DOCSLIB.ORG

Effect of Group Logotherapy in Reducing Depression and Increasing Hope in Drug Addicts Mohamad Khaledian1, Masood Yarahmadi2, Hemn Mahmoudfakhe1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effect of Group Logotherapy in Reducing Depression and Increasing Hope in Drug Addicts Mohamad Khaledian1, Masood Yarahmadi2, Hemn Mahmoudfakhe1 Effect of group logotherapy in reducing depression and increasing hope in drug addicts Mohamad Khaledian1, Masood Yarahmadi2, Hemn Mahmoudfakhe1 Journal of Research & Health Abstract Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center Today, addiction is a major problem in human society, threatens Vol. 6, No. 1, Mar & Apr 2016 health of the community, family, and individual, and leads to loss Pages: 167-174 Original Article of personal, occupational, family and social achievements. This experimental pretest-posttest study with control group aimed to 1. Department of Psychology, School of determine the effect of group logotherapy in reducing depression Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran and increasing hope in drug addicts. From a total of 70 addicts, 2. Department of Law, School of Law, 60 were selected by random sampling method, and finally 20 Kermanshah Islamic Azad University, were selected with the highest scores in Beck's depression Kermanshah, Iran inventory and the lowest scores in Snyder’s adult hope scale, Correspondence to: Mohamad Khaledian, Department of Psychology, School of who were then randomly divided into control and trial groups. Psychology, Payame Noor University, The trial group received 10 sessions of group logotherapy, and Tehran, Iran the control group received no intervention at all. Data were Email: Mohamad_khaledian22@yahoo. com analyzed using descriptive and inferential (covariance analysis) statistics. Results showed significantly lower mean depression Received: 16 Jan 2014 scores, and significantly higher mean hope scores in posttest in Accepted: 18 Mar 2014 trial group compared to control group. According to results, it How to cite this article: Khaledian M, can be concluded that group logotherapy is effective in reducing Yarahmadi M, Mahmoudfakhe H. Effect of group logotherapy in depression and hope in depression and increasing hope in drug addicts. drug addicts. J Research & Health2016; 6(1): 167-174. Keywords: Addiction, Depression, Hopefulness, Logotherapy, Opiates Introduction Drug addiction is a global problem, and somehow the world health organization, adolescents’ involves every country; each adopting different needs, tendencies and behavioral patterns are solutions according to its own economic, social changing in parallel to progress of societies, and cultural infrastructures [1]. In today's and the pattern of drug abuse among youths is world, addiction is the biggest social problem, rapidly changing from traditional to industrial with increasing spread among the youth. Use of drugs across the globe, including in Iran and addictive substances has a long history in Iran, its capital, Tehran. UN office on drugs and and the plants from which substances such as Crime in Iran has warned about the spread opium and cannabis are produced are native of industrial drugs in Iran [2]. Nothing has to Iran; however, according to statistics and ever threatened human society like addiction. reports from international institutions such as Despite dangers and side-effects of addiction, Group therapy on depression and life hope victims of this deadly trap are increasing daily, paths toward desired goals, and necessary and witnessing its frightening scenes is not motivation for using these paths. Hope is deemed serious by other people, especially the powerful only when it includes worthwhile youth [3]. Given the lowering age of addiction, goals, and when there is possibility to achieve human and material costs of fighting the them in medium-term, despite challenging but supply and distribution of drugs, physical and feasible obstacles [7]. Hopelessness causes psychological complications, spending a lot the individuals to be passive, so they cannot of time and money, low success rate, and lack assess their different situations or make of rehabilitation motivation for addicts who decisions about them. Hopelessness leaves the receive treatment only to relieve withdrawal individuals defenseless and trapped against symptoms, has led to unfavorable outcomes of stressors, and weakens their problem-solving addicts’ treatment. Moreover, studies show that skills. It further makes them constantly assess 20% to 90% of addicts undergoing medication their experiences negatively and incorrectly, therapy relapse [4]. Review of previous studies and consider worrying outcomes for their shows that without psychosocial interventions, problems [10]. maintenance medication therapy is not very One of the strategies to reduce hopelessness and successful, due to emphasis on medication only depression in people is through logotherapy, [5]. It seems rehabilitation and harm reduction which is an existential approach that provides centers need psychological therapies to change an excellent philosophical and theoretical attitude of drug abusers. Thus, the need for context for teamwork. Group logotherapy psychological and non-medication therapies is can prepare the conceptual structure to help felt more than ever before [6]. patients in the challenge