging from that experience he will have to learn more than he might be helpful today. And the story knows now about converting the indivi- of man's own growth and his struggle dual morality into a group ethic. to create and preserve his noble works— Our failure to develop these conver- all this deserves our historical respect. sion skills has converted us into paupers. At least we ought to know what it is The plenty produced by our scientific that is now being jeopardized. and physical skills has not relieved the In this sense, I repeat, that the library poverty of our purposes. The only thing may be able to speak to the human con- greater than our power is our insecurity. ditions in today's world. For books serve All our resources and all our wealth are as the natural bloodstream of human not enough to protect us against the experience. They make it possible for effects of irrational ideas and acts on the the big thoughts of big minds to circu- world stage. It makes little difference late in the body of history. They repre- how magnificent are our new buildings sent a point of contact between past and or how impressive are our private king- future. There is something else that doms. If no answer is found to war, all books can do. They can help in the men will die poor. conversion skills that mankind now requires. For it is not enough that man The library—and the term is used can convert so beautifully in the fields* here as symbolic of the universe of of science and technology. knowledge, systematic and unsystematic It is not enough for man to convert both—the library can be a strong part the face of nature into a countenance of the new conversion process. It can congenial to human life. He can con- furnish the basic materials that must go vert sand, stone, and water into gleam- into the making of the new purposes ing and wondrous towers. Not enough and designs. And, quite possibly, it may to convert fluids into fabrics. Not furnish some of the motive power for enough to convert the invisible atom the decision behind the effort itself. into an infinity of power. Not enough Now some people may take the fatal- to convert the rush of water into the istic view and say it is too late. They whirling fantasy of the dynamo and may say that man cannot possibly de- thence into the magic impulses that velop the comprehension necessary to banish darkness or turn wheels or carry deal with change in the modern world, images and voices over empty space. Not that he will require many centuries be- enough, even, to convert air, agitated fore his conversion skills can be devel- by the spin of a blade or the thrust of oped as they now need to be developed a jet, into the lifting power that enables in the cause of human survival. him to rise from the earth and fly over But there is a larger view of man— the mountains and the seas. one that history is prepared to endorse. What is most needed now by man is This view holds that the great responses to apply his conversion skills to those already exist inside man and that they things that are most essential for his need only to be invoked to become man- survival. His urgent and overriding need ifest. For man is infinitely malleable, is to convert facts into logic, free will infinitely perfectable, infinitely capa- into purpose, conscience into decision. cious. It is the privilege of anyone in a He has to convert historical experience position of leadership to appeal to these into a design for a sane world. He has towering possibilities. to convert the vast processes of educa- By leadership I am not thinking of tion into those ideas that can make this government alone. I am thinking of all globe safe for the human diversity. And those who work on the frontier of ideas.

NO VEMBER 1959 457 . 7 If fir* : can undertake the total function of lead- Leadership begins with ideas. And ideas, ership »in our time. But the job will cer- if they are big enough, can unfreeze man tainly not be done without education. and make him relevant and effective in In dedicating this library, therefore, we turning back the largest threat he has also dedicate ourselves to the need for ever known. great conversions, to the need for a It is self-evident that neither educa- seed-bed of change. tion nor the library which is at its heart

Doctoral Study for Librarianship

(Continued from page 453)

Study of the Effect of Differences in Re- brarian: A Study of the Co-ordination of search Method." Illinois, 1951. Library Services in Wisconsin." Chicago, STIEG, LEWIS FRANCIS. "An Introduction to 1942. Paleography for Librarians." Chicago, VANN, SARAH KATHERINE. "Education for Li- 1935. brarianship, Dewey to Williamson, 1887- STOKES, KATHARINE M. "Book Resources for 1923." Chicago, 1959. Teacher Education: A Study Toward the VEIT, FRITZ. "State Supervision of Public Li- Compilation of a Core List." Michigan, braries: With Special Emphasis on the Or- f 959. ganization and Functions of State Library STONE, JOHN PAUL. "Regional Union Cata- Extension Agencies." Chicago, 1941. logs: A Study of Services Actual and Po- VILLALON, ALBERTO. "An Introduction to tential." Chicago, 1945. Latin American Juridical Bibliography." SWANK, RAYNARD COE. "The Organization Michigan, 1959. of Library Materials for Research in Eng- WELLARD, JAMES HOWARD. "Bases for a The- lish Literature." Chicago, 1944. ory of Book Selection." Chicago, 1935. TAAM, CHEUK-WOON. "The Development of WILLIAMS, DOROTHY GWENDOLYN. "Treat- Chinese Libraries Under the Ch'ing Dy- ment of the Second Roosevelt Administra- nasty, 1644-1911." Chicago, 1933. tion in Three Popular Magazines." Chi- TAUBER, MAURICE FALCOLM. "Reclassifica- cago, 1947. tion and Recataloging in College and WILLOUGHBY, EDWIN ELIOTT. "The Printing University Libraries." Chicago, 1941. of the First Folio of Shakespeare." Chi- TRACY, WARREN FRANCIS. "Public Library cago, 1932. and the Courts." Chicago, 1958. WINGER, HOWARD WOODROW. "Regulations TSIEN, TSUEN-HSUIN. "The Pre-Printing Rec- Relating to the Book Trade in London ords of China: A Study of the Develop- From 1357 to 1586." Illinois, 1953. ment of Early Chinese Inscriptions and Wu, KWANG TSING. "Scholarship, Book Pro- Books." Chicago, 1957. duction, and Libraries in China (618- UPTON, ELEANOR STUART. "A Guide to 1644)." Chicago, 1944. Sources of Seventeenth-Century English YENAWINE, WAYNE STEWART. "The Influence History in Selected Reports of the Royal of Scholars on Research Library Develop- Commission on Historical Manuscripts." ment at the University of Illinois." Illi- Chicago, 1930. nois, 1955. VAN HOESEN, FLORENCE RUTH. "Analysis of ZIMMERMAN, IRENE. "Latin American Peri- Adult Reference Work in Public Libraries odicals of the Mid-Twentieth Century as as an Approach to the Content of a Ref- Source Materiaf for Research in the Hu- erence Course." Chicago, 1948. manities and the Sociaf Sciences." Michi- VAN MALE, JOHN EDWARD. "The State as Li- gan, 1956.

458 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By WILLIAM VERNON JACKSON

Library Resources for Classical Studies

MERICAN RESEARCH LIBRARIES have a sical studies that are available in Ameri- A history of continuous growth and can research libraries. (Although the development. Today there are five li- term "classical studies" is used here in braries in theJJfiited States with over a wide sense, it necessarily emphasizes three million volumes each—the Library Greek and Latin literature.) It attempts of Congress, Harvard, the New York to synthesize the information available, Public, Yale, and the University of Illi- for the most part, in published guides nois—and another thirty-four whose and descriptions, but for this very reason holdings range from one to three million can make no pretense at completeness. volumes.1 Among the vast quantities of This report consists of two parts which volumes held by these and other librar- complement each other. The first of ies are special collections and notable them presents general descriptions of materials in every subject area, but the holdings of a number of major li- knowledge of these resources is far from braries, while the second section deals complete. Although the number of bib- with the special collections of books by liographies, guides to resources, check and about individual authors. The ad- lists, and other tools has multiplied vantages of bringing together the com- greatly, the holdings of many institu- ments on holdings of each author seemed tions remain to be described,2 and the to outweigh the disadvantages of sepa- total national picture is still only par- rating them from the remarks on the li- tially complete. It is obvious that schol- brary to which they belong. ars in every field and librarians alike depend on bibliographical aids to as- RESOURCES OF MAJOR LIBRARIES sist them in locating and utilizing ful- What institutions have notable rely the country's research resources. From sources in the field of classical studies? As 1946 through 1954 there were 266 doc- one might expect, the largest concentra- toral dissertations prepared in classical tion of them exists in the older, larger, literature and history;3 certainly they and more developed libraries along the required intensive use of many library east coast. This survey therefore begins materials. The objective of this paper is there, proceeding later to the Midwest to describe the library resources for clas- and Far West. 1American Library Directory (21st ed.; New York: Harvard. At Harvard is one of the Bowker, 1957). 2Robert B. Downs, American Library Resources, country's notable classical collections, A Bibliographical Guide (Chicago: ALA, 1951), p If. comprising over 64,000 volumes.4 Nu- 3William V. Jackson, "The Distribution of Doctor- ates in Postwar Years," Journal of Higher Education, merous first editions are among them, to- XXVIII (1957), 41-44. gether with a number of manuscripts, chiefly from the fourteenth and fifteenth Dr. Jackson is Associate Professor of centuries. In addition, Harvard has prac- Library Science, University of Illinois. tically all the chief critical editions and This paper was presented at the Illinois commentaries of classical authors. Par- Classical Conference, Chicago, February 4 "The Harvard University Library: A Graphic 19-21, 1959. Summary," Harvard Library Bulletin, IX (1955), 84.

NO VEMBER 1959 459 ticularly well represented are Homer cey B. Tinker as a memorial to his fa- and Cicero, each with over one thousand ther, the Reverend Anson Phelps Tink- volumes, Aesop, Boethius, Caesar, Hor- er, and the Marston Greek Classics. The ace, Plato, Plautus, Theocritus, and Vir- former comprises 165 items in 236 vol- gil. Sets of practically all the principal umes, the latter 90 items. The Ionides periodicals dealing with classical and Collection includes a number of first archaeological subjects strengthen these editions of Greek writers—e.g., Homer, resources, as do a large number of pro- Aristophanes, Euripides, Plutarch, Lu- grams and dissertations of German uni- cian, Pindar, Aeschylus, Euclid, Ptole- versities.5 my, and Archimedes—which combine A special reading room, the Herbert with first editions of other authors to Weir Smyth Classical Library, houses a place Yale's holdings among those of seven-thousand-volume working collec- first rank. There is a choice group of tion of college texts of the most impor- early grammars, among them the ear- tant authors, standard works like the liest book in the collection (1483), the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarnm and Graeco-Latin vocabulary compiled by the Inscriptiones Graecae, and a number the Carmelite monk generally known cis of periodicals. An important palaeo- Crastonus.8 The Marston items, nearly graphical collection of over six hundred all printed before 1600, embrace a num- volumes occupies adjacent quarters in ber of Aldines: the first Plutarch Mora- the Widener Building.6 lia (1509), the first Euripides (1503), Other classifications in the Harvard Li- and the first Aeschylus (1518).9 Some brary add materially to these resources. years after these gifts Yale reported the There are extensive holdings relating acquisition of several hundred addition- to the private lives of Greeks and Ro- al titles of early editions of Greek and mans and to the archaeology of Greece Latin writers.10 One might also note and Rome. In addition to an impor- that the Library owns a long line of edi- tant collection in ancient history, there tions of Pindar11 and no less that eleven are over a thousand volumes on the copies of Baskerville's Virgil.12 catacombs and Christian antiquities of In 1944 Mr. and Mrs. David Wagstaff Rome and Italy. Widener does not have enriched Yale's resources with twenty- a great many books on Roman law two manuscripts of classical and medi- because the Law School's extensive hold- eval Latin authors, ranging in date from ings make duplication unnecessary.7 the thirteenth to the end of the fifteenth Yale. Scholars find valuable material century. Seven Cicero manuscripts form in classics at the Yale University Library, the largest group, but Virgil, Ovid, Sen- but they can be only partially described eca, Terence, Boethius, Valerius Maxi- here because the Library has not yet mus, and Caesar are also present.13 In published a guide to its resources. In 'Austin M. Harmon, "The Ionides Collection of 1935 Yale received two groups of par- Greek Classics," Yale University Library Gazette, X (1935), 1-5. ticular importance: the Ionides Collec- "Thomas E. Marston, "The Marston Greek Classics," Yale University Library Gazette, X (1935), 5-7. tion of Greek classics, a gift from Chaun- 10John Van Male, "Notable Materials Added to American Libraries, 1941-1942," Library Quarterly, 6A. C. Potter, Library of Harvard University (4th XIV (1944), 138. ed.; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, "Marston, op. cit., p. 7. 1934), pp. 66-68; Garrett Mattingly, "The Lawrence 12Allen T. Hazen, "Baskerville's Virgil," Yale Uni- Bequest," Harvard Library Notes, II, No. 14 (March versity Library Gazette, XI (1937), 90-93; cf. Rebec- 1925), 29f. ca Dutton Townsend and Margaret Currier, "A ®Marjorie P. Wood, "The Herbert Weir Smyth Selection of Baskerville Imprints in the Yale Uni- Collection," Harvard Library Notes, III, No. 28 (May versity Library" in Papers in Honor of Andrew 1938), 145f.; Herbert Bloch, "The Classical Libraries Keogh (New Haven: Privately printed, 1938), pp. at Harvard," Harvard Library Bulletin, IV (1950), 285-97. 399-403; "Smyth Classical Library," Harvard Alumni "Edmund T. Silk, "The WagstafT Collection of Bulletin, XLIV (1942), 526f. Classical and Mediaeval Manuscripts," Yale Univer- 7Potter, loc. cit. sity Library Gazette, XIX (1944), 1-9.

460 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES addition to these items, Yale has two tion; and in classical archaeology, many manuscripts of Boethius' Consolatio items.17 Philosophiae;14 although both date from Columbia. At Columbia University the fifteenth century, one calls for spe- will be found practically everything of cial comment because it is bound as value in Greek and Latin literature pub- a "girdle book," that is, a small volume lished in recent decades. Although the designed to hang like a purse from the collection of earlier works contains some 18 owner's belt.15 It is not necessary to do lacunae, it is also excellent. Especially more than mention three Tacitus manu- notable are the library's holdings of early editions of works in the classics scripts, because they receive fuller com- (among them Greek grammars of the ment later. fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the Yale acquired in 1896 the library of Aldine editions of Homer and Herodo- Professor Ernest Curtius of Berlin, con- tus19) and of material in the field of sisting of about 3,500 volumes and the antiquities, paleography, and epigraphy. same number of pamphlets. Especially There is a special epigraphical library rich in the field of classical archaeology, with a collection of original inscriptions it added to the library's resources in this —mostly in Latin—and of squeezes; a area.16 papyrus division possesses 600 to 700 original Greek papyri, largely unpub- New York Public Library. Although lished, as well as a practically complete the New York Public Library does not papyrological library, making it one of stress classical literature, its holdings the best in the Western Hemisphere.20 may be viewed as a good working collection which contains some rarities. There Princeton. Still another university library with important resources in clas- are about 5,500 volumes of Greek litera- sics is Princeton. It has numerous exam- ture (including medieval and modern) ples of early editions of Pliny, Terence, and about 4,500 of Latin. Present are Plautus, Ovid, Aristotle, Homer, and histories, critical works, and various Euripides.21 One might also note two standard editions of authors, both in special features: a collection of about original languages and in translation, forty thousand German dissertations on as are various early editions; literary and classical subjects, and the inclusion of a philological periodicals constitute an im- number of classical works in the Mc- portant part of the collection. An inter- Kenzie Fable Collection. Among these esting special feature is a small group of are Batrachomyomachia (Battle of Frogs Greek and Latin classics in Spanish. Ma- and Mice), long ascribed to Homer, ac- terial classified elsewhere substantially companied by the Galeomyomachia enhances these resources. In philology, (Battle of Cats and Mice) in editions of

there are complete files of most of the "Karl Brown, A Guide to the Reference Collections philological journals; in history, editions of the New York Public Library (New York: New York Public Library, 1941), p. 132: Downs, Re- of the classical historians; in classical sources of New York City Libraries (Chicago: ALA, 1942), p. 198. folklore, an extensive and rich collec- 18Downs, Resources of New York City Libraries, p. 197. 14Silk, "A New Manuscript of Boethius' Consolatio," 19George A. Plimpton, "Greek Manuscripts and Yale University Library Gazette, XVIII (1944), 46f. Early Printed Books in the Plimpton Library," 15Silk, "The Yale 'Girdle-Book' of Boethius," Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philo- Yale University Library Gazette, XVII (1942), 1-5. logical Association, LXV (1934), 260-70. 20Downs, Resources of New York City Libraries, 16Yale University, Report of the Librarian, July p. 197; William L. Westermann, "The Columbia Col- 19 50-June 1951 (Bulletin of Yale University, Ser. lection of Greek Papyri," Columbia University Quar- 47, No. 14 (1951), p. 58f.; Yale University Library, terly, XXIII (1931), 276-85. An Exhibition of Manuscripts and Books Illustrating "Princeton University Library, Early Printing in the Transmission of the Classics from Ancient Times Italy, With Special Reference to the Classics, 1469- to 1536 ([New Haven], 1947). 1517 ([Princeton], 1940).

NO VEMBER 1959 461 Aesop printed at Basle, 1541; Lyon, a complete guide to its resources. How- 1582; and Paris, 1585. In the same group ever, they are undoubtedly superior to the reader will find a number of the those of most other American libraries. sixteenth-century editions of fables de- For classical literary and philosophical rived from Aesop through Romulus.22 writings the scholar has at his disposal Pennsylvania. The University of Penn- not only the standard editions and ref- sylvania's classical collections constitute erence works, but also commentaries, a notable assemblage of resources. For critical works, and a number of rare Greek one finds numerous early editions early recensions. Also worthy of mention of authors, many translations, and a is a sizeable collection of photostatic group of dictionaries, grammars, hand- copies of manuscripts of classical writ- books, commentaries, and other helps. ings, particularly the works of Aristotle, Greatest strength appears in Aristotle, Terence, and Ovid.25 Many early edi- Plato, the dramatists, Plutarch, and Ho- tions of classical literature are present mer and the epic. The library is also in the Vollbehr collection of incunabula, strong in papyrology, epigraphy, and comprising 3,000 items and acquired in archaeology. Complete sets of learned 1930.26 journals in the field, some of them go- North Carolina. Strong resources in ing back to the early nineteenth century, classics are available at the University of further enhance the collection's value. North Carolina. Most notable holdings For Latin this library contains prac- fall into the fields of classical bibliog- tically all the editions, both text and an- raphy, Latin and Greek literature, annotated, of all the Latin authors that cient history and civilization, papyrol- are ever read or referred to. Particularly ogy, and epigraphy; there is also material good is the group of older editions of in paleography, religion and mythology, authors, due in part to the purchase of classical linguistics, and numismatics. the 20,000-volume library of Professor General classical periodicals, reference E. L. von Leutsch of the University of materials, and bibliographies are quite Goettingen in 1890.23 A group of early complete, while for individual authors French translations of the classics has the library possesses all important in- been acquired to show their influence, dividual editions, critical and annotated, and among them will be found the first as well as such sets as the Loeb Classical edition of Remi Belleau's version of the Library, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, and odes of Anacreon (Paris, 1556) and early the Oxford Classical Texts. A compre- editions of translations of Homer, Caesar hensive collection of recent works and of 24 and Cicero. Complete sets of American, most of the older standard volumes cov- English, and foreign scholarly period- ers the field of Greek drama, and the icals add to the collection, but holdings same is true of Homer; in Latin there in Latin epigraphy and Roman archaeol- are notable materials devoted to Cicero, ogy are not so strong. Catullus, Virgil, Horace, Livy, and Tac- Library of Congress. It is especially itus. In paleography the scholar may difficult to evaluate the holdings of the consult standard works and facsimiles of Library of Congress, due to the lack of manuscripts, including microfilms or photostats of 250 treatises from about ^Kenneth McKenzie, "Some Remarks on a Fable Collection," Princeton University Library Chronicle, V (1943), 137-49. 25U. S. Library of Congress, Reference Department, 23Bibliographic Planning Committee of Philadelphia, A Report on Certain Collections in the Library of A Faculty Survey of the University of Pennsylvania Congress (Washington, 1942), pp. 5. 18. Libraries (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania 28U. S. Library of Congress, Exhibit of Books Press, 1940), pp. 90-93. Printed During the XVth Century and Known as 24John Alden, "Some Recent Additions to the Rare Incunabula, Selected From the Vollbehr Collection Pur- Book Collection," University of Pennsylvania Library chased bv Act of Congress, 1930 (Washington: Govt. Chronicle, XV (1948), 59. Print. Off., 1930), pp. 26-33.

