Oxfam Humanitarian Response | Monthly Situation Report NO. 49 as of 30 November 2017

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Monthly Situation Report NO. 49 as of 30 November 2017

➢ Crisis Figures: Population of Yemen*: People in need of People in need of People in need of IDPs & 27.4 million WASH assistance*: food assistance*: health care*: returnees*: 15.7 million 17 million 14.8 million 2.9 million People in need of People in acute People in need of Women in need of protection*: humanitarian aid*: need*: protection*: 5.54 million 20.7 million 9.8 million 11.3 million Oxfam funding aim**: £28 million Targeted beneficiaries**: Reached beneficiaries**: Secured funding**: £27.668 million 1.2 million 1,691,678

* Source: UN OCHA. ** Oxfam’s figures as of June 2015

➢ Political and Humanitarian Context • The Saudi-led Coalition (SLC) announced on 5 November that all Yemeni land, sea and air ports will be closed temporarily, following a missile that was shot from northern Yemen and had targeted King Abdullah airport in Riyadh the day before. .1 Due to the closure of all Yemen ports, humanitarian and commercial flights were suspended from 6 November onwards. Airways announced that 5300 passengers were affected during that blockage.2 On 22 November, the SLC reopened port, and on 23 November, the land port with Saudi Arabia, al-Wadi’a was reopened as well. .3

• According to media reports, Saudi Arabia was willing to open all ports under the control of the Hadi government4 As for Sana’a airport, the blockade was lifted on 25 November for humanitarian flights only. During the blockade, the SLC targeted Sana’a airport with two airstrikes, destroying the VOR-DME radio navigation systems at the airport.5 The system was repaired, yet UNHAS said that it was not dependent on these and could operate regardless.6

1 http://www.arabnews.com/node/1189056/saudi-arabia 2 https://www.facebook.com/YemenAirways/photos/a.1014232491977031.1073741844.501927169874235/1502623 683137907/?type=3&theater 3 http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/yemen/saudi-yemen-land-border-crossing-opened-1.2122055 4 http://www.arabnews.com/node/1192901/saudi-arabia 5 https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/11/15/saudi-led-coalition-airstrike-destroys--airport- navigation-aids 6 https://sputniknews.com/world/201711151059106121-un-saudi-coalition-sanaa-strike/

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Oxfam Yemen Humanitarian Response | Monthly Situation Report NO. 49 as of 30 November 2017

• UN agencies and INGOs issued statements condemning the closure of Yemen’s ports and calling the SLC to reopen the ports to avoid the threat of famine. The blockade further worsened the already severe humanitarian situation in Yemen as prices increased by more than 100% for some commodities, and shortages of some goods were observed in local markets.

• WHO has recorded 971,727 AWD/cholera suspected cases and 2212 associated deaths as of 30 Nov.7 With the significant decrease of new cholera cases, the majority of cholera treatment centres, e.g. by MSF are reducing their capacity or closed.8

• The Ministry of Public Health and Population in Sana’a has called on all INGOs to provide medical supplies to save the lives of more than 600 renal patients in governorate as the dialysis centre has run out of supplies and closed its doors.9The Foreign Ministers of the QUINT countries (US, UK, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman) held a meeting on 29 November to discuss the political, humanitarian and security situation. They stressed the need for a political solution, and recognised that all sides need to show flexibility and abandon pre-conditions. The Ministers envisage regular meetings to coordinate approaches and identify concrete steps leading to a political settlement.10

• The Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Jamie McGoldrick, issued a statement condemning the continued causalities and violence against civilians in Yemen. He called all parties to the conflict to respect their commitments to the IHL.11

• The Revised YHRP 2017 is 60% funded as of the end of November 2017.12

➢ Advocacy Update

• Oxfam signed on to a joint letter to the UK Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Boris Johnson, before the Quint meeting, calling to push for lifting the blockade and pushing for peace in Yemen.13 But then the meeting was postponed, so we issued a statement on that occasion.14

• Oxfam organized a film screening event in Sana’a to show the five winning short films from the short film competition “Us against Cholera. Our chance to beat it”.15

• Oxfam issued a statement highlighting that millions of Yemenis are just days away from losing access to clean running water as the blockade continues causing severe fuel shortages,16 And supported two joint INGO

7 http://who-powerbi.net/bi/ 8 http://www.msf.org/en/article/yemen-msf-reduces-its-cholera-response-admissions-drop 9 http://www.saba.ye/ar/news479419.htm 10 https://osesgy.unmissions.org/ministers-quint-countries-meet-yemen 11 https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/statement-humanitarian-coordinator-yemen-jamie-mcgoldrick-continued- violence-affecting 12 https://fts.unocha.org/appeals/542/summary 13 https://drive.google.com/file/d/11je1sO1ozssWAQjFlmqAE0PGMdbpO5cb/view 14 https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2017-11-14/hasten-peace-or-be-complicit-in-yemen-famine 15 https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCd2rTC42UbC2_5h_f-WIhpg 16 https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2017-11-23/millions-yemenis-days-away-losing-clean- running-water

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Oxfam Yemen Humanitarian Response | Monthly Situation Report NO. 49 as of 30 November 2017

statements on the announcement of closing all Yemeni ports17, and its implication after the first 12 days of the blockade.18

➢ Protection Update

Our protection team in Aden implemented an awareness raising campaign with the theme “From peace at home to peace in the world, safe education for all” to mark the 16 Days of Activism against gender based violence in Aden, Abyan, Lahj and Al-Dhale’ governorates by organizing community engagement activities and by disseminating key messages. The campaign targeted 60 Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) with a one day orientation course to familiarize them with mechanisms and approaches they need to commit to during the implementation of their activities to avoid the occurrence of any gender based violence. Also, the campaign aimed to raise Figure 1: Community Health Volunteers attending the orientation course on gender and protection awareness among the inhabitants of the governorates of Lahj, mechanisms, Aden Gov. Aden, Abyan and Al-Dhale’ by broadcasting gender and protection based awareness through a local radio station, Radio Lana, for 16 days where radio spots are broadcasted three times a day. In addition to that, the team organized two house to house awareness campaigns reaching 7,000 HHs and 6,700 students (girls and boys) at their schools and 750 men at the .

➢ Partnership Update

Oxfam signed two MoUs under our cholera response interventions with two local partners (Bader Foundation for Development; All Girls Foundation) to carry out cholera response interventions in Hudaydah governorate. Furthermore, a sub-agreement with our local partner (National Foundation for Development and Humanitarian Response) was signed to implement WASH interventions in Khamer district in Amran Governorate.

Governorate Number of partners Field Aden 3 WASH, EFSVL, Gender Hudaydah 4 WASH, Gender Taiz 2 WASH, EFSVL, Sana'a 2 Gender Amran 1 WASH 2 WASH Total 14

17 https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2017-11-08/humanitarian-agencies-condemn-closure- yemens-air-sea-and-land 18 https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2017-11-17/yemen-12-days-blockade-were-are-running- out-fuel-food-and

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Oxfam Yemen Humanitarian Response | Monthly Situation Report NO. 49 as of 30 November 2017

➢ HAJJAH AND GOVERNORATES Total beneficiaries reached: 704,697 DISTRICTS: , Haradh, Hayran, Aflah Alyaman, Kuaidanah, Khairan Almuharaq, Alshahil (Hajjah). Al-Zuhrah, AlSukhnah, Hays, Al-Khokha (Hudaydah)

Food Security

Conditional Cash Transfer Grants for Livelihood: The EFSVL team has completed the payments for the livelihood support where 400 households (HHs), of which 142 are women-headed HHs, have received small grants from Oxfam to develop income generating activities. They were enrolled in a training course to build their capacities and develop their business plans. The Oxfam team is following up with the livelihood beneficiaries to provide support and guidance when needed.

Unconditional Cash Transfer (UCT): The team completed the UCT distribution for 6,185 HHs in Abs and Kuaidanah districts of Hajjah governorate. Furthermore, the team has completed the third and final round to 4,897 HHs in the same two districts.

Market Price Monitoring: Many commodities have witnessed a price spike, as petrol increased by 49%, diesel by 69%, cooking gas by 25%, rice by 52%, sugar by 33%, wheat flour by 16.6%, vegetable oil 13%.

Wheat Four Sugar V.Oil Rice

340 500 340 500 340 500 340 500

450 520 450 520 450 520 450 520

200 300 200 300 200 300 200 300 150 180 150 200 150 200 150 200

October WK1 November October WK2 November October WK3 November October WK4 November WK1 WK2 WK3 WK4 Figure 2: Market price monitoring for basic commodities.

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Public Health Engineering (PHE): The PHE team has installed 5 solar pump systems during the reporting period (one in Hayran, one in Al-Zuhrah and 3 in Abs). As for water schemes, the team rehabilitated 3 Water System Schemes (WSSs) and handed them over to Water Management Committee (WMCs).

• Public Health Promotion (PHP): The total of 2,357 hygiene promotion and awareness sessions were implemented by the PHP team and 365 Community Health Volunteers (CHVs). These reached 27,957 HHs of 195,699 individuals (40,275 women, 40,275 men, 55,618 girls and 57,888 boys) in Hayran, Abs, Aflah Alyaman, Khairan Almuharaq and Kuaidanah districts of Hajjah governorate. The sessions covered topics such as safe water, clean jerry cans, hand washing with soap and how to manage diarrhoea cases.

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Oxfam Yemen Humanitarian Response | Monthly Situation Report NO. 49 as of 30 November 2017

Hygiene Materials Distribution: The PHP team distributed 2,431 soap kits (2 Detergent, Laundry, Powder, 2kg, 12 bathing soap 75 mg) for 2,431 IDPs HHs of 17,017 individuals in Bani Hassan camps. In addition, the team has distributed 3,081 water filters to 3,081 IDPs HHs of 21,567 individuals in the same Bani Hassan camps.

➢ AMRAN AND SADA’A GOVERNORATES Total beneficiaries reached: 160,815 DISTRICTS: Khamer, Houth, Bani Suraim, Habour Zuleyma, Al-Qaflah, Al-Madan, Shahra’a, Al-Sawada (Amran) Sada’a (Sada’a)

Food Security

Unconditional Cash Transfer (UCT): The EFSVL team completed the 4th round of UCT distribution in Amran for 2007 HHs, of which 393 HHs are women-headed HHs. Each HH received 24,000 YER. In Sada’a, Oxfam targeted 81 HHs of returnees, of which 23 HHs are women-headed HHs, with the 1st cash assistance of 24,000 YER/HH.

Cash for Work: The EFSVL team identified the cash for work scheme through supporting the Cleaning and Enhancement Fund to reactivate the Fund’s activities in Sada’a city where 130 labor workers have engaged in cleaning Sada’a city and earned their 2nd cash for work wages. Each worker earned 24,000 YER as a total monthly wage to meet their monthly food needs.

Conditional Cash Transfer Grants for Livelihood: The team launched a pilot livelihood project targeting 500 HHs (IDPS and most vulnerable HHs from the host community) as an integral component for community resilience; 126 HHs as agriculturists, 100 HHs as ranchers, 30 HHs beekeepers and 244 as microbusiness owners. So far, 108 agriculturists have received a payment of 50,000 YER each in the 1st phase and participated in a training about drought cycle management and cropping patterns with low cost efficient irrigation techniques to improve agricultural productivity. In addition, 30 microbusiness owners have received their 1st cash support of 70,000 Figure 3: A beneficiary selling fish in his newly opened YER/ each to start their microbusinesses. microbusiness.

Market Price Monitoring: Prices have witnessed a surge in increment. Fuel prices have increased by 43% for petrol, 50% for diesel and 12% for cooking gas. Food items increased by 10% for vegetable oil, 25% for rice, 33% for wheat flour and 60% for trucked water.

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Oxfam Yemen Humanitarian Response | Monthly Situation Report NO. 49 as of 30 November 2017

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Public Health Engineering (PHE): Due to the recent fuel shortage crisis, the main four water schemes in 4 districts (Khamer, Huoth, Shahra’a, Al-Sawada) were functioning under their usual capacity due to a shortage of diesel. Therefore, Oxfam provided 58,500 litres of diesel to run those four important water schemes for three months which will benefit around 45,000 individuals.

Sanitation: Oxfam initiated the rehabilitation of 7 latrines in the cholera treatment centres and oral rehydration centres (CTC & ORCs) in Habour Zuleyma district.

• Public Health Promotion (PHP): The PHP team trained 15 CHVs from 12th – 14th November 2017 in Sada’a governorate on cholera prevention and control, safe water chain, good hygiene practices, cholera symptoms.

Hygiene Awareness Session: 56 Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) conducted house to house visits in Habour Zuleyma, Al-Qaflah, Houth and Bani Suraim districts of Amran governorate reaching out to a total of 25,059 individuals (13,090 men, 11,969 women). They also conducted 14 awareness sessions in Sada’a governorate reaching out to 1,962 individuals (1,131 men, 831 women) focusing on cholera prevention and control, diarrhoea management, hand washing with soap and treatment of water at the household level and improved water quality practices through safe water chains. Figure 4: Beneficiaries attending awareness raising session, Solid Waste Management: Our PHP team organized Amran gov. 36 solid waste cleaning campaigns in collaboration with our implementing partner, the “Cleaning and Enhancement Fund”, in Khamer, Houth and Al-Qaflah districts benefiting 21,043 individuals (10,505 men, 10,538 women). Aiming to strengthen the capacity of the Fund in Khamer city, Oxfam trained 21 staffs on solid waste management, and provided additional support in terms of 20 workers safety kits (infection prevention and control), 25 garbage collection containers, 2,400 litres of fuel and incentives for the 20 workers.

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Oxfam Yemen Humanitarian Response | Monthly Situation Report NO. 49 as of 30 November 2017

Hygiene Kits Distribution: The PHP team and CHVs carried out two distribution rounds of cholera response hygiene kits to 700 HHs in Habour Zuleyma and 2,000 HHs in Khamer, Bani Suraim, Houth and Al- Qaflah districts. The hygiene kits distribution was accompanied with awareness raising sessions to highlight the benefits and proper use of the kits in the effort to prevent the cases of cholera and other diseases.

Trucked Water: Oxfam supplied treated water, benefiting 25,000 individuals in Khamer, Houth, Bani Figure 5: Beneficiaries receiving their hygiene kits, Amran gov. Suraim, Al-Qaflah and Habour Zuleyma districts. The communities in Khamer, Gurban and Al-Garbi (that have only limited access to safe water) received 600m³ of treated water. Oxfam provided IDPs in Houth and Al-Qaflah settlements with 2,000m³ of treated water.

Total beneficiaries reached: 659,517 DISTRICTS: Al Shamayatayn, Al Modafar, Salah, Al Qahirah, Al Silw, Sharab Al Salam, Sharab Al Ronah, Maqbanah, Al Ma’afer, Al Taiziah, Mawyah, Al Misrakh, Sabir Al Mawadem.

Food Security

Unconditional Cash Transfers (UCT): The EFSVL team conducted the third round of UCT in Al-Ma`afer district of Taiz governorate under the DFID project to 2,604 HHs, of which 917 HHs are women-headed HHs. Each HH received an amount of 24,000 YER which is equivalent to 80% of the cost of the food basket. Furthermore, the EFSVL team conducted the 2nd and 3rd rounds of UCT under the HPF-2 project to 1,500 HHs, of which 447 HHs are women-headed HHs, in AL-Misrakh, AL-Ma`afer and AL Silw districts of Taiz where each HH received an amount of 24,000 YER in each round. In addition to that, the EFSVL team conducted the 1st round of UCT under the GFO project to 1,684 HHs, of which 974 HHs are women-headed HHs, in AL Shamayatayn and AL-Ma`afer districts of Taiz governorate where each HH received an amount of 24,000 YER.

Market Price Monitoring: The average of the prices showed that prices have increased by 21% for cooking oil, 16% for rice, 10% for wheat flour, 8% for sugar, 9% for beans, 20% for salt, 63% for petrol, 72% for diesel, and 24% for cooking gas. The exchange rate of USD to YER increased to 437 YER per 1 USD in the black market with a serious cash liquidity shortage.

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Public Health Engineering: 376,500 litres of safe water were delivered to 112,991 individuals (33,030 men, 32,488 women, 24,116 boys, and 23,357 girls) in 6 districts (Alqahira, Almudhafar, Salh, Alshamayateen, Alma’afer, Al Taiziah) through 138 water distribution points with an average of 3.3 litre per person per day.

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Oxfam Yemen Humanitarian Response | Monthly Situation Report NO. 49 as of 30 November 2017

Rural Water Supply (Support to GARWSP): The PHE team rehabilitated 5 Water System Schemes in 4 districts (As Silw, Sharab Alsalam, Al Misrakh, and Mawyah) benefitting 21,884 individuals (17,586 individuals of the host community and 4,298 IDPs).

Capacity building for Water Management Committees (WMC) and village committees: In collaboration and coordination with GARWSP, a total of 12 WMC members were trained and equipped with knowledge through the training course held in Alshamayateen district. Further training sessions were held for 40 members from village committees and governmental staff (LWSC & GARWSP). The course was focused on water chlorination and sampling of water tests.

Sanitation: As part of the cholera response, the PHE team rehabilitated WASH facilities of Al Horia Cholera Treatment Center, and a new incinerator was installed to ensure safe waste disposal, as well as a new hand washing station for hygiene improvement.

Chlorination: Oxfam’s Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) chlorinated water tanks in 180 HHs of 1,261 individuals (313 Women, 316 Men, 315 Girls and 317 Boys) in Al-Silw district by using chlorine/Aqua tabs, and each HH received 30 (3 strip*10) Aqua tabs tablets which is enough to last through the whole month. In addition, the CHVs chlorinated water tanks in 198 HHs (10 IDPs HHs and 188 host community HHs) in 3 districts (Mawiah, Al-Taiziah, Sharab Al-Ronah) where 531 grams of powder chlorine and 316 chlorine tablets were used.

• Public Health Promotion: 10,718 house to house visits were conducted in the program area in Taiz benefiting 75,026 individuals (21,932 men, 21,572 women, 16,013 boys, and 15,509 girls). The visits focused on control and prevention of cholera through the promotion and the adoption of appropriate safe hygiene and sanitation practices. In addition, the CHVs conducted 4,311 house to house visits to raise awareness on hygiene practices for 11,111 individuals in Al-Qaherah, Sala, Al-Shamayteen, Al Silw, Al Masrakh, and Sharab Al-Salam districts. A Child to Child Approach was conducted by Oxfam’s CHVs reaching 9,463 school children with key messages on the importance of hand washing for cholera prevention.

Raising awareness via new technology: Following observations that people in Oxfam’s program areas spend a lot of time using their smart phones, the PHP team conducted a WhatsApp campaign to raise awareness by sharing essential information on transmission methods of cholera/AWD and on how to prevent them by practicing hand washing with soap, safe water and food hygiene. The team reached a total of 7,000 individuals through this campaign.

Environmental Cleaning Campaigns: Cleaning campaigns were conducted in over 11 districts in Taiz (Al-Qaherah, Salh, Al Shamayatayn, Al Silw, Sharab Al-Salam, Sharab Al-Rawnah, Mawiah, Maqabanah, Al Ma’afer, Al Misrakh, and Al-Taiziah). 14,590 individuals participated in these cleaning campaigns.

Community Health Volunteer Training: 24 CHVs (18 Women, 6 Men) were trained on hygiene promotion messages to be shared with the communities, the implementation of activities, challenges and possible solutions. 85 individuals (59 women, 26 men) were selected from five districts (Al-Qahirah, Salh, Al Mudhafer, Al- Shamayteen, and Al Silw) to be CHVs, then they were divided into groups to attend a two days training.

Distribution of hygiene kits: Cholera control hygiene kits were distributed to 1,450 households benefiting 10,150 individuals in 5 districts (Sharab Al-Rawnah, Mawiah, Al Silw, Maqbana and Al-Tayiziah). In addition, 500 hygiene kits were distributed to 500 HHs benefiting 3,503 individuals in Sabir Al Mawadim district. Furthermore450 basic hygiene kits were distributed in Sharab Alrona district.

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Oxfam Yemen Humanitarian Response | Monthly Situation Report NO. 49 as of 30 November 2017

➢ ADEN AND SOUTH GOVERNORATES Total beneficiaries reached: 166,649 Governorates: Aden, Lahj, Al Dhala’a, Abyan.

Food Security

Unconditional Cash Transfer (UCT): The EFSVL team completed the second and third rounds of UCT payments for 435 HHs, of which 216 HHs are IDP HHs, in Al Nabiah village in Al Madharibah district of Lahj governorate, benefiting 3,045 individuals (1,511 women and 1,534 men). Each HH received YER 48,000 in total for the two rounds.

Figure1: UCT distribution in al-Madhrebah district of Lahj Gov. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

• Public Health Engineering: The PHE team has completed the rehabilitation of 76 latrines in 6 schools in Al Sheikh Othman district of Aden governorate benefiting 8,385 students and 613 teachers.

• Public Health Promotion: In coordination with the Ministry of Water and Environment, the PHP team organized a commemorative event to mark World Toilet Day. The event was held at Omar Al-Mukhtar School with the attendance of students, teachers and parents (100 boys, 4 women and 13 men) to highlight the importance of latrines for controlling AWD/cholera outbreaks, as well as the proper use of latrines to minimize the overload of the public sewerage system. The PHP team completed the distribution of latrine tools Figure 6: World Toilet Day event at Omar Al-Mukhtar School and cleaning tools to 15 schools in the targeted district in in Al-Sheikh Othman district of Aden governorate. Al Sheikh Othman, benefiting 25,158 students (10,460 girls, 14,698 boys).

The PHP team continued to conduct house to house hygiene promotion visits to 6,214 HHs of 13,809 individuals (2,563 men, 4,768 women, 3,447 boys and 2,751 girls) to raise their awareness on cholera prevention in Al Sheikh Othman district/ Aden, in Lawder district/ Abyan, in Al Melah district/ Lahj, and in Al Dhala’a district/ Al Dhala’a.

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Oxfam Yemen Humanitarian Response | Monthly Situation Report NO. 49 as of 30 November 2017

➢ Human Resources Vacant Positions Status Work Station National available vacancies: Deputy Program Manager Closing date 25 December 2017 Shafer Public Health Promotion Assistant Closing date 25 December 2017 Sada'a Public Health Promotion Assistant Closing date 25 December 2017 Sada'a Closed recruitments under processing: Wash Team Leader Offer stage Khamer EFSVL TL Interview Stage Aden Funding Coordinator Interview Stage Aden Cash working group Facilitator Interview Stage Sana'a HR/Admin Officer Advert stage Khamer Cleaner (3) Advert stage AlDhale EFSVL Officer Interview Stage AlDhale Roving Finance Manager Short-listing Stage Sana'a Country Finance Manager Short-listing Stage Sana'a Compliance Manager Interview Stage Sana'a Wash Team Leader Offer stage Aden PHE officer checking reference and medical Sada'a PHE officer checking reference and medical Sada'a PHE Assistant Interview stage Sada'a Finance Officer Advert stage AlDhale Procurement / Logistics Officer Advert stage AlDhale Funding Officer Long-listing Stage Sana'a Senior Procurement Officer Long-listing Stage Sana'a PHP TL Reference & Medical Stage Shafer Protection Officer Long-listing Stage Shafer Admin/HR Officer Advert stage AlDhale PHP officer Advert stage Huban Partnership Assistant Interview Stage Sana'a Procurement Officer Long-listing Stage Sana'a

➢ List Of Donors: Church Communities UK (CCUK) COFRA Holding AG DFID - Desks & Regions Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) ECHO (European Union Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid) Innocent Foundation International Organization for Migration (IOM) Isle of Man International Development Committee Oak Foundation Oxfam America Oxfam Belgium Oxfam France

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Oxfam Yemen Humanitarian Response | Monthly Situation Report NO. 49 as of 30 November 2017

Oxfam Germany Oxfam Hong Kong Oxfam Novib Oxfam Quebec Stanley Thomas Johnson Swedish International Development Cooperation Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA) United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Vitol Foundation

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