to find meaning Beck defines depression as a disorder that in their lives [11]. Thus, logotherapy is a involves changes in emotional, motivational, method that steers the patient toward finding behavioral, cognitive, and physical domains. meaning of life. The principle of logotherapy Depression is a state of sadness and boredom, is an endeavor to find meaning in life, which and as an illness, it involves a wide range of is the most essential motivational force in mood disorders with many forms. The central human being [12]. Frankl argues that there is features of depression include profound loss nothing in the world that can help mankind of desire for normal pleasurable activities more than finding his existential "meaning" such as friendly talks, leisure, exercise, food [13]. Frankl is of the opinion that a sense of and libido. Anhedonia is a penetrating and meaninglessness is a major existential neurosis persistent state, and its severity depends on in modern life. Meaninglessness leads to the number of symptoms and their depth. In emptiness or a condition that Frankl refers some people, facing obstacles causes a kind of to as existential emptiness. Since there is no depression, in which a sense of abandonment, predetermined plan in life, people are faced vacuum, and harsh memories of separations are with the task of creating their own meaning. revived [7]. Aging, loss of dear ones, especially Sometimes, people with a sense of emptiness, spouses, distance from children, chronic avoid any attempt to create a purposeful life. diseases, use of various medications, cognitive Experiencing meaninglessness and forming decline, and natural and biological factors are values that are part of a meaningful life are all predisposing factors for depression and issues that should be raised in counseling anxiety in the elderly [8]. The theory of hope sessions. The new concept of "logotherapy" was proposed by Snyder, and provides an was created to help patients to find meaning important framework for understanding hope in in life [14]. Yalum and Frankl basically counseling and clinical works [9]. Hope is one expect that like pleasure, meaning should be of the concepts in teachings of Quran and Islam. implicitly sought. Finding meaning in life Hope is a set of personal capabilities for creating results from engagement that is a sense of 168 Khaledian et al commitment to creating, loving, working, and group logotherapy effective in increasing constructing [15]. hope in drug addicts"? Results of a study by Mohrinejad and Rajabi- Moghadam on the efficacy of logotherapy in Method increasing hope in addicts passing a short-term This is a pretest-posttest experimental study rehabilitation program confirmed the efficacy of with a control group. Study population logotherapy [16]. Results of a study by Garfami consisted of 70 drug addicts attending et al, on the effect of group logotherapy in methadone-therapy center in Gharveh (the reducing symptoms of psychological problems west of Iran) 2013, of whom, a sample of 60 in women with breast cancer showed reduction was randomly selected according to Chrissie- in psychological disorders including depression Morgan Table [21]. Then, 20 with the highest in these women [17]. Similarly, Moshtaghi et al scores in depression scale and the lowest [18]. study on the effect of group logotherapy scores in hope scale were selected, who were in improving psychological health of the blind then randomly divided into control and trial in Isfahan showed enhanced psychological groups. The trial group received 10 sessions health and reduced depression in this group of group logotherapy based on Frankl theory, [18]. In a study by Shoaa-Kazemi and Saadati but the control group received no intervention. [12], hopelessness in women with cancer Study instruments: In this study, data were was reduced after teaching them logotherapy collected using two questionnaires: dimensions (responsibility, freedom, value, and 1. The revised Beck's Depression Inventory …) [12]. In Gholami et al [19]. study, life and (BDI-II): A 21-item, self-reporting questionnaire, general health were improved and depression designed to assess depression, with 4 options for was reduced in female thalassemia patients as each item, and scores ranging from 0 to 3, with a result of group logotherapy [19]. Results of a overall score from 0 to 63. Beck believes that study by Ghanbari, Zarandi and Godarzi [20] the revised version is able to show severity of showed improved general health and reduced depression
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The History and Philosophy of Health Psychology And
    Revista Psicologia e Saúde. DOI: hƩ p://dx.doi.org/10.20435/pssa.v10i2.693 25 Mind the Gap: The History and Philosophy of Health Psychology and Mindfulness Atenção aos Detalhes: A História e Filosofi a da Psicologia da Saúde e Mindfulness Ojo a los Detalles: Historia y Filosoİ a de la Psicología de la Salud y Mindfulness Shayna Fox Lee1 York University, Canada Jacy L. Young Abstract The recent surge in popularity of the concept ‘mindfulness’ in academic, professional, and popular psychology has been remarkable. The ease with which mindfulness has gained trac on in the health sciences and cultural imagina on makes it apparent mindfulness is well-suited to our current social climate, appealing to both, experts and laypeople. As a subdiscipline established rela vely late in the twen eth century, health psychology has a unique rela onship to mindfulness. This ar cle elucidates the shared roots between health psychology and mindfulness as a psychological construct and fi eld of research, providing a frame of reference for the ways in which health psychology and mindfulness share similar theore cal and methodological challenges that aff ect their integra on into health, social systems, and services. Keywords: mindfulness, history, philosophy Resumo O recente aumento na popularidade do conceito mindfulness (plena atenção) tem sido notado signifi ca vamente na área acadêmica e professional da psicologia. O termo tem se fortalecido nas ciências da saúde, além do imaginário cultural para expressar um contexto contemporâneo da sociedade, atraindo tanto especialistas quanto leigos. Sendo uma sub-área estabelecida rela vamente tardia no fi nal do século XX, a psicologia da saúde tem uma relação singular com o conceito.
    [Show full text]
  • When Psychometrics Meets Epidemiology and the Studies V1.Pdf
    When psychometrics meets epidemiology, and the studies which result! Tom Booth [email protected] Lecturer in Quantitative Research Methods, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh Who am I? • MSc and PhD in Organisational Psychology – ESRC AQM Scholarship • Manchester Business School, University of Manchester • Topic: Personality psychometrics • Post-doctoral Researcher • Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh. • Primary Research Topic: Cognitive ageing, brain imaging. • Lecturer Quantitative Research Methods • Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh • Primary Research Topics: Individual differences and health; cognitive ability and brain imaging; Psychometric methods and assessment. Journey of a talk…. • Psychometrics: • Performance of likert-type response scales for personality data. • Murray, Booth & Molenaar (2015) • Epidemiology: • Allostatic load • Measurement: Booth, Starr & Deary (2013); (Unpublished) • Applications: Early life adversity (Unpublished) • Further applications Journey of a talk…. • Methodological interlude: • The issue of optimal time scales. • Individual differences and health: • Personality and Physical Health (review: Murray & Booth, 2015) • Personality, health behaviours and brain integrity (Booth, Mottus et al., 2014) • Looking forward Psychometrics My spiritual home… Middle response options Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree Strong Disagree Disagree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly Agree Agree Unsure Disagree Strong Disagree
    [Show full text]
  • Health Psychology 19
    PSY_C19.qxd 1/2/05 3:52 pm Page 408 Health Psychology 19 CHAPTER OUTLINE LEARNING OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION HEALTH BELIEFS AND BEHAVIOURS Behaviour and mortality The role of health beliefs Integrated models ILLNESS BELIEFS The dimensions of illness beliefs A model of illness behaviour Health professionals’ beliefs THE STRESS–ILLNESS LINK Stress models Does stress cause illness? CHRONIC ILLNESS Profile of an illness Psychology’s role FINAL THOUGHTS SUMMARY REVISION QUESTIONS FURTHER READING PSY_C19.qxd 1/2/05 3:52 pm Page 409 Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter you should appreciate that: n health psychologists study the role of psychology in health and wellbeing; n they examine health beliefs as possible predictors of health-related behaviours; n health psychology also examines beliefs about illness and how people conceptualize their illness; n a health professional’s beliefs about the symptoms, the illness or the patient can have important implications; n stress is the product of the interaction between the person and their environment – it can influence illness and the stress–illness link is influenced by coping and social support; n beliefs and behaviours can influence whether a person becomes ill in the first place, whether they seek help and how they adjust to their illness. INTRODUCTION Health psychology is a relatively recent yet fast- reflects the biopsychosocial model of health and growing sub-discipline of psychology. It is best illness that was developed by Engel (1977, understood by answering the following questions: 1980). Because, in this model, illness biopsychosocial the type of inter- n What causes illness and who is responsible is regarded as the action between biological factors (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Health Psychology Fellowship
    Clinical Health Psychology Fellowship APA-ACCREDITED CLINICAL HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY FELLOWSHIP AT THE MAYO CLINIC APA-Accredited Clinical Health Psychology Fellowship at the Mayo Clinic The Clinical Health Psychology Fellowship is one of three tracks offered in the Medical Psychology Post-Doctoral Fellowship at Mayo Clinic. This APA-Accredited Fellowship is the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, which is one of the largest psychiatric treatment groups in the United States, with more than 80 psychologists and psychiatrists. The two-year fellowship includes clinical activities, 30% protected time for research, educational activities, as well as opportunities for teaching/leadership. The Clinical Health Psychology Fellowship offers both breadth and depth in health psychology training. Fellows choose a specialty area (“major rotation”) in which they focus the majority of their clinical and research work. Fellows receive their clinical supervision and research mentorship in their specialty area. In addition, fellows can obtain broad training through several minor rotations. The rotational schedule is flexible based on the fellows’ interests and goals. All major rotation areas are also offered as minor rotations. “Fellows are able to complete minor rotations in each specialty area during the two-year fellowship, or they may choose to focus on their major area of concentration.” Many of our faculty hold leadership positions in the department and the institution, offering our fellows formal and informal professional development opportunities to learn about the role of the Clinical Health Psychologist within an academic medical center setting. Our faculty includes individuals from diverse cultural and clinical training backgrounds. We strongly encourage diverse applicants to apply to our program, including international applicants.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Justice: What Has Health Psychology Contributed?
    3 THE EUROPEAN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGIST Volume 13, March 2011 ask the expert Social Justice: What Has Health Psychology Contributed? Anthony Montgomery University of Macedonia, Greece The current economic crisis in Europe behoves all organisations to re-examine the contribution that they make to society. Put simply, society wants to know if it is getting value for money from the services and organisations they fund. The EHPS is predominately populated by university employees whose salaries are (typically) funded by taxpay- ers. Thus, the need for Health Psychology to be relevant has never been more important. The present article was prompted, in some part, by the thought provoking keynote speech by Prof. Michael Murray (EHPS Cluj; 2010), whereby Michael suggested that Health Psychology has a weak ego and challenged us all to ruminate on how our ac- tivities impact upon society. This is a good question, and deserves an answer. With all the aforementioned in mind, I have approached a sample of senior health psychologists to ascertain their personal experiences of how their own careers have contributed to social justice in the world. The following arti- cle represents their responses to the following question: “Looking back on your career, in what way has your own work contributed to social justice in the world?” What is social justice? Social justice involves creat- ing a society based on principles of equality and solidarity, that understands and values human rights, and that recog- nises the dignity of every human being. At its 2007 World Summit for Social Development, the United Nations pro- claimed 20 February as World Day of Social Justice.
    [Show full text]
  • Schonfeld, I. S. and Chang, C.: Occupational Health Psychology. Springer Publishing Company, New York, 2017, 355 Pp, $50.20 (Softbound)
    Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation (2019) 29:239 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-018-9817-3 BOOK REVIEW Schonfeld, I. S. and Chang, C.: Occupational Health Psychology. Springer Publishing Company, New York, 2017, 355 pp, $50.20 (softbound) Bruce A. Barron1 Published online: 31 October 2018 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018 The psychology of work is critical to employee mental and a wealth of relevant information regarding workplace vio- physical health. Occupational health psychology (OHP) is lence, organizational climate and leadership, occupational a complex subject because the mental health of employees safety, work–life balance, and practical primary, secondary, not only impacts workplace performance and productivity; and tertiary OHP interventions. workplace stressors can adversely affect worker psychologi- Overall, the text is expertly written by authoritative cal and physical well-being. Therefore, understanding occu- authors. Although published for undergraduate and gradu- pational health psychology is critically important regarding ate survey courses, the authors’ assessment of depression, employee primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of burnout, and other employee health conditions in addition work-related injuries and illnesses. One of the major goals to workplace factors such as organization and leadership of Occupational Health Psychology is to provide the reader should prove useful to most occupational health profession- with relevant information that will further their knowledge als, disability case managers, and others interested in maxi- in this interdisciplinary subfield of psychology. mizing employee well-being, performance, and productivity Occupational Health Psychology is a comprehensive text as well as minimizing work-related injury, illness, and dis- that is logically organized into 11 chapters.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychology Internship Training Program 2022-2023
    Updated July 2021 Psychology Internship Training Program 2022-2023 Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System (CAVHS) Accredited by: THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) For information regarding APA accreditation of this or other internships, please contact: Office of Program Consultation and Accreditation, American Psychological Association, 750 First Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242, phone: (202) 336-5979. This internship program, as a member of the Association of Psychology Pre-doctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC), adheres to APPIC policy regarding offers and acceptances for training. For more information, please contact: Dr. Courtney Ghormley at [email protected] Table of Contents Life in Little Rock...............................................................................................................................................................................6 About Our Medical Center…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....10 Population Served……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........10 Services Provided…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...10 History of Training………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………11 VHA Mission…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..11 VHA Vision…….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….11 VA Core Values……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....11 Facilities…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....12 North Little Rock Division…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12
    [Show full text]
  • American Board of Clinical Health Psychology Candidate Manual
    American Board of Clinical Health Psychology Candidate Manual American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) September 2018 Table of Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 4 Definition of the Specialty .................................................................................................... 4 Functional Competency Domains ........................................................................................ 4 Assessment ............................................................................................................. 4 Intervention .............................................................................................................. 5 Consultation ............................................................................................................. 5 Management/Administration .................................................................................... 6 Research and/or Evaluation …………………………………………………………….6 Supervision………………………………………………………………………………...6 Teaching…………………………………………………………………………………...6 Advocacy…………………………………………………………………………………..7 Foundational Competency Domains .................................................................................... 7 Professionalism ........................................................................................................ 7 Reflective Practice, Self-Assessment, and Self-Care .............................................. 7 Scientific
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6 Understanding and Promoting Physical Activity
    CHAPTER 6 UNDERSTANDING AND PROMOTING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Contents Introduction . 211 Theories and Models Used in Behavioral and Social Science Research on Physical Activity . 211 Learning Theories . 211 Health Belief Model . 213 Transtheoretical Model . 213 Relapse Prevention Model . 213 Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior . 213 Social Learning/Social Cognitive Theory . 214 Social Support . 214 Ecological Approaches . 214 Summary . 215 Behavioral Research on Physical Activity among Adults . 215 Factors Influencing Physical Activity among Adults . 215 Modifiable Determinants . 215 Determinants for Population Subgroups . 216 Summary . 217 Interventions to Promote Physical Activity among Adults . 217 Individual Approaches . 217 Interventions in Health Care Settings . 226 Community Approaches . 227 Worksite Programs . 229 Communications Strategies . 231 Special Population Programs . 232 Racial and Ethnic Minorities . 232 People Who Are Overweight . 232 Contents, continued Older Adults . 233 People with Disabilities . 233 Summary . 234 Behavioral Research on Physical Activity among Children and Adolescents . 234 Factors Influencing Physical Activity among Children and Adolescents . 234 Modifiable Determinants . 234 Determinants for Population Subgroups . 235 Summary . 236 Interventions to Promote Physical Activity among Children and Adolescents . 236 School Programs . 236 School-Community Programs . 242 Interventions in Health Care Settings . 242 Special Population Programs . 243 Summary . 243 Promising Approaches, Barriers, and Resources . 243 Environmental and Policy Approaches . 244 Community-Based Approaches . 245 Societal Barriers . 246 Societal Resources . 247 Summary . 248 Chapter Summary . 248 Conclusions . 249 Research Needs . 249 Determinants of Physical Activity . 249 Physical Activity Interventions . 249 References . 249 CHAPTER 6 UNDERSTANDING AND PROMOTING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Introduction some of these have been applied extensively in inter- s the benefits of moderate, regular physical vention research as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Compensatory Health Beliefs: Scale Development and Psychometric Properties
    Psychology and Health October 2004, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 607–624 COMPENSATORY HEALTH BELIEFS: SCALE DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES BA¨RBEL KNA¨UPER*, MARJORIE RABIAU, OSHRA COHEN and NICHOLAS PATRICIU Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1 (Received 18 June 2003; In final form 14 November 2003) Compensatory Health Beliefs (CHBs) are beliefs that the negative effects of an unhealthy behavior can be compensated for, or ‘‘neutralised,’’ by engaging in a healthy behavior. ‘‘I can eat this piece of cake now because I will exercise this evening’’ is an example of such beliefs. The present research describes a psycho- metric scale to measure CHBs (Study 1) and provides data on its reliability and validity (Studies 2 and 3). The results show that scores on the scale are uniquely associated with health-related risk behaviors and symp- tom reports and can be differentiated from a number of related constructs, including irrational health beliefs. Holding CHBs may hinder individuals from acquiring healthier lifestyles, for example lose weight or exercise. Keywords: Compensatory health beliefs; Irrational health beliefs; Anticipated pleasure; Self-efficacy; Dissonance; Health behavior INTRODUCTION In the past few decades, much attention has been focused on health behaviors and their consequences for health outcomes. Ample empirical evidence demonstrates that behavioral and life-style factors such as smoking, being overweight or obese, and lack of exercise are major determinants of morbidity and mortality (see McGinnis and Foege, 1993). People are quite knowledgeable about the maladaptive effects of over-consumption of food, nicotine, alcohol, and lack of exercise (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Deree College Syllabus For: 3/0/ 3
    DEREE COLLEGE SYLLABUS FOR: 3/0/ 3 PS 4 719 HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY LEVEL 6 (Previously PS 4219) UK CREDITS: 15 (Updated Spring 2019) PREREQUISITES: PS 1000 Psychology as a Natural Science – Level 4 PS 1001 Psychology as a Social Science – Level 4 PS 2047 Analysis of Behavioral Data – Level 4 PS 2207 Developmental Psychology Preschool Years – Level 4 PS 2236 Human Learning & Memory – Level 4 BI 1000 Introduction to Biology I – Level 4 PS 3630 Biopsychology – Level 5 CATALOG This module offers a critical understanding of the role of behaviour DESCRIPTION: in health and illness utilizing both quantitative and qualitative research findings. Current issues in health promotion and illness prevention, with emphasis on an integrated holistic approach. Stress and physical illness, hospitalisation, doctor-patient relationship, biopsychosocial aspects of pain, chronic illness, death and dying. RATIONALE: The discipline of health psychology has grown rapidly in recent years, allowing a resurgence of interest in developing approaches to the study of health and illness alternative to the traditional biomedical views. A module for senior psychology majors which utilizes the biopsychosocial model to describe how psychology and health are ultimately interconnected by presenting current research and controversies in the field, including the claims of contemporary qualitative research. LEARNING OUTCOMES: As a result of taking this course, the student should be able to: 1. Critically evaluate the application of the field based on systematic knowledge of the body's physical systems and the psychological factors influencing their function. 2. Demonstrate an understanding of effect of stress on various organic illnesses 3. Critically evaluate health-related behaviours: how they develop, and how they are maintained.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceived Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy and Health Behavior Theories
    Self-Efficacy, p. 1 Perceived Self-Efficacy Ralf Schwarzer Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany & Aleksandra Luszczynska University of Sussex, UK Self-Efficacy and Health Behavior Theories Most prominent health behavior theories include self-efficacy (or similar constructs). Self-efficacy is a proximal and direct predictor of intention and of behavior. According to Social Cognitive Theory (SCT; Bandura, 1997), a personal sense of control facilitates a change of health behavior. Self-efficacy pertains to a sense of control over one’s environment and behavior. Self-efficacy beliefs are cognitions that determine whether health behavior change will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and failures. Self-efficacy influences the effort one puts forth to change risk behavior and the persistence to continue striving despite barriers and setbacks that may undermine motivation. Self-efficacy is directly related to health behavior, but it also affects health behaviors indirectly through its impact on goals. Self-efficacy influences the challenges that people take on as well as how high they set their goals (e.g., “I intend to reduce my smoking,” or “I intend to quit smoking altogether”). Individuals with strong self-efficacy select more challenging goals (DeVellis & DeVellis, 2000). They focus on opportunities, not on obstacles (e.g., “At my university there is a smoking ban, anyway,” instead of “There are still a lot of ashtrays at my university.”). According to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1991), intention is the most proximal predictor of behavior. Cognitions that affect a specific intention are attitudes, Self-Efficacy, p.
    [Show full text]