462 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES 160 Latin manuscripts; in papyrology graphique does not approach complete- the Library has approximately one hun- ness. Greek epigraphy is probably the dred volumes; in archaeology, a very best covered. In papyrology Illinois owns good representation of the chief works all of the tools and special reference in the field, including important books works; the oldest and most famous col- on Greek and Roman art.27 lection, the Neapolitan Academy's Col- Illinois. Private libraries of two Ger- lectiones Herculanensium Voluminum man scholars have aided in the develop- (1793-1876); and complete sets of the ment of the classics collection at the more recent collections.30 University of Illinois. The University Other areas in which resources at Il- purchased the first of these in 1907 from linois are strong include Greek and Lat- Professor Wilhelm Dittenberger of Halle in grammar and lexicography, while University; it comprised 5,600 volumes medieval Latin, patristics, Byzantine, and pamphlets. The second came from and modern Greek are fairly well rep- Professor Johannes Vahler of Vienna resented. The collection has excellent and Berlin; it was purchased in 1913 and holdings of the critical texts and crit- numbered about 10,000 volumes and 15,- icism of Greek and Latin authors, while 000 pamphlets.28 Total holdings of clas- numerous early editions are available. sical literatures at Illinois now amount Individual authors well represented to about 61,000 volumes, to which should (including in some cases photostats and be added thousands of volumes classified collections of manuscripts) might be list- in history and in other related subjects.29 ed: Aesop, Apuleius, Avianus, Epictetus, A strong periodical collection encom- Jerome, Plutarch, Suetonius, and Ter- passes practically all the really impor- ence.31 tant journals in the field—those devoted Northwestern. The first important gift to particular phases of classical studies to the Northwestern University Library as well as those of wide scope. Of over made possible the purchase of the li- 300 titles there are complete or very brary of Johann Schulze, a member of nearly complete files of more than 260. the Prussian Ministry of Public Instruc- One might cite as examples the first tion. Since the greatest strength of this true journal published in the field, Mis- collection lay in the classics, it formed cellaneae Observationes Criticae Novae, the foundation of the Library's resources founded in 1723; Jahrbiicher fur Philol- in this area. It encompassed 11,246 vol- ogie (1826-1943); Revue de Philologie; umes and about 9,000 pamphlets (chief- and Journal of Philology. In all, the ly dissertations from German univer- serial holdings total over 7,000 volumes. sities) , among them many of the best In epigraphy scholars at Illinois have at nineteenth century editions of classical their disposal the handbooks, specialized authors.32 Northwestern now possesses dictionaries and manuals of epigraphic over 12,000 books classified as Greek and technique, and every known major col- Latin literature,33 a number which will lection of texts; although the important be significantly augmented by means of a journals are available, coverage of the recent gift of $6,000 from Arthur Wil- regional journals of more or less miscel- liams.34 laneous content listed in Annee epi- 30Information furnished by Miss Edith C. Jones, 27Charles E. Rush (ed.), Library Resources of the classics librarian, University of Illinois. University of North Carolina (University of North 31Illinois University Library, loc. cit. Carolina Sesquicentennial Publication; Chapel Hill: 32Arthur H. Wilde, Northwestern University, A University of North Carolina Press, 1945), pp. 129-35. History, 1855-1905 (New York: University Publishing 28Illinois University Library, Staff Manual (Urbana: Society, 1905), III, 197f. University of Illinois Library, 1947), p. 114f. fackson, Studies in Library Resources, Table III, 29Jackson, Studies in Library Resources (Cham- p. 48. paign, 111.: Distributed by the Illini Union Book- 3iNorthwestern Library' News, XII (January 31, store, 1958), Table 1, p. 44. 1958), 1.

NO V EMBER 1959 463 California (Berkeley). For its holdings cent publication Subject Collections,40 in classics the University of California and the Index to Special Collections at Berkeley has aimed at acquiring all maintained at the Library of Congress. available material in English, together According to these tools libraries belong- with the desirable and significant works ing to the group of institutions possess- in major and minor European languages. ing significant resources for classical Among the Greek authors its holdings studies include the Boston Public and are excellent for Homer, Plato, the his- those of the following universities: torians, and the leading dramatists. The Chicago, Cincinnati, Cornell, Indiana, Latin collection, on the whole, may be Johns Hopkins, Michigan,41 New York, considered an admirable one, with very Stanford, Texas, Virginia, and the Joint good holdings on Cicero, Livy, Seneca, University Libraries in Nashville. Lucretius, Virgil, Ovid, Catullus, Pro- pertius, and Tibullus.35 Present in the For five of them statistics of holdings, Moffitt gift, which the library received at least, are available. Virginia has over in 1956, are incunabula of Cicero, Virgil 9,000 volumes and a pamphlet collection (including the editio princeps of the of about the same size; the Joint Univer- Bucolica, 1468), Euclid, Lucretius, Plu- sity Libraries, about 5,000 volumes; and tarch, Herodotus, and Seneca.36 A pri- Texas, 6,788 volumes—but these totals vate library acquired some years ago con- date from 19 38.42 More recent are the fig- tained early editions of classical authors ures of 67,000 for Chicago43 and 66,000 from many European countries.37 In for Cincinnati;44 for the latter a partial 1941 the Library reported the addition catalog was published some years ago.45 of a papyrus collection of major im- It is well to bear in mind that the portance. It contains mainly Greek pa- above statistics and others cited in this pyri written in the period 250-30 B.C., article are not fully comparable for sev- including 1,093 published in the Teb- eral reasons. The subject Categories used tunis papyri series. These holdings throw by different libraries vary in breadth; a light upon a period for which there is single class in one institution may en- comparatively little papyrus available.38 compass what other libraries place in Other Libraries. This paper could not several groups. Moreover, libraries use a describe the holdings of all American li- variety of classification schemes with dif- braries with significant collections in the ferent divisions of knowledge.46 Finally, field of classical studies, because, as was "there is little uniformity at present in already pointed out, not all of them the methods used for measuring library have published guides to their resources holdings."47 Comparisons made on the or otherwise described their holdings. basis of quantity do not, of course, im- However, it seems appropriate to call at- ply any judgment as to quality. tention to some libraries not discussed above. Three tools which aid in identify- 40Lee Ash, Subject Collections (New York: Bowker, 1958), passim. ing them are an article on leading col- 41Henry A. Sanders (ed.), Latin Papyri in the University of Michigan Collection, (University of 39 lections in American libraries, the re- Michigan Studies, Humanistic Series, Vol. XLVIII, Michigan Papyri, Vol VII; Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1947). 35Fulmer Mood, A Survey of the Library Resources ^Downs (ed.), Resources of Southern Libraries of the University of California (Berkeley: University (Chicago: ALA, 1938), pp. 103-105. of California General Library, 1950), pp. 201-204. "Chicago University Library, Introduction to the 38 "Moffitt Gift," CU News, XI (May 23, 1956)_, 4. University of Chicago Library (Chicago, 1953), p. 18. 37Downs, "Notable Materials Added to American 44Ash, op. cit., p. 105. Libraries, 1940-41," Library Quarterly, XII (1942), 4S[John M. Burnam] "Summary Catalogue of a 184f. Part of the Library of John M. Burnam," University "Downs, "Notable Materials Added to American of Cincinnati University Studies, Ser. 2, II (Septem- Libraries, 1939-1940," Library Quarterly, XI (1941), ber-October 1906). 266. •^Jackson, Studies in Library Resources, pp. 45-47. 39Downs, "Leading American Library Collections," "Downs, "Research in Problems of Resources," Library Quarterly, XII (1942), 459. Library Trends, VI (1957), 155.

464 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES SPECIAL COLLECTIONS OF INDIVIDUAL one-fourth of them treat of philosophy; AUTHORS seventy-two are concerned with the Po- etics and fifty-eight with the Politics, Aeschylus. The collection of Aeschylus while the remainder are scattered over at Harvard numbers over 550 volumes the whole Aristotelian field. In recent and, in addition, the library has photo- years the collection has been strength- graphic copies, either in whole or in ened by the addition of unpublished part, of many of the 120 manuscripts of manuscripts and some of the less com- Aeschylus listed in Smyth's catalog.48 mon early printed translations and com- Aesop. Several American libraries hold mentaries (e.g., the first French transla- special collections of Aesop material. In tions of the Ethica, published in Paris in addition to several hundred volumes in its 1488 and not previously reported by any classics collection, Harvard has a group library in the United States).53 of Aesopian imitations—tracts published Indiana University Library possesses a in England in the eighteenth century,49 collection of more than three hundred while the McKenzie Fable Collection at commentaries on Aristotle, thirty-four of Princeton also has such material.50 which are in manuscript form. This At the Library of Congress one finds material dates from the fifteenth through the largest and finest copy of the first edi- the eighteenth centuries with emphasis tion (1480) of Aesop and a Latin 1487 on the period 1500-1699. edition. Although this collection does Avianus. The University of Illinois Li- not include the first edition in English brary has built up a notable collection (a 1484 Caxton), mention might be made of Avianus, comprising not only pub- of Aesop in German and Italian incu- lished books and pamphlets but also nabula, as well as of later editions.51 photostats and manuscripts. Oldfather Aristophanes. In 1919 the family of lists and locates copies of some items not Professor John William White gave his found in Leopold Hervieux's Les Fah- Aristophanes collection to the Harvard ulistes Latins,54 Library. It comprised 600 volumes and Epictetus. The University of Illinois 450 pamphlets.52 Library has assembled an extensive col- Aristotle. One of the country's notable lection of Epictetus material. Oldfather's collections of Aristotle is found at the bibliography and its supplement locate University of Pennsylvania Library. It items in this institution and in a num- includes not only the standard texts of ber of other American and foreign li- his writing and of the ancient commenta- braries, thus facilitating greatly the task tors, but also a very extensive number of of anyone working in this area.55 monographs. In 1938 Dr. Charles W. Herodotus. Special collections of He- Burr, who had been enlarging the Li- rodotus do not appear in the published brary's holdings in this area, presented guides to resources. However, in 1940 500 special items and monographs deal- Harvard was given a collection of early ing with Aristotle. For the most part editions.56 they consist of doctoral dissertations, university programs, and other pam- Juvenal. Yale has an extensive group phlets dealing with special topics; about 53William N. Bates, "A Scholar's Library on Aristotle," University of Pennsylvania Library Chron- icle, VI (1938), 16-18. 48Herbert Weir Smyth, "Catalogue of the Manu- 54W. A. Oldfather, "Bibliographic Notes on the scripts of Aeschylus," Harvard Studies in Classical Fables of Avianus," Papers of the Bibliographical Philology, XLIV (1933), 1-62. Society of America, XV (1921), 61-72. 49 "Aesopian Imitations," Harvard Library Notes, 5501dfather, Contributions Toward a Bibliography I, No. 11 (May 1923), 242-48. of Epictetus ([Urbana]: University of Illinois, 1927); 50McKenzie. loc. cit. Marian Harman (ed.), Supplement (Urbana: Uni- "Eleanor Weakley Nolen, "Aesops in the Library versity of Illinois Press, 1952). of Congress," Horn Book, XIV (1938), 311-15. "eDowns, "Notable Materials Added to American 62Potter, op. cit., p. 67. Libraries, 1940-1941," p. 184.

NO V EMBER 1959 465 of Juvenal material, the gift of Thomas they become available. The published E. Marston. It comprised originally 13 catalog locates copies at other libraries manuscripts and 286 volumes, including as well.59 32 incunabula, editions of the text, com- Philo Judaeus. Probably the best place mentaries, whether printed separately or in the world for research on Philo Judae- with the text, translations, and some mis- us is the Yale Library, as a result of the cellaneous volumes containing excerpts generosity of Howard L. Goodhart in or quotations from Juvenal. The earliest 1950. His gift of 228 volumes of mono- item is a fragment of a late twelfth-cen- graphs, 86 volumes of periodicals, and tury manuscript, while the earliest print- 27 volumes of photostats represented ed book bears the date of 1470. Of the items not already in the Yale collections. 50 known editions of Juvenal which ap- Among them are fifteen editions of the peared between 1470 and 1500 the col- Greek text of Philo's works, ten editions lection contains copies of 18, while 47 of of Latin translations, and a number of a total of more than 150 editions of the translations into modern European lan- sixteenth century are present. The latter guages. Some interesting association cop- group includes the three Aldines and ies came from the library of F. C. Cony- the three counterfeit Aldines printed at beare, the great Oxford authority on Lyons. Although the collection does not Philo. As missing items come on the have the first printing of Juvenal in Eng- market they are added to the collec- 60 land (done in conjunction with Norton's tion. Horace in 1574), it does contain the first Seneca. The Boston Public Library has four separate editions printed in Eng- a distinguished group of fine editions land. Additional copies come from later and translations of the works of Seneca, centuries, down to the second edition of the earliest of them being the Omnia A. E. Housman (Cambridge, 1931), and Opera (Venice: Bernadinus de Choris, from Housman's library four recent edi- 1492). Two other incunabula present are tions with his bookplate and a copy of the Tragoediae (Venice: Lazarus de So- Mayor's first edition, 1853, interleaved ardis, 1492) and Formula Vitae Honestae and with some manuscript notes.57 (Paris: Wolfgang Hopyl, date unknown). There are several distinguished seven- Marcus Aurelius. In 1926 William teenth-century editions. The Library's Smith Mason gave Yale 494 volumes of Ticknor Collection contains a notable works by and about Marcus Aurelius. group of Spanish translations of Seneca, The collection includes editions of the some of them rare and early editions. The Greek text as well as many translations 1500 Proverbios de Seneca is the oldest 58 into various languages. of them, while other interesting items Persius. Shortly before the death of are the scarce second edition of Los V. Professor Morris Hicky in 1910 the Har- Libros de Seneca (1510) and the Flores vard Library received as a gift his col- printed by Christopher Plantin at Ant- lection of Persius. At that time the werp in 1555. gathering contained some 295 editions, A wealth of source material useful for 213 translations, and about 125 com- studying Seneca's influence on English mentaries and critical works. Daniel B. literature is found in the Library's Bar- Fearing added several rare editions to it, ton Collection. Here are not only Ar- and Harvard acquires other items as 59Potter, op. cit., p. 67; Morris H. Morgan, A 57G. L. Hendrickson, "The Marston Juvenals," Bibliography of Persius, (Harvard University Library Yale University Library Gazette, XII (1938), 71-88; Bibliographical Contributions, No. 58; Cambridge, Yale University, Report of the Librarian, July 1950- Mass.: Harvard University Library, 1909). June 1951 p. 69. 60Erwin R. Goodenough, "A Collection of Philo 58Yale University, Report of the Librarian, July Judaeus," Yale University Library Gazette, XX V 1950-June 1951, p. 74. (1951), 155f.

466 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES thur Golding's version of De Beneficiis, eight of the Plantin editions, the first the first authentic work of Seneca to be Elzevir, the first edition by Gronovius, translated completely into English, but and the first by Ernesti. The collection also the well known group of transla- contains over eighty-five different editions by various hands entitled Seneca tions previous to 1800. In addition to His Tenne Tragedies Translated Into these there is the first translation into Englysh (London: Thomas Marsh, any language, the German translation of 1581).61 1535, as well the first Italian and the Tacitus. At Yale there is a distin- first English translation, and the first guished collection of Tacitus, of which a Spanish published in Spain. Interesting thousand volumes were given to the li- for particular reasons are the pirated brary in 1932 by Clarence W. Mendell. edition of 1517 (which reprinted the pa- One-half of this group consisted of edi- pal edict forbidding its own existence), tions and translations, while the re- the rare and handsome Bodoni edition, mainder represented commentaries on the beautiful Doves Press Agricola, and the histories.62 Yale's resources include the more elaborate but less successful three manuscripts, of which one was Agricola by Updike at the Merrymount 66 originally owned by Matthias Corvinus, Press." Individual items are added to King of Hungary (1458-90). It contains the collection from time to time. the last six books of the Annals and the Virgil. The Junius S. Morgan collec- five books of the Histories,63 The second tion of editions of Virgil has long been copy is closely related in text to the considered one of the Princeton Univer- first,64 while the third is a fifteenth-cen- sity Library's "most cherished posses- tury manuscript of Books XI-XXI, con- sions" and "so outstanding that rarely taining a coat of arms which appears to is there occasion to add a volume of be that of Alfonso II, Duke of Calabria equal worth to the choice and handsome (1448-95); photostatic copies of some of books already on the shelves."67 In 1930, the less important manuscripts are also when the New York Public Library held available.65 a bimillennial exhibition of Virgil, no less Yale's book holdings begin with the than 212 of the 325 items shown came editio princeps (Venice: Wendelin de from Princeton, and the exhibition's Spira, ca. 1470). "Of perhaps thirty-four catalog indicates the books which belong to the University.68 In recent years the editions in the fifteenth and sixteenth Library has added to this outstanding centuries, the Library possesses twenty- group such items as the 1529 Wynkyn de one, including all the important ones. Worde edition of the Eclogues69 and the For example, we now have the first print- Paris edition of the Bucolics (ca. 1498).70 ed edition, the first complete edition, the first edited by Beatus, the first Juntine, In connection with the Virgil bimil- the first Aldine, the first Gryphius, the lennial celebration the Newberry Library first Plantin. . . . We have, besides these, in Chicago issued an exhibition catalog of its more notable editions of the poet. "Marshall W. Swan, "Seneca: Texts and Transla- tions," More Books, XX (1945), 347-54. Among the items shown were two in- 62"Tacitus Collection," Yale University Library Ga- zette, VII (1932), 21 f. cunabula editions of the Opera (Nurem- •"•Walter Allen, Jr., "The Yale Manuscript of Tacitus (Codex Budensis Rhenani)." Yale University Library Gazette, XI (1937), 81-86. ""Mendell, "The Princeps Tacitus," Yale Univer- 64Karl Young, "The Uses of Rare Books and sity Library Gazette, IV (1930), 69. Manuscripts," Yale University Library Gazette, XVI 67"New and Notable," Princeton University Library (1941), 26f. Chronicle, VIII (1947), 193. 05C. W. Mendell, "Tacitus: Yalensis III," Yale 6S"A Virgilian Exhibition Held at the New York University Library Gazette, XV (1941), 70-77; Downs Public Library," Bulletin of the New York Public "Notable Materials Added to American Libraries, Library, XXXIV (1930), 491-528. 1940-1941," p. 185; Mendell, Tacitus, the Man 69"Library Notes and Queries," Princeton Univer- and His Work (New Haven: Yale University Press, sity Library Chronicle, III (1942), 149. 1957), pp. 321, 384. ""New and Notable," loc. cit.

NO V EMBER 1959 467 berg: Koberger, 1492; and Venice: Bar- K. Moffitt a Horace collection containing tholomaeus de Zanis, 1493), and editions the first dated edition printed in Milan from such famous presses as those of in 1474. Also included are the second Aldus, Elzevir, and Baskerville. A group printing, undated but probably also Mi- of translations testifies to the poet's en- lan, 1474; Gruninger's 1498 illustrated during influence.71 edition as well as the 1501 Aldine. Mr. Horace. If we judge from library re- Moffitt had assembled over 350 editions sources, one classical author, Horace, has of Horace, among them four manuscripts appealed particularly to American book of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, collectors. A half-dozen of them have twenty-four incunabula, and over a hun- assembled editions, translations, and crit- dred editions printed in the sixteenth 74 icism of his work, and the fruits of their century. efforts have become permanent parts of The Free Library of Philadelphia has institutional libraries. received the first of a series of gifts through which Moncure Biddle will The Boston Public Library described present his entire Horace collection. its holdings of Horace in connection The first group of items included some with the bimillennial anniversary of the three hundred volumes of the works of poet. It owns two incunabula, the Opera Horace, translations into various lan- (Florence: Antonio Miscomini, 1482) and guages, commentaries, critical studies, the Art Poetica (Paris: Thielman Kerver, and biographies. They range from the 1500). Its seventeenth-century editions fifteenth century to the present.75 were printed in such places as Geneva, In January 1956 Northwestern ac- London, Amsterdam, and Antwerp. For quired the Stephen E. Hurley collec- the eighteenth century one might mention of Horace. Consisting of some tion the two-volume Opera published by eighteen hundred Horace editions from John Pine, London, 1733-37; the quarto 1465 to date, it includes seven incunab- volume of Horace's work printed by Bas- ula, some sixty sixteenth-century editions, kerville in Birmingham in 1770, and the and over one hundred seventeenth-cen- first translation of Horace to appear tury editions. Particularly notable is in America (Philadelphia: Eleazer Os- the wide range of translations, represent- wald, 1786).72 ing practically every language into which At Brown University there is the Fos- Horace has been translated, which is ter Collection of Horace containing especially strong in English versions.76 about six hundred items. The major One of the outstanding Horace col- printers—Aldus, Stephanus, Elzevir, Bas- lections is located at Princeton, thanks kerville, Bodoni, and Pickering—are pres- to the gift of Robert W. Patterson. The ent, as are humbler items like school Library's holdings include manuscripts texts, paraphrases, and parodies. A fif- and a number of fifteenth-century edi- teenth-century manuscript and three in- tions.77 A preliminary catalog was is- cunabula lend further distinction to the sued in 1917.78 73 collection. The full extent of the Horace col- The University of California (Berke- lections described above, as well as the ley) received from the bequest of James location of all specific editions in many "Newberry Library, Virgil, an Exhibition of Early libraries, may of course be ascertained by Editions and Facsimiles of Manuscripts Commemo- rating the Two-Thousandth Anniversary of His Birth (Continued on page 486) 70 B.C.-1930 A.D. (Chicago, 1930). "Margaret Munsterberg, "The Bi-Millenial Anni- 74 "Moffitt Gift," loc. cit. versary of Horace," More Books, X (1935), 245-58. 75Ash, op. cit., p. 202. "Downs, "Notable Materials Added to American ™Ibid. Jens Nyholm, letter dated January 16, 1959. Libraries, 1939-1940," p. 266; Ben C. Clough, "The 77Princeton University Library, op. cit., p. 25. Foster Collection of Horace," Books at Brown, V 78Princeton University Library, A Preliminary Cata- (December, 1942), 1-4. logue of the Horace Collection (Princeton, 1917).

468 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By OSWALD P. BACKUS, III

Recent Experiences with Soviet Libraries And Archives: Uncommon Resources and Potential for Exchange

RIPS TO THE SOVIET Union from near- It offers, in addition, a means of securing Tby Finland in 1957 and 1958 gave works in the natural and physical scien- the author the opportunity to acquaint ces. himself with some aspects of Soviet li- Of New Books. Previous comments braries and archives which may be of and accounts of trading have stressed interest to others. The reader should the trading of contemporary works (i.e., keep in mind the fact that conditions books published from World War II can change rapidly and that, therefore, on). They have performed a needed serv- some of the conclusions presented here ice. I have come to a few conclusions may be rapidly invalidated. The author's about trading of new books, periodicals, particular concern on his trips was the etc., which differ from current concep- promotion of exchanges between the tions: Library of the University of Kansas and 1. The rate of exchange for calculat- Soviet libraries. The thoughtful reader ing the trading value of current publi- may wish to compare the author's con- cations is eight rubles to one dollar. The clusions with those in a forthcoming Lenin Library in Moscow indicated a book, Melville }. Ruggles and Vaclav willingness to trade at this rate, provid- Mostecky, Russian and East European ed sufficient exchanges were forthcom- Publications in the Libraries of the ing. The Academy of Sciences Library in United States. This is an unpublished Leningrad acquiesced in respect to the report prepared for the Association of rate of eight to one. Research Libraries in 1958 which is to 2. Institutes of the Academy of Scien- be published by Indiana University late ces, especially in the humanities and so- in 1959. See especially Chapter 2 (Ac- cial sciences, have a substantial interest quisitions). in receiving gifts of books and can be expected to reciprocate. Direct dealings EXCHANGES with an institute offer an excellent way Expansion of exchanges with Soviet of being assured of rapid delivery of libraries is a goal particularly worthy institute materials. Such dealings relieve of consideration by librarians of those the Library of the Academy of Sciences universities that have decided to estab- of much additional paper work and dis- lish centers of Russian studies where tributional effort. effective research can be done, especially In August 1956, Mr. S. F. Anderson of in the social sciences and humanities. the department of Germanic and Slavic languages of the University of Kansas travelled to the Soviet Union and there Dr. Backus is Professor of History, promoted the exchange of publications University of Kansas. and microfilms. Since that time the Li-

NO VEMBER 1959 469 brary of the University of Kansas has West for collections of Russian books. acquired among other things several Soviet librarians have demonstrated, hundred monographs and a few dozen however, a desire to test just how far serials, including substantial runs of they could go and still keep business. Chteniia v obshchestve istorii i drev- The Russians are interested in ob- nostei rossiiskikh (164 vols.) and Uchen- taining primarily new works in phys- ye zapiski moskovskago imiversiteta (154 ics, chemistry, engineering, and related vols.), and complete sets of Izdaniia fields to be purchased on the open mar- obshchestva liubitelei drevnei pis'men- ket by American institutions in exchange nosti (143 vols.) and Pamiatniki obsh- for old books, and in trading either the chestva liubitelei drevnei pis'mennosti entire output of American universities (212 vols.). or that part of the output which would Some Soviet libraries wish to exchange accurately reflect a "profile" of each book for book, others page for page, and university. others at dollar equivalents. The for- There is a general impression that mula makes little difference as long "page-for-page" is a safer and more satis- as the net result is satisfactory. factory way to trade books. There is Of Old Books. The lack of emphasis little doubt that, when institutions are on trading of old books is an unfortu- exchanging only their own publications, nate oversight, for (1) old books are a page-for-page exchange is reasonable available in large quantities in the So- and fair. It does, however, involve a con- viet Union, especially in major centers siderable amount of extra bookkeeping. (Moscow and Leningrad) and (2) old The necessity for it arises either because books must be obtained in quantity if an institution has had little experience new centers of Russian studies are to in exchanging with another institution spring up in the United States. Quaere, is and so has no grounds to trust the insti- it in the interest of United States librar- tution with which it is exchanging or ies to consider vast purchases of old Rus- because an institution has grounds to sian books both to encourage the forma- mistrust that institution. In fact when tion of new centers and to strengthen only the publications of the exchanging existing centers of Russian studies? The institutions are involved a book-for-book University of Kansas has acquired books exchange is simpler and less costly in at a faster rate through exchanges than time. it could have on western markets. A page-for-page basis can make ex- Soviet librarians are not well informed changes economically unfeasible when of market conditions in the West. Con- the American institution receives old sequently they are fearful of making (i.e., pre-Revolutionary and pre-World trades which might be disadvantageous. War II) publications from the Soviet I had the unsettling experience of learn- Union and is asked to buy on the open ing, in the midst of negotiations with the market in the United States or elsewhere Library of the Academy of Sciences, that for a Soviet institution. The average cost someone had sent that library a copy of to the University of Kansas of books or a recent catalog of one of the highest- serials purchased for Soviet institutions priced dealers in Russian books in the runs at almost exactly two cents per world. I have insisted in my dealings page. This high level is the result of the with Soviet libraries that in any large aforementioned requirements of Soviet volume trades they must be competitive institutions. Added to the two cents per not with the most expensive book deal- page must be a factor to cover overhead. ers in the West but with more moderate That figure is high because the Univer- book dealers and with going rates in the sity of Kansas is compelled to enter into

470 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES correspondence with a variety of dealers cases, as 25 per cent by duplicate hold- and to process bills often with separate ings. vouchers for each specific publication. I was told in the Soviet Union that The Soviet institutions when supplying several United States libraries have al- old publications generally confine them- ready been doing this for a few years, selves to supplying publications of which e.g. Harvard, Columbia, Indiana, and they have duplicates or which are avail- California. Unfortunately, from the point able in local second-hand stores. Some of view of Soviet libraries, these libraries of these publications have many pages are unable to exchange in large volume, and yet are intrinsically not too valu- primarily because they already possess able. For example, a volume (three the largest part of the duplicates avail- issues) of Russkaia Starina, a well-known able for exchange in the Soviet Union. nineteenth- and twentieth-century pub- The Universities of Tubingen and lication, which has a normal market Cologne in Germany have done substan- value in the West of five dollars (al- tial business with Soviet libraries. Dr. though, to be sure, I have purchased Peter Scheibert, since May 1959 profes- volumes for two dollars) and which sell, sor at Marburg, but formerly at Cologne on the average, for ten dollars at the working under Professor Giinther Stokl, official exchange rate or four dollars has done an outstanding job of building at the tourist rate in Soviet second-hand up the holdings of Cologne University's shops, would cost the recipient twenty Seminar fiir Geschichte Osteuropas dollars (i.e., eighty dollars per year) if which a few years ago did not exist. It a page-for-page basis were employed. is my impression that there is today a Such a result would obviously make it good opportunity for libraries like those impossible for an American institution of Cologne and Kansas quickly to build to accept any issues of Russkaia Starina substantial Russian holdings through on exchange. exchanges with Soviet libraries. The simplest procedure for obtaining old books is to send want lists to one BUYING IN SECOND-HAND SHOPS of the four Soviet libraries with large The book-buying habits of American duplicate collections: (1) Library of librarians and scholars who travel in the the Academy of Sciences, Berzhovaia Soviet Union have been materially Linia 1, Leningrad; (2) Saltykov-Shched- changed by a Soviet regulation put into rin State Public Library, Sadovaia ulitsa effect in the spring of 1958. According 18, Leningrad; (3) Lenin State Public to it books published before 1917 which Library, Mokhovaia ulitsa, Moscow; (4) are purchased in second-hand shops for Library of the University of Moscow, export are subject to an export tax, Mokhovaia ulitsa 9. The combined du- normally payable on mailing the books. plicate resources of these institutions to- The tax is calculated by officials either tal some seven million volumes, accord- of the Lenin State Public Library in ing to figures furnished me by officials Moscow, or of the Saltykov-Shchedrin of these institutions. Although these State Public Library in Leningrad. The figures may well have been estimates, tax is based not on the prices actually the officials in question insisted on their paid for second-hand books but on the near accuracy. It should be noted that values assigned to those books by the one reason for low estimates of the num- officials involved. The tax seems to aver- ber of duplicates available is the unwill- age about 200 per cent of the prices ac- ingness of Soviet librarians to concede tually paid for books. Since this tax is that their figures of total holdings are not imposed on books sent by Soviet inflated by a factor of as much, in some libraries on exchange, it seems clear

NO V EMBER 1959 471 that the purpose of this tax is to stop Moscow, Tbilisi, and Kiev), the Univer- the flow of books from Soviet second- sity of Moscow Library, the major pub- hand shops to foreign libraries. There lic libraries (Leningrad and Moscow), are probably several reasons for under- and the Central State Archive of Old taking to stop that flow. It seems prob- Acts in Moscow have long been known able that an important reason is to com- to possess their own microfilming equip- pel foreign libraries to obtain old books ment and they generally are ready to for Soviet libraries, thus assuring the lat- microfilm materials in institutions in the ter of greater credits in their dealings same city which lack such equipment. with the outside world. Since the Soviet The Odessa State Public Library and the state public libraries have displayed a library of the University of Odessa are willingness to purchase old books on probably now in a position to supply the open market for foreign libraries, microfilms. The hope is that more and those Soviet libraries stand to gain most more libraries will obtain such equip- from this change. Indeed under present ment. It should be mentioned that ap- conditions any American librarians and parently all Soviet microfilms produced scholars who locate old books desired by libraries or archives are on a nitrate for their libraries in second-hand shops rather than an acetate base; therefore, are doing their own libraries, as well as they are highly inflammable and should Soviet libraries, a great disservice by be kept cool and in a fire-proof container purchasing them outright. The proper or room, separate from other microfilms. procedure is to reserve them and then If they cannot be kept in a reasonably negotiate with a Soviet library for the cool and secure place, they should be purchase of these books by the Soviet copied. library on behalf of the American library in question, the latter undertaking INTERLIBRARY LOAN to furnish books in exchange. That It appears that Soviet libraries are means that travelling scholars and li- permitted to engage in international in- brarians must, in the future, be sup- terlibrary loan. Soviet books have been plied by their libraries with evidence of sent to Finland and Germany. The Len- their bona fides, either through a general in Library has supplied on loan micro- letter conferring authority to act as films of dissertations for about twenty- agents or through letters to the same four cents apiece. The Library of the effect to the individual Soviet libraries. Academy of Sciences has indicated its The above in no way affects the de- willingness to send other than unica in sirability of purchasing in the second- limited quantities on loan to the Library hand shops books published 1917 and of the University of Kansas. after.

MICROFILMING POSSIBILITIES DISTINGUISHED COLLECTIONS

Soviet libraries supply microfilms of Both from travelers and from printed unpublished MSS and documents to Soviet sources, especially in the last few foreign scholars, within the limits of years, it is possible to form an extensive their capacities. That there is an inter- image of the collections available in the est in the expansion of microfilming ca- major centers, Moscow and Leningrad. pacities is evidenced by the opening of Relatively few comments have been a plant to produce microfilming units in made on collections in other centers. Odessa which delivered its first products A few descriptions based on personal ex- probably in September 1957. The major periences may help to rectify that lack. academy of science libraries (Leningrad, Persons desiring to use these collections

472 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES might well write in advance to the offi- versity Library are in foreign languages. cials named below. The director is Nikolai Vladimirovich 1. Belorussian State Public Library Pavliuk, ul. Sovetskoi Armii 24. of Minsk has a special collection of some 4. State Scientific Library by the name 65,000 volumes on Belorussia which are of Gor'ky, Odessa contains a manuscripts kept separate and are listed in a separate division in which there are about 8,000 catalog. The director of the library is MSS. Among its prized possessions are Iosif Benseanovich Semanovsky, Krasno- Opisanie Kniaziia Kurbskago o tsare armeiskaia ul. 3. Although the bulk of Ioanne Vladimiroviche in quarto, by its the library's holdings was taken by Ger- binding and watermark an eighteenth- mans, its special collection, partially re- century copy, and Istoriia Kazanskaia, established with the help of other Soviet a late sixteenth-century or seventeenth- libraries, is unique. century MS of 322 quarto pages. The 2. Public Scientific Library of the director of the library is Vasilii Andree- Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian vich Zagoruiko, ul. Pastera 13, and the Soviet Socialist Republic contains a man- chief of the manuscripts division is Mari- uscript division with over 200,000 MSS. ia Vladimirovna Rapoport. In it are to be found literary MSS of 5. The State Museum of Georgia of many authors such as Frank and Gogol. the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian The Lazarevsky collection contains pri- SSR, Tbilisi contains a manuscript col- kazi of hetmans, land grants, and mili- lection in which are to be found nu- tary documents. Eastern documents in- merous medieval Georgian theological cluding papyri are available, especially and liturgical texts in various scripts, in Persian, Chinese, and Assyrian. The and frequent illuminated MSS. The di- Cossack papers of Vodyn Mdzalevsky, rector is Ivan Onisimovich Rukhadze, largely published, represent another Ketskhoveli 10. substantial holding. The vice-director in charge of international exchanges is Ni- EXCHANGES OF LIBRARIANS kita Patapovich Rud', ul. Volodimera Soviet librarians are interested in be- 5 8A, Kiev. coming better acquainted with the 3. The Scientific Library of the Odes- American library scene. After discussions sa State University by the name of Mech- with Soviet librarians, it is clear that a nikov contains three noteworthy special proposal to exchange librarians on tours collections: (1) The Vorontsov collection of inspection would have a warm recep- assembled by M. S. Vorontsov during tion and probably be accepted. Soviet the French Revolution comprises among librarians seem to be universally in- other things a French Revolutionary trigued by the Library of Congress. collection of several thousand pam- There seems to be interest in observing phlets, some of which have been report- the operations of large university librar- edly borrowed by French scholars be- ies, of more moderate-sized university cause they were not available in France. libraries, and of larger public libraries so The Vorontsov collection, along with (2) selected as to give Soviet librarians at the Strogonov collection, also offers the the same time an opportunity of observ- scholar a large collection of books pub- ing life in various parts of the United lished in France during the period of States. A proposal, therefore, by Amer- the French Revolution and Napoleon. ican librarians to visit not only the ma- (3) The Shil'der collections afford addi- jor centers in Moscow and Leningrad, tional works, primarily secondary, deal- but also other library centers such as ing with the same period. Roughly 65 Minsk, Kiev, Odessa, Tbilisi, Tashkent, per cent of all books in the Odessa Uni- (Continued on page 499)

NO VEMBER 1959 473 By ROSE Z. SELLERS and ANTOINETTE CIOLLI

A College Library Reports on Its Freshman Lecture Program

OR THE PAST FIFTEEN YEARS all fresh- sists of two parts—a tour and a lecture. Fmen taking English 1 at Brooklyn The former is under the supervision of College have had one of their class peri- the director of admissions and takes ods in composition devoted to a lecture place during Freshman Orientation on bibliographic procedure, given in the Week. The entering freshmen tour the library by librarians. Since the library, campus under the guidance of upper now arranged by form, is to reorganize classmen and visit the library in the on a subject division basis this year when course of their rounds. The supervisor its extension is completed, and will then of the library's freshman lecture program reconsider its orientation program, this briefs the student guides and provides appears to be a good time for stock-tak- them with outlines. ing on current practice. The lecture, which is, as indicated, a First, a word about our institution and one-period activity,1 aims to accomplish students. Brooklyn College is a liberal two purposes: acquaint the students with arts college, municipally supported, with the physical organization of the library, a full-time day session student body of particularly those aspects which are approximately eight thousand and a sim- peculiar to Brooklyn College (e.g., the ilar number in the School of General divided catalog, arrangement of mate- Studies. Approximately two thousand of rials by form, separate housing of bound the latter are matriculated for the bac- and current periodicals); and drill them calaureate degree. The students are, for in the fundamental procedures to be the most part, the product of the city's followed in searching for data for a term high schools, and must have received an paper. 84 per cent high school average to be The following points are covered: eligible for admission. In addition to being selected, bright, students, most of I. Brief statistics about the collection and them come to the college with some introduction to library organization background in the use of a library, since II. The Catalog one of the questions on the English A. Author-Title Section "Regents" examination (required in all 1. Kinds of authorship New York State secondary schools) deals 2. Title as secondary entry with this subject, and they are there- 3. Title as main entry fore given instruction along these lines. B. Subject Section Our library orientation program con- 1. Person as subject 2. Subdivisions

JA period in the School of General Studies lasts Mrs. Sellers is Associate Librarian and seventy-five minutes instead of the usual fifty. Since Miss Ciolli is a member of the Reference the evening student is less apt to use the library than his day counterpart, the extra time is used for a Department at Brooklyn College. brief tour of the stacks and reference room.

474 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES C. Unit Card System the physical organization of the library D. Cross References and its rules and procedures. In the seven semesters between the fall III. Bibliographies and Indexes of 1954 and the fall of 1957, 520 English IV. Reference Books sections heard the lecture and took the test. Of these, 4,276 papers from 189 sec- V. Sample bibliography tions of English were analyzed, and a VI. Helps for the student tabulation made of the questions which A. Reference advisory service yielded the largest number of incorrect B. Brooklyn College handbooks and responses. Consistently the item posing bibliographies the greatest difficulty was periodical The lecture is illustrated with slides material—how to look up subjects in the made to our specifications. Included indexes and in the catalog, how to locate among them are floor plan sketches, cat- specific issues, how to distinguish be- alog cards, and pages from various ref- tween current and bound volumes—in erence tools. Questions are permitted as fact, every aspect but interpretation of each item is covered and again at the the entry in the index. The latter is ap- end of the lecture. A copy of the library's parently one of the items that has been student handbook2 is distributed to each drilled to the point of recall in the high student after the lecture for review pur- school library lessons. poses. The follow-up, formerly a prob- The second most troublesome area was lem sheet worked out in the library, found to be reference tools. The students was changed to an examination after it fell down on such questions as which became clear that the former had be- reference book among a choice would come a "co-operative effort." best supply information on Raleigh, The examination, a short-answer type,3 Swift, and Caxton, the importance and given approximately one week after the location of the index volume of the En- lecture to give the students an opportu- cyclopaedia Britannica, the period cov- nity to prepare for it, is composed lay the ered by Poole's Index to Periodical Lit- library's reference division and revised erature, etc. each year. It seeks to discover whether The catalog was the third obstacle. the students can identify the items on a The fact that ours is divided into au- standard author catalog card and the thor-title and subject sections takes some items in a typical Readers' Guide to time to sink in, but in addition the Periodical Literature entry; can compre- freshmen had trouble with the filing sys- hend the general purpose of such refer- tem, the author as subject (they in- ence tools as the Cambridge Bibliog- dicated that they would look in the au- raphy of English Literature, the Diction- thor-title catalog for books about Con- ary of American Biography, the Diction- rad), and the listing of main entry cards ary of National Biography, the Educa- for periodicals. Fourth among the stum- tion Index, the Essay and General Lit- bling blocks were location questions— erature Index, the Harvard Guide to where the New York Times is kept, what American History, Murray's New Eng- floor the pamphlet file is on, where to lish Dictionary, the New York Times In- charge books and periodicals taken from dex, and Who's Who in America; and, the stacks. finally, whether they are familiar with Aside from the entire area of periodical materials, then, it appears that the 2"Clue to the Resources and Services of Brooklyn College Library, 1957." questions presenting the most difficulty 3Sample copies of these tests may be obtained from the authors. are either tools new to the beginning

NO V EMBER 1959 475 college student (e.g., the Education In- We had switched the lecture from the dex, Poole's Index to Periodical Litera- first term to the second, but the seminar ture, the Dictionary of National Biog- studying the course offerings considered raphy, and the Dictionary of American that the objectives of the elementary Biography), or elements of service and course would be better served if the organization peculiar to Brooklyn Col- students received the lecture in the first lege. term rather than the second. To quote As far as the four difficult areas are from the report: "The students them- concerned, the fourth group does not selves have voiced the feeling that they give us any concern because it is simply need the guidance provided by the li- a question of time before the students brary lecture much sooner than the know their way about. The other three spring of their freshman year. We all problem areas are taken care of through find the library lectures especially valu- the individual help available at all desks able, and want them as close to the be- where librarians are on duty. At the ginning of the year's work as is feasible." reference desk, in addition, special ad- Furthermore, requests for the lecture visory service for students working on have also come from instructors in voca- term papers is provided. tional studies programs, whose students, On the cheerful side, it is plain that since they are not enrolled in the same little difficulty is experienced by the stu- freshman English courses as those of- dents in such areas as: interpreting the fered students matriculated for a bac- items on catalog card and in a typical calaureate degree, are not ordinarily Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature scheduled to receive a lecture. entry; comprehending the general pur- Though we feel confident that we pose of such simple reference tools as are on the right path, we do not feel Who's Who, the New English Diction- satisfied with the program as it is at ary, the New York Times Index; know- present. We know that fifty minutes is ing where in the library to find teaching insufficient for adequate coverage of all aids, government publications, and re- the necessary information and skills. serve books. Unfortunately, we cannot afford to give Do we feel the lecture is helpful? We more time with the present staff. Ours emphatically do. Thanks to the fact that is a small one (twenty-five professionals, several of the lecturers work at public two of whom are Fellows) for the number service desks (reference, education, of students and the type of service given. periodicals and documents, and circula- In order for the lectures to reach the tion) we are in a strategic position to ninety-five sections of freshman English judge the results. It is very easy to tell a without overburdening any one person, freshman who has not had the lecture ten librarians participate in the program. from one who has had that benefit. The All the departments (including acquisi- latter will, if he doesn't know anything tion and catalog) are represented among else, know how to phrase his question-—- the ten, and even now the time devoted a skill that appears to be lacking before to this project (lecturing, briefing meet- the fifty-minute exposure to lecture and ings) is sometimes a burden to the de- slides. partments. A second hour cannot, there- That the faculty members are in fore, even be considered now. agreement with us about the program We hope, however, that the library ex- was proved when a Ford Foundation tension will mean more librarians, which grant made available a study of the in turn will mean more hours for lec- English courses in the new curriculum. tures.

476 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES News from the Field

ACQUISITIONS, GIFTS, COLLECTIONS fice of Technicaf Services, U. S. Department of Commerce. They are Massachusetts In- THE STEFANSSON COLLECTION at Dart- stitute of Technology Library, the John mouth College has arranged to exchange du- Crerar Library, Georgia Institute of Tech- plicate books and periodicals with the Arc- nology Library, and the University of Cal- tic Institute in Leningrad and the Lenin Li- ifornia at Los Angeles Library. brary in Moscow and to supply new Eng- lish-language books for Soviet publications. BUILDINGS The Stefansson collection, assembled by BARNARD COLLEGE LIBRARY has occupied Vilhjalmur Stefansson, is the largest library its quarters in the new building, the Adele of polar materials in the western world. The Lehman Hall-Wollman Library, at 117th exchange arrangements were made by Mrs. Street and Claremont Avenue, New York. Evelyn Stefansson, librarian of the collec- The five-story structure cost $2,150,000. It tion. houses a library collection which will be ex- THE DEPAUW UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, Green- panded to 150,000 volumes, a language lab- castle, Ind., has been given a complete set oratory, classrooms, offices, and special lab- of Limited Editions Club publications. The oratories that constitute the social science gift incfudes more than 550 volumes and a center of the college. Formal dedication of file of The Monthly Letter issued by the the building is planned for the spring, when club. The donor was Mark P. Haines of landscaping will be completed. Sturgis, Mich. BRESCIA COLLEGE, Owensboro, Ky., has THE HUNTINGTON LIBRARY, San Marino, formally opened its new library building. Calif., has acquired the 6,000-volume per- Designed by Max W. Brisson, it was con- sonal library of Jack London. In addition to structed at a cost of $500,000, exclusive of books on a wide range of subjects, the col- furnishings. lection includes first editions and translations of the author's writings. The Hunting- PUBLICATIONS

ton Library has added also more than a THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS has issued Pres- hundred letters written between 1899 and ervation and Storage of Sound Recordings, 1906 by London to Cloudesley Johns, a a seventy-four-page report of a study by southern California journalist. The letters A. G. Pickett and M. M. Lemcoe of the include London's comments on his own writ- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, ing, especially The Sea Wolf. These new Texas. The purpose of the investigation was acquisitions augment the extensive collec- to study the deterioration of sound record- tion of London's manuscripts and correspond- ings in storage to establish the optimum ence afready in the Huntington Library. storage environments and techniques for li- KNOX COLLEGE LIBRARY, Galesburg, 111., brary use. The tests and procedures of the has received a collection of books that du- project are described and the results and plicate those known to have been owned or conclusions reported. Also included are the borrowed by Abraham Lincoln. The collec- best means of storing phonograph discs and tion was the gift of Mrs. Donna E. Work- magnetic tapes in libraries and recommenda- man of Chicago, who assembled it. tions for future work in this field. Copies THE LIBRARY of Sacred Heart Seminary in may be purchased from the Superintendent Detroit has received a variety of reference of Documents, Government Printing Office, books from the Internationaf Order of the Washington 25, D. C., at forty-five cents Alhambra in memory of Edward Cardinal each. Mooney, first archbishop of Detroit. The Library as a Community Information FOUR RESEARCH LIBRARIES have been desig- Center, a coflection of the papers from the nated as repositories for transfations of Rus- Allerton Park Institute, has been published sian technicaf journals supplied by the Of- by the University of Illinois Graduate School

NO VEMBER 1959 477 of Library Science. The opening paper dis- tion, by Samuel Simon, assistant coordinator cusses the spirit of reference service and is of work with adults in the Brooklyn Public followed by two papers on identifying the Library. library's public and community and satisfy- Libraries and Librarians (Drexel Library ing the needs of the library's users. The School Series, No. 2) is an address by Edwin ALA's Reference Services Division and the Wolf II, librarian of the Library Company development of interlibrary cooperation to of Philadelphia on the occasion of corner- meet informational needs are treated in stone ceremonies for the new library at three of the discussions. Other papers deal Drexel Institute of Technology, Philadel- with the training of personnel and the cost phia, on April 13, 1959. and publicizing of reference services. The A DESCRIPTION of the Yale University Li- growth of reference materials in the social brary selective book retirement program ap- sciences, humanities, and the scientific and pears in the October issue of the Yale Uni- technical fields is considered. Special note versity Library Gazette. Copies of the jour- is made in these papers of important works nal are available at seventy-five cents each; in these areas since 1950. reprints are free of charge. Requests should be addressed to the Order Department, Yale Contributors include: Rose B. Phelps, University Library, New Haven, Conn. Robert B. Downs, William V. Jackson, Peter THE REPORT of a survey of the United J. McCormick, Harold O. Harlan, Mary States Book Exchange, Inc., by Edwin E. Radmacher, William S. Budington, Doris J. Williams has been published under the title Probst, Helen F. Northup, Joseph C. Ship- A Serviceable Reservoir. It reviews the op- man, Margaret Enid Knox, Mildred Bruder, erations of the USBE and makes suggestions and Mary N. Barton. The paperbound book for innovation, experiment, and continued is available from the Illini Union Bookstore, study. Particular stress is placed on the role Champaign, 111., at $2.00 per copy. of the USBE in helping libraries to fill THE FIRST ISSUE of Library Research in gaps in periodical files and the means for Progress published by the Library Services improving this service. The report recom- Branch, U. S. Office of Education, lists sev- mends a more aggressive public relations enty-nine projects currently under way in program to increase USBE membership. Cop- various parts of the country. They cover ies of the eighty-one page volume have been areas such as background studies; organiza- mailed to all USBE members and to many tion and administration; resources; reader nonparticipating libraries. Libraries that services; technical processes; personnel and have not received a copy may write to the training; international, comparative and USBE at 3335 V Street N. E., Washington, foreign librarianship; and methods of re- D. C. search and evaluation. Copies of LiRiP have DEE ALEXANDER BROWN, librarian of the been distributed to some 1800 libraries of Agriculture Library at the University of Il- all types, including sixty-eight in seventeen linois, is the author of The Bold Cavaliers, foreign countries. Additional copies are Morgan's 2nd Kentucky Cavalry Raiders, available free from the Library Services which was recently published by Lippincott. Branch, U. S. Office of Education. RICHARD H. DILLON, librarian of the Sutro Library Evaluation, edited by Wayne S. Library, San Francisco, is the author of Yenawine, is number 2 of the Frontiers in Embarcadero, an account of some notable Librarianship series issued by the School of Pacific adventures and adventurers of the Library Science, Syracuse University. In- period 1849-1906 published by Coward-Mc- cluded in the publication are: "Evaluation Cann in October. of Book Collections," by Rudolf Hirsch of the University of Pennsylvania Library; MISCELLANEOUS "Evaluation of Personnel," by Philip E. Hagerty, assistant director of examinations THE ORGANIZATION MEETING for the Inter- of the New York State Department of Civil national Association of Law Libraries was Service; and "Looking Backward Is Forward held in the Association of the Bar of the Looking," a case study of program evalua- City of New York on June 24. Sixty persons

478 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES attended. According to its constitution, "the bibliographies which have been prepared in purposes of the association are to promote connection with grants applications, subject on a cooperative, nonprofit, and fraternal bibliographies in use by faculty members, basis the work of individuals, libraries, and etc. Buying lists and bibliographies may be other institutions and agencies concerned sent to Miss Polacheck at Tri-County Col- with the acquisition and bibliographic lege, c/o Hoyt Public Library, Saginaw, processing of legal materials collected on a Mich. multi-national basis, and to facilitate the re- ALA REPRESENTATIVES at recent collegiate search and other uses of such materials on a ceremonies were: MARY D. HERRICK, as- world-wide basis." sociate librarian of the Chenery Library, Bos- THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LIBRARY ton University, at the inauguration of Asa has named Bertrand Smith, Jr., bookdealer, Smallidge Knowles as president of North- and Dr. Ralph E. Oesper, professor emeritus eastern University, Boston, September 8; of chemistry, as curators of segments of its CHARLES E. BUTLER, librarian of Canisius Col- collection. The newly created post of curator lege, at the dedication of Duns Scotus Hall, carries full faculty status and privileges, but Rosary Hill College, Buffalo, N. Y., Septem- no salary, for a five-year term. ber 20; RALPH M. HOPP, associate director THE REPORT on National Library Week in of libraries, University of Minnesota, at the New Hampshire was included in the Con- inauguration of Harvey Mitchell Rice as gressional Record of August 12, 1959. Wil- president of Macalester College, St. Paul, liam R. Lansberg of the Dartmouth College Minn., October 2; GILES F. SHEPHERD, JR., as- Library was executive director of the annual sistant director of Cornell University Li- event. brary, at the inauguration of William Spen- cer Litterick as president of Keuka College, MELVILLE J. RUGGLES, vice-president, Council on Library Resources, Inc., des- Keuka Park, N. Y., October 2; H. W. APEL, cribes Russia's national bibliographic center, librarian of Marshall College, at the in- the All-Union Book Chamber, in the cur- auguration of Elvis Jacob Stahr, Jr., as president of West Virginia University, Morgan- rent issue of Libri (Vol. IX, No. 2, 1959). town, October 3; MORRISON C. HAVILAND, di- Mr. Ruggles' observations are based prima- rector of the University of Vermont Library, rily on data received during a recent trip to at the formal opening of the Edward Clark the Soviet Union. He sums up the work of Crossett Library, Bennington College, Ben- the Book Chamber in the following words: nington, Vt., October 16; LUELLA R. POL- "On reflection, it occurs to a visitor from LOCK, librarian of Reed College, at the in- the West that the Book Chamber's achiev- auguration of Branford Price Miller as pres- ments are impressive not only because it ident of Portland State College, Portland, does its job well, but because that job is Ore., October 18; BENJAMIN E. POWELL, unique (except for similar institutions estab- ALA President and librarian of Duke Uni- lished in the past decade in the East Euro- versity, at the dedication of the new library pean states of the Soviet bloc). It combines building and the inauguration of the cen- functions which in the United States and in tennial year at Louisiana State University, Western Europe are carried on by several Baton Rouge, October 22-23; KATHRYN D. disparate institutions." BLACKWELL, acting librarian of Macalester A NEW COLLEGE, organized by a three- College, at the dedication of the O'Shaugh- county educational district, will open for nessy Library, the College of St. Thomas, St. classes in Saginaw, Mich., in the fall of 1961. Paul, Minn., October 28-29; Lois E. ENGLE- Acquisition of book stock for its library is MAN, librarian of Dennison University, at now under way, with a planned collection the inauguration of David Alexander Lock- of up to 40,000 volumes processed and ready miller as president of Ohio Wesleyan Uni- for use by opening day the goal. Mrs. Janet versity, Delaware, October 30; and REV. AN- G. Polacheck, director of libraries, seeks DREW L. BOUWHUIS, S.J., librarian of St. help from college and university librarians Peter's College, at the one-hundredth an- in setting up the requisite buying lists and niversary academic convocation at the Coop- would appreciate receiving such materials er Union, New York, November 2. as booklists issued over the last five years,

NO V EMBER 1959 479 Personnel

On September 1, 1959, ROBERT R. HERTEL RUSSELL SHANK has left his position as became the director of libraries and profes- librarian of the Engineering and Physical sor of library science at Illinois State Nor- Science Libraries at Columbia University to mal University. He become assistant li- went to Normal from brarian at the Uni- Cortland, N.Y. where versity of California, he was on the li- Berkeley. Before brary staff of the joining the library State University staff at Columbia in Teachers College January 1953 he had since 1947. He was served as chief of college librarian personnef at the Mil- there since 1951. waukee, Wisconsin, Dr. Hertel has Public Library and served on the Sub- on the staffs of the scription Books and state universities Robert R. Hertel Statistics Committees of Wisconsin and Russell Shank of ALA and has been Washington. His a member of the ALA Council as well as background of education has been varied of the Board of Directors of ACRL. In and continuous. He holds degrees in elec- New York State, he has been chairman of trical engineering (B.S., Washington, 1946), the Teachers College Section of the State librarianship (B.S., Washington, 1949), and University and the State University Librar- personnel administration (M.B.A., Wiscon- ians Conference. sin, 1952). He has completed course work at During his tenure as head fibrarian at Columbia for the D.L.S. and is presently Cortland, Dr. Hertel demonstrated a unique pushing a thesis through to completion. capacity for constructive administration. His His position at Columbia involved direct complete reorganization of library services responsibility for the engineering collection, greatly increased the efficacy of the instruc- supervision of services to the departments of tional program. Ever receptive to change, chemistry, physics, and mathematics, and the he maintained a flexible policy which read- teaching of literature search techniques to ily adjusted to new demands of both faculty undergraduate engineering students. In ad- and students. He was vigorously persuasive dition he was frequently drafted to teach in his requests for additional funds to com- courses in science and engineering literature plete his several major acquisitions projects, in Columbia's School of Library Service. and gently convinced hesitant donors to But even this was not enough to absorb his part with valuable book collections for the all but boundless energy; since his under- library. His major activity for the last two graduate days at Washington he has con- years was planning the new million-dollar tinued his affiliation with the United States library building now under construction. Naval Reserve. Dr. Hertel holds two degrees from the In his more than six years of service Russ State University College for Teachers at made his influence felt not only within the Albany, N.Y.—an A.B. and B.S.L.S. He re- division which he supervised directly but ceived an A.M. degree in English literature throughout the Columbia University Li- from the University of California at Los braries. He has a direct and friendly way Angefes and a Ph.D. from the University of dealing with people and problems. His of Illinois Library School. He served in the instinctive sympathy and understanding of Army from 1941 to 1945.—Kathleen G. the needs of new staff members, for example, Kavanaugh. led him to be unsparing of his own time in

480 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES introducing them about the campus. His closed to open stacks; the entire collection ingratiating ways with the various service was weeded and shifted to make material departments made dealing with his division more accessible; the staff was increased and easy and never impersonal. upgraded; phonograph records and paper- If I were to mention only one of the back books were added for circulation to the many qualities which have won him many students and staff; a small lounge and brows- friends here it would be his tolerance of ing area was provided for the students in others, extending in all directions. The what was thought to be a very inadequate Shanks, all five, will be remembered and building. missed at Columbia. In addition to many improvements in the We wish them the best of everything at library, Dr. Ashton made many other con- Berkeley.—Richard H. Logsdon. tributions to the campus, including his editorship of the North Dakota Quarterly. JONATHAN R. ASHTON reported to the North Dakota University is soon to have University of Northern Illinois this fall as a new million-dollar library, and Dr. Ash- head of the department of library science. ton had a lot to do with preliminary paper He brought with work on the planning of the building. him a good educa- Good librarians are hard to attract to tional background, a North Dakota, so certainly our loss is a good professional real gain to Northern Illinois University. background, a wealth of academic training —H. Dean Stallings. and practical experi- When SIDNEY E. MATTHEWS assumes his ence, and many new duties as librarian and associate pro- friends in the library fessor of library science at the Virginia world. Military Institute in Dr. Ashton is a Lexington around native of Coeur dAl- the beginning of the ene, Idaho, and has year, it will be a case two degrees from Jonathan R. Ashton of the Virginian re- Washington State turning to his native College and two degrees, including an M.A. state. But he will be in library science and Ph.D. in Romance missed from Mid- languages, from the University of Wiscon- western librarian- sin. He has excellent language equipment: ship where he has Spanish, French, Latin, Portuguese, Greek, devoted his energies Italian, and German are very familar to for the past eight Dr. Ashton and, in addition to these, he has years. a working acquaintance with Russian, Po- He leaves Ohio Sidney E. Matthews lish, Dutch, and the Scandanavian languages. State University He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He where he has held the position of acquisi- has been a language teacher in Florida and tion librarian and assistant professor of Wichita universities and Colorado College library administration since 1956. In this and served as humanities librarian at his capacity he has continued the work of re- first Alma Mater. From 1952-1954 he was organizing the acquisitions program begun on the library school staff at the University by his predecessors and step-by-step has of Wisconsin as an assistant professor. Just worked out with the business office of the prior to coming to the University of North- University greatly improved fiscal proce- ern Illinois, Dr. Ashton served as director dures. Matthews is a good administrator, pa- of the library at the University of North tient and understanding, fair, and con- Dakota in Grand Forks. tinuously on the search for better methods Many constructive accomplishments can of acquiring materials to serve his institu- be found in that library as a result of his tion. He is well liked not only by his staff five years as librarian. He changed from but by his other colleagues in the libraries

NO V EMBER 1959 481 and by the faculty with whom he has worked in admissions and will stress liberal arts in almost daily. its curriculum. Under the chancellorship of Professor Matthews' training includes the Durward Varner, formerly vice president B.A. from Randolph-Macon, the B.S. in of Michigan State, the entire faculty and L.S. from North Carolina, and the M.S. in administrative staff has been sefected for L.S. from Illinois. His professional experi- imaginative energy and dedication to this ence began in 1950 in circulation and refer- experiment in higher education. ence at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute In this environment one could hardly and was followed by similar work and ac- select a better librarian than David Wilder, qusitions experience at Illinois. His initial whose ability to meet the challenge of a new position at Ohio State was as head of the and unorthodox situation has been strength- serial division, from which he advanced to ened by unusual professional experience. the position of assistant acquisition librarian After serving as librarian of Hamilton Col- and then to the headship of the department. lege for five years, he became librarian at Sid Matthews has a strong and continuing the American University of Beirut in 1951. interest in Civil War history and in United In 1954 re returned to the United States and States Masonic history. It is hoped that he took his present position, assistant director will be able to continue both interests in of public services of the Ohio State Univer- his home state. He is a member of Beta Phi sity Libraries. His knowledge of the Middle Mu, the American Association of Univer- East has been sought by the Social Science sity Professors, is a contributor to profes- Research Council, the ARL Farmington sional journals, and has been active in Plan Survey Committee, and by the Arab committee memberships of ALA. He has Club and the Committee for Research on served as a trustee and as a steward in International Problems at Ohio State Uni- Methodist churches in Columbus. versity. His activities also center on the In recalling a native son to head up its school and he was president of the board of library program, the Virginia Military In- the American Community School in Beirut stitute is getting a man with excellent train- during his stay there and president of the ing, good experience, and the energy re- Worthington (Ohio) PTA in 1958/59. quired to provide the kind of vigorous In all of his activities, he exhibits a well library leadership which V.M.I, is demand- developed, native flair for administration. ing. His very attractive wife and young People enjoy working for him and mature daughter, together with Professor Matthews' while doing so. At the conference table he friendliness, will insure their quick ac- shows great energy and inventiveness, while ceptance in the Institute community.—• giving full attention to ideas other than his Lewis C. Branscomb. own and making use of all arguments in

In January 1960, DAVID T. WILDER will arriving at a decision. His experience and become university librarian at the new, ex- personality ought to insure his success at perimental campus of Michigan State Uni- Michigan State University at Oakland.—- versity at Oakland which will be selective Rolland E. Stevens.

Appointments

JANET ALEXANDER, formerly on the Ver- special services, Northwestern University Li- mont Library Service Commission, is cat- brary. aloger in the Olin Library of Wesleyan Uni- N. LYNN BARBER is circulation librarian versity. at George Storch Memorial Library, Trinity GEORGE M. BAILEY, formerly head of the University, San Antonio. reference department at the University of HERBERT BOWERS, formerly reference li- California, Davis, is chief of reference and brarian, Lafayette College, Easton, Pa., is

482 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES audio-visual and library school librarian and rapher at Michigan State University, has instructor of library science, Drexel Institute been appointed assistant order librarian in of Technology. charge of order preparation at Northwestern VICTORIA BRADFORD is a reference librarian University Library. at Washington University, St. Louis. WILLIAM STUART FORTH, formerly in the CLIFTON BROCK, formerly librarian of the reference department of the Seattle Public social sciences division of Florida State Uni- Library, is librarian of the undergraduate versity Library, is librarian of the Business library, University of Kansas. Administration Library, University of North RICHARD K. GARDNER, formerly a member Carolina. of the Michigan State University advisory EDNA MAE BROWN, formerly head of the group in public administration to the gov- serials section of the descriptive cataloging ernment of Vietnam, is librarian of Mariet- division of the Library of Congress, has ta College, Marietta, Ohio. been appointed editor of the third edition CHARLOTTE GEORGI, formerly librarian of of the Union List of Serials. the Business Administration Library, Uni- MODENA A. BROWN, formerly reference li- versity of North Carolina, is head of the brarian at Indiana State Library, is social Business School Library of the University science librarian, University of Oregon. of California at Los Angeles. FRANK R. CHASE, formerly assistant refer- KATHRYN J. GLOYD, formerly executive ence librarian at Peoria (111.) Public Li- secretary and librarian, Chicago Academy of brary, is assistant science librarian at South- Sciences, is reference librarian, University of ern Illinois University, Carbondale. Arizona. MRS. BERTHA MARTIN CODDINGTON, head ROMA GREGORY, formerly assistant chief of of the circulation department, Eastern Il- the acquisitions department, is chief of the linois University Library, Charleston, is li- acquisitions department, Washington Uni- brarian, Chapman College, Orange, Calif. versity Libraries, St. Louis. MORRIS L. COHEN, formerly assistant law ROBERT D. HARVEY, formerly chief of ref- librarian at Rutgers University, is assistant erence and special services at Northwestern law librarian at Columbia University. University Library, is librarian of Southwest EDYTHE L. COMPTON is serials-order librar- Missouri State College, Springfield. ian, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. DAVID HERON, formerly associate librarian EMILY HOUSTON DAWSON has been ap- at the Hoover Institution, Stanford Univer- pointed education librarian, University of sity, is assistant director at Stanford Univer- Kentucky Libraries. sity Library. KATHARINE S. DIEHL, head of the depart- ALETHEA HOFF, formerly head of the cat- ment of library service, College of Educa- alog department at Drexel Institute of Tech- tion, University of Tennessee, has received nology, is cataloger at Washington Univer- an appointment as Fulbright Lecturer in Li- sity Libraries, St. Louis. brary Science, University of Dacca, India. ESTHER HOLCOMBE, formerly cataloger at EDWARD DORO is curator of rare books at Ball State Teachers College, is catalog li- Northwestern University Library. brarian at Hope College, Holland, Mich. RALZE W. DORR is circulation librarian, JAMES F. HOLLY, formerly associate li- University of Cincinnati. brarian of the Epply Library, University of MRS. MARGARETTA DRURY, formerly an as- Omaha, is librarian of Macalester College, sistant, education and religious department, St. Paul, Minn. Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton WILLIAM STANLEY HOOLE, professor and County, is reference librarian, Indiana State librarian at the University of Alabama, has Teachers College. been appointed special consultant to the HAROLD H. J. ERICKSON is senior assistant office of the United States Commissioner of in the acquisitions department, University Education. In this new position. Dr. Hoole of Cincinnati Library. will continue to conduct research in the field JERRY LYNN EWING is a reference librarian of higher education and its relation to the at Washington University Libraries, St. Louis. federal government. ANTONIA FODOR, formerly serials bibliog- JEAN R. HUMPHREY, formerly cataloger at

NO VEMBER 1959 483 the Buffalo and Erie County Public Library, JOHN MAY, formerly associate librarian in is catalog librarian, University of Arizona. charge of cataloging at Hope College, Hol- BENJAMIN H. JACOBSON has been appoint- land, Mich., is head librarian at Hope. ed city planning librarian at the Fine Arts MILDRED L. METHVEN, formerly head of Library, University of Pennsylvania. reference and circulation, Division for the RICHARD W. JOHNSON, formerly assistant Blind, Library of Congress, is assistant li- circulation librarian at Washington Uni- brarian, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine. versity Libraries, St. Louis, is assistant cir- MRS. GEORGE ANNE MONGER is documents culation librarian at Columbia University. librarian of Lamar State College of Technol- ELONNIE JUNIUS JOSEY is librarian and as- ogy, Beaumont, Texas. sociate professor at Savannah State College BEATRICE MONTGOMERY, formerly head cat- where he will organize services in that in- aloger at Baylor University, is head of the stitution's new building. He was formerly librarian at Delaware State College. catalog department at the Georgia State Col- lege Library. KIRA KALICHEVSKY is assistant engineering librarian of Lamar State College of Tech- ANDRE NITECKI is chief of processing, nology, Beaumont, Texas. Flint College of the University of Michigan ALEXANDER F. KAROLYI, formerly assistant Library. order librarian, Oregon State System for FRED Y. OSBORNE, formerly librarian, Long Higher Education, is assistant librarian, Beach City College, Calif., is librarian of Colorado College, Colorado Springs. Cabrillo College, temporarily located at DAVID KASER, formerly chief of the ac- Watsonville, Calif. quisitions department, is assistant director DON S. PELKEY, formerly librarian, Bat- for technical services at Washington Uni- tle Creek Lakeview High School, Mich., is versity Libraries, St. Louis. librarian, Lansing Community College, Lans- JAMES KENNEDY, formerly cataloger and ing, Mich. reference librarian, Lutheran Theological Seminary, is assistant general reference li- ELSIE A. PHILLIPS, formerly in charge of brarian, Drexel Institute of Technology. the picture collection, Enoch Pratt Free Li- ROY KIDMAN is assistant librarian and brary, is music librarian, University of Ari- acting librarian at Tulane University, New zona. Orleans. He was formerly a member of the ROBERT R. POLAND, formerly co-ordinator staff of the University of Kansas Library. of technical services, Dallas Public Library, IRVIN WAYNE KRON is librarian of the Col- is acquisitions librarian, University of Ari- lege of Medicine Library, University of zona. Cincinnati. FELIX POLLAK, formerly curator of special DAVID LANE is circulation librarian, Flint collections at Northwestern University, is College of the University of Michigan Li- curator of rare books at the University of brary. Wisconsin. GERTRUDE LINNENBRUEGGE, formerly chil- EVALYN ROGERS is circulation librarian at dren's librarian at Ohio University, is li- Washington University Libraries, St. Louis. brarian of the new education library, Ohio HARRY RUNYON, ., formerly associate li- University. JR brarian of Parsons College, is in the catalog ROBERT LORENSON, formerly cataloger at the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamil- department of the Wesleyan University Li- ton County, is cataloger at State Teachers brary. College, Terre Haute, Ind. STEPHEN R. SALMON, formerly the assistant MARIAN L. MACLEOD has joined the ac- for mechanized information retrieval study quisition department of the University of at the Library of Congress, is librarian of California General Library, Berkeley. the University College of the University of FRANK C. MAULDIN, formerly librarian for Virginia. the Mt. Diablo Schools, Calif., is catalog li- MARTHA SCHMITT is a cataloger at the Uni- brarian, University of Arizona. versity of Oregon Library.

484 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES MRS. MILDRED R. SHIRK is reference li- acquisitions librarian, Drexel Institute of brarian in the general reading room, Carol Technology. M. Newman Library, Virginia Polytechnic ARNULFO D. TREJO, formerly a reference Institute. librarian at UCLA, is assistant librarian at WILLIAM SIEBEN has resigned as librarian Long Beach (Calif.) State College. of the Traffic Institute Library, Northwest- DONALD E. VINCENT, formerly bibliograph- ern University, to accept the post of li- er, Wayne State University Library, is direc- brarian for the Borg-Warner Corporation, tor of libraries, University of Michigan Dear- Chicago. born Center, Dearborn, Mich. BARRY H. WATTS of the reference depart- JOHN M. SMITH is in the catalog department of the Johannesburg Public Library, ment at the Olin Library of Wesleyan Uni- Union of South Africa, has been appointed versity. Commonwealth Research Librarian at Le- HELEN L. SNYDER, formerly reference and high University Library for the 1959/60 ac- documents assistant, DePauw University Li- ademic year. brary, is documents librarian, University of WILLIAM WHITEHEAD is librarian at Ar- Arizona. kansas State College. BARBARA MILLER SOLOMON, formerly as- JOHN T. WILLIAMS, formerly an assistant sociate professor of history at Wheelock Col- in the undergraduate library, University of lege, is director of the Women's Archives, Michigan, is now a reference librarian, Bowl- Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass. ing Green State University, Bowling Green, GEORGE AUGUST SUMMENT, formerly as- Ohio. sistant professor and bibliographer, Kansas DOROTHY ANN YOUNG is bibliographer at State University, is assistant professor and Washington University Libraries, St. Louis.

Retirements

GEORGE JORDAN BLAZIER has retired as li- SAMUEL W. MCALLISTER, associate librar- brarian and archivist of Marietta College ian of the University of Michigan for the after forty-nine years with the college. last twenty-eight years, retired on June 30.

MATE GRAYE HUNT has retired as associate GRACE E. STILLSON has retired as chief professor of librarianship at Western Mich- catalog librarian after forty-two years of serv- igan University. ice at Stanford University Library.

Foreign Libraries

SHAKEEB ATALLAH, formerly assistant in 29 at the age of seventy-nine. the science and engineering division of the KAREL SMITS has retired from the director- Denver Public Library, is head of the cir- ship of the University of Nijmegen Library. culation department in the Library of the American University of Beirut. M. T. FREYRE DE A. DE VELAZQUEZ is direc- ANDERS GRAPE, formerly head librarian of tor of the Biblioteca Nacional, Havana, Cu- the University of Uppsala, died on April ba.

NO V EMBER 1959 485 Necrology

THOMAS MARION IIAMS died on August the positions they hold. Tom Iiams was con- 22 at his home in Hamilton, N.Y. He had vinced of the qualitative importance of the been in failing health since the dedication smaller institution, and in a short twenty of the new library at years he brought Colgate University Library Colgate, but more to the front rank as a teaching department noticeably since his of the college. He should be judged by the return from Wash- influence of his library on the institution ington in June. and of his personality on the profession. One is at a foss to Many will in the future regard the new express his thoughts and magnificent Colgate Library as his and feelings about a monument. Librarians know his personal long-time frienct in scholarship. The faculty of Colgate know public. Our cfose the value of his scholarship diffused into friendship came their work. His staff will remember the lead- about geographical- ership he gave them. My own memory is of ly, though I first met occasional long hours of good talk and of Thomas Marion Iiams him at the Graduate the frequent telephone calls back and forth Library School. One on momentarily important items. His aid immediately sensed his solid judgment on and advice were always available to his professional matters but, as time went on, colleagues.—Helmer L. Webb. it became evident that here was a rare combination of abilities, very diverse, but CAROLINE WENZEL, former chief librarian, also highly developed. Too many people California Section, California State Library, are judged by the quantitative aspects of died March 24.

Library Resources for Classical Studies

(Continued from page 468) consulting the check list issued by Mills 1. American libraries are certainly College in 1938. It should be pointed equipped to support advanced studies out that the collections designated "Pr. and research in this field. 7" and "Pr. 15" identify the holdings of 2. Examination of the literature of li- Stephen Hurley and James K. Moffitt, brary resources reveals, however, that only now at Northwestern and the University some of these institutions have published of California respectively.79 descriptions of or guides to their holdings. CONCLUSION 3. Nearly all of the special collections In conclusion, we might ask ourselves of books by and about individual au- what this survey of American library re- thors were originally assembled by in- sources for classical studies has shown. dividual book collectors. Perhaps the Three things come to mind. love and care lavished on their collections of Horace, Virgil, Persius and the ™Qvintvs Horativs Flaccvs; Editions in the United States and Canada, as They Appear in the Union rest is one example of the vitality of the Catalog of the Library of Congress ([Oakland]: Mills College, 1938). classics in contemporary America!

486 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By FRANK A. LUNDY

Philosophical Concepts of Professional Organization

Y PURPOSE in appearing before you cooperation, publication, and action. M is to consider with you several Through its divisions it reaches adult questions about college and university services, children's services, reference librarianship. These are questions to services, library education, and library which I do not have the answers. Ap- administration generally. Through its parently, you do not have the answers. member associations it provides for pub- If you had, you would have given them lic, school, and state libraries, for hos- effective formulation in speech and in pital and institution libraries, and for writing, and through organization and our own group, the college and research action. These remarks of mine would libraries. Let us note in passing that then be unnecessary. I may not have the autonomy and the benefits of isolation, answers, but I do have some opinions dubious though they sometimes may be, which I will gladly share with you. are still preferred by libraries of law, These are, then, my personal reflections theology, and medicine, and also by that upon our common problems. widely diversified group of libraries which make up the Special Libraries As- THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION sociation. Who are these more than twenty The American Library Association thousand librarians who make up ALA? was founded in 1876 and is now well By and large they are the practicing li- past its seventy-fifth anniversary. The object of the association, which I take brarians. They are the individuals who to be the all-pervading purpose which hold more or less responsible assign- has brought about its present state of ments in a library of one kind or anoth- maturity, is, according to its constitu- er. A library, I take it, is a collection of tion: "to promote library service and books brought together to serve a pur- librarianship." The key to the meaning pose. Libraries are not organized for of this phrase is the verb "promote." I profit. Library purposes are usually have no quarrel with this definition of spelled out in terms of information, edu- purpose. cation, research, and recreation. Membership may be held in ALA, and The many services of ALA to the hence in any of its divisions or member cause of libraries are beyond question. ALA tries to be all-inclusive. It offers associations, according to its constitu- the means for organization, discussion, tion, by "any person . . . interested in library work . . . upon payment of the dues provided for. . . ." Anyone with Mr. Lundy is Director of Libraries, six dollars in his pocket and an inclina- University of Nebraska. This paper was tion to spend this into the treasury of presented at the meeting of the Univer- ALA, may thereafter produce his mem- sity Libraries Section, ACRL, Washing- bership card as evidence of the fact that ton, D. C., Jnne 24, 1959. he is a librarian. I cannot say that this

NO VEMBER 1959 487 is bad, either for the individual, or for dollars is necessary for designation as a the association. I have read somewhere librarian. Almost anyone may set him- that there are thirty-five or forty thou- self up as a librarian, in the public's sand individuals in these United States understanding, and he does not have who are likely prospects for membership to pay dues to anything. in our association, including the more These remarks are addressed specifi- than twenty thousand who have already cally to college and university librarians, joined. I should like to see all forty and they are literally intended only for thousand in the membership. If ALA college and university librarians. I sense could do nothing other than point with that I am on insecure ground when I pride to an occasional achievement of imply a sweeping criticism of ALA. the nature and stature of the Library Within its means this organization has Services Act of Congress, it would still accomplished great things in the interest be worth more than its weight in dues of providing more books to more people to all the membership and to the entire in the United States and abroad. If all country. of us in this room now had a free hand The point I wish to make here is that in organizing the present ALA member- anyone may be a librarian, and literally ship of more than twenty thousand anyone who will pay the dues may join individuals, I am not as all sure that we the national association of librarians, would come up with something different attend and vote in its meetings, and that would be as effective generally as otherwise take an active part in its work what we have had. I am not proposing on a basis of parity with any and all another study of reorganization. Good other members. There are no minimum minds within the membership have al- educational standards of any kind for ready taken ALA through several re- being a librarian and for becoming a organizations during our lifetimes. What member of our association, nor are there I have in mind as our basic problem ac- any quantitative or qualitative standards tually may not very closely relate to the of performance in the job of librarian. present organization of ALA. Literally, a collection of fifty or a hundred books, housed in the corner of the COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIANS village grocery store, or in the county To put the matter bluntly, I am con- court house, may be designated a library, cerned about the definition and the or- and the local citizen who sits in charge ganization of the entire group of college one or two afternoons a week, a librar- and university librarians. To be more ian. I am not sure that this is as it should specific, I am concerned about their lack be. Such circumstances as those I des- of definition and organization. The larg- cribe are fairly numerous and appear to er aspects of all librarianship in Amer- influence and condition the apathy and ica, as represented in the total ALA, can indifference with which the taxpaying easily take us too far afield, instead of public sometimes looks upon us and our leading us to specific and helpful solu- work. An adequate income for our as- tions for our special problems. We col- sociation is a most essential considera- lege and university librarians need to tion, of course, but it might be well to look at our own problems, and there have another look at the fact that at are many! Our problems are going to present the ability and willingness to increase in number and in complexity part with six dollars annually is the as college enrollments rise from their only real and effective requirement for present three million to more than five membership in ALA. Not even the six million students—-and all this by 1965,

488 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES it is said. Nor will all of these major meetings. Special mention should be problems face all of us in equal terms. made of the many courtesies and serv- The swelling enrollments of college stu- ices coming directly from the office of dents on the campuses of several large the ACRL executive secretary. state universities are posing library prob- But the fact remains that when the lems that at times seem overwhelming. Association of American Universities' Do you think that we can turn our backs Commission on Financing Higher Edu- upon these problems of organization and cation produced its studies in the early service? I do not think so! Nor do I part of the 1950's and levied specific think that we can solve all of our prob- criticisms against librarians on univer- lems individually and alone on our sep- sity campuses, there appeared to be no arate campuses, although we may have effective means to bring this matter un- to try. It seems clearly apparent to me der continuous study within ACRL. that we must improve our opportunities There was, of course, a program on the for working together. We cannot always subject, and the commission's executive expect to go forward effectively, serving director, John D. Millett, faced the li- the best interests of the masses of stu- brarians in person. It remained, how- dents who come to us for a higher edu- ever, for a private organization outside cation, and the interests of our faculties ALA, known as the Association of Re- as well, unless we are willing to face search Libraries (ARL), to organize the some of the shortcomings and omissions Monticello Conference on this subject. in our present activities. We must plan Parenthetically, can you even imagine continuous, and perhaps radical, im- where we might bring this same prob- provement in the collective organiza- lem under study now within the newly tional environment within which we reorganized ALA?—somewhere within are working. the vast domain of the Library Adminis- There is, as you know, a steering com- tration Division, no doubt, in a committee for this ACRL section of univer- mittee composed of assorted librarians sity librarians and this committee has, from many and diverse types of librar- during the past two years, held several ies! I do not mention the incident of the spirited discussions of the problems of Monticello Conference and the causes professional organization. I am a mem- which produced it as evidence of neg- ber of this steering committee and I lect on the part of the collective body of have its permission to be as frank with university librarians. Through the you as I may wish. ACRL program meeting and the ARL discussions at Monticello and the many ACRL more localized discussions of the same ACRL has many accomplishments to problem, it is evident that the questions its credit. Perhaps the most evident of raised by the Commission on Financing these is the excellent journal, College Higher Education were adequately an- and Research Libraries, published con- swered, at least sufficiently at that time. tinuously since 1939; and also, of more On many occasions I have asked my recent origin, the ACRL Monographs. colleagues in university librarianship It is not appropriate here to list and where the major problems of university describe the association's many other libraries do actually come into focus, activities, such as subsidies for college for discussion and analysis, within ALA. book collections, college and university I have in mind such problems as those library surveys under ALA sponsorship, pertaining to the framing and manage- and the many outstanding program ment of a budget, cooperative buying,

NO V EMBER 1959 489 the recruitment and direction of per- Section is actually faced with the pros- sonnel, the status of the academic librar- pect of going out of existence altogether, ian, and many others in the realm of except as a polite token of recognition administration which are over and be- may be extended to it in the programs yond those having to do with collec- of the annual summer conference. All of tion-building and bibliographical con- the basic studies of library activities are trol. The answers I get are usually vague. now being assigned to the activity di- Committees scattered throughout ALA visions of ALA. There is a real danger, can be mentioned in connection with I do believe, in discarding the college some few of the specific points at issue. or university campus as a conditioning But there is no real "home base"—is factor of the utmost importance in rela- there?—within the whole ALA for the tion to some of our problems. problems of university libraries and What I am saying is that ACRL— their librarians. despite its publications and fine program It is true that many of these problems meetings and its occasional efforts to have points at issue in common with grapple with other matters—is not the similiar ones in other library environ- strong and all-embracing national as- ments: in the public library, the special sociation of college and university li- library, the county or state library, or brarians that it might well be, or, in the Library of Congress. It is also true my opinion, that it should be. There that the problems of university librar- has been reason to believe, on some ians are uniquely conditioned by their occasions, that many of our university own environment, which is the univer- librarians do not want a strong national sity campus. The special factors on the association within their ranks, or do not campus are the faculty, the students, and recognize the potential of strength that the governmental structure of a univer- might be developed in such an organi- sity. There have been many occasions zation for studying contemporary prob- on which I have wished fervently that lems of library policy and administra- I could take some of my problems into tion on the campus. I cannot agree with discussion with colleagues in university these few that each of us is essentially librarianship, in order to put them un- in business for himself. But I do not der systematic study by committees com- believe that this attitude has been the posed of other university librarians with determining factor in opposition to the similar problems and with like inter- development of such an association. ests. There are two such factors, however, The ACRL University Libraries Sec- to which we should give our attention. tion has produced an unbroken series THE ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH LIBRARIES of excellent papers and speeches on college and university library topics. I can The first of these is the Association of only hope that I am not, at this moment, Research Libraries. The nature and pur- damaging this fine record. But, for the pose of this association are frequently most part, the association, and this sec- misunderstood. ARL, as it is called, was tion in particular, has been content with founded in 1931. Its object is "by co- papers and speeches. It is in no real operative effort, to develop and increase sense a "home base" for the problems the resources and usefulness of the re- of university libraries and their librar- search collections in American librarians. I cannot help adding that under ies." Essentially, what this has meant the present plan of reorganization within through three decades of continuous ALA the ACRL University Libraries effort is that ARL has taken a very ef-

490 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES fective interest in collection-building perhaps even to one hundred—in order and in bibliographical controls. I know that the association might be truly more of no worthier purposes to which a representative of the research libraries group such as ARL might address itself of America than it now is; also in order and, as you well know, its accomplish- that it might broaden the scope of its ments have been many and highly signif- interests and the activities of its com- icant. mittees. This proposition, too, has failed There appears to be a curious lack of to command a majority vote. And so the effective communication between ARL membership remains for the present sta- and ACRL. This is true despite the fact bilized at approximately fifty. that a majority of the participants in How are these fifty memberships de- the meetings of ARL are also mem- termined? That is an interesting ques- bers of ALA, and customarily participate tion! In recent years, at intervals of five in the meetings of ACRL's University years, ARL has had a critical look at its Libraries Section, and in a few other membership. It has, on those occasions, ALA activities. There are a few ARL collected and scanned a quantity of da- participants who merely look briefly in ta concerning present members and ap- upon the early part of the ALA week plicants for membership. At no time, to and then go home. These few are chief- my knowledge, has there been an actual ly the history professors in the ARL. agreement on the quantitative or qual- Usually they are not those who have itative data that might be taken as pre- given years to the formal graduate study requisite to actual election. The voting of librarianship as well as to its practice. process is, therefore, a subjective one. ARL is an organization of libraries, Rarely has a member been dropped! and not of individual librarians. Each Each of those few occasions has involved member institution is entitled to be rep- a good deal of emotional soul-searching resented by one individual at meetings among "the brothers." Only occasionally of the association, and this individual is is a member added, as some of you know only too well. nearly always the director of the library. The membership of ARL has for many In its organizational structure, ARL is years approximated fifty institutions, or essentially a private club. I am only too slightly fewer. There is, to be frank with well aware that for having divulged that you, no magic in the number fifty. There secret I may be severely disciplined, or are a few librarians among the present thrown out of its membership—though membership of ARL who believe that not, I hope, the institution which I have the association could more efficiently de- been representing! Further evidence of vote itself to its purposes and projects what I have just said about a private if its membership could be reduced to club is to be found in ARL's governing the twenty-five or so institutions who body, an advisory committee of five which thus far have really exercised leadership is self-perpetuating. When a member of in collection-building among our re- this committee has served his term of search institutions. However attractive several years, and during his last year on this view may be in theory, there has at the committee has also presided at ARL no time been a majority willing to vote meetings, this committee then meets to in its favor. On the other hand, there decide who among the total membership are also a few librarians among the pres- shall succeed the retiring member. This ent membership who believe that the is in no sense an election and the sub- number of member institutions might sequent approval voted by the associa- very well be increased to seventy-five— tion as a whole is purely a formality.

NO V EMBER 1959 491 I am not in any way personally op- and initiative in collection-building and posed to this arrangement for the gov- bibliographical control among research ernment of the club. There are many oc- libraries, there will still remain several casions in American political and profes- problem areas of special interest to col- sional life when one is strongly tempted lege and university libraries as a group. to conclude that a benevolent despotism, These problem areas concern our li- or a benevolent oligarchy, may some- braries in the environment of higher times be the best of all forms of man- education, and irrespective of whether agement. The open question resides in the point at issue may be their manage- the word "benevolent." Sometimes this ment and administration, the quality of concept has a short life. This idea re- the staff, the physical plant, the place of minds me that prominently upon the the library in the academic community, face of the magnificent state capitol or some other equally important phase building in Lincoln, Nebraska, there is of the institution's operation. carved the following legend: "The Salva- tion of the State Is Watchfulness in the PROFESSIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS Citizens." I have heard this casually in- The underlying cause of our predica- terpreted as meaning: "You have to ment is a lack of professional conscious- watch these rascals!" In order that you ness among us. My barber talks to me may fully appreciate the beauty of our frequently about the problems of his governmental climate in Nebraska, I "profession." Some of his conversation should also like to share with you the pertains to the "tricks of the trade" which companion inscription on the opposite have to do with scissors and comb, tonics side of the building, which reads: "Po- and lotions, and sanitary regulations. Oc- litical Society Exists for the Sake of casionally he mentions hours of work, Noble Living." union dues, and the lone barbers who The essential point to my remarks won't join up. At the other end of about ARL is simply that this is a pri- the scale of occupations that either vate and somewhat exclusive organiza- have professional status, or aspire to tion which does excellent work in the have it, are the medical doctors—the limited field of librarianship to which it M.D.'s. Here, I believe, is a truly profes- has addressed itself. Further, that ACRL sional group, in terms of standards of does a disservice to all college and uni- training and performance, ideals of serv- versity libraries when it mistakenly de- ice, the organization of medical care fers to ARL, or to any other organized through clinics and hospitals, and the group of librarians outside its own ranks, improvement and guidance of all these in undertaking the study of problems through the activities of local and na- that deserve its immediate attention. In- tional medical societies. Underlying good stances of such mistaken deference could medical care and effective organization be mentioned between ACRL and ARL for this purpose among doctors is their and also between ACRL and the ALA firm concept of basic training. No one activities divisions. If ACRL is to be practices medicine without having completed medical training, and in a school governed entirely by administrative fiat accredited for that purpose. Did you ever from other agencies of this unwieldy hear of a one-semester doctor, or a one- holding corporation, it will shortly go year doctor? No, and you never will! He out of business. In fact, you might well either completed the medical course, or consider if this is not what is actually he didn't! The same, be it noted, is happening now! Even if you are willing true of the law! No one in these days to grant to ARL all primary interest

492 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES can aspire to practice law by simply The medical doctors do not solve their "reading some law," although this ap- complicated problems of effective organ- pears to have been common practice ization by blanketing in all the individ- seventy-five years ago. uals who in any way relate to the prac- Between these two extremes, the doc- tice of medicine. You will not find in the tor and the barber, where do we librar- membership of the American Medical ians stand? Are we really trying with dis- Association, or in the local county med- cernible effect to take our place among ical society, all of the nurses, laboratory other recently emerging professions; for technicians, and hospital administrators example, alongside the dentists and —to say nothing of receptionists and of- pharmacists, the social workers and the fice help, custodians and ambulance driv- clinical psychologists? Are we strengthen- ers! Quite the contrary is true! To the ing the standards of our professional extent that these various groups need work as librarians and also the basic organization in order to sustain and im- training we consider to be prerequisite prove their work, the doctors encourage to it? No, actually, I think not! them to develop their own organizations, It is true, to be sure, that during the with or without close supervision. past thirty years the principal library Librarians, on the other hand, have an schools have become associated with col- evangelical approach to organization. In leges and universities. The old Certif- effect and without pausing to reason icate in Librarianship has been abol- what for, we cry: "Come one and come ished and the Master of Arts (or Master all! Pay your six dollars and join up!" of Science) degree has been standard- We college and university librarians are ized. The Doctor of Philosophy in Li- no exception. We live and work in ac- brarianship has emerged. The Ph.D. de- ademic communities populated with gree in librarianship may have arrived highly trained men and women. The li- just "in the nick of time." There has brary is an essential part of the complex been a noticeable trend among college process of higher education and research. and university presidents in recent years We sorely need enforceable standards to use the head librarianship of the ac- of training and performance. ademic institution as a convenient place What happens to the college and uni- to store one or more of the oversupply versity librarians who do attend the an- of individuals trained essentially to teach nual summer conference of ALA? Here, history, or English, or some other sub- at least, you would join me in expecting ject. May I take it simply as evidence of to find a large number of these men and the acute shortage of librarians trained women meeting together in a variety of at the top level that we do not observe close-knit ways to study and to resolve the reverse of this phenomenon: the ap- some of their common problems. I re- pointment of doctors of philosophy in peat here that the academic community librarianship to be full professors of his- in which they work at home provides tory and chairmen of their departments? an essential bond—one which should not When I referred to the standardization lightly be ignored or dissolved. There is of the Master's degree in librarianship a little good for most of us in the notion moment ago, you must realize, of course, that our special interests can just as well that I was being somewhat facetious. A be scattered throughout the entire rank few of our recent graduates in librarian- and file of ALA. This very tendency ship—a small few, fortunately—seem to within ALA has long been an effective have no clear notions at all as to what and permanent barrier between our ac- is expected of them on the job. ademic group, on the one hand, and the

NO V EMBER 1959 493 legal, medical, and "special" librarians our energies and efforts have become on the other hand—all of whom, for habitual with us. We do need a na- very obvious reasons, prefer to meet to- tional association of college and univer- gether in their own restricted groups, for sity librarians. We need a strong, hard- the sake of close association and inten- working, and effective organization for sive discussion. the study and solution of our major University librarians have contributed problems on the academic campus. We a degree of leadership to ALA which is need an organization whose purposes and entirely out of proportion to their actual whose conferences can enjoy a high de- numbers within its total membership. gree of preference among the members, This is, of course, a credit to the uni- over all the distractions and dissipations versity librarians! Where do you find that are customarily thrown in our way. them during the course of this confer- And we need, above all, to make this a ence week? You will find them scattered professional organization—not simply a throughout ALA, giving speeches, con- collection of all the individuals in the ducting meetings, attending numerous community who happen in any way to committees, and behaving generally like be involved in the work of the campus the prima donnas and professional mo- library. We need these things—but we nologists which most of them habitually have never had them—and we most cer- are. tainly do not have them now! You may have noted that this partic- ATTRIBUTES OF A PROFESSION ular meeting of university librarians was scheduled unhappily, but without pro- One more word on the idea of a protest, at 4:30 in the afternoon—the dead- fession. Among the attributes of a profes- liest hour of any conference day! If you sion we note the possession of a dis- will look around you will also notice tinctive body of special knowledge and that many of the participants in last Sun- a superior skill in its use, held in com- day's meeting of the Association of Re- mon by its members, under the com- search Libraries have already gone home. pulsion of a sense of high personal re- Last Monday afternoon, many of you sponsibility. We note a recognition of may have attended the program meetings its obligation to extend this body of of either the Library Organization and knowledge by research and scientific ob- Management Section of the Library servation of practice, with a sharing of Administration Division, or of the Re- the results. We note the motivation of sources and Technical Services Division, social duty and honorable service, pre- both scheduled at the same hour. The ferred above personal gain. We note content of the latter meeting concerned established means for the adequate ed- that important and far-reaching new de- ucation of its novitiates. We note stand- velopment known as "Cataloging in ards of qualifications based upon train- Source." Again, unhappily, but ap- ing and competency, character and eth- parently without protest, the leadership ical perception and conduct. And we of some twenty research libraries in the note a group organization with national Middle West was precluded from at- standing concerned with public interest. tending either meeting because of a Some of these we college and uni- wholly unnecessary conflict with the ad- versity librarians have achieved. We have visory group of the Midwest Inter-Li- a distinctive body of special knowledge. brary Center. If you do not believe this, will you please My point, with reference to all of us, take time to look carefully into the con- college and university librarians alike, is tent of the library school libraries at the that such dissipation and scattering of Universities of Chicago or Illinois, to

494 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES mention only two. We have a publica- now. It was told at once that all but one tion program for recording and sharing or two of these proposals appeared to be the results of our research. If we are not "out of bounds" for the section in the strongly motivated by social duty we reorganized ALA, since they were more work in vain, for private profit is no- properly assignable to the committees where in evidence. We have the means and sections of the activities divisions of for adequate education in our several li- ALA. At this point of transfer and re- brary schools, some of them of excellent assignment, let me remind you, the ac- reputation. But we have almost entirely ademic community entirely loses its iden- avoided setting standards of qualification tity, since the activities divisions derive based upon training and competency. their memberships from libraries of Despite our several library schools of every possible size and type—except, as we noted, from legal, medical, and "spe- quality and their graduate training pro- cial" libraries, which have remained en- grams, we still do say "anybody is wel- tirely apart and which, apparently, are come to be a librarian," and we mean wiser in such matters! Such actions, it literally "anybody." It may be for this seems to me, are based upon a funda- reason alone that we college and uni- mental and tragic fallacy in our total versity librarians have not achieved a organization. group organization with national standing. In support of these remarks I offer you my own experiences of thirty years We college and university librarians of continuous membership in ALA and are an incomplete and badly scattered also those of the past fifteen years during fragment of ALA. ARL, standing sep- which I have been the director of a typ- arate and apart, is but a very small part ical state university library of medium of all of us. It is limited in membership size. Although I have written many pa- and in scope and is in no way an ade- pers for our journals, made speeches on quate substitute for a strong national as- a variety of occasions, and am generally sociation composed of the professional regarded as an inveterate convention- staff members of all college and uni- goer, I must admit that the quest for versity libraries. ACRL is at present a identification for the academic library somewhat frustrated and deteriorating which I now direct and represent, and division of the total ALA. for the solution of some of its many Last year your steering committee of problems, is becoming increasingly dif- this University Libraries Section under- ficult. took to submit ten or twelve projects Surely, we can do better! Most sincere- upon which it would like to go to work ly, I hope that we will—and soon!

Eastern Librarians

The Forty-Fifth Annual Conference of Eastern College Librarians will be held on November 28 at the Harkness Academic Theatre, Butler Library, Columbia Uni- versity. The conference's theme is "Where Shall the Academic Library Find Its Leadership?" Speakers include Robert E. Moody, John F. Harvey, William S. Dix, and Louis Shores. The morning program will start at 10 a.m., with Rev. John H. Harrington presiding. John Frost will preside at the afternoon session. Chairman of the Program Committee is Wayne Shirley, librarian of Finch College. No advance registration is necessary.

NO VEMBER 1959 495 By RALPH W. McCOMB The Professional Organization And Management

Y FIRST OBLIGATION is to explain the could serve us in our relationships with M title of my remarks. The profes- management, or administration, if you sional organization to which I refer is prefer that term. the University Libraries Section; by man- Most professions have organizations agement I mean university administra- which speak for them in various ways. tion. The architects come to us and tell us That the reorganization of ALA has what we must do to have our schools of been the cause of some confusion and architecture approved. The legal groups that we are not very clear as to the func- tell the university how to administer law tion of the University Libraries Section libraries, and so on. But who speaks for as a section of ACRL have been empha- university librarians? Can the Univer- sized by Mr. Lundy's remarks. Starting sity Libraries Section be effective in rep- from where we are, however, I think we resenting its members to management? need to consider what plans we may Foremost among the problems which have for our future. we may face in working with administra- Our former chairman, Robert Muller, tors outside the library itself is the prob- has pointed out that we might make our lem of understanding. For some this may choice among three possible courses: seem no great problem. It has been my 1. We could disband. This might be observation that a strong library pro- justifiable if we discover we have no pur- gram is more dependent upon an under- pose in existing. But before we do that standing president than upon any other and leave this group without any forum single factor. It would be unfair to list for their interest, we should certainly some of the great university presidents explore other courses of action. whose enthusiasm and interest in the 2. We might organize program meet- needs of the library have made their li- ings only, as we have tended to do in the braries major centers of scholarship, past. though I might mention William Rainey 3. We could carry out a year-round Harper at Chicago and Andrew D. White program with a strong committee struc- at Cornell. But you may make your own ture, referring to other groups results list. To those of the past should be add- of our deliberations when appropriate. ed, of course, some of our contemporaries To explore the usefulness of the third who have raised their institutions to take approach, I suggest that we give some front rank by their devotion to the idea of a collection of books as one of the bas- thought to the function of this section ic elements of a great university. When as a professional organization which the support of the president is lacking, the library falters. Or if the library is Mr. McComb is Librarian, Pennsylva- always in the position of having to fight nia State University. This paper was for its needs, the success of the library presented at the meeting of the Univer- may well be simply a measure of the sity Libraries Section, ACRL, Washing- diplomacy or forcefulness of the individ- ton, D. C., June 24, 1959. ual librarian. Unfortunately, the neces-

496 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES sity for fighting has sometimes provoked service, education for university librar- a measure of hostility in the administra- ianship, new developments in biblio- tion. This reaction is not difficult to graphical organization, and the general understand. The president is faced con- course of development of university li- stantly with demands and pressures from braries, particularly schemes of inter- all directions, and often must feel that library co-operation. I would like to say his major problem is the empire builder something particularly about this last on his faculty. If he does not recognize problem. the needs of the library beyond the The most effective approach to co- maintenance level, he may easily classify operation has been made when univer- the librarian, who constantly beseeches sity administrators, as well as librarians, him, as another nuisance. helped plan such programs. The library As evidence of this fact, I have only to cannot go it alone. When money is avail- cite the remark of John Millett in Fi- able, it is not too difficult to develop nancing Higher Education in the United strong collections in agreement with other States: "I have heard more derogatory institutions. It is more difficult to re- language used among the eight pres- strict buying without the concurrence of idents who made up the Commission on the instructional and research depart- Financing Higher Education about li- ments of each institution. brarians than I heard about any other The Farmington Plan, for example, component part of university structure." needs only the agreement to buy. Other Now, on the other hand, if the pres- types of cooperation may involve deci- ident is wholeheartedly a believer, he sions not to buy. This is harder tQ stick may be prodding the librarian, or seek- to in the university. There is also the ing extra funds for books, or even—less new type of program represented by the happily—attempting to take a hand in cooperative newspaper microfilm pro- book purchasing or in library administra- gram at the Midwest Inter-Library Cen- tion. ter. In such instances, the cooperating in- An agency which would help to guide stitutions must contribute sums of money, the president and furnish standards sometimes substantial sums, for develop- which he could understand and accept ing collections which are not owned, in a would be of value not only to him but to sense, by the institutions involved. Or the library itself. Such apparently un- there are the regional centers, either for answerable question as to how big a uni- storage or central depositories for special versity library should be, should have an types of material, which seem to hold answer. Most of us, except the largest, some real promise of new ways for doing might easily be caught saying "we should our job. We must have the cooperation be just twice as large as we are," at what- of our administrators in such plans. ever point we are now. If we have 100,- We ought to be in the position to 000 volumes, we strive for 200,000; if we bring to bear on such questions the ad- have half a million, we impress our pres- vice of our professional association; and ident with the need for a million. But not only the advice but the development when we reach a million, we climb up of plans for such programs on a national for two. Each librarian works out such or even an international scale. A drawing answers for his president on the basis of up of such plans will not result in accom- his own estimate of the situation. In ad- plishment unless we have some means of dition to the problems of size, we have working together as a profession. questions of status, problems of library The advice that we are usually able to development, such as the need, or pos- give our presidents is based on our sible need, for undergraduate library knowledge of our own institution and

NO VEMBER 1959 497 of other institutions or on the literature. braries. The opportunity of coming to a Our knowledge of other libraries and the meeting of the section to present ideas literature is in great part produced by to the profession is an opportunity which members of this section. Even without the section should provide. more formal methods of approach, this The problem of the status of the pro- section has clearly contributed to the fessional library staff, for example, is not solution of these problems. The very fact one to be settled by administrators alone. that we exist tends to stimulate that in- The staff is obviously of prime impor- terchange of ideas and the study which tance in problems of book selection and is essential to the formulation of new public service. When it comes to the programs. technical processes of library administra- I have been speaking here of our relation, management must defer to a con- tion to management in terms of our rela- siderable extent to the greater technical tion to the president. When I speak of knowledge of the specialist. I would like, the president, of course, I refer not only therefore, to suggest that in the future to the man who holds that title but we have more non-administrative per- to his various vice-presidents, advisors, sonnel serving as members of our pro- committees, board of trustees, and per- grams. haps to members of the library commit- We are not a section of administrators tee. only—we are devoted to the problems of There is another aspect of the problem university libraries and our responsibil- of our professional organization and man- ity to management includes our respon- agement which reflects the interest and sibility to develop professional compe- professional concerns of members of our tence within our staffs. library staffs who are not administrators. I have spoken briefly of certain areas Those of us whose duties include ad- in which the University Libraries Section ministration may be inclined to think could be effective in relation to manage- that management is that portion of the ment. I am now at the point where I organizational chart above the librarian. ought to be able to suggest just how we But for a lot of staff members we are should go about developing this pro- management. gram. On this point, I have no specific What can University Libraries Section suggestion. It may well be that this will do for those members of our profession? have to be a question of growth. If we First of all, it can be a means whereby can develop the proper image of our- library staffs can correct administrators. selves as a professional organization, If we talked about understanding from speaking for our members, we shall be above, perhaps members of our staff able to develop the proper committee would be equally glad to receive some structure and the proper programs to ac- understanding from us. What better complish this purpose. opportunity might they have than to be We have made a beginning in this active members of a group which con- direction. Our section has a committee cerns itself with our general professional structure. But we face difficulties, two of welfare? which are paramount. The first is our In my own experience, I find that most relation to ARL, which has been dis- often our best ideas come from members cussed by Mr. Lundy. From his remarks of the staff who feel a sense of profes- we can conclude that ARL speaks only sional responsibility. There may be times on specific problems of interest to it and when programs or policies which they primarily for a special group of libraries. would like to see developed may not be That leaves a range of problems still readily proposed within their own li- available to this group, and a large num-

498 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES ber of libraries not members of ARL. A very active or a very strong one. I do not number of our members also represent know whether we can change or not. We their institutions as members of ARL. are pretty individualistic. And with so Perhaps we could leave to them the ma- many areas of interest assigned to other jor fields of interlibrary programs, and divisions, we may seem to have little left concentrate on internal programs. Or we for ourselves. Your officers and steering might become the agency through which committee have hopes that we can be- their programs are officially brought to come an effective voice in our profession. our attention. The second difficulty is that of our We hope that you will help by serving own tradition—or habits. This section, willingly on programs or committees. Let though large, has not in the past been a us have your suggestions and your help.

Recent Experiences with Soviet Libraries

(Continued from page 473)

and Irkutsk as well as a few local li- in Moscow, which refused to permit a braries should be in order. visit. I went, nevertheless, merely (although the archive has been used re- ATTITUDES OF SOVIET LIBRARIANS cently by Finnish scholars) to order mi- AND ARCHIVISTS crofilms of some fifteenth- and sixteenth- century documents on Muscovite rela- There has been a great deal of com- tions with Lithuania which I knew to ment by American scholars visiting the be in the archive. My order was at first Soviet Union upon the cordial reception accepted, but then rejected when it be- and helpfulness forthcoming from So- came clear that I was an American and viet librarians and archivists. The not a Pole. The reason given was that writer was cordially received by officials per an agreement with the American of twenty-seven of thirty libraries, ar- Embassy no American was to be allowed chives, and institutes he attempted to to use the facilities of the archive with- visit. out a letter from the Embassy. Embassy The first visit, to the Library of the officials denied the existence of an agree- Academy of Sciences in Leningrad, re- ment and refused to give me a letter. sulted in a lengthy, but informative dis- In the overwhelming majority of cases, course on the operation of Soviet librar- I was not made to feel that Americans ies, replete with references to Marxism- were subject to discrimination. On the Leninism, by M. A. Viklaiev, the scientif- contrary, I felt that I received unexpect- ic secretary of the library. This discourse ably gracious and pleasant treatment. was so detailed that the writer felt that Soviet librarians are eager for ex- he was imposing upon the good offices of changes. Soviet Academy and university the secretary. Ultimately it proved, how- scholars are often displeased by the ab- ever, of enormous practical help in per- sence of western scientific literature from mitting more effective and quicker nego- the shelves of Soviet libraries. Soviet in- tiations with other libraries. In institu- stitutions have an inadequate supply of tion after institution no effort was spared "gold" rubles (i.e., convertible currency) to permit me to view what I wished to with which to purchase western publi- see. In striking contrast was the attitude cations. Exchanges present a welcome of the Central State Archive of Old Acts solution.

NO V EMBER 1959 499 Review Articles

in of libraries, of books to gather facts English Libraries from! Why is there not a Majesty's library

English Libraries, 1800-1850. tByD C. B. Old- in every country town? There is a Majesty's man, W. A. Munford, and S. Nowell-Smith. gaol and gallows in every one." London: H. K. Lewis 8c Co., Ltd., [c All three lectures are presented in a 1958]. 78p. popular style and include bibliographical references for those interested in further The history of English libraries is part of study.—Sidney Forman, United States Mili- the Western library tradition, despite the tary Academy, West Point. fact that it preserved a native individuality. This fact is apparent in a reading of the three lectures delivered for the School of Book Reviews Librarianship and Archives at University Reviews in Library Book Selection. By Le- College, London, in February and March Roy C. Merritt, Martha Boaz, and Ken- 1957, and now published in pamphet form. neth S. Tisdel. Foreword by Maurice F. Each of the lectures dwells on an outstand- Tauber. Detroit: Wayne State University ing personality of the period from f800 Press, 1958. xv, 188p. $2.50. to 1850. In the first lecture, Dr. C. D. Oldman, Reviewing is a much too powerful de- who was associated with the British Mu- terminant of book sales and the fame of seum since 1920, writes on Sir Anthony authors not to have been damned by some Panizzi and his work for that institution. and puffed up by others. This doubtful Panizzi, as Keeper of Printed Books, re- reputation of the review has obliged li- formed the British Museum library's pro- brarians, who in the name of the review gram and modernized its administration. buy books unseen, to study the matter for Dr. Oldman concludes that "If the English themselves. The latest publication of the re- nation now possesses a National Library of sults of such inquiry, the book in hand, which it can be justly proud, it is Antonio comprises three studies, each independently Panizzi, more than any other man, to whom conceived and produced. "The Pattern of our thanks must go for this." Modern Book Reviewing" was written by W. A. Munford, in the second lecture, LeRoy C. Merritt, professor of librarianship discusses Dr. George Birkbeck and his in- at the University of California. "The Re- terest in the Mechanics' Institutes which views and Reviewers of Best Sellers" is a were the forerunners of the English muni- version of the Ph.D. dissertation written by cipal library system. Birkbeck's pioneer ef- Martha Boaz, dean of the library school of fort on behalf of the Institutes and their the University of Southern California. "Staff related libraries stimulated adult education, Reviewing in Library Book Selection" is and scientific and technical education in a recasting of an M.A. thesis by Kenneth S. Great Britain as well as in other countries. Tisdel, associate librarian of the University Simon Nowell-Smith, who has published of Missouri. widely in the field of literary criticism and Merritt intended to study the dependa- bibliography and who has served as li- bility of reviews in a more comprehensive brarian of the London Library, presented way than others have done. But virtually the third lecture. He outlined Thomas every important finding he makes is im- Carlyle's role in the opening of the Lon- paired by a serious weakness. First, he sum- don Library in 1841 as a lending library, as marizes the literature of the subject and well as his part in its subsequent develop- finds that earlier studies, although isolated ment. To illustrate the nature of Carlyle's and scattered, make a "devasting" picture motivation favoring libraries, a journal en- of the inadequacies of book reviewing. But try of 1832 is cited: "What a sad want I am his rendition and use of previous research

500 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES are questionable. For example, he serious- an indication of change, if any, in the pat- ly misunderstands the scope, definitions, tern of book reviewing since 1948. But the and conclusions of Victoria Hargrave's study scope of the later survey is much too nar- of reviews of social science books in general row and cannot be considered a proper test and scholarly journals. Then, it is useful of the earlier findings. for Merritt to remind his colleagues that Boaz reveals that the unfavorable pre- the Book Review Digest does not list all conceptions with which she began her eval- the reviews found in the journals it in- uation of the reviews of best sellers of the dexes, with the result that more books are years 1944 to 1957 were, by and large, prov- excluded than are included. But he has en wrong by her analysis. Her new be- overlooked the fact that this limitation re- lief is that the "reviewing of best sellers flects a belief that the library book selector from 1944 to 1957 indicated, on the whole, requires several reviews in order to judge a judiciousness that considered both the the quality of a book. A single review of a merits and the demerits of the best sellers, non-fiction book and two reviews of fic- and provided satisfactory criticism for the tion were felt by the founders of BRD and average reader." their contemporaries to be inadequate The term "average reader" is a vague des- guides to selection. The validity of BRD's cription of a key aspect of the theme. It practice is acknowledged, unknowingly, by appeared neither in the statement of in- Merritt, who in other connections later in tentions nor in the analyses of reviews. the study, as we shall see, recommends that Only in the concluding section is it revealed the book selector ought to read several re- that the analysis was done with the "average views. reader" in mind. As it stands, Boaz has His criticism that too many fiction, his- merely given her impression of the "average tory, and biography books are reviewed in reader." But then, the study in general general periodicals is based on his admit- is pervaded by personal opinion. It lacks ted "unwarranted" assumption that books that which Lester Asheim identified as in all subject fields should receive propor- missing from the impressionistic survey, "the tional attention in these journals. His analy- objective, systematic, and quantitative dis- sis of the ALA Booklist, the Library Jour- cipline" of content analysis. nal, and Virginia Kirkus' Bookshop Service, Tisdel, using checklists of fiction and turns up the valuable finding that the li- non-fiction books, found that staff review- brary book selector needs all three because ing made little difference in book selection they vary in promptness of pre-publication in large public libraries. Libraries that de- reviews, subject coverage, and judgment of pended on published reviews generally books. A similar examination of the New bought the same titles that staff-reviewing York Times Book Review, the New York libraries did. His other findings, such as Herald Tribune Weekly Book Review, and the significant disagreement among library the Saturday Review, shows that these dis- reviewers over the merits of the same books, agree often enough in choice of book to re- tend also to undermine staff reviewing. Tis- view and judgment to require the book-buy- del is in the Waples tradition of library re- ing librarian to read all three. Then, with- search. He uses simple but tried tools of out warning, Merritt adds these words, "bet- statistics and mass communications research, ter still, he should probably read the book." among them, content analysis. The adher- This is the most important statement in the ents of staff reviewing may answer that if study. Merritt implies that the three review it is true that there is no difference between media cannot, even together, serve library the results of staff reviewing and published book selectors. But where is the argument reviews, then the former ought to be im- and the evidence? The last part of his work proved rather than abandoned. Or they occupies one page. A paragraph lists the might speculate that the fruits of staff re- separate findings, and then, the reader is viewing are not expected to be large, and introduced to the results of a random sam- are represented in the libraries' undupli- ple of 104 books and their reviews indexed cated titles. In any case, Tisdel has chal- in BRD of 1956. This sample was to provide lenged supporters of the staff review with

NO VEMBER 1959 501 an objective study which should be examined lack of bibliographies and index should be by all librarians. noted. Since the original works were con- The last section of the book is a four- cerned with the years 1948, 1944-1955, and page statement by Boaz entitled "Some His- 1945-46, they already are historical. Despite torical Sidelights on Reviewing." It is frag- these limitations and the more serious ones mentary and personal, and omits important noted above, it should be emphasized that sources. Boaz makes a debatable defense book reviewing is so much a part of the li- of contemporary book reviewing and re- brarian's work that encouragement should viewers which is based on acquiescence in what she describes as the avoidance by most be given to studies of it in its various phases. readers of intellectually stimulating book Undoubtedly, refinements in methodology criticism. will be forthcoming.—Abraham N. Barnett, In regard to the book as a whole, the Purdue University Libraries.

Nominations Sought

Nominations are being sought for the 1960 Margaret Mann Citation award. Li- brarians who have made a distinquished contribution to the profession through cataloging and classification are eligible. The contribution may have been through publication of significant literature, participation in professional cataloging associations, or valuable contributions to practice in individual libraries. Nominees must be members of the Cataloging and Classification Section of the ALA Resources and Technical Services Division but may be nominated by any librarian or ALA member. All nominations, together with information upon which recommendation is based, should be made not later than January 1, 1960, to the chairman of the Section's Award of the Margaret Mann Citation Committee, Dale M. Bentz, associate director, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City. The Margaret Mann Citation, established by the ALA Division of Cataloging and Classification in 1950, has been presented at each of the ALA annual conferences since that time for outstanding professional achievement. Recipients of the award have been Andrew D. Osborn (1959), Esther J. Piercy (1958), David J. Hay- kin (1957), Susan Grey Akers (1956), Seymour Lubetzky (1955), Pauline A. See- ly (1954), Maurice F. Tauber (1953), Marie Louise Prevost (1952), and Lucile M. Morsch (1951).

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Edited by DR. RALPH B. WINN, with a Foreword by Professor John Herman Randall, Jr.

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PHILOSOPHICAL LIBRARY STANDARD WOOD PRODUCTS CORP. 15 East 40th Street LIBRARY DIVISION New York 16, N.Y. 10 Columbus Circle • New York 19, N. Y. INDEX

College and Research Libraries

Volume 20, 1959 INDEX TO VOL. XX

Prepared by Richard Schimmelpfeng

ABBREVIATIONS Standard abbreviations for names of organizations, ALA, ACRL, LC, etc., arc alphabetised as if spelled out. Other abbreviations: appt. —appointment cat.(s) —catolog(s) coll. —college l.(s), ln.(s) —library (ies), librarian (s) port. —portrait ref. —reference rev. •—review (er) univ. •—university

A B c "Academic and research Is. in In- Backus, Oswald P., "Recent ex- Cahoon, Herbert, rev., 419 dia," McNeal, 243-46. periences with Soviet ls. and ar- Cammack, Floyd, rev., 83. Acquisitions, gifts, collections, 66; chives: uncommon resources and "Carpenter Hall—Cornell's new 142; 224-25; 308-09; 285-86; potential for exchange" 469-73, engineering 1., Poor, 202-04, 234. 477. 499. Catalog Use Study, ALA, RTSD, ALA, RTSD, Cataloging and Bahnsen, Jane C., "Collections in Cataloging and Classification Sec- Classification Section, Policy and the Univ. of North Carolina L. tion, Policy and Research Com- Research Committee, Catalog Use before 1830," 125-29. mittee, director's report by Sid- Study, rev. of, 84-85. Ballou, Hubbard W., rev., 417-18. ney L. Jackson, ed. by Vaclav ALA, RTSD, Committee on Re- Barnett, Abraham, "The univ. stu- Mostecky, rev. of, 84-85. sources, Sub-committee on Micro- dent and the ref. In.," 321-24; Cataloging-in-source, 196. publishing Projects, 124. rev., 500-02. Catalogs, card, use of, 9-14, 62. Appointments, 71-73; 149-51; 231- Baum, Joan H., rev., 257-58. "The cause that refreshes: reading, 32; 314; 396-98; 482-85. Beatty, William K., "The Medi- 'riting, and rebellion," Harwell, Ashton, Jonathan R., appt. & port., cal L. of the Univ. of Missouri," 281-88. 481. 205-09, 221. Chapin, Richard E., appt. & port., ACRL Board of Directors, meet- Belknap, Richard H., "Research ls. 149. ing, Chicago, Jan. 29, 30, 1959, and scientific publishers," 353- Ciolli, Antoinette, "A coll. 1. re- brief of minutes, 154-56; Wash- 54, 382. ports on its freshman lecture ington, June 24, 1959, brief of Bell, Martha S., "Special women's program," 474-76. minutes, 317-18, 328-29. collections in U. S. Is.," 235-42. Classification for International Law ACRL, Committee on Standards, Die Bibliotheksrdume der deutschcn and Relations, 2d ed., rev. and "Standards for coll. Is.," 273-80. Klostcr im Mittelalter, Leh- enl., Schwerin, rev. of, 259. ACRL, Rare Books Section, con- mann, rev. of, 416. "Colgate Univ.'s new 1.: a dy- ference, June 18-20, 1959, an- Birnbaum, Henry, rev., 325-26; namic program," Iiams, 212-14. nouncement, 8; report, 320. "The research 1. and the schol- "Collections in the Univ. of North ACRL, Subject Specialists Section, ar," 355-64. Carolina L. before 1830," Bahn- by-laws, 75-77. Boaz, Martha, Reviews in L. Book sen, 125-29. ACRL, Subject Specialists Section, Selection, rev. of, 500-02. "College and univ. 1. statistics, Sub-section of Art Lns., 157. Book reproduction, 111-17. 1957/58," 27-51. ACRL, Univ. Ls. Section, 487-99. Books Are Being Read, Jones, rev. "A college 1. reports on its fresh- ACRL, Univ. Ls. Section, Commit- of, 416-17. man lecture program," Sellers tee on Academic Status, "Status Books received, 261-62; 420-21. and Ciolli, 474-76. of coll. and univ. Ins.," 399-400. Brackett, Thelma, "Under one College Is., standards, 273-80. ACRL grants, 63-65; 74; 307; 352. roof: the Univ. of New Hamp- Columbia Univ., Bureau of Ap- "The ACRL grants program: a re- shire's new 1.," 197-201, 211. plied Social Research, The Flow port of its first four years," Brown, Charles Harvey, 251. of Information among Scientists: Jackson, 401-11. Brown, Edna Mae, "New periodi- Problems, Opportunities, and Re- ACRL meetings at Washington, cals,'" 135-41; 365-68, 382. search Questions, rev. of, 163- June, 1959, announcements, 222- Buildings, 66-67; 142-43; 217-20; 64; comment by H. Menzel, 23; report, 316-17. 225; 309; 386-87; 477. 419-20. ACRL Microcard Series, 411; ab- The Columbia Univ. Ls.: a Report stracts of titles, 260. Buildings and Equipment Institute, on Present and Future Needs ACRL officers, 1959/60, 319. June 18-20, 1959, announcement, Prepared for the President's ACRL officers (nominees), 1959/60, 242. Committee on the Educational 158-59. Byrd, Cecil K., rev., 81-82; Future of the Univ., By the ACRL meeting, Chicago, Jan. 26, "School for administrators: the Subcommittee on the Univ. Ls., 1959, 156/57; Washington, June Rutgers-Carnegie project," 130- Tauber, Cook and Logsdon, rev. 21, 1959, 381. 33, 153. of, 81-82. Connolly, Brendan C., appt., 396. Grants, 225-26; 280; 309-10; 387- K Cook, C. Donald, The Columbia 89; ACRL grants, 63-65; 74; Univ. Ls., rev. of, 81-82. 307; 352. Keller, Alton H., necrology, 152- Cornell Univ., Carpenter Hall, 53. 202-04, 234. "Kent State Univ. L. expanded by Cousins, Norman, "The 1. in the H addition," Detz, 215-16, 234. modern world," 454-58. Knapp, Patricia B., rev., 416-17. Cox, James C., appt. & port., 395- Hankins, Frank D., comment on 96. "Human relations training for L lns.,?" (v. 19), 165-66. "The harassed humanities," Schor- Lehmann, Edgar, Die Bibliotheks- D er, 101-10, 134. raume der deutschen Kloster im Harmsen, Tyrus George, appt. & Mittelalter, rev. of, 416. Dahl, Svend, History of the Book, port., 393-94. Library administration, 130-33, rev. of, 86-90. Hart, Harry W.. rev.. 258-59. 153. Daily, Jay Elwood, appt., 396. Harwell, Richard B., "The cause Library extension service, 300-06. Dalton, Jack, appt. & port., 394. that refreshes: reading, 'riting, "The library in the modern world," Danton, J. Periam, "Doctoral Study and rebellion," 281-88. Cousins, 454-58. in lnship in the U.S.," 435-53, Hawken, William R., "Develop- Library organizations, 487-95; 496- 458. ments in xerography: Copyflo, 99. Detz, Robert J., "Kent State Univ. electrostatic prints, and O-P Library orientation, 474-76. L. expanded by addition," 215- books," 111-17. Library Research in Progress, an- 16, 234. Hayes, Thomas S., necrology, 315. nouncement, 387. "Developments in xerography: Hertel, Robert R., appt. & port., "Library resources for classical Copyflo, electrostatic prints, and 480. studies," Jackson, 459-68, 486. O-P books," Hawken, 111-17. Hirsch, Rudolf, rev., 416. Library standards, 273-80. Diringer, David, The Illuminated History of the Book, Dahl, rev. of, Lilley, Oliver L., rev., 82-83. Book: Its History and Produc- 86-90. Littleton, I. T., "The off-campus tion, rev. of, 86-90. Hitchcock, Jennette E., "Objec- 1. services of univs.," 300-06. "Doctoral dissertations in lnship, tive subjectivity: four-year re- Logsdon, Richard H., "National L. 1930-1959," a bibliography, 450- port on starred subject cards," Week, 1959," 7-8; The Colum- 53, 458. 9-14, 62. bia Univ. Ls., rev. of, 81-82. "Doctoral study in lnship in the "Human relations training for Louisiana. Northwestern State Coll. U.S.," Danton, 435-53, 458.. Ins.?" (v. 19), Anderson and L„ 210-11. Dorking Conference, Proceedings, Kell, comment by Frank D. Louisiana. State Univ. L., 194-96, 1957, rev. of, 164-65. Hankins, 165-66. 221. Downs, Robert B., ed., The Status The Humanities, the Sciences, and Lundy, Frank A., "Philosophical of American Coll. and Univ. the L. in the Southeast: Proceed- concepts of professional organi- Lns., rev. of, 160-61. ings of the First Southern Coll. zation," 487-95. Dubester, Henry, rev., 254-55. and Research L. Workshop, Luther, Frederick, Microfilm: a Dysinger, Robert E., "The re- June 26, 1958, rev. of, 418. History, 1839-1900, rev. of, 417- search 1. in the undergraduate 18. coll.," 383-84. Lyle, Guy R., rev., 160-61. I E M Iiams, Thomas Marion, "Colgate McComb, Ralph W„ "The pro- Eastern Coll. Lns. Conference, Univ.'s new 1.: a dynamic professional organization and man- 45th, Nov. 28, 1959, announce- gram," 212-14; necrology & agement," 496-99. ment, 495. port., 486. Mack, James D., "A view of the Egan, Margaret, necrology, 151-52. The Illuminated Book: Its History International Conference on Sci- Eleven Years of Bible Biblio- and Production, Diringer, rev. entific Information," 15-16. graphy: the Book Lists of the of, 86-90. McNeal, Archie L., "Academic Society for Old Testament Study, Indian Is., 243-46. and research ls. in India," 243- 1946-56, Rowley, ed., rev. of, Information and Communication 46. 326-27. Practice in Industry, Singer, ed., Manuscript Collections in the Co- English Ls., 1800-1850, Oldman, rev. of, 161-62. lumbia Univ. Ls.: a Descriptive Munford and Nowell-Smith, rev. Information Storage and Retrieval List, rev. of, 419. of, 500. •—Theory, Systems, and Devices, Marshall, John David, rev., 418. Estes, David E., "Government Taube and Wooster, eds., rev. Marwick, Lawrence, rev., 326-27. publications in the classroom," of, 254-55. Maryland. Univ. L., 189-93. 78-80. International Conference on Scien- Matthews, Sidney E., appt. & port., Extension service, 300-06. tific Information, 1958. 15-16. 481-82. International Study Conference on Mearns, David C., "To be endur- Classification for Information ing: the National Union Cat. of Retrieval, Proceedings, 1957, Manuscript Collections," 341-46. rev. of, 164-65. F "The Medical L. of the Univ. of Introduction to Mass Communica- Missouri," Beatty, 205-09, 221. Farmington Plan, 156-57. tions Research, Nafziger and Menzel, Herbert, comment on rev., Flasche, Hans, Romance Lan- White, eds., rev. of, 162-63. 419-20. guages and Literatures as Pre- Merritt, LeRoy Charles, rev., 162- sented in German Doctoral Dis- 63; Reviews in L. Book Selec- sertations, 1885-1950, rev. of, 83. tion, rev. of, 500-02. The Flow of Information among J Meyer, Robert S., rev., 84-85. Scientists: Problems, Opportuni- Jackson, Sidney L., Catalog Use Michigan. Univ. Undergraduate ties, and Research Questions, Study, rev. of, 84-85. L„ 179-88. Columbia Univ., Bureau of Ap- Jackson, William Vernon, Studies Microfilm: a History, 1839-1900, plied Social Research, rev. of, Luther, rev. of, 417-18. 163-64; comment by H. Menzel, in L. Resources, rev. of, 258-59; 419-20. "The ACRL grants program: a Miles, Paul M., appt. & port., 313. report of its first four years," Missouri. Univ. Medical L., 205- Foreign Is., personnel news, 153; 401-11; "L. resources for class- 09, 221. 233-34; 398; 485. ical studies," 459-68, 486. "More 1. for your building dollar: Forman, Sidney, rev., 500. the Univ. of Maryland experi- Frick, Bertha M., rev., 86-90. Jahoda, Gerald, rev., 161-62. Jelavich, Charles, "Slavic studies ence," Rovelstad, 189-93. and 1. acquisitions," 118-24. Morris, Deborah, necrology, 153. Johnson, Robert K., appt., 231. Mostecky, Vaclav, ed., Catalog G Jones, Nora E., Books Are Being Use Study, rev. of, 84-85; rev., Read, rev. of, 416-17. 259. "Government publications in the "Junior coll. 1. statistics, 1957/58," Munford, W. A., English Ls., classroom," Estes, 78-80. 56-61. 1800-1850, rev. of, 500. N "The research 1, in the undergrad- Teachers coll. 1. statistics, 1957/ uate coll.," Dysinger, 383-84. 58," 50-55. Nafziger, Ralph O., ed., Intro- Retirements, 73; 151; 232-33; 315; "There is no end," Vosper, 369-81. duction to Mass Communications 398; 485. Thompson, Lawrence S., "Recent Research, rev. of, 162-63. Reviews in L. Book Selection, foreign books on the graphic "National L. Week, 1959," Logs- Merritt, Boaz and Tisdel, rev. arts, bibliography, and 1. sci- don, 7-8. of, 500-02. ence," rev. articles, 247-51; 412- "The National Union Cat. of Richards, Benjamin B., appt. & 15. Manuscript Collections," Mearns, port., 230. Tisdel, Kenneth S., Reviews in L. 341-46. Romance Languages and Litera- Book Selection, rev. of, 500-02. Necrology, 73; 151-53; 233; 315; tures as Presented in German "To be enduring: the National 398; 486. Doctoral Dissertations, 1885- Union Cat. of Manuscript Col- New Hampshire, Univ. L., 197- 1950, Flasche, rev. of, 83. lections," Mearns, 341-46. 201, 211. Rovelstad, Howard, "More 1. for Towne, Jackson E., retirement, "The new L.S.U. Library in ac- your building dollar: the Univ. 151. tion," Smith, 194-96, 221. of Maryland experience," 189- "Translations of Soviet publica- "New periodicals," Brown, 135-41; 93. tions," Ruggles, 347-52. 365-68, 382. Rowley, H. H., ed., Eleven Years "News from the field," 66-69; of Bible Bibliography; the Books 142-48; 224-29; 308-12; 385-92; Lists of the Society for Old Tes- 477-79. tament Study, 1946-56, rev. of, U North Carolina. Univ. L., 125-29. 326-27. "Under one roof: the Univ. of Nowell-Smith, S., English Ls., Ruggles, Melville J., Translations 1800-1850, rev. of, 500. of Soviet publications," 347-52. New Hampshire's new 1.," Brack- Russian Is., 469-73, 499. ets 197-201, 211. "The Undergraduate L. of the O Univ. of Michigan," Wagman, 179-88. "Objective subjectivity: four-year S U. S. Librarian of Congress, An- report on starred subject cards," nual Report, 1957/58, rev. of, Hitchcock, 9-14, 62. Schick, Frank L., appt., 70-71; The Paperbound Book in Amer- 325-26.. "The off-campus 1. services of "The university student and the univs.," Littleton, 300-06. ica: the History of Paperbacks and Their European Background, ref. In.," Barnett, 321-24. Oldman, C. B„ English Ls., 1800- The Uses of Bibliography to the 1850, rev. of, 500. rev. of, 252-54. "School for administrators: the Students of Literature and His- Rutgers-Carnegie project," Byrd, tory, Willoughby, rev. of, 82-83. P 130-33, 153. Schorer, Mark, "The harassed The Paperbound Book in America: humanities," 101-10, 134. V the History of Paperbacks and Schwerin, Kurt, Classification for Their European Background, International Law and Relations, "A view of the International Con- Schick, rev. of, 252-54. 2d ed., rev. and enl., rev. of, ference on Scientific Informa- A Passion for Books, Powell, rev. 259. tion," Mack, 15-16. of, 255-56. Sellers, Rose Z., "A coll. 1. reports Voigt, Melvin J., appt. & port., Periodicals, new titles, 135-41; on its freshman lecture pro- 393. 365-68, 382. gram," 474-76. Vosper, Robert, "There is no end," Personnel, 70-73; 149-53; 230-33; Shank, Russell, appt. & port., 480- 369-81. 313-15; 393-98; 480-86. 81. Personnel in foreign Is., 153; 233- Shaw, Ralph R., rev., 163-64. 34; 398; 485. Singer, T. E. R., ed., Information W "Philosophical concepts of profes- and Communication Practice in sional organization," Lundy, Industry, rev. of, 161-62. Wagman, Frederick H., "The Un- 487-95. Skipper, James E., appt. & port., dergraduate L. of the Univ. of Plummer, John, Manuscripts from 395. Michigan," 179-88. the William S. Glazier Collec- "Slavic studies and 1. acquisitions," Watson, Eugene P., "The remod- tion, rev. of, 257-58. Jelavich, 118-24. eled 1. building at Northwestern Poole, Frazer G., appt., 321. Smith, Sidney Butler, "The new State Coll. of Louisiana," 210- Poor, Jeanette, "Carpenter Hall— L.S.U. Library in action," 194- 11. Cornell's new engineering 1.," 96, 221. Weinstein, Frederic D., rev., 164- 202-04, 234. "Space problems of large (gen- 65. Powell, Lawrence C., A Passion eral) research Is.: report of a White, David M., Introduction to for Books, rev. of, 255-56. meeting," 217-20. Mass Communications Research, "The professional organization and "Special women's collections in rev. of, 162-63. management," McComb, 496-99. U. S. Is.," Bell, 235-42. Wilder, David T„ appt., 482. Pullen, William R., appt. & port., "Standards for coll. Is.," 273-80. Williams, Gordon R., appt. & port., 70. Stanford Univ. Ls., Technical In- 230-31. formation Service, 167. Willoughby, Edwin Eliot, The Statistics, 27-51; teachers coll. Is., Uses of Bibliography to the Stu- R 50-55; jr. coll. Is., 56-61. dents of Literature and History, Reagan, Agnes Lytton, A Study of The Status of American Coll. and rev. of, 82-83. Factors Influencing Coll. Stu- Univ. Lns., Downs, ed., rev. of, Wilson, Eugene H., rev., 85-86. dents to Become Lns., rev. of, 160-61. Winchell, Constance M., "Selected 85-86. "Status of coll. and univ. Ins.," ref. books," 17-26; 289-99, 329. "Recent experiences with Soviet ls. 399-400. Wood, Jennings, appt. & port., 313. and archives: uncommon re- Studies in L. Resources, Jackson, Wooster, Harold, edv Information sources and potential for ex- rev. of, 258-59. Storage and Retrieval—Theory, change," Backus, 469-73, 499. A Study of Factors Influencing Systems, and Devices, rev. of, "Recent foreign books on the Coll. Students to Become Lns., 254-55. graphic arts, bibliography, and 1. Reagan, rev. of, 85-86. science," rev. articles, Thomp- Sullivan, Howard A., rev., 252-54. son, 247-51; 412-15. X "Reference books," Winchell, 17- 26; 289-99, 329. T Xerography, 111-17. "The remodeled 1. building at Northwestern State Coll. of Taube, Mortimer, ed., Information Louisiana," Watson, 210-11. Storage and Retrieval—Theory, Y "Research ls. and scientific pub- Systems, and Devices, rev. of, lishers," Belknap, 353-54, 382. 254-55. Yale Univ. L., card cat., 9-14, 62. "The research 1. and the scholar," Tauber, Maurice F., The Columbia Young, Malcolm O., retirement, Birnbaum, 355-64. Univ. Ls., rev. of, 81-82. 232-33.

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