The Past, Present, and Future of the American Concrete Pavement Association

Home , Court Avenue, Pavement (architecture)

By Bill Davenport, Gerald Voigt and Peter Deem A Legacy of Quality, Innovation and Unparalleled Customer Support

1963

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WIRTGEN AMERICA . 6030 Dana Way . Antioch, TN 37013 Tel.: (615) 501-0600 . www.wirtgenamerica.com ROAD AND MINERAL TECHNOLOGIES Table Of Contents A Concrete Legacy: TheT 1990s: PrologueP A Decade of New Starts 7 69 TheT 1960s: TheT 2000s: TheT Era of Change TheT New Millennium 19 91 TheT 1970s: TheT 2010s and Beyond: TheT Pivot of Change Decade A Look Ahead 33 109

TheT 1980s: Chairmen of the ACPA Board of Directors 122 TheT Era of Expansion References 126 51 Guide to Acronyms and Abbreviations 128

About the Cover Authors ACPA member companies and affiliates. The cover depicts the U.S. flag against an Bill Davenport ACPA Additional copies of this publication image of the first slipform paving machine. American Concrete Pavement Association may be ordered from the American These images represent the enduring Gerald F. Voigt, P.E. Concrete Pavement Association. To order innovative spirit that represents ACPA and American Concrete Pavement Association printed copies, members may log in to the its members. Cover illustration by Chris ACPA members-only section of the ACPA Smith. Peter Deem website (www.acpa.org), and then may Holcim (US) Inc. (ret.), click on the “Bookstore” tab. All others About this Publication ACPA Honorary Life Member and ACPA may order online at www.acpa.org/ “A Concrete Legacy: The Past, Present, Chairman-2006 bookstore. Alternatively, please contact and Future of the American Concrete ACPA at 847.966.2272 or acpa@ Pavement Association” is a publication Designer acpa.org. Single copy price: $10 for of the American Concrete Pavement Chris Smith members; $45 for non-members. For Association, 9450 W. Bryn Mawr Weeb Enterprsies quantities of 10 or more, please contact Ave., Suite 150, Rosemont, Illinois [email protected] ACPA for discount pricing. When 60018. ©2014, American Concrete ordering, please mention the publication Pavement Association. No portion of Printer code, “ACPA50.” this publication, in whole or in part, may Printed in the United States of America by be reprinted, reproduced, stored in a Modern Litho, Jefferson City, Mo. This The opinions and views expressed in this retrieval system or transmitted in any form publication includes 10% post-consumer publication are solely those of the authors, or by any means (including electronic, waste content. Modern Litho is a Forest and do not necessarily reflect those of the mechanical, photocopying, recording or Stewardship Council™ certified company American Concrete Pavement Association, other methods), without prior permission of (BV-COC-963605). its members, affiliates, and/or staff. the publisher. Although every effort was made to capture Published by the American Concrete FSC Logo and express details as factually and Pavement Association accurately as possible, this publication— 9450 W. Bryn Mawr Ave. as with any account of history—relies upon Suite 150 Ordering Copies of this Publication records and personal accounts that may Rosemont, IL 60018 Single copies of this publication are mailed not be complete or flawless. acpa.org at no cost to “official representatives” of

1963 FRESNO, CA 2013 CONCORD, NC

GUNTERT & ZIMMERMAN EST. 1942

A Concrete Legacy: Prologue 8 A Concrete Legacy: Prologue Following what is commonly known as the second industrial revolution of the late 19th century, America charged full speed into the 20th century. The nation was growing, as evidenced by the doubling of the U.S. population in the first 50 years of the century. 1 At the same time, the country was transforming from an agrarian to industrial society. Many factors are credited with Photo shows an example of a paving crew in 1897. Prologue fueling that transformation, including innovation, (Photo courtesy of the Federal Highway Administration.) imagination, and ambition. But the journey would have been impossible without a reliable network of roadways, highways, and airports. Of course, many of those pavements were constructed called the Nemacolin’s Trail. It took 50 years to with concrete, and in fact, concrete remains the convert the trail into the federally-funded “National pavement material of choice for long-lasting, Highway,” but the 600-mile-long highway eventually reliable pavements. traversed six states and connected the Atlantic This is the story of the American Concrete Ocean with the Mississippi Valley. The highway became U.S. Route 40, one of the first officially Pavement Association, and the role the association, 2 its allies, and its members have had in building recognized highways in the United States. and preserving that network. Although our story begins in 1963, it would not be complete without First Concrete Pavement first exploring some of the landmark events that Another milestone event was the placement of A Concrete Legacy: Legacy: A Concrete influenced the construction of the nation’s surface the nation’s very first portland cement concrete transportation infrastructure as we know it today. pavement in 1891. George W. Bartholomew, an The goal of this chapter is not an inventor who founded Buckeye Portland Cement attempt to capture the complete Company in Bellefontaine, Ohio, in 1886 after story of heavy and highway construction in America. Instead, it is a snapshot of the early milestones and people that set into motion the nation’s surface- transportation infrastructure as we know it today.

America’s First Interstate Highway In 1784, a year after the end of the American Revolutionary War, President George Washington set out on a journey whose purpose Stuck in muck – Underscoring the need for good was to keep the young nation roads, this photo depicts a common problem facing united. He traveled from his home motorists in the early 20th century. in Mount Vernon, Va., to the Ohio country, covering 680 miles in five Photo depicts inventor George weeks. His goal was to “open a Bartholomew, who was wide door; and make a smooth way learning about cement production in Germany credited with placing the first for the produce of that Country to and at the San Antonio Cement Co. of Texas. concrete pavement in the Bartholomew proposed the pavement to city pass our Markets before the trade 3 United States in 1891. may get into another channel.” officials of Bellefontaine, Ohio. The roadway Washington He believed the cement he was producing in envisioned would be built along a his small laboratory could be used to produce a network of Indian hunting paths hard, durable paved surface. After two years spent PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 9 5 Ironically, it was it was Ironically, The Safety The Safety Bicycle that had the bicycle the most profound on highway effect and roadway construction in The the late 1880’s. of the introduction with bicycle,” “safety profile its lower pneumatic and two of the same tires first paving concrete of Much contractor. is still this pavement nearly in use today, 120 years after it was put into place!

In 1894, former Civil War General Roy Stone, a Roy Stone, General War Civil former In 1894, size, displaced the more dangerous “ordinary dangerous displaced the more size, wheel and smaller with its outsized front bicycle” had far in bicycles interest The strong wheel. back American as did the League of effects, reaching which Albert Pope, led by Col. Wheelmen (L.A.W.), to and local level state, at the federal, worked legislation. improvement road secure and member of activist, roads” “good civil engineer, Department appointed to the U.S. was the L.A.W., first Office of Road Inquiry, Agriculture’s of Administration Highway ancestor of the Federal archives. The 1894 project was built by William T.G. T.G. William built by was The 1894 project archives. America’s and roadbuilder a Bellefontaine Snyder, — Theodore Roosevelt, — Theodore 26th U.S. President, 1910 26th U.S. President, “Every man owes a part of “Every man owes his time and money to the his time and money to the business or industry in which No man has a he is engaged. his right to withhold moral an organization support from that is striving to improve conditions within his sphere.” Undated photo shows a Rex 7-E paver, manufactured by the the Chain Belt Undated photo shows a Rex 7-E paver, RexCon LLC. the forerunner to today’s Company, 4 According to ACPA According to ACPA archives, the first 8-ft.-wide archives, strip then of what was placed Main Street was “artificial stone” called Courthouse Square along the side of Bellefontaine’s The pavement in 1891. an immediate was and in fact, success, of the original blocks exhibited were pavement Fair. World’s at the 1893 Local business owners the petitioned to have around block entire with paved the square Court and so, concrete, and Opera Avenue in paved were Street Avenue Columbus 1893. of and the remainder in followed Main Street ACPA to according 1894, convincing city officials officials city convincing he finally and citizens, permission received first America’s to build As pavement. concrete part of the agreement, the he had to donate all There materials. was one other stipulation: Bartholomew had to post a $5,000 performance that bond and guarantee last would the pavement according years, five for of Years “100 ACPA’s to That $5,000 Innovation.” bond in performance 2013 dollars equal would about $128,000. An undated photo shows a truck traveling along one of the Lincoln Highway Association’s “Seedling Mile” pavement sections. 10 (FHWA). Central to his efforts, was his suggestion to combine existing roads into a network and recommended that ‘...the most effective lines that could be adopted for this purpose would be an Atlantic and a Pacific Coast line, joined by a continental highway from Washington to San Francisco.’”6 Prologue

The Automobile The appearance of the Koss Construction autocars, considered the ﬁrst generation of batch automobile in the mid-1890s also had a trucks, stand ready to begin work in this 1921 photo. (Photo courtesy profound effect on roadbuilding. In 1900, of Koss Construction Company.) Americans owned 8,000 cars, and by 1920, that number grew to 8 million.7 roads, as well as to continue the dream for a Henry Ford’s 1908 introduction of the ﬁrst transcontinental highway. mass-produced automobile, the “Model T” Ford, At the same time, efforts were underway to revolutionized automobile manufacturing, improve the quality of roads, which were mostly transportation, and personal mobility. Mass dirt and macadam, layers of aggregate coated with production made the automobile more affordable a binder agent. Although it offered an alternative to and accessible, and in fact, the price of the car dirt and stone, macadam had its drawbacks. “The actually declined. The standard 4-seat open touring

A Concrete Legacy: Legacy: A Concrete area of low air pressure created under fast-moving car cost $850 in 1909, but by the 1920s, the vehicles sucks dust from the road surface, creating price had fallen to $260, “because of increasing dust clouds and a gradual unraveling of the road efficiencies of assembly line technique and material.”11 volume.”8 In addition to macadam, roadbuilders tried many Based on wage information for the period, a other materials, including gravel, brick, wood, and union bricklayer, painter, or plumber in Chicago even molasses.12 In the quest for reliable, long- could purchase one of these cars for less than lasting roadways, the use of concrete pavements three months wages.9 grew steadily. In 1909, the first full mile of concrete roadway The Quest for Better in the country was paved on Woodward Avenue, Roads between 6 and 7 Mile roads at a cost of $14,000. In the late 1890’s, a Today, the roadway is known as M-1 in Wayne sort of ‘perfect storm’ County, Mich.13 In today’s dollars, that would be was brewing. Farmers approximately $330,000.14 were realizing better roads could be America’s first concrete street in Bellefontaine, Ohio, is shown leveraged in this 1932 photo. (Photo: ACPA archives.) against the hated railroads and their In 1909, Woodward Ave. (now M-1 tariffs, while in the Detroit metro area) was the site at the same time, of the first mile of concrete roadway in bicyclists were United States. enjoying leisure time exploring country roads.10 With more automobiles on the road in the early years of the 20th century, attention turned to building better PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 11 under its constitutional right interstate to regulate Congress In 1912, commerce. Office enacted the Post Department Appropriations set aside $500,000 which Bill, program an experimental for post the nation’s to improve Although it proved roads. too small to make significant the program improvements, that federal taught Congress needed to go roads aid for to the states instead of local the federal- (Today, counties. aid system is based on an match.) 80/20 federal/state U.S. Supreme Court officially gave Congress Congress gave Court Supreme officially U.S. “to construct interstate highways” the power —Henry Ford, —Henry Ford, The Johnson slipformpaving machine makes another appearance on the grade in this undated photo. The machine had a profound effect on automating the paving process, and also represented the first of many major innovations to follow. The Johnson slipformshown in this photo depicting paving machine is Iowa, in 1949. paving in Mason City, Ford Motor Company. Motor Ford inventor and founder of The inventor and founder of “There is nothing like concrete concrete like is nothing “There 16 15 for a pavement; it is unbeatable. it is unbeatable. a pavement; for experience. own my from I know a concrete constructed, Properly anything will outwear surface else known.” There were other federal funding other federal were There In 1803 as part of the legislation In 1913, a 23 mile-long, 9-ft.- a 23 mile-long, In 1913, part of the 20th In the early initiatives that were pivotal to the pivotal that were initiatives or construction of roadways. exploration the Shaw, v. Wilson In the 1907 case Federal Legislation Supports Federal Highways % of two admitting Ohio to the Union, the sale of Federal from the revenues roads, set aside for lands in Ohio were the National used for part was of which Cumberland to what is today Road from Virginia. West Wheeling, wide, 5-in.-thick concrete concrete 5-in.-thick wide, near Pine built was pavement year, following The Ark. Bluff, commissioners Lee County, from Wayne to by train traveled Miss., concrete to view Mich., County, Woodward including roads, Upon returning to Avenue. they authorized Mississippi, construction of rural of 49 miles portland By 1914, county roads. used to had been cement concrete of roadway. 2,348 miles pave associations roadbuilding century, construction road coordinated and one of the most projects, the Lincoln Highway was celebrated object lesson “Seedling Mile” (LHA’s) Association’s program. The first was built in the of 1914, fall of just west Illinois. Malta, The “Seedling were Miles,” intended “to demonstrate the desirability of this permanent type of road construction” and “crystallize public sentiment” “further construction of the same for the LHA worked Generally, character.” Association Cement with the Portland of cement donations (PCA) to arrange the seeding mileage. for In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed the 12 first “Federal-Aid Highway Act” directing the federal government to cooperate 50/50 with states in road building. The states needed a professional highway department to be eligible for federal funds and had to maintain the federal-aid road once it was completed.17 Highway and roadway construction changed considerably during the Great Depression (1929- 1937) through World War II (1941 to 1945), when the emphasis shifted to putting unemployed people to work and supporting the war effort.18 Although President Franklin Roosevelt Prologue supported toll “superhighways,” the vision was not fully realized in the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, due to differences of opinion on a concept known as “excess right-of-way,” which involved selling or renting extra land to help pay for future construction and upkeep.19

The Interstate Highway System Arguably, the most significant milestone in U.S. transportation-construction history was the nation’s largest highway construction project, the “National System of Interstate and Defense Highways.” President Dwight D. Eisenhower had two A Concrete Legacy: Legacy: A Concrete experiences that shaped his perceptions and A dedication ceremony on October 25, 1956, his goal for creating the Interstate Highway marks the completion of the first Interstate highway system. The first was a transcontinental troop project In the United States. (Photo courtesy of Koss Construction Company.)

convoy in 1919, in which then Lt. Col. Eisenhower documented the poor road conditions along the primary route, the Lincoln Highway. The second was his experiences in Europe in the 1930s and ‘40s, where he saw firsthand the advantages of the Autobahn system.20 His predecessors, Presidents Roosevelt and Truman, also were interested in highways, but issues of the day—including the economy and the war—took precedent over plans to develop a highway system. Eisenhower saw the opportunity to implement the system, although the effort was not without resistance and detractors. In early 1954, presidential advisors disagreed about how to finance and construct the interstate system. In April, Eisenhower told his staff he wanted a “dramatic” plan to get $50 billion worth of “self liquidating highways”—highways that would not add to the national debt—under construction. In July, he announced the “Grand Plan” for an articulated highway network.21 Eisenhower signed the “Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956” into law on June 29, 1956. The bill Workers use fixed-form paving methods to construct the Ford Expressway called for 41,000 miles of Interstate roadways at (I-94) in metropolitan Detroit in the early 1950s. (Photo courtesy of an estimated cost of $41 billion. After enactment Denton Enterprises, Inc.) Congratulations ACPA for 50 years and counting

The ACPA’s leadership over the last 50 years has helped all of us create better airports, roads, streets, bridges, parking lots and most importantly, the driveway that welcomes us home. We are proud to have been there since the beginning with ACPA as Dundee Cement and today as Holcim (US). Our shared passion for paving has led to numerous improvements to the industry we love and here’s to the next 50 years!

888.646.5246 www.holcim.us

Perfecting Progress™ 14 of the highway bill, and even after leaving ofﬁce, Eisenhower maintained an abiding interest in the interstate system.22 To honor him for that “personal and absolute decision,” Congress passed a bill in 1990 that changed the legal name of the Interstate System. It is now called The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways.23 Iowa Highway Commission’s 1949 The Interstate Era had begun, and as prototype of the slipform paving machine the “Grand Plan” began to take form, another is shown on display, many years after the chapter in our nation’s surface transportation machine made its ﬁrst appearance on the infrastructure was about to open. ! grade. Prologue

“The workers today would not put up with what their forebears did. Many of the early workers slept under their trucks just like the cowboys. Many of the early construction companies ran cookhouses and bunkhouses like the one our company ran until the late 1940s.” —Irving F. Jensen, CONCRETE PAVEMENT PROGRESS, May/June 1999. A Concrete Legacy: Legacy: A Concrete

Workers place concrete pavement at what is now Hunter Army Airfield, a military airfield and subordinate installation to Fort Stewart, located in Hinesville, Georgia. Note the relative thickness of this pavement, built in 1940, compared to airport pavements today. (Photo courtesy of APAC-Tennessee, Inc., Ballenger Paving Division.) PRPROLOGUEOLLOGUEE 1960s1996060s 191 1970s97070s 19 1980s98080s 1990s1919900s 2022000s0000s 2010s2200101 s RER REFERENCESEFEF RERENCCESES 555 1515151515 26 the slipform. A pan was suspended as a strike-off d accidents on runways, highways, roadways, and ot passes) on a county road in Cerro Gordo County, ot passes) on a county road in Cerro Gordo County, e to strike-off and finish the concrete. All modern increasing productivity and efficiency and allowing , A.W. French (1920); Rex Chainbelt, now known as , A.W. nishing machines that entered the market rendered nishing machines that entered the market rendered iments conducted in 1947 and 1948. Nicknamed the iments conducted in 1947 and 1948. Nicknamed the that made grade preparation, paving, texturing, and On the occasion of ACPA’s 25 year anniversary, four 25 year anniversary, On the occasion of ACPA’s me was limited to about 3,000 ft per day using about ded earlier in the century. They include Power Curbers, ded earlier in the century. the typical 10-car trains to transport the equivalent of the typical 10-car trains Corporation, draws the link between the two companies Corporation, draws the link acity. A 11E had an 11 cu. ft. mixer; a 27E had a 29.7 acity. ircular saw blades coated with diamond grit, the machine ver had 24-ft. long crawler tracks, driven by chains and , Miller’s grandfather, G.H. Miller, was married to Louise G.H. Miller, grandfather, , Miller’s pically required the use of trains and specially-built rails. trains and specially-built rails. pically required the use of , and other paving apparatus, continue to carry innovation her for cement. A locomotive pulled the batch cars to the her for cement. A locomotive nto a mixer. A pipeline was run along the grade to supply A pipeline was run along the nto a mixer. company. company. y concrete,” Miller wrote. orms. , especially in rural areas. According to David Howard, P.E., According to David Howard, P.E., , especially in rural areas. beginning in the early part of the 20th century, as well as how century, the early part of the 20th beginning in 20s through the 1950s. As concrete paving expanded, so too, 20s through the 1950s. As concrete paving expanded, ke the abuse of these bulky new machines,” according to Miller. ke the abuse of these bulky new machines,” according ions, and errors. Our intention is to capture examples of machines examples of is to capture intention errors. Our ions, and 28 Although motorized vehicles would eventually replace horse-drawn equipment, there were limitations where they equipment, there were replace horse-drawn vehicles would eventually Although motorized 24 30 29 27 25

Cecil W. Hatcher, a Covina, Calif.-road engineer who is credited with developing the “Bump Cutter.” Equipped with almost 100 c a Covina, Calif.-road engineer who is credited with developing the “Bump Cutter.” Hatcher, Cecil W. James W. Johnson and the Iowa State Highway Commission for their role in developing the original slipform paver with first exper Johnson and the Iowa State Highway Commission for their James W. Island, Ill. Instead of rubber wheels, the “Quad City” pa of Quad City Construction Co., Rock Glenn Perkins and Bill Dale, Sr. “Jeep Skate,” the gasoline-powered machine had rubber tires , H-beams connected the wheels with the web of each beam to act as “Jeep Skate,” the gasoline-powered machine had rubber was used place a one-mile section of 20-foot wide pavement (two 10-fo and to finish the concrete. In October 1949, the machine slipform pavers ever developed. Iowa. These early machines are the undisputed first machine, the Quad City slipform paver employed a pan suspended from a steel fram sprockets to drive the tracks. Like Johnson’s slipform pavers are modeled after this machine. was used to address ski was first used in 1956 to grind a new concrete runway in Arizona. By the end of the decade, the machine in pavement. bridge decks. Hatcher later adapted the Bump Cutter to function as a machine to cut longitudinal grooves at the ti CMI Corporation, for inventing the dual-lane, automated grader in the mid-1960s. Most concrete paving Bill Swisher, significantly in a single day, a hundred people in the process. The CMI subgrader enabled up to two miles of grade preparation unprecedented paving.

President/CEO of Koss Construction Co., Topeka, Kansas, transporting materials to the rural grade in the 1910s through 1920s ty transporting materials to the rural grade in the 1910s Kansas, Co., Topeka, President/CEO of Koss Construction ot which had two boxes, one for aggregate, and the typically began with a series of batch cars—each of He explained the process paving site, where the dry and cement i The skip then raised and deposited the rock, sand, materials were dumped into a “skip.” to Howard, it would take about 1-1/2 of was deposited between the forms. According Once mixed the concrete the paver water. single batches of concrete. today’s

In the early part of the century, most roads were unreliable, and so, transporting concrete was not practical in many locations and so, transporting concrete was not practical most roads were unreliable, In the early part of the century, could go. ACPA members will surely recognize and support many of these companies, which along with other manufacturers of machines, tools members will surely ACPA curing faster, easier, and more cost efﬁcient. easier, curing faster, and technology to new heights. Several companies, including Bidwell, GOMACO, Minnich Manufacturing Co. Inc., and others emerged in the mid-1960s with machines Several companies, including Bidwell, GOMACO, Minnich Manufacturing Co. Inc., and others emerged

s s s of these companies were foun Other companies also played a role in the early development of concrete paving equipment, and many s did the number, type, and applications of paving machines, as well as other equipment, tools, and apparatus, including paving f type, and applications of paving machines, as well did the number, in paving roads and highways, the large, heavy concrete ﬁ rolled in and concrete became an acceptable material “When the 1920’s need for more substantial, sturdier steel forms that could support and ta existing, lightweight forms useless. This led to the the 1960s, there were waves of innovation that changed paving productivity. When the Interstate highway construction began in contributions. They are: for their enduring ACPA individuals and their inventions were recognized by (1948) Construction Div. Inc. (dating back to 1953); Gegenhardt Construction Company (dating back to 1953), Guntert & Zimmerman Excavator (1900), and many others. RexCon LLC (1906); Templet Countless miles of concrete pavement were built with this equipment, creating the long-life legacy of the product during the 19 Countless miles of concrete pavement were built with

Early models of the machine were steam-powered, and bore numerical designations that roughly corresponded to the cubic foot cap Early models of the machine were steam-powered, The early machines were supplied by companies such as the Koehring Machine Company. Thomas E. Miller, President of Metal Forms President E. Miller, Thomas Company. supplied by companies such as the Koehring Machine The early machines were

No historical account of the ACPA’s history that evolved, of the machines without recognizing the importance would be complete account of the ACPA’s No historical in 1905. truck, first manufactured advents was the dump One of the early that transformed the concrete pavement industry the concrete pavement that transformed account of every versus a complete development. machine or equipment work of the association. influenced the need for and the evolution generation family member involved in the business Roadway to Success,” In addition to being the first in his book, “Forming the G.H Miller served as sales manager for the of the namesake company. Koehring, sister of Philip and William Koehring, founders Philip next designed a mobile machine that was able to both mix and la “Even more excited about the role of concrete in paving, and a 34E had a 37.4 cu ft. mixer. cu. ft. capacity,

Editor’s note: One of the greatest dangers of creating an historical account is the inevitability of dreaded exclusions, omiss exclusions, of dreaded inevitability account is the an historical of creating dangers One of the greatest note: Editor’s Men and Machines Machines and Men 16

“Together, the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear—United Prologue States.Without them, we would be a mere alliance of many separate parts.”34

—Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th U.S. President, February 22, 1955

Photo depicts paving in the 1950s. (Photo courtesy of Koss Construction Company.) A Concrete Legacy: Legacy: A Concrete

Begun in 1956, the AASHO Road established the principles used for pavement and bridge design on the Interstate system. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 17

-- The 31,32 33 FAST FACTS FAST Pavement Airport Concrete First !"# $"#%& '%%"( "#)* ()+,( ..//)) %"#" ()# "%(" " U.S. President Dwight D. U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower participates in for the a signing ceremony Highway landmark Federal-Aid Act of 1956. He actually law while signed the bill into on June he was in the hospital to FHWA 29, 1956, according Weingroff. historian Richard F. These design models established from this project also were used in ACPA’s pavement in ACPA’s These design models established from this project also were used 12. WinPAS analysis software, including today’s The test data established the relationships for pavement structural designs based on The test data established the relationships for pavement structural the few remaining sections of expected loadings over the life of a pavement. Today, the original test track take some effort but the tests themselves have an enduring to find, pavement which today can be seen in the various generations of AASHTO’s legacy, Pavement ME Design. design software, including AASHTO 93 and AASHTOWare From October 15, 1958, until November 30, 1960, soldiers drove 81 ArmyFrom October 15, 1958, until November 30, 1960, soldiers trucks of several axle configurations, carrying loads of concrete blocks, around the various Based on the observed performance of the pavement (or failure) track 18 hours a day. anticipated loading to sections, researchers were able to develop equations relating pavement design. In August 1956, 7 miles of two-lane pavements (six loops and a tangent) were In August 1956, 7 miles of two-lane The 836 test sections constructed, half in concrete pavement and half with asphalt. used a wide range of surface, and included 16 short- base, and subbase thicknesses, span bridges. The tangent (straight) portion track was constructed as a four- of the test sections of which today are part of Interstate 80. lane, divided highway, The road test was administered by the Highway Research Board (partThe road test was administered of the agencies, the BPR, Research Board and financed by state highway Transportation the Department the Automobile Manufacturers Association, the American of Defense, Institute of Steel Construction, U.S. materials and Petroleum Institute, the American transportation and interests from other countries. associations, The results of the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) Road Test of State Highway Officials (AASHO) Road Test The results of the American Association principles used for pavement and bridge design on the in Ottawa, Ill., established the Interstate system. The AASHO Road Test The AASHO Road Test

The 1960s: 0'1#!) 20 The 1960s: The Era of Change In the early part of At the outset of the 1960s, the nation would see the decade, drive-in John F. Kennedy, its youngest elected U.S. President, restaurants, motor hotels take ofﬁce during a decade that marked a dramatic (or motels), and muscle change in our social culture and political climate. cars continued to appear In the 1960s, about 70 million children from the across the nation, and as post-war “baby boom” became teenagers and young the decade progressed, adults. There were tumultuous times, including the so too, did these symbols Bay of Pigs crisis, the assassination of the President, of personal freedom and the start of the Vietnam War, and other events that mobility, thanks in large tested the resolve of the American public.35 part to the Interstate There were also bright spots that included the highway system. nation’s progress in civil rights, the space race (including the ﬁrst Americans to walk on the Construction in the moon), and a greater awareness of women’s rights, 1960s the environment, and other social issues. On the highway & heavy construction

0'1#!) front, former President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s The association’s first “Grand program detailed the Plan” for the two-day annual meeting Interstate at the Sheraton Hotel highway in downtown Chicago. system was Now known as the The 1960s: The 1960s: unfolding InterContinental Chicago at a brisk Magnificent Mile, the pace. The venue has been the site first reported of several ACPA mid-year Interstate meetings in recent years. contract was awarded August 2, 1956, and so, it’s safe to say the BPR, state departments of transportation, and contractors wasted no time in breaking ground on the Interstate. 36 The largest public works project in U.S. history captured headlines and represented a major focus for roadbuilders, but other highways, roadways, and airports also were being constructed at the same time. Heavy and highway construction was booming, but as we will see later in this chapter, there were major challenges that impacted contractors and agencies alike. As remarkable as it may seem today, the slipform paver pioneered by James Johnson in the late 1940s, and further advanced by Quad Cities in the 1950s, ACPA’s original articles of incorporation refer to the had not yet gained widespread acceptance American Concrete Paving Association, a name later in the early 1960s. In the same time frame, changed to reflect the broadening of contractor-supplied concrete shoulders were non-existent, services, notably resurfacing, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 21 Company called Company me up and asked me to fly into to attend Chicago a meeting of pavers concrete the all over from country that he find thought I’d I did interesting. find the idea of a national pavers’ association very I interesting. to have agreed our firm join at that meeting, 0 By piecing together accounts reported in early accounts reported in early By piecing together by the well-financed associations of the ‘other associations of the by the well-financed Jackson Robins Jackson, recalled product,’” “Little Chairman-1977).* (ACPA Construction Co. into in 1964 getting what I was did I know Construction of Koss Koss when the late George becoming charter member number three.” thusly staff gleaned that the ACPA newsletters, ACPA Charles were ACPA first contractors to commit to ACPA’s first elected Board of Directors are shown in this December ACPA’s from left) are: George 1964 photo. Seated (counterclockwise Williams; Sam M. Porter; Harold W. R. Bathe; J.J. Marcello; A.V. Standing (L-R) Ballenger. Swanson; and Charles P. Hartmann; W.E. Christopher (Kip) Koss; W.L. are James D. Piper; George D. Williams; Not present for the photo Harper; L.E. Denton; and Hamilton Strayer. and George C. Koss. Dial; William H. Tate; were R.W. FAST FACTS Association? What’s a Trade #"" *M4.()0)N 6#%) #)))# %## #" "#%## In the early part of In the early the association The decision to form paving industry’s that time the concrete “At * In the early days of the association, the volunteer leader presiding over the ACPA Board of Directors was the ACPA * In the early days of the association, the volunteer leader presiding over the volunteer leader became Later, known as President; the senior staff member was an Executive Director. and known as Chairman, and the senior staff member was the President/CEO. For sake of consistency, Board of Directors of the ACPA the volunteer leader because many references are not in chronological order, is cited as Chairmanthroughout this document. the decade, there was a was there the decade, concern that the concrete growing industrypavement needed to unite to address common interests around and seize opportunities of challenges the day. of concrete on a small group rested These industry paving contractors. and along with officials of the PCA leaders, equipment stakeholders had both informal took and then in 1963, discussions and meetings, the first as then known what was steps to form the American Paving Concrete Association ACPA’s (ACPA). first executive Harold director, Halm (who had previously been an employee of the PCA), said in a 1984 there interview, “eight were contractors who encouraged me to proceed a with forming paving association.“ concrete on a represented properly weren’t interests being out-promoted were and we national basis, ACPA: A New A New ACPA: Beginning and the same was truewas same and the in base/ with standards construction, subbase for vibration jointing, consolidation, concrete practices, and other and equipment materials, common today. that are soon All of this would but in the early change, the emphasis was 1960s, concrete on mechanizing paving to increase and to remain productivity competitive. 22 Harper, The Harper Construction Co. (Cincinnati, Ohio); W.E. Swanson, Roberts Construction Co. (Lincoln, Neb.); Sam M. Porter, Foster & Creighton Co. (Nashville, Tenn.); and George D. Williams, T.L. James & Co., Inc. (Ruston, La.). According to personal accounts, the major impetus for founding the paving association was to counter the growing competitive efforts of the National Bituminous Concrete Association (now the National Asphalt Pavement Association), which the asphalt industry chartered in 1955. Gordon Ray, PCA (retired), recalled, “When PCA invited the contractors and the concrete paving equipment 0'1#!) Historic Court Avenue in Bellefontaine, Ohio, was restored and manufacturers to gather in two re-dedicated in 1962. separate meetings in Chicago to discuss the formation of a concrete P. Ballenger, Jr., Ballenger Paving Co. (Greenville, paving association, Harold [Halm] was S.C.); George Koss, Koss Construction Co. (Des able to help us convince them that they would Moines, Iowa); and Robins Jackson, Jackson profit from such an association…” Construction Co. (Nevada, Iowa). Other founding With the commitment from eight founding members included: Leet E. (Ed) Denton, Denton contractor members, word spread quickly that the Construction Co., (Grosse Point, Michigan); W.L. association was being formed. ACPA was officially The 1960s: The 1960s: incorporated on September 24, 1964. ACPA held its first annual meeting at the Sheraton- Chicago Hotel on December 14 and 15 of the same year. (Incidentally, the hotel is today called the InterContinental Chicago Magnificent Mile, the site of several ACPA mid-year meetings in recent years.) Just prior to the meeting, a balance sheet showed a total of $28,180 in assets, mostly from dues, as well as $1,680 in registration fees for the first annual meeting. In its first year, the ACPA totaled 43 contractor members and 24 manufacturers and other associate members. In addition to the founders, it is these 67 members that must be thanked today for investing into the fledgling organization and giving it the resolve to persevere through the 50 years ahead. The association’s first executive director, Harold J. Halm, had been a paving engineer with PCA, which provided some funding and support for the start-up of the new organization. The association provided an opportunity for Interim officers for the newly formed ACPA are (seated, L to R) Sam M. Porter and the industry to focus specifically on the Harold W. Hartmann. Also (standing, L to R) James D. Piper, Charles Ballenger, challenges that contractors faced, notably W.E. Swanson, and George C. Koss. (Not present were Fred Rowe and William quality construction and marketplace Tate.) competition. ACPA’s “founding fathers” also recognized both the need to form PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 23 Topics Topics jobs during meetings ACPA and regional conferences. appearing in literature early indicate the association initially was on focused supplier-owner- contractor relationships; durability; placing mixing, and finishing of concrete and pavement; construction practices affecting maintenance. As the decade progressed, and its ACPA members were on still focusing One such meeting with the meeting with the One such It’s worth noting that most that most noting worth It’s technical of the major accomplished milestones pavement concrete within the industry been 1964 have since by the collaborative achieved staff, members, ACPA efforts of and agencies/owners affiliates, collaboratively. working “restrictive on BPR focused affect specifications which of choice cost, contractor and quality of the equipment, its From finished pavement.” pushed ACPA earliest days, to changes for successfully specifications that would of new the array for allow equipment to help contractors One of the common practices in the 1960s was in the 1960s was One of the common practices with quality and productivity. of Directors Board to ACPA members of the for members Board the country. visit jobsites around highlights from ranging information share would of these empirical technical analyses to more turning their attention but also were these issues, labor, materials, for payment (typically, items to pay smoothness various types of pavements); and for ÃÌ>`>À`ÃÊvÊÜÀ>Ã «° Ài>ÌÃ «Ã° ÌiV V>ÊÃÌ>`>À`ÃÊÊÕÀÊÜÀ}Ê Ài>ÌÃ «ÃÊÜÌ ÊÌ iÊ`ÕÃÌÀÞÊ>`Ê Ì iÊ«ÕLVÊÃiVÌÀÆÊ>` iÝ«iÀiViÃÊÌÊ i«ÊVÀi>ÌiÊ>Ê>À}iÀÊ >ÀiÌÊvÀÊVVÀiÌiÊ«>ÛiiÌÃ° UÊ iÛi«Ê>`Ê>Ì>Ê i«vÕÊ UÊ >Ì>ÊÌ iÊ } iÃÌÊiÌ V>Ê>`Ê UÊ ÕÞÊÕÃiÊÀiÃi>ÀV Ê>`Ê«À>VÌV>Ê UÊ >Ì>Ê>`Ê«ÀÛiÊ } Ê As chartered,the association had four purposes:

In the early In the early ACPA Early In the five decades since, ACPA leaders and ACPA decades since, In the five years, the years, association was new forming relationships and working to identify and prioritize of many issues, to them related construction quality and constructability. newsletters of meetings, in the form “firsts” describe many and other ideas proposals, research agreements, paving community. that benefitted the concrete Focus on Focus Relationships, Equipment relationships at the federal and state levels of and state levels at the federal relationships as with other transportation as well government, organizations. major members led the association through have business strategies; and revised developed changes; of emphasis. the areas changed even and at times, the so, Even association has strayed never the four from founding which principles, relevant remain to this day.

meeting. pose for a photo on December 14, 1964, the first day of the first ACPA annual the first day of the first ACPA pose for a photo on December 14, 1964, of the U.S. House Public Roads Committee; Sam Porter, and Charles Ballenger Jr. Charles Ballenger Jr. and Roads Committee; Sam Porter, of the U.S. House Public (L to R) A.V. Williams,; Harold W. Hartmann,; Chairman Rep. John C. Kluczynski, Williams,; Harold W. (L to R) A.V. 24 requirements for mainline and ramp paving; segregation and degradation in stockpiling; pavement type justification; and a range of other topics, many of which are still both relevant and the subjects of discussion, tech transfer, and education today.

Addressing Technical Issues Curing and coating began to emerge around the mid-1960s as contractors, materials suppliers, and agencies sought ways to apply materials science to accelerate curing. ACPA adopted a policy A ﬁlm about the formation of ACPA was played at many in favor of membrane curing compounds of the early events. (Photo courtesy of APAC-Tennessee, and began promoting their use in 1966; a year Inc., Ballenger Paving Division.) later, the association adopted a similar position on membrane coatings. This is one of the ﬁrst growing concerns about polishing of aggregates in materials-focused promotion efforts recorded by concrete pavement. ACPA’s “Technical Bulletin No.

0'1#!) the association. 1” focused on “Texturing of Concrete Pavements,” Toward the late 1960s, issues such as aggregate and addressed polishing of pavements placed polishing, texturing, pavement grinding began to prior to 1960. Written by John C. Dixon, Rigid appear in literature. This was a logical occurrence, Pavements & Concrete Engineer with the Ohio considering there were an increasing number of DOT, the bulletin described how the fine texture concrete pavements placed in the first half of the and skid resistance had been restored on one of century that were either nearing or past their 20- the more “treacherous sections” of Interstate in year design lives. Ohio. ACPA’s first technical publication addressed the In 1968, ACPA drafted its first concrete paving The 1960s: The 1960s: construction safety manual for adoption by the National Safety Council. Although contractors continued to address construction safety individually, members did not make the topic an A Snapshot of ACPA’s Advocacy Efforts association priority until 2012, when the ACPA in the 1960s developed a web-based concrete construction work zone safety training program sponsored by Then as now, ACPA was focused on public policy and advocacy efforts on behalf of the FHWA. contractors and other industry partners. In 1969, ACPA reorganized its technical Much of this advocacy was in the form of representing contractors’ interests with public committee to provide technical leadership for agencies, as well as industry allies. In the early years of the association, ACPA was emerging methods and technology, as well as to concentrating on forging relationships with the Bureau of Public Roads (BPR), the also to address problems, increase quality, and American Road Builders Association, the Associated General Contractors, and of course, improve performance. Technical subcommittees state transportation agencies. were formed to address continuously-reinforced concrete pavements; curing and protective coating; As noted, slipform paving steadily gained acceptance among highway agencies in the federal liaison issues; joints; materials and mix 1960s, and it’s evident in the records that this was the result of advocacy, education, design; mixing, hauling, and placing, new markets; first-hand observation, and word-of-mouth communications led by ACPA. As highway standardization; subbases; and surface properties. agencies considered this technology, so too, did the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) These subcommittees worked much the same for airport pavements, albeit conditionally. In 1968, ACPA reported to members, “FAA is way as ACPA’s Task Forces do today. Established now endorsing the use of slipform paving on a case-by-case basis where the contractor by the ACPA Strategic Board of Advisors, today’s can demonstrate resultant satisfactory longitudinal joints…FAA insists there be virtually Task Forces have well-defined goals, which may no slump at the longitudinal pavement edges.” include completing specific projects or products. When the mission is complete, the task force is While most of the reported advocacy efforts were specific to pavements, there were times disbanded, as were the technical subcommittees of when larger political issues threatened the heavy- and highway-construction industry, 1969 and the 1970s. including ACPA members. One example was the Vietnam War, which resulted in shortages of steel and other materials. In September 1969, ACPA reported that amid concerns Push for Productivity about a 75% cutback in federal highway funding, the association sent then-President Throughout the 1960s, productivity was a Richard Nixon a telegram advising him of the drastic effects such an action would have. major focus for the association and its contractor ACPA also issued a call to members to urge the Senate, House, and state Governors to rethink the proposal before it became a matter of policy. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 25 newsletter, April 1965. newsletter, PAVEMENT PROGRESS PAVEMENT —First story in the first —First story in the first issue of ACPA’s CONCRETE issue of ACPA’s “We need your help to make to make help need your “We a go of it. Let us hear from hear from Let us it. of a go or promotion any about you construction which you ideas to of interest be think would we In this way other members. other members will encourage their ideas. with you to share to established was ACPA After all, a sourcedevelop of information membersthat will assist in and improving maintaining of workmanship high standards within the and helpful relations industry.“ This increased productivity was clearly the result the result clearly was productivity This increased ACPA literature shows a slow, but steady increase increase but steady a slow, shows literature ACPA Miles Per Day.” (ACPA Technical Bulletin 5, c. July July c. Bulletin 5, Technical (ACPA Day.” Miles Per 1969). train of the paving mechanization of increased complete assembly the term used for (the general concrete of paving equipment and people placing acceptance the increasing including pavement), mix plants, central paver, and use of the slipform and autograders. and autograders. that began in the number of state and toll agencies paving machines. slipform “new” accepting the of equal measures The acceptance came from and education by the association and its advocacy

By 1969, there were only four four only were there By 1969, Contractor members set many productivity members productivity Contractor set many had Club” “Mile-A-Day ACPA the By 1969, 10,614 lineal feet to become the first10,614 lineal feet documented Schultz 1963, August In paver. “Two-Miles-A-Day” placed a N.D., Fargo, & Lindsay, of reinforced 12,091 ft. then-record forms between pavement concrete on a job in western in one day North Dakota. documented cases of contractors miles per day, two who had paved they had among with that, and even the milestone achieved them only occasions, on six different Paving “Concrete to according Construction Innovations—Two members. Harold J. Halm, ACPA’s first President ACPA’s Halm, J. Harold members. about wrote the Director), (then Executive 5 Ms: “The in productivity of increased imperative and Materials.” Machines, Men, Must Move of achievements one crowning and records, membership was productivity in the increased reportedly was which Club,” “Mile-A-Day ACPA by Company. Steel Form Heltzel & Iron conceived of these “many and to 73 members, expanded of a mile in one in excess averaged consistently a well- (and is still today This was day.” working an was but there productivity), sign of regarded rarified honor when the two-mile-a- more even during the 1963, 18, On June set. was record day ACPA, of on the forming discussion time of early paved Ind., Oaktown, ConstructionGreen Co.,

this undated photo. the slipform is shown in paving machine, James W. Johnson, credited with inventing Johnson, James W.

efﬁciencies, mobility, and automation. efﬁciencies, mobility, Early ACPA efforts were directed at plant Early ACPA Photo montage shows slipform paving in the 1960s. Photo montage shows slipform

26 members, as well as demonstration of the equipment and discussion among agency and industry personnel. As remarkable as this may seem today, many sections of the Interstate were placed using ﬁxed-form paving methods. In its push for slipform paving equipment acceptance, ACPA approached the FAA, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force about adopting slipform paving as a construction method in 1968. Later that year, FAA adopted slipform paving on a case-by-case basis, in part based on evidence from ACPA showing superior longitudinal joint performance. By 1969, as a growing number of agencies accepted slipform paving, ACPA declared this improved paving process as “the accepted method of construction.”

Research & Technology Concrete pavement research also was a focal point, and the association announced its ﬁrst concrete research

0'1#!) program in the mid-1960s. Contractor Ed Denton (ACPA Chairman-1969) represented ACPA in 1965 at a BPR meeting covering “Research and Development of Quality Control and Acceptance Speciﬁcations for Materials and Construction Using Advanced Technology.”

Checklist from April 1965 shows the states using slipform paving.

The 1960s: The 1960s: Slipform paving gained acceptance in the 1960s and 1970s. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 27 —Charles P. Ballenger, —Charles P. Ballenger, (ACPA Chairman-1968). (ACPA President, Ballenger Paving. Ballenger President, Worker uses an early “bumpcutter” to grind uses Worker pavement on I-80 in California in 1965. “In the life of any organization organization of any “In the life I believe that the first five years years the first that five I believe In these five its most crucial. are the sinew gotten have we years formed have that now and muscle have We us into permanency. but ahead of us, challenges many and the formed is now the image is ingrained.” to survive strength George C. Koss and Charles P. Ballenger share a moment George C. Koss and Charles P. near a Rex plant in 1965. (Photo courtesy of APAC- Inc., Ballenger Paving Division.) Tennessee, page 29 continued on FAST FACTS Bellefontaine Revisited 0%" 6#1# 7)+78$ ))#9) !M!4%)N "." 7)17): #"#) " ";<<<< 0%" )))" )%)" In what is believed to be the first cooperative to be the firstIn what is believed cooperative concrete At the mid-point of the decade, research program in which ACPA participated, participated, ACPA in which program research research up for “preliminary drawn plans were states to determine in five if structurally projects joints can with faulted pavement sound concrete to its original smoothness at less cost be ground to an early according than asphalt resurfacing,” will be “These projects account. newsletter ACPA departmentscarried highway out with cooperating members.” ACPA Road Commissions and Toll or shoulders their first made as appearance 28 FAST FACTS “Zest flows from activity, from What’s in a Name?7!47 P)>% doing things with people... It is )"%"7!47 a by-product of creative thought 7"! and discussion, as (ACPA) 4%)7) "#"7" committeemen experience every !4%"7 year. Your membership in ACPA, ,,?P like your 1970 car, is for year- %#"" )<* round performance. Don’t let it rust for lack of use.” /<7"@( A7@B% 0'1#!) —Leet E. Denton, President, <)" Denton Enterprises 7"@67 (ACPA Chairman-1969). A7@67B/P,, )>"7" @C0 67 7@067 The 1960s: The 1960s: 07" 7# ?)1# A77?1B#

Photos show slipform paving operations in the 1960s. (ACPAPhotos show slipform ﬁle photos.) "D /") 7"7 #?) 01# E%";,;

01##@ /F# ; )% ")# "6 #4@A64@B D17 +," ##64@ ) )>?.7 A?.7BD<DD PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 29 page 31 continued on James Johnson (L) accepts from Charles Ballenger (Chairman-1968), first of what would eventually the Hartmann-Hirschman-Egan awards. become ACPA’s As the decade progressed, ACPA continued to ACPA As the decade progressed, “experimental sections,” and ACPA advised ACPA and sections,” “experimental “It appears that a substantial market members that, is in the offing with the paving concrete for might wish You shoulders. acceptance of concrete department.” to pursue highway this with your issues in the field and share and evaluate research the throughout conferences findings at regional United States. CPR drew on California Photo dates to 1965. experience with diamond grinding. c. July 1969). (ACPA Technical Bulletin 9, Technical (ACPA Being in what is still “Why is a contractor is a contractor “Why America’s most free enterprise free most America’s he business, and competitive do better than to has the urge J. his competitors.”—Harold of the 1st President Halm, Pavement American Concrete writing in, Association, Construction Paving “Concrete Miles Per Innovations-Two Day.” interested in two-mile-per- interested of all, First production? day gamblers. are contractors 30

FAST FACTS Recognizing Distinguished Service /$$ CMI Autograde subbase trimmer was a key piece of 0$$$) equipment used on the ﬁrst two-mile-a-day slipform 7!47 projects in 1969. 0'1#!) 1)7%"7 M0#$" 4%NG".G# /?)!""0) 9#") “Our great highway program EH(01) is not costing the Federal 7%"7 Government a single cent.

The 1960s: The 1960s: ""# Building these highways has no #)$)## effect whatsoever on the Federal )) P") Budget. We who use the highways #?.?" pay for them in proportion to our ,D?"% use. The amount of our motor P$0 fuel and tire taxes naturally is #"+D,D/, in proportion to the amount of @'?"P" driving we do. Owners of trucks )#" 7!47!"+, and buses pay considerably more $ than most of us. Call the Federal 0#",:,/ Highway trust fund a “fare box.” It <<,"#'7 is where you put your motor fuel ')) and tire tax money to pay for the # roads on which you ride. You and 7!47P"+ )%) I, not the Federal Government, are $0L#" buying and building.” <<,$7!470 —Excerpt from an editorial )%?"$ by Bud Kirvan, published in the ?"$') DUNDEE (Mich.) REPORTER, )> January 1968. Kirvan was the #$)""" %7!47 director of communications/ public relations for Dundee Cement Company. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 31 37,38 39 In 1960, Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy met with the 10 In 1960, Presidential candidate John F. According to governors of the Conference of Appalachian Governors. 1950s data, one of every lived in poverty and per three Appalachians the U.S. average. capita income in the region was 23% lower than portions of their Governors were concerned with the “mountainous States in income, states, which lagged behind the rest of the United education, health care, and transportation.” the Presidential After being elected, President Kennedy created report which issued its PARC Appalachian Regional Commission (PARC), the mountainous in 1963. The Commission concluded isolation of contributed regions from the Interstate Highway System significantly within the to the lagging economies and poverty of rural counties states in the region. vision, taking B. Johnson continued with Kennedy’s President Lyndon to Congress, which passed the report recommendations the PARC Appalachian Redevelopment Act in 1965. This created the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) and within the ARC, the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS). issued a statement to members in April 1965: In response, ACPA “It is now clear that the Appalachia road building program will be carried out using established federal aid channels…It will be to their advantage to build them of concrete in the interest’ of maintenance and economy.” As of mid-2013, the ADHS consists of 3,090 miles of highway designed to connect major interstate highways in the ARC region, which includes 13 states, 420 counties, 205,000 square miles, and stretches from to northeastern Mississippi containing 25 million southern New York people. In June 2013, the ADHS was said to be currently 85% complete. The Appalachian Development Highway System: Then and Now FAST FACTS FACTS FAST Staff Statistics ACPA 7)P %##"" "( 7!47!).) !7)"7!47 G".G %)#"%? 7%##!#7!47 +##"" %"" Published in 1969, ACPA’s first technical bulletin covered texturing of concrete pavements. ! The need for stabilized subbases, stabilized subbases, for The need was slipforming where particularly used. One-size course (1.5 in. aggregate maximum size). based on local gradation Aggregate materials. on BPR research. Mixing times based recording Opposition to automated provide plants (to batch devices for to take advantage to the contractor flexibility and equipment), of new widths and jointing of ramp Standardization productivity, constructability, to improve quality and performance. s s s s s s the earliest discussions that led to the From test the would however, The decade ahead, At one such conference, ACPA directors ACPA conference, such At one founding of ACPA in 1963 and incorporation in 1963 and incorporation ACPA of founding helped members the association seize in 1964, identified and prioritized technical opportunities; and challenges and addressed needs; and research By the opportunities the decade. throughout into a had grown ACPA of Change,” “Era end of the an increasing tackling and was organization, larger issues. number of complex would few association and its members in ways imagined. have endorsed further research and development and development endorsed further research concepts: several based on

The 1970s: 04%1#!) 34 The 1970s: The Pivot of Change Decade The 1970s are sometimes called the “pivot of change” decade. Many of the radical social concepts of the 1960s became more mainstream, and as a result, had far-reaching effects on the arts, language, politics, entertainment, and other aspects of our societal fabric. 43,44 The 1970s saw an international oil crisis emerge as a direct result of a conﬂict stemming from a Mideast war and the resulting divisiveness among members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). With the news that supply would

04%1#!) be restricted and prices would increase drastically, the United States and other western nations Former President Gerald Ford visits with Harold Halm, plunged into a financial abyss, which was marked and Chairman and Mrs. Norman Wilhelm, during the by quadrupling fuel prices, fuel rationing, and long- ACPA annual meeting in 1978. lines at the gas pumps. 45 Inflation rose from about 6% in 1970 to 13.3% by 1979. The prime rate hit 21.5% in December 1980, the highest in history. This period is also known nation’s bicentennial celebration in 1976. The The 1970s: The 1970s: for “stagflation,” a condition of rising inflation and decade also ushered in the lava lamp, Saturday unemployment, which would last into the early Night Live, personal computers, floppy disks, Earth 1980s. 46 Day, bar codes, video games, disco, ESPN, and the 47,48 This was a decade marked by growing three-point line in basketball. opposition to the Vietnam War, FAST FACTS which formally “We don’t want you to think ended with we are trying to paint a dark the final troop 7)>)# withdrawal future, because we feel that over %() in 1975. The the long pull the seventies will #" resignation of be even more fruitful than the F"7!47 the nation’s 37th President, sixties have been; but we do feel M7#N"" Richard Nixon, that they will get off to a slower ),< as well as the ## crisis that came start. Let’s go forward into the %%%) before, had a 70’s with the challenge and ) profound and lasting effect determination to open up new %) on domestic frontiers that will afford all of politics. On us with self-reliance, self-growth, the geopolitical front, the Cold and satisfaction of doing a job War continued, and with it, the continuation of well done!” both the arms race and space race between the United States and former Soviet Union. —Bruce B. Cloud, ACPA On the lighter side, the nation observed the Board Member (and Executive largest birthday party in American history with Vice President, H. B. Zachry the years-long preparation and celebration of the Co.), January 1970. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 35 FAST FACTS Famous First /,7!47 #%"J 8"%) 8)8 0"/71 +(,:#),: #KD( :<#:<#'# :, A:$L(B#": ZA#"%(B <<#<<# )))::# ))),:;; ))ADN B;<:$) "8 Progress can occur in the form of major, of major, can occur in the form Progress ACPA: Years The Transformative ACPA: subtle changes. more or smaller, events sweeping Harold Halm, testified before a Price Commission testified before Halm, Harold HearingPublic Cement Industry on the in Houston. that the cement shortage was Halm explained causing contractors to seek supplies of cement outside the United States or from sources from additional necessitating large locations, remote “It is obvious concluded, Wilson expenses. freight be passed costs will eventually that the increased on to the taxpayer.”

49 In 1972, In 1972, ACPA and IGGA worked together to establish a series of techniques and IGGA worked together ACPA restoration pavements. Concrete pavement used to repair concrete quickly gained in popularity. (CPR), as it was called, solutions for solutions for dealing with shortages. (See sidebar, Tackles “ACPA Issue Tough of Shortages.”) ACPA’s First Vice President, Thomas of Wilson Southern Roadbuilders, and Executive Director,

ACPA members and staff were focused on the members focused and staff were ACPA Short supplies of fuel and commodities plagued Although the original plan called The pivot of change change of The pivot constructing the the Interstate and expanding equipment. acceptance of productivity-enhancing that the Interstate aware also keenly They were they began and so, inevitable, completion was opportunities. market planning new members ACPA and industries and consumers, In addition to the among those affected. were ACPA fuels, shortage of fossil politically-charged dealt with a cement shortage and steel shortage these So significant were 1970s. in the early completion that to project looming threats called Tiemann NorbertAdministrator FHWA and others industry representing and the ACPA the military) (including sector groups to public leaders and ACPA a meeting in December 1973. actionable other transportation officials provided Construction in the 1970s system to the Interstate highway for construction be completed in 1972, By the 1970s and beyond. continued throughout complete, sections were most of the major 1979, the 1990s. continued through but work decade ended quietly quietly decade ended the drama and without that had and controversy to occurred in the early spite of In mid-1970s. or the highs and lows, because of them, maybe and indeed, the nation, construction, highway and the concrete ACPA, industrypavement had significantly, changed and forever. irreversibly,

challenging. the airport pavements more concrete thicker slabs, making the job of placing In 1970, “jumbo” jets created a need for 36 The transformation that FAST FACTS occurred with ACPA during the 1970s represented both Early Sustainability Efforts large and small changes. ACPA 0)#,< established a presence and #)7!47 ﬁrm footing in new markets, "))> tackled a host of prioritized #)) technical issues, and stepped up its government affairs /,7!4706 efforts at the federal level. ;M')/"N Recognizing the challenges ()#) of completing the Interstate #""#"#%" highway system in an era of 0" shortages, while also facing the eventual wind down of %"F<<<6PF$ the Interstate construction ",<<<6PF$ surge, ACPA news reports #%" reveal that contractors and

04%1#!) other members, along with staff, worked together closely, stepping up efforts to develop initiatives in airport, county, equipment “when requested by the engineer… and municipal paving throughout the decade. provided that satisfactory mix revision and price Airport pavement opportunities were plentiful, reductions have been negotiated,” according to as “jumbo” jets made their debut in 1970 with the ACPA literature. This breakthrough followed years ﬁrst commercial ﬂight of Boeing’s 747, followed of work by the association to convince FAA of the closely by Lockheed’s L-1011, McDonnell Douglas’

The 1970s: The 1970s: viability of slipforming thicker pavements. DC-10, and many others since.50,51,52 ACPA also made strides with USACE in the Recognizing the increased loads and air traffic early 1970s, recommending changes to their as a factor in pavement criteria, the FAA in 1975 specifications and including the use of the slipform revised its design criteria to increase pavement method of construction. Other specification thickness from a 12-in. standard to 18-in., 20-in., changes sought by ACPA included reducing or even greater thicknesses. Shortly thereafter, mixing time for central plants; adopting sawed through the persistence of ACPA, the FAA’s P-501 contraction joints versus formed joints; eliminating specification formally recognized slipform paving, the requirement to cure with wet burlap; and and subsequently, created a modified provision adopting a price adjustment instead of removal and allowing the conditional use of slipform paving replacement if as-constructed slab thickness was equipment. The provision allowed slipform paving over ¼-in. deficient.

Technical Service, Tech Transfer On the highway front, ACPA staff and members focused on a growing list of technical issues stemming from the unprecedented growth in mileage constructed for the Interstate program. A Pavement Advisory Board, comprised of leading state and federal engineers and ACPA members, was formed in 1972 to advise and make recommendations to the association pertaining to technical matters relating to concrete pavement construction.

In the 1970s, ACPA advocated the use of liquid membrane-forming curing compounds. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 37

November 1970. Cement Association, —W.E. Swanson, ACPA —W.E. Swanson, ACPA Director and Manager, and Manager, Director “Our two associations associations “Our two contractors section, Portland contractors section, Portland [ACPA and PCA] have more more have and PCA] [ACPA interests and goals common In my than most groups... needs greatest our opinion, and opportunities at the will be especially levels, state and local no state where in those areas association is presently paving It is extremely in existence. important that our cooperative to coordinated be well efforts eliminate duplication of efforts which complications, or any proper by can be avoided Neither of communication. the luxury of us can afford and with our duplication, we budgets, respective present and our efforts make must to the maximum dollars stretch possible.” extent It bears mentioning that the number and depth guide prepared ACPA 1970s, In the early of these issues required significant involvement of significant involvement of these issues required as well leadershipvolunteer and other members, a handle the challenge, To staff to address. ACPA as with individual put into place, structure was new which issue, each subcommittees to address Force Task and Board the Strategic resembles today. ACPA Structure in place at concrete skid resistant specifications for By 1977, 45 states reported having concrete barriers, and the reported construction rate was 300 miles per year. The advent The advent “Jersey of the marked barrier” of the decline steel collapsible and a guardrails sharp reduction in highway fatalities, thanks in part to ACPA’s advocacy efforts. ACPA’s push for less restrictive and method- less restrictive push for ACPA’s oriented specifications; less designs that were Simplified ramp construct; and easier to expensive that did not require subbases Non-erodible trimming; and damage; Guidance on rain of joints and jointing practices. Improvement for Recommendations on texturing skid resistance; improved improved Internal for vibration consolidation; hot- and cold-weather for Requirements and construction; against and the studded tires Advocacy they damage caused. pavement s s s s s s s s s Among the priorities identified were: 38 pavements and published this work as ACPA Technical Bulletin No. 6. The ACPA guide was the catalyst for a broader effort by an AASHO-AGC- ARBA Joint Cooperative Committee in developing “Specifications for Securing More Skid Resistant Pavements.” ACPA’s technical leadership left a major mark on the matter of pavement damage caused by the first-generation of studded tires. Less than a decade after their debut in 1963, studded tires became the source of controversy, discussion, and study. Damage to U.S. highways eventually led to bans in many states.53 ACPA was among the first to take a formal position against studded tires in September 1971, The original Pave-In team were recognized for their

04%1#!) and other transportation associations, including efforts in 1971 with what is now called ACPA’s the American Road Builders Association and the Hartmann-Hirschman-Egan award. American Automobile Association followed suit, with the encouragement of ACPA. The association’s supplies of natural aggregates and crushed position was, in part, a response to several papers stone had been discarded or rejected because of presented at the Highway Research Board, restrictive specifications or other reasons.” according to ACPA literature. Rising transportation costs, stemming from the energy crisis, as well as greater awareness to The Story of Econocrete conserve natural resources, only made it more The 1970s: The 1970s: One of the significant technical (and marketing) challenging to get consistently high-quality prime milestones of the era was ACPA’s development of aggregate on econocrete, which was developed in response to the grade at a serious issues. reasonable cost. With the large scale construction of the ACPA’s “With the introduction Interstate well underway, as well as other solution was of jumbo jets, coupled construction in the 1960s to early 1970s, the econocrete. industry was beginning to grapple with the The concept with the explosive scarcity of acceptable aggregates. was conceived growth in passenger Concrete paving contractors and agencies in 1973 by were in a quandary, because for many years, “large Harry Curlin, and cargo traffic, and of Southern increased business and Roadbuilders, private flying, most FAST FACTS Chairman of ACPA’s airports and supporting Recognizing the First Technical facilities have been “Dean of Concrete Paving” Subcommittee rendered obsolete. '.?4#?! on Materials and Mix Design. !"7!47P#" —Harold J. Curlin had Halm, Executive ""4&4(, observed the ?!!"#" problem first Director, ACPA, 7!47""? hand with sand April 1971. ("M#!4%)N that met quality standards on ""% one job, but not another. The ACPA subcommittee %"F# pressed into action and advanced the concept %""#") of selective use of local aggregates, many of which had previously been rejected or just not considered. They coupled this concept with two- PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 39 FAST FACTS FACTS FAST Drops Industry Cement the Barrel !" "( G,M4" "# )AB" N Pave-In team members sing a special rendition annual meeting. during an ACPA of “My Way,” Econocrete took its greatest hold as a subbase hold as a subbase took its greatest Econocrete all but disappeared ‘econocrete,’ the term In time, Ballenger Corporation reinforced the point by reinforced Corporation Ballenger as Now, don’t mess with it.” down, it’s “After saying, this is sound advice. then, the and promoted advocated ACPA option and airports and highways, for use of econocrete so successful The concept was local roads. soon using and contractors were that agencies of facilities. a wide range for mixtures econocrete adoption because of the largely literature, the from as a less commercial ‘lean concrete’ of by agencies generally are subbases econocrete Today, term. 54 In 1975, CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION magazine CONSTRUCTION CONCRETE In 1975, not of prior merely not new, “The concept was as a means to put forward was Econocrete lift paving. adopted now contractors have “Paving reported, mixes concrete to identify ‘econocrete’ the term do not that to use local aggregates designed standards. to conventional conform necessarily And they gained the support have of the FHWA the moving in agencies and local governmental the laboratories concept from into the econocrete field. Interstateconsequence to the construction era. placed in first pavement concrete America’s used two-course construction Ohio, Bellefontaine, materialswith different the two and mix designs in coarse aggregate used large, layer The lower layers. than the smaller sized, porous more that was the course,” used in the surface denser aggregate magazine continued. workshop At a regional building better pavements. contractors and panelists—mostly in 1972, suppliers—discussed subgrades/ the link between quality and performance. and pavement subbases that smoother subbases made The point was Bruce of Parsons lead to smoother pavements. 40 Pavements” was the subject of ACPA’s 2nd technical bulletin, which became a foundation tool for this promotion. As a natural progression, the association also increased its efforts in the area of “city paving” with the formation of a Municipal Paving Committee in early 1972, followed by the first urban paving workshop in March. Panels made up of city and county engineers, contractors, and equipment manufacturers discussed municipal paving programs, as well as challenges and Barrier walls and curbs in the 1970s were opportunities made possible opportunities. ACPA’s first 04%1#!) because of changes in equipment technology, as well as ACPA’s hardbound booklet “Municipal advocacy efforts. Concrete Pavement Manual” was

referred to as lean concrete subbases, an optional design layer for highway design specifications and a required design layer for major airfields, both by FAST FACTS the military and FAA. Auf Wiedersehen! /G,;7!47$ Identifying, Seizing Market Opportunities The 1970s: The 1970s: As the decade progressed, the shift was toward %#%" developing market opportunities. Contractors and 'J suppliers sought to control their own destinies '"" through collaborative efforts to define and pursue !@6> new opportunities. In fact, the theme of the 1976 7!474" ACPA annual meeting, “Blueprint for Marketing,” emphasized /7#@ importance !)A4/7@!B/,,7!47 of market 4??" “We feel that it’s high time development. $ that we as contractors have ACPA formally '0% recognized the an opportunity to bring opportunities )44/ forth some ideas which will to pave county )>#P;; roads, and ACPA improve concrete paving. 4)':+ members and ")) We have ideas that we are staff worked /?) together on tech unable to put across in : service, education, " any other manner except outreach, and by constructing a piece of promotion of 0%7!47PL these facilities, pavement, donating it to L" often linking with "#$)) somebody and let it lie there state associations #)0#" for everybody to inspect for like the Iowa Concrete Paving ##&"$() years and years.” Association Auf Wiedersehen, M")N —Gene Kastner, (ICPA). The % “County Market Contracting and Materials for Concrete Company, commenting on the Pave-In, 1971. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 41

56 when reinforcing steel cannot be obtained. water reducers, to conserve cement. concrete pavements. mixes for pavements. and are compatible with local aggregates, in concrete mix designs for pavements. Addressing Fuel Fuel Addressing Shortages Natural and ConservationResource with FHWA 1973 meeting At a December NorbertAdministrator (1973-77) Tiemann the and other highway organizations, ACPA and other agencies, discussed USACE, FAA, critical shortageways to cope with the of fossil materials for pavements. fuels and construction all agreed that The contractor organizations the fuel shortagemost critical by far is the problem. and at the urging of ACPA, In the mid-1970s, agencies furtherthe contractors and agreed to: Consider alternate pavement designs 1. 2. as Consider the use of admixtures, such 3. 1-P cement in Seek permission to use Type 4. Consider the use of ﬂy ash in concrete 5. Broader use of imported cements which 6. Incorporate more realistic cement factors At about the same time, Dundee Cement started a cement with bottom manufacturing ash from power plants, along with clinker. out that the shortage also pointed of ACPA reinforcing steel was a more serious problem than the cement shortage. The association continued reporting shortages of steel and fuel and volatile pricing throughout the decade. National Asphalt Pavement the Interestingly, Association reported, “Aside from a generally low supply of petroleum products, causes of an asphalt cement shortage included newly enacted restrictions on sulphur content and developments in coking facilities and hydrocracking.”

—ACPA Chair —ACPA February 1972. February 1972. Quad Cities Paving, Quad Cities Glen Perkins,President, Glen Perkins,President, “Our association cannot cannot association “Our be effective without the without be effective wholehearted participation of all members in our of little are We activities. limit if you to you value participation to your occasional sending in an check.” The culture of the 1960s and 1970s permeatedThe culture term“Sit-In”-a popular of the The term, held in Kankakee, was The first Pave-In As the decade progressed, ACPA promoted promoted ACPA As the decade progressed, reductions reported drastic literature ACPA The Pave-Ins “rap the phrase borrowed the association which These meetings. its 1970s-era for sessions” contractors meetings where and other were similar to open members forums, had open meetings. ACPA of in the currentforums era successful a wildly “Pave-In,” turned to era-was of Board ACPA’s In 1970, creation. ACPA ambitious plan to stage an Directors approved during the Midwestern Regional the first Pave-In to bringThe idea was April 1971. in Workshop contractors and material suppliers ACPA together light-trafficked to upgrade how to demonstrate using concrete. county roadways involved The event 1971. April 29, on Illinois, conducting an paving a mile of road, published in 1977. published as barrier as well shoulders, pavement concrete opportunities emerging that were and curbs, walls in equipment because of changes made possible efforts. as advocacy as well technology, attributable to concrete fatalities in highway displaced collapsible rapidly which barriers, been used had previously which steel guardrails, instrumental was in ACPA in center medians. personneleducating contractors and agency details on both the merits and the technical By 1977, associated with constructing both. median barriersconcrete being built at the were reported and 45 states of 300 miles per year, rate barriers.having built concrete 42 educational workshop, and then, turning the CPR to the Rescue roadway over to the county, free of charge. ACPA’s By the mid-1970s, the industry’s focus changed plan was a success, as evidenced by the more as pavement repair and maintenance needs and than 500 industry and public agency officials who concerns emerged. participated. The event was filmed and a silent Some of the concrete highways and roadways movie with a read-aloud script was subsequently shown all over the country. None of this would have been possible without more than 50 ACPA members contributing,

04%1#!) materials, equipment, and personnel to the Pave-In construction. Two more Pave-Ins were conducted, Pave- In II in 1977 The 1970s: The 1970s: (on the campus of North Econocrete was developed in the 1970s in response to rising transportation Central College, costs, stemming from the energy crisis, as well as greater awareness to Naperville, Ill.) and Pave- conserve natural resources. In Southern Style in 1978 (on the campus of North Alabama University in Mobile, Ala.). Together, built in the early part of the century, including the three Pave-Ins garnered significant, positive some early Interstate sections, were experiencing attention for the distresses and failures. ACPA and concrete Highway engineers never pavements. anticipated the traffic From an historical “The hour is late. It is well volumes that ultimately perspective, it is past the time when we in the grew on America’s clear to see the links highway business should get highways. among the Seedling In 1975, a letter from Miles program of off the defensive and go on the the Georgia Department the 1910s, the Pave- offensive about our highway of Transportation Director, Ins of the 1970s, Tom Moreland, emphasized and the current systems. Unless we do, history the need to focus on repair open houses and will record that we presided and maintenance. Along demonstration over the demise of one of the with a request to industry projects, which to help address his state’s ACPA and its local most important assets this pavement maintenance affiliates still use as nation or any other nation needs, there was a threat effective showcases that Georgia might for emerging has ever had ... the highway stop building concrete technologies system of the United States.” pavements if there were and current best —J.R. Coupal, Jr., no concrete pavement practices. maintenance solutions. Deputy Administrator, To meet its customers’ FHWA, commenting on funding of highways, 1975. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 43 Overlays came into sharper focus in the 1970s, in the 1970s, came into sharper focus Overlays In time, the industrythe series branded In time, Overlays Enter the Picture Enter Overlays and television magazines, Newspapers, too. pavement life.” pavement pavement or concrete “CPR,” of techniques cardio term, the from borrowed restoration, then- (Bob Priest, pulmonary resuscitation. of recipient and Inc., of SandersPresident Saws, has been Award, 2003 Hartmann-Hirschman ACPA’s CPR.) By term, related with pavement credited funding would highway the end of the decade pavement for Rs” “three be earmarked the to and reconstruction—an rehabilitation, resurfacing, upon during the expanded that was abbreviation 1980s. ACPA’s Concrete Safety Barrier and Curb Manual, published in ACPA’s 1979, reduced highway fatalities and helped set the stage for future guide specifications and design standards established by the Association. On Drawing on Drawing the best of what was from known the around these country, techniques included full- and partial-depth and patching diamond grinding, by then which a well- was established in technique California. February 1976, 10, professionals the from concrete pavement

— “The 100 Events That Issue), 1976. (Bicentennial

Life Magazine industry, as well as state and federal as state and federal as well industry, attended the ﬁrst ofﬁcials, government seminar in restoration pavement concrete according years later, Twenty Ga. Augusta, then the State P.E., Gulden, Wouter to Engineer with the Materials & Research Transportation, Georgia Department of in the restoration pavement “Concrete to be a State of Georgia (had) proven extending for technique cost-effective needs, ACPA and its technology partner, partner, and its technology ACPA needs, the International & Grinding Grooving a series established of Association (IGGA), pavements. concrete to repair techniques

FAST FACTS FAST to Chapter/State Forerunner 7")/; ,;#"") #%)7!47## #"/) . 48)8 #%)"8) "(J7!47!L !""

Shaped America” “The Interstate

their land.” their land.” across the face of the face across have ever scratched scratched ever have that Americans indelible signature signature indelible grandiose and grandiose System is the most 44 reported on fibrous bonded concrete overlays of performance evaluation, simplification and concrete pavements in Iowa and Michigan in the standardization of construction techniques, and fall of 1972. Jackson Construction Company placed active promotion.” four overlays for the city of Cedar Rapids, Iowa. In Overlay promotion in the 1970s culminated on Michigan, a team of contractors joined forces with September 25, 1979, when ACPA and the ICPA the Michigan Department of Transportation to co-sponsored a record-breaking open house to build the largest fibrous bonded overlay in history showcase a thin bonded concrete overlay placed at that time, a 3-in. by Koss Construction overlay on four lanes Company, Inc.. Almost of an eight-lane 600 people attended highway carrying “Former President Ford mingled the event, including 100,000 vehicles per with the ACPA delegates for thirty representatives of 37 day in Detroit. state DOTs. That feat was minutes during a reception followed by a which preceded the dinner. His Origins of fibrous concrete Performance-Based overlay experiment talk followed the presentation of Specs in Greene County, the H. W. Hartmann Outstanding In the 1970s, 04%1#!) Iowa. The Iowa Achievement Award, and … was construction Highway Research specifications began Board, ICPA, and interrupted six times by audience the slow evolution ACPA were involved applause in strong support of his we still see evolving in planning the from prescriptive to overlay test site, comments.” performance-based constructed in —ACPA Newsletter specifications. ACPA 1973. The project description of Former U.S. reports from the 1970s included 2-, 3-, and include numerous The 1970s: The 1970s: 4-in. sections, with President Gerald Ford’s visit examples of agencies and without fibers. to the ACPA Annual Meeting, and contractors At the time, this growing more aware of was the world’s December 1978. both the need and the most extensive field benefits of contractors research undertaken having more control of on concrete practices on the grade. overlays, with 41 test sections in a project more Commenting on this shift, the Georgia DOTs than three miles in length. Tom Stapler in 1971 said quality assurance is a During the 1970s, ACPA combined efforts completely separate process from quality control, with the cement and steel industries to form which he added is not the proper function of the an ad hoc Committee for the Promotion of owner. “We don’t need an army of new specialists Concrete Overlays, whose objective was to to accomplish this changeover.” His colleague, “develop the market for concrete overlays and to greatly increase the Concrete pavement was placed at what was then called Dallas/Fort market penetration through design Worth Regional Airport in May 1972. H.B. Zachry Co. (now Zachry innovation, encouragement of research, Construction Corp.) paved the 50 ft taxiway in a single pass. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 45 Save the U.S. Department of Transportation— Department of the U.S. Save “contact members to urged ACPA In 1972, and representatives their Congressional to oppose other friends in Congress any of a Departmentthe establishment of In keeping with the association’s principle of In keeping with the association’s s Hydraulic, high-cycle, and pneumatic vibration and pneumatic vibration high-cycle, Hydraulic, Materials also took on greater science field with lead the way ACPA Once again, Focus on Government Affairs on Government Focus and maintaining helpful relationships,” “developing the association has a long history of effective at the particularly officials, with public advocacy of this can examples early Three level. federal critical of two issues that be seen in the context in the 1970s. emerged acceptance among agencies and contractors. and contractors. agencies among acceptance also occurring was of change” “pivot Another who were manufacturers, equipment with many technology. state” “solid new to incorporate quick by soon be displaced would controls Mechanical to components electronic and electromechanical control. machine accurate and more better provide to mid- appear in the early equipment began to member companies were and its ACPA and 1970s, report and to study once again at the forefront and various consolidation aspects of on concrete on the grade. the mixture of vibration suppliers and were significance during this time, a wide curing agents; coatings; fibers; developing and other materials that variety of admixtures; and paving speeds, faster better control, enabled quality. improved and efforts, transfer technology evaluation, of materials. generations of the new promotion FAST FACTS Paving Setting the Stage for Stringless @(#9! "#) 7!47,D? "#"#))F" #).) %) ##%)? )%) M))) #N Mile-A-Day Paving Club Secretary Chairman-1970) in paving three miles in one day. Chairman-1970) in paving three miles in one — John D. Geesaman, ACPA Technical Director and Technical — John D. Geesaman, ACPA — Unnamed crew member, jokingly reacting to the — Unnamed crew member, tenacity of company President John Matich’s (ACPA (ACPA tenacity of company President John Matich’s crazy.” “He’s ACPA’s recognition of contractors who achieved the “Mile-A- contractors who achieved recognition of ACPA’s through the 1970s. By continued in earnest Day” milestone were recognized. The were 81 contractors who 1974, there indicates that the member reported, “It milestone, ACPA doing!” guess; it knows what it’s company is a team that doesn’t a contractor recognized ACPA In the early part of the decade, new record, the written account of that achieved a surprising which follows: FebruaryBeginning at 6 a.m. on 23, 1971, a Matich Colton, Calif., began what would be Corporation paving crew in paving project to exceed three the first documented concrete the crew later, Fifteen hours and 57 minutes miles in one day. miles) of concrete pavement. had placed 16,975 ft (3.215 early in the morning, I could see “Upon arriving at the plant Not only were men, that something big could happen that day. but the equipment, and materials geared to big production, curves,crew had a long section of roadway to pave without bridges, or other obstacles in the way,” Contractor Reports Contractor Three-Miles-a-Day First Project On a parallel path with changes the path with changes On a parallel paving continued its Slipform Then, as now, ACPA’s response to this response ACPA’s as now, Then, contractors were addressing, equipment addressing, contractors were continued to develop manufacturers and other paving machines and refine equipment that further the mechanized while also performing paving process, other features. greater toward progression lockstep Equipment, Materials Suppliers Equipment, the Call Answer Tom Moreland, said, “We are taking ‘substantial taking are “We said, Moreland, Tom it with and replacing specs, out of our compliance’ in the end require we what exactly product.” to step up educational efforts; issue was and to work guidance; technical provide and state agencies with federal together to influence specifications and promote best practices. 46 Community Development.” The ACPA dispatch warned that the proposed bill would fragment all federal transportation programs, and also would threaten the fledgling U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), which began operations only five years earlier on April 1, 1967. 55

“The proposed bill will fragment all transportation programs at the federal level,” ACPA advised. “This will force A thin, bonded concrete overlay demonstration project in Iowa national transportation policy decisions up drew hundreds of ofﬁcials from the industry and public sector. to the level of the President. This does not make sense when these decisions can now

04%1#!) be made by one Secretary: the Secretary of DOT.” FAST FACTS The bill failed, and the U.S. DOT today Speaking with One Voice remains a viable agency. This was the /,:%#; ﬁrst documented case of ACPA staff and #"E members answering a call-to-action that was !/! speciﬁcally on behalf of a federal agency. J%##"))>(

The 1970s: The 1970s: M%N# “If anyone is not aware of 7!47G''G A7!47!"$,DB7!474 what effect the things he is ??"0)# doing have on the concrete, P0!! then the chances are that he is #7!47"" going to affect it adversely” —Joseph Julian, James Julian, Inc., commenting on s Calling on President Nixon to Incent Capital Investment—When a cement shortage the need for better trained threatened supply to the concrete pavement personnel for quality industry, ACPA’s Board of Directors informed “President Richard Nixon and appropriate control, 1972. administrative and Congressional leaders by letter of the seriousness of the problem and requested that steps be taken to encourage the investment of capital in the cement industry. This would include permission to price cement at a level that would provide a realistic return on investment.” Glen Perkins (ACPA President-1972) said, “On one hand the cement companies are being required to expend vast sums of money to comply with pollution control ordinances, while on the other hand, the price for which they

Early experiments with thin, bonded concrete overlays in Iowa and Michigan laid the groundwork for what has become a popular technology used to rehabilitate asphalt, concrete, and composite pavements. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 47 Following the success of the ﬁrst Pave-In, Pave-In II in 1977 was held on ACPA’s the campus of North Central College, Naperville, Ill. (Photo courtesy of GOMACO Corp.) —ACPA Annual Report, 1973. Annual Report, —ACPA and your Senator. Urge your people to write your Urge Senator. and your equipment, your those that supply Urge also. won’t You and oil. fuel your materials, your them without a strong from be buying much program.” highway The Board of Directors approved changing changing of DirectorsThe Board approved These are early examples of ACPA advocating advocating ACPA of examples early These are In the End New Name to Reﬂects 1970s In the End New Changes American the name of the association to the January effective Association, Pavement Concrete “more intended to be was name The new 1979. 1, on behalf of its members in Washington, D.C. D.C. Washington, on behalf of its members in and waned peaked efforts have Although such to the need demonstrate these events time, over efforts on public some of the association’s focus capital. in the nation’s advocacy sell their product is being controlled...This controlled...This is being sell their product to the companies for is leaving little capital cement plants and increased in new invest production.” Members to Support ACPA Calling on Eisenhour (ACPA Bill –John 1975 Highway Chairman-1974) reported on a conversation House Minority Leader with then-U.S. the 38th and later, (R-Mich.) Ford Gerald Ford President, former (As President. U.S. annual meeting in ACPA visit the would that an expressed “The opinion was 1978.) be passed if Congress can interim program Since [the is convinced that it is needed. Minority delay Leader] also sees a possible highway a new of six to eight months before need for is an urgent there act is passed, program to keep the highway some way Congressman Write to your kicking. and alive s

“With the Interstate Highway Program nearing completion, the volume of the volume completion, nearing Program Interstate the Highway “With concrete paving work is going to be drastically reduced—unless somebody somebody reduced—unless be drastically to is going work paving concrete doing is Association Paving American Concrete The it. about does something to develop efforts their combining Our members it! are about something members, that the individual way in a pavement concrete for markets new themselves.” by could not do of size, regardless 48 descriptive of the promotional work being done by the association, such as 3R, whereas the old name denoted primarily new construction.” The end of the decade was marred by political and economic challenges, change to the pavement

04%1#!) construction, and the beginning of threats to highway funding. As a result, membership Like the two Pave-Ins before it, Pave-In Southern Style in 1978, garnered declined for significant, positive attention. The event was held on the campus of North the first time in history, in spite of Alabama University in Mobile, Ala. (Photo courtesy of GOMACO Corp.) ACPA’s increasing effectiveness on The 1970s: The 1970s: a wide range of technical services and effective promotional programs. Contractor membership in 1979 stood at just 74 members, only two more than in 1966. “As you know there is a great This adversity bred an unrelenting belief movement at this time to divert in the mission by ACPA’s founding and core highway trust fund money to rapid transit. Rapid transit is fine. We have no quarrel with FAST FACTS that. But we cannot afford to Space Shuttle Runway finance other programs from the /# M##N"$,P) highway trust fund… We’ve got to ) get our message across. We can’t E7 do that by talking to equipment 7"AE77BO manufacturers and highway !,:!# department engineers. The three :<<<$#);<<$#%" of us agree that the highway <<<$#%G.Q(/ 7!47/&&7%% program is the best thing that ever )J) happened… We have to get our )%#%##) message across to legislators.” —Thomas E. Wilson, Concrete Shoulders Jr., President, Southern ;"F# ,, Roadbuilders, Inc., 1973. ))D::"7!47 ")"

PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 49 1972. 57 —Dexter Fowler, —Dexter Fowler, & Lime Company, “The entire industry“The entire New Enterprise Stone ought to move a little ought to move and in developing faster technicians training who can anticipate than rather problems them after just solve they occur.” Recognizing ACPA’s ACPA’s Recognizing Technology First Partner and grinding industryThe grooving began with blade was used use of a single diamond experimental in the late 1940s. saw to groove pavement on a concrete step, concrete grinding, “Since that early tentative with diamond blades has grooving and texturing today a multimillion dollar developed into what is industryis literally practiced around the world,” that technology partner. ACPA according to the IGGA, an incorporated in Lakewood, In June 1972, IGGA was due “inception was largely Calif., and the association’s force of Lester Kuzmick, to the inspiration and driving that could advance the who envisioned an organization members. “ collective interests of contractor and IGGA worked together on the early ACPA in development of CPR, starting in the 1970s, and 1995, the two organizations created a formal afﬁliation newly formed Concrete with IGGAA to represent ACPA’s the renamed Pavement Restoration Division. Today, Pavement Preservation Partnership ACPA/IGGA serves to provide as a valued collaborative effort technical resources and industry in the representation promotion of concrete pavement preservation to DOTs, municipalities, and engineers around the world. ! Undated photo shows an ACPA exhibit, exhibit, an ACPA Undated photo shows an increased emphasis which represented on promotional activities. If there is a single statement that captures the the is a single statement that captures If there members, and a collaborative approach that was at that was approach and a collaborative members, of the 1970s but the lesson times daring and risky, it alone. went ever ACPA is that no one member of during ACPA of and focus energy, excitement, ACPA’s decade it is this: of change” “pivot the and members both the recognized staff, leadership, uncertainty and the opportunities of the future, steps that took bold and decisive and in response, and beneﬁtted members in every category then, still to this day. FAST FACTS Bar First Insertion Dowel 7)7!47) ##%"" "D:)$ "0"#)> "">M")N?> !"#"$)"/,+ @/ ?>")(M (N7!47 %"% "JL/$+# %&)L#"%) %)R<:F

The 1980s: 0'1#'8 60 52 Challenger. Cable delivered news instantly, and so, information began reaching more people faster than ever before. The nation began healing from the turbulence of the 1960s and the tragedy of the war. One example of the healing can today be seen in the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, the

0'1#'8 main part of which was opened in 1982 to honor the almost 59,000 Americans killed or reported missing in action during the war.61,62 From the solemn The 1980s: The 1980s: to the celebratory, people observed profound changes in 1980s, often as a result of the struggles of the First developed in 1985, cross-stitching soon became a widely-accepted 1960s and 1970s. pavement repair method. Cross-stitching uses deformed tie bars epoxied or One example was grouted into holes drilled at an angle through a crack. the second wave of the Women’s Movement, during The 1980s: The Era of Expansion which the nation saw several major “firsts” for In 1980, former actor and state Governor Ronald women, including Geraldine Ferraro’s run Reagan was elected the nation’s 40th President. He for U.S. President; Sandra Day O’Connor‘s was sworn into office in January 1981, a time when appointment to the Supreme Court; and the economy was suffering through a recession. Sally Ride’s journey into space.63 Even so, the downturn proved to be a temporary As the decade continued to unfold, setback along a path of sustained economic “economic liberalization” led to financial growth. growth in countries previously known as The commercialization of cable television, “third world” nations, and this, along with including the founding of CNN in 1980, brought the start to globalization of business, fueled the world into sharper view, often through the an economic boon. By August 1987, the lens of live news reports. People witnessed Dow Jones Industrial Average had increased terror turned to hope with the release of 52 44% over the previous year’s closing of 1,895 hostages held in Iran, in all some 444 days after points, although “Black Monday” in October their capture. Failed attempts on the lives of of the same year would at least temporarily President Reagan, Pope John Paul II, and British thwart the sharp growth in the equities Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher were dispatched market.64 around the globe and around the clock. 59 Millions In spite of some ups and downs, looked on in shock and sadness as seven U.S. personal income climbed significantly astronauts died in the crash of the Space Shuttle PPROLOGUEROLOGUE 1960s1960s 1 1970s970s 11980s980s 19901990ss 20002000ss 2 2010s010s R REFERENCESEFERENCES 3 535 n 1962. This s as affected hort course at Path Method as sociations should y concrete paving ntless contributions that the contractors truction sold concrete activities often surprised —Gary L. Godbersen, GOMACO Corporation. —W. J. Noonan, Jr., Noonan Construction Co., Inc. (ACPA Chairman-1975) Co., Inc. (ACPA Noonan Construction J. Noonan, Jr., —W. Remembering Harold J. Halm Harold J. Remembering (1925-1985) illness. The away after an extended passed executive director of ACPA On July 1, 1985, the first newsletter in September in a special edition of ACPA’s reported his career, following is an account of of that year. degree in Architectural from the University of Detroit in 1951 with a Harold Halm graduated never although he with architecture continued throughout his career, Engineering. His fascination point out details and take the time to look at an unusual building and practiced it. He would often by wooden beams and particular design. He was particularly entranced ponder the reasons for a had them running overhead. enjoyed restaurants which Planning Commission, gaining an understanding During his college years, he worked for the Detroit City roads. Following college, he went to work as of the need for a high-quality system of streets and a structural engineer with the Western Electric Company. Halm would spend two years with Western years with Western Halm would spend two Electric Company. a structural engineer with the Western as project superintendent. Electric before joining the Leininger Construction Company —M. Lee Powell III, Ballenger Group, Inc. (ACPA Chairman-1985 and ACPA-Chairman-1999) —M. Lee Powell III, Ballenger Group, Inc. (ACPA “Harold’s life’s work was dedicated to the advancement and improvement of the concrete pavement industry.” life’s “Harold’s “Much of ACPA’s success can be attributed to the fact that Harold’s main concern was quality. Harold believed that quality cons Harold believed main concern was quality. success can be attributed to the fact that Harold’s “Much of ACPA’s suppliers and related as “Harold preached- until the day he left us- that the contractors, equipment manufacturers and dealers, Harold J. Halm served as the chief executive from ACPA’s 1963 to 1985. In 1958 Halm went to work for the Portland Cement Association. A few years later, he wrote a paper on concrete pavement cost Association. A few years later, In 1958 Halm went to work for the Portland Cement would make cou and during his career, Within a few years, he would become the first President (then Executive Director) of ACPA, In the training courses Halm taught, his understanding of the paving operations and the interrelationship of all the different In the training courses Halm taught, his understanding things could go wrong and how they could be corrected. both rookie and veteran inspectors. He knew where Analysis of Factors influencing Concrete Pavement Construction” i “An the paper, by design. The Highway Research Board published how their designs affected paving costs for many years. He then attended a s paper was used as the bible in showing engineers “Critical paper, Path Method or CPM. Halm’s to learn about a new technique—Critical the Massachusetts Institute of Technology the American Road Builders Association in 1963, “and was so well received b Applied to Pavement Construction,” was published by Cement Association, adding Portland and trust,” recalled Gordon Ray, contractors that Harold was able to gain their friendship asked him to become their first Executive Director.” newsletter: Among the many tributes to Halm were these, also reported in the ACPA to the industry. pavement; if you promoted quality you promoted concrete.” coordinate our efforts and have one common goal of giving the industry and the taxpayer the most for their money.” “The greatest problem we 54 in the United States One of the crowning during the 1980s, and as an industry face today accomplishments of the focus on individual is the lack of adequate the decade was the wealth and disposable dismantling of the income was reflected funding. Nationwide Berlin Wall in November in movies, television, highway construction costs 1989. The event not literature, and other increased 208% between only marked the end of aspects of the nation’s the Cold War, but also cultural fabric. For the 1967 and 1979; however, symbolized the eventual first time we heard the Federal Highway User dismantling of the Iron the term DINC (duel Curtain that had both income no children) and Tax has not increased, isolated and separated Yuppie (young urban remaining at 4 cents many nations from the professional). With per gallon since 1959. rest of the world. more disposable income, With outstretched people were purchasing Conventional funding will hands liberating citizens their first home not provide the revenues from the clutches of computers, buying video communism; with the

0'1#'8 games, and enjoying an required to maintain poignant embrace of ever-expanding array of highways and streets at the nation’s forgotten entertainment, news, and adequate service levels.” veterans; with giant sports options available strides of men and for the ﬁrst time in the —Irving F. Jensen, Jr., women alike; and with 1980s. These included ACPA Chairman-1980, the expansion of business MTV (Music Television), across the globe, the VHS movies, the Walkman, December 1980. United States and its boom boxes, and citizens were reaching The 1980s: The 1980s: compact discs.65,66,67 new heights in the 1980s, and the same may be said of the ACPA.

Construction Climate in the Early 1980s The consequences of high interest rates for the construction industry were disastrous at the outset of the decade. Real GNP in construction dropped by 8.4% in 1980, followed by further declines of 2.0% and 6.2% in the following first two years. By 1982, unemployment in the construction industry was 20.1%, the highest rate in any major sector of the economy since World War II.68 In 1980, Irving F. Jensen, ACPA Chairman, summarized the situation in a few telling statements that sound all too familiar to comments heard in present times: “The construction industry is facing the greatest challenge that it has faced in seventeen years of the American Concrete Pavement Association. We have increased fuel costs, high cost of interest and devastating inflation which all have eroded the highway dollar, reduced work volume, and caused contracting agencies to defer needed maintenance and construction. The greatest problem we as an industry face today is the lack of adequate funding.” The impacts of this economic challenge reached far beyond the concrete pavement industry, but were perhaps felt more by ACPA members than Marlin J. Knutson most contractors, when coupled with the loss of became the second President & CEO in 1985. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 55 69 “The industry remained fragmented and full of small because largely companies ... of antitrust enforcement. climate of the 1950s,” the cement of the 1950s,” climate industry regulated heavily was for government by the federal The restrictive decades. many regulations government the cement industryprevented and growing investing, from efficiency. consolidating for Marlin J. Knutson (center) is flanked (L to R) by Bill Harmon, Randy Yrjanson, Tom and Jerry Stan LaHue, Riley, Voigt. In the 1980s, a significant change occurred change a significant In the 1980s, on cement pullback Although the eventual PCA Scales Back PCA industry. within the cement and concrete Association began an Cement The Portland operations of their scaling back unprecedented new influenced ultimately which and personnel, field In the 1960s PCA’s ACPA. for directions with staffpromotion in the 500s, numbered multiple engineers and promoters stationed across in After downsizing the country in every state. and staff the field promotion gone was the 1980s, office staff all that remained. central was PCA’s by the been exacerbated have may promotion economic downturn in the late 1970s and early deeper. also be much may the roots 1980s, “pro-business a brief in the respite Except for gas tax from four to nine cents per gallon. The to nine cents per gallon. four gas tax from an antidote to the as viewed was funding new of concrete “The future the time. at felt challenges looks a lot brighterpavement than it did last looks better— The economy time. at this year And so does our vitality. with new stronger—filled stated the hump,” over we’re In short, association. the in addressing Director Executive Halm, Harold membership in late 1983. ACPA FAST FACTS FAST Industry Pavement and the Concrete Computers 4)7!47P)$)#") )")# M!"1/N#)( "()")) @@87!47"F%%" )"7!47""@G"?#@8( /A@8!B8">"8) #""P Originally Originally of their allocating 88% states were In 1970, of some help came in the form Fortunately, their “bread “bread their and paving butter” a loss work, from that came the substantial of the completion Interstate. estimated to cost about $27 billion and to be completed 96% of by 1972, the system was serving or traffic it was In 1980, constructionunder active by 1980. require 4% would remaining estimated that the dollars (1980 baseline). $50 billion in Federal over the Interstate authorizations projected However, of the meet $30 billion only 1990 would through The need costs. estimated $50 billion remaining to preserve and add capacity while completing by planners underestimated the system was and their focus adjusted and state DOTs legislators, adding and then, to preserving their systems first, capacity as a secondary priority. to the primary capital investment total highway By 1980 highways). (new capacity new system for than half of the to little more dropped that figure in that decade only and later investment, DOT this for went 20% of the capital investment roughly secondary roadways time, At the same purpose. and in condition, declines also experiencing were some 90% of made that by 1990, estimates were the secondary need to be replaced. would mileage beyond the resources far The needs had grown available. A five tax) in 1983. (gas user fee an increased the federal than doubled more cent increase 56 Consolidation and concentration were pursued by producers, but blocked by the [Federal Trade Commission.] This antitrust policy froze the structure of the cement industry, and there was little change until a restructuring was forced upon the declining industry in the 1980s.”70 Affected by the challenges of a declining cement company membership, PCA, which had been an ACPA Photo illustrates highway paving in the 1980s. proponent, providing

0'1#'8 seed money, sharing staff expertise, and roads, and municipal paving. At the same time, the recruiting help throughout the first 20 years of concrete pavement industry began making strides ACPA’s existence, was entering arguably the most on concrete overlays, including “whitetopping” challenging era of its history. existing asphalt pavements. The association’s efforts to develop concrete shoulders, econocrete, Promoting and Persevering and CPR, which were started in the 1970s, also Operationally, federal policy issues, including the continued to bear fruit. “deplorably high interest rates” and the Federal In what was clearly a sign of frustration with The 1980s: The 1980s: Reserve’s “yo-yo” theories of money manipulation, federal policy, ACPA in 1981 issued an urgent call were “dealing a disastrous blow to the entire to action to all members. The association urged all construction industry,” according to accounts by members to write the President, their Congressmen ACPA. These policies also stressed the association’s and Senators, and the Federal Reserve Chairman, finances and membership numbers. In 1983 the Paul Volcker, to change federal fiscal policies. association hit an operational low point since its early days—only Energy Crisis Wanes 78 contractors In the early 1980s, ACPA reported important and fewer than petroleum industry developments, including new “We are equally concerned 200 total members technology that enabled “more sophisticated that our representatives in remained. refining of crude oil for higher percentages of Despite these fuels such as gasoline.” ACPA’s Executive Director, Congress listen to us. We challenges, ACPA Harold Halm, argued that this breakthrough need your presence and your and its members further accentuated the position that an energy- support. Remember...it’s your continued containing material should not be wasted on exploring and road construction when there is a far less energy job...your company...your developing containing materials, such as concrete. life. Now is the time to do opportunities in The focus on energy conservation waned as markets beyond the decade unfolded, according to information in something about it.” the Interstate ACPA’s archives. The worldwide demand for oil —John Eisenhour, Jr., Highway System. went down by 1985. Price cuts were called for Eisenhour Construction According by OPEC oil minister, Ahmed Zaki Yamani, and the to published pressure on oil production subsided,71 as did the Co. (ACPA Chairman-1974) accounts, in cost of asphalt binder. and Chairman of the the early 1980s the association The Loss of Our First President National Construction focused significant At about the midway point of the decade, Industry Council, in promotional the association experienced one of its darkest advance of its 1981 efforts on parking days in its more than two decades of operations. lots, county On July 1, 1985, the association’s first chief Legislative Conference, December 1980. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 57 . —ACPA 1980 Annual Report —ACPA “The Congressional Budget “The Budget Congressional Office produced a study in which in which study a produced Office the main conclusionsone of held all the commonly “Of was energy efficiency, about notions are misguided the most probably transit.” rapid those concerning The of this study indicate findings conditions, that under typical systems actually rail rapid new it.” than save energy rather waste As the new President of ACPA, Knutson said, “I Knutson said, ACPA, of President As the new of an and the prospects this resolve, With that ‘Knute’ knows how to bridge the gap between the gap between to bridge how knows ‘Knute’ that having an idea and making it a reality.” and an opportunity position as a challenge my view in the changes to implement some positive membership participation, organizational structure, and communications concepts, marketing with members as other associations, as well consulting engineers, agencies, governmental will we The changes universities and researchers. purposes implement will be consistent with the Article I of the of the organization as defined in our to achieve In order of the association. By-Laws and need a unified team approach purposes we effort our members from and staff.” of the era mid-1980s economy, improved The Iowa DOT develop a PCC bonded overlay of 1-80 in 1979. The 3-in. thick overlay The Iowa DOT develop a PCC bonded overlay of 1-80 in 1979. The 3-in. was placed over both jointed and continuous reinforced concrete pavement. Powell, along with other leaders—R.E. along with other leaders—R.E. Powell, Advisory (made up of Committee an “Fortunately, direction The new As was the case two decades prior, ACPA’s ACPA’s decades prior, the case two As was first chief ACPA’s death of Commenting on the Hirschman (ACPA Chairman-1967), John Eisenhour John Chairman-1967), Hirschman (ACPA (ACPA Robins Jackson Chairman-1974), (ACPA Egan (ACPA and Edward Chairman-1977), process. Chairman-1986)— search began the some future had discussed Presidents) Past ACPA Meetings,” Board of the previous plans at a few somewhat made the transition “This said. Powell is a what I believe us to establish It allowed easier. the for direction new association.” led by be would second ACPA’s executive, chief Knutson, Marlin J. As “Knute.” or P.E., Executive former of President Vice Concrete the Iowa Association, Paving “proven Knute had himself to be a skilled of concrete promoter Powell pavement,” “His said. experience in the development of the concrete and market overlay of the promotion the secondary road demonstrates market Succession and More executive, Harold J. Halm, died after battling an an after battling died Halm, J. Harold executive, for be remembered He would illness. extended his for but equally, accomplishments, his many members many and staff In fact, personal traits. sharp his sway his illness did not how expressed or his the industry, his selfless efforts for focus, pavement quality concrete for passion strong “Remembering Harold (See sidebar, construction. Halm.”) J. plan the future to leadership stepped forward chief to locate a new of the association and of President Vice then Lee Powell, M. executive. and Chairman was of the Board, Paving, Ballenger first the it bears was mentioning that the company ACPA. to join company contracting “His passing left the future said, Powell executive, uncertainty. of the association hanging in a state of question that the association any never was There questions only were there continue its work; would take.” it would of the direction 58 expanding the reach of ACPA for the concrete pavement industry would rapidly reach full stride. It bears mentioning that in his comments regarding “Article 1 of the Bylaws,” Knutson was reaffirming the original mission of the association, which had in spite of the tumultuous times, remained unchanged.

The Great Expansion Knutson ushered in a new era, hiring additional technical and administrative Photo shows a 1980s bonded overlay being placed by

0'1#'8 staff, including engineers who drew on diverse James Cape & Sons Company. backgrounds ranging from the FHWA, state and municipal agencies, and industry. Board of Directors. The new staff was charged with the The answer was to form new regional and state responsibility of building upon the association’s chapters, as well as affiliate with existing state technical credibility, while also applying market paving associations, some of which pre-dated development principles and promotional practices the incorporation of ACPA. At their meeting in that capitalized on the inextricable links between December 1986, the ACPA Board of Directors had technical development, market development and set plans into motion, and by Knutson’s retirement The 1980s: The 1980s: government affairs. The association adopted a in December 2007, the “map” had been filled out successful 10-point marketing plan in 1987 for implementation in 1988. In January 1987, ACPA reported, “The increase in the amount of Federal money available for “The American Concrete highway work combined with the sad reduction Pavement Association strongly in field forces by the Portland Cement Association, has created a need for the expansion of ACPA’s opposes the use of public employees operations.” This pronouncement followed a performing construction work strategic discussion in December 1986 by the ACPA for government agencies. Such work should be contracted for with private industry—this after FAST FACTS all, is the foundation of the Free /<7!47" Enterprise System. The construction %"0 industry and the American #")# Concrete Pavement Association are )F%"M. obligated to preserve and expand %%)J)F# the Free Enterprise System. It is this ("#%" 0#7!47"" system that helps keep government 8"%FN07!47 in its place—keeping it a servant )#%# of the people—not a master of the %""" people.” / —Harold Halm, ACPA %#% Executive Director, February 1981. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 59 Georgia, which which Georgia, around the around These country. the are contracts first projects paid undertaken by Both ACPA. led were projects Yrjanson, by Bill of Director ACPA Engineering. had issued the original challenge leading to CPR, 300 had restored miles of concrete using pavement CPR techniques demos, seminars and demos, It started releases. news stood for which as 3R, Restoration Resurfacing, Later and Reconstruction. R, added a fourth ACPA Multiple Recycling. for on national workshops hundreds 3R and 4R drew of participants and were the United held across The program States. quite considered was and can be successful, the forerunner considered as such to later programs, “mix of fixes”. the Chairman-1981 ACPA began a 3R promotion program in 1983 program began a 3R promotion ACPA ACPA’s support up of CPR continued ramping ACPA’s 3R and 4R Solutions a The effort involved Solutions.” “Concrete called of the industry cross-section broad and involved by 1983. In an address to ACPA members that ACPA to In an address by 1983. then with the Georgia Allen Childers, year, summed it up Transportation, Department of “Rehabilitation Georgia a by CPR has given well, the life extending system for repair cost-effective beyond design their far pavement of concrete Department Georgia of This has allowed capacity. many funds over available to stretch Transportation methods asphalt overlay miles than if only more used.” were A CPR the 1980s and into the 1990s. throughout put into place in 1987 with the Committee was issued ACPA In 1989, transfer. technology of goal series bulletins: its first of a new of technical two Full-Depth Repair (TB002) and Guidelines for Repair (TB003). Partial-Depth Guidelines for —Robert S. Riley, ACPA Riley, ACPA —Robert S. “In 1981, for the first time, we have have we first the time, for 1981, “In seen concrete win out as a lower as a lower win out seen concrete bids in alternate pavement priced has the This trend with asphalt. all agencies of specifying attention now are We United States. the over not to sell our product in a position but as the pavement, only as the best initial cost.” the lowest with pavement

By 1983, CPR By 1983, state and federal hold, taking As CPR was

had been fully had been fully including developed, all of the techniques full- today: know we and partial-depth diamond repair, load grinding, restoration, transfer and undersealing, helped Equipment manufacturers joint resealing. by introducing effective become more the process diamond grinding machines powerful more full designed for were The machines in 1980. costs down of keeping capable and were grinding, higher capacity with by production increasing grinding heads. drivinghorse 3 and 4 foot power per minute could grind 10 to 15 feet The machines and depth hardness depending upon the aggregate of the cutting. asking questions on best practices engineers were In 1983, of the techniques. and performance assisted the University of Illinois on ACPA Program Research Highway National Cooperative “Design and Construction 1-21 (NCHRP) project Repair for Guidelines and Guide Speciﬁcations and FHWA Also, Pavements.” Concrete of Jointed (NHI) contracted Institute the National Highway manual and transfer a technology to develop ACPA “Construction and Rehabilitation of course entitled taught in venues ACPA which Pavements,” Concrete CPR Comes of Age across most of the of the most across United contiguous (See sidebar, States. the “Building ACPA of Federation Afﬁliates”.)

aircraft sizes and the recognition of quality. aircraft sizes and the recognition of quality. markets has increased as both a function of The demand for concrete pavements in airport “We should not be content until every responsible, eligible contractor 60 Concrete Recycling Gains Attention One of the ﬁrst and most ambitious or associate has been brought reconstruction/recycling projects occurred on on board. This is the job of every the Edens Expressway (I-94) in Suburban Chicago in 1979 and 1980. At the time it was the world’s director and indeed every member largest concrete pavement recycling project and because the only successful tool largest paving contract ever awarded in the United States, with over 360,000 tons of old concrete of recruitment is the voice of a crushed and used as recycled material. ACPA successful member.” played a part in the project, helping with early —Richard E. Forrestel, ACPA planning and feasibility discussions with the Illinois DOT. Chairman-1983, December 1983. Denton Construction Company recycled the old concrete pavement and built a new continuously reinforced concrete pavement in its place. The project also was the ﬁrst ever (reported in 1980) to use maturity meters (the M-Meter by James breaking and a combination of crushers to control Electronics) to assess when to open the pavement the gradation of the recycled aggregate. The coarse

0'1#'8 to public traffic at interchanges, as well as for aggregate was used back in the concrete mixture timing of longitudinal joint sawing (targeted at and the fines were used to stabilize soil on the 450 psi strength development). The technology project, representing one of the industry’s first worked—there were no random cracks on the efforts of full recycling of its product for “resource project and phasing was exceptional. S. J. Groves, conservation.” Brown & Lambrecht, and Denton Construction The John Lodge Freeway reconstruction in Co. were awarded the Hartmann Outstanding 1987 was site of one of the biggest (7-mile, six- Achievement Award for the innovations and lane) and most effective concrete paving industry historic achievements. open-houses co-sponsored by ACPA in the decade. The 1980s: The 1980s: ACPA promoted recycling in many other states, More than 200 highway industry leaders from including Oklahoma, where a D-cracked concrete around the country witnessed the activities and pavement on I-40 east of Oklahoma City was learned firsthand about urban concrete pavement recycled and replaced with a new 10-in. pavement reconstruction that had enthusiastic public in 1983. It was reported that Koss Construction support. The DOT carried out an extensive used a diesel pile-hammer breaker for pavement $600,000 public relations program, a precedent for handling urban reconstruction in many other U.S. cities for years to come.

Fast Track With its 10-point marketing plan in place, ACPA began to tackle new challenges. “Public Awareness” was the mantra of ACPA’s Marketing Committee. To support this effort, a Fails Management Institute (now FMI) study commissioned by the association in 1989 revealed three perception challenges to overcome: “concrete paving takes too long, costs too much, and is too hard to repair.” Association leaders determined the “it takes too long” perception required a concerted industry effort “to prove we are capable of reducing the time between placement and opening to traffic.” Fortunately, for several years preceding the perception study efforts were well underway on “fast-track” paving. Fast-track paving was championed in the mid- 1980s by Jim Mikulanec (ACPA Chairman-1989), Beginning in the 1980s, ACPA partnered with state DOTs then President of Central Paving Corporation. The on new smoothness specifications, introducing the California first successful placement of fast track concrete Profilograph to many states that previously only employed a paving was in April 1986 at the Dundee Cement straightedge. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 61 CPR Demo Project on Project CPR Demo Pavement Historic after being 1983, more than 51 years On May 10, Memorial traffic, the Mount Vernon opened to site of a historic CPR Parkway became the by the American Concrete demonstration project, led Pavement Association. and federal officials and More than 300 state industry gathered along a 1,500 representatives to demonstrate and lineal ft section of the parkway observe methods of rehabilitating concrete various included diamond grinding, pavements. The project patching, undersealing, partial and full depth and installation of load transfer devices, cleaning non- resealing of cracks and joints, and various destructive testing methods. The original concept for constructing the parkway came from a as a memorial to George Washington in group of spirited citizens from Alexandria, Va., 1886. It wasn’t until 1928 that a law was passed that guided the U.S. Commission for the Celebration of the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of George to construct a suitable memorial Washington the home of highway connecting Mount Vernon, and the Arlington Memorial George Washington Memorial Bridge. With that, the Mount Vernon on Highway was completed and opened to traffic January 16, 1932. CPR Fifty-one years after completion, at the ACPA’s of demo in 1983, Ray Barnhart, 16th Administrator it was “fitting that a demonstration said the FHWA, Memorial be conducted on the George Washington Memorial now known as the Mount Vernon Parkway, He went on to say that “this more Highway.” pavement had served well, the than 50-year-old worth taxpayers certainly received their money’s and it is only fitting in order to effectively promote rehabilitation techniques.” Administrator Barnhart is credited with beginning a and longstanding cooperative spirit between FHWA for technology implementation. “With billions ACPA system of highways, of dollars invested in America’s it is extremely important that both the private and public sectors work together to advance new technologies to help bring our highways back up to a high level of service,” Administrator Barnhart said during remarks to the demonstration project attendees. Based on the success of StormBased on the success Lake and other the negative to address quickly Moving continue well would promotion track Fast Dressed in a sombrero and poncho for a decidedly southwestern-themedevent, Marlin Knutson takes time out from annual meeting activities to share time Maureen with staff (L to R), Jerry members Voigt, and Sara Debbie Becker, Bob Risser, Stecker, Stevens. Terminal in Southeast Des Moines, Iowa, a trial Iowa, Moines, Des in Southeast Terminal high- to slipform to see what it took installation by this effort, Encouraged concrete. strength early a national demonstration co-sponsored ACPA in July Iowa Storm in Lake, the ICPA with project Paving Central involved project The year. that same companies. Iowa other several and Corporation and local officials, state, than 400 federal, More contractors and consulting engineers assembled “the first major historyto watch being made as overlay” concrete bonded using a fast-track project in a matter of placed and opened to traffic was hours not days. material equipment and ACPA’s projects, early for technology with soon responded manufacturers concepts paver Zero-clearance paving. fast-track bar inserters and dowel prominent became more members augmented manufacturer ACPA as and cement Admixture approach. track the fast producers proprietary also provided cements, water-reducing high-range and III cements, Type a to be closed the pavements to enable admixtures minimum time—24 hours or less in some cases— and then opened to traffic. in paving, about the speed of concrete perception Track— “Fast a special report published ACPA 1989 ACPA Construction Material with a Conscience.” Track its first bulletin on Fast published technical in 1989. Pavements Concrete maturity meters became In time, into the 1990s. for ACPA a principle by promoted technology experience because practical construction, fast was knowledge development that strength showed “Teamwork is essential to success in the association business- teamwork does not 62 as important to fast-track as high-early strength mixtures. just happen; it grows out of opportunity, loyalty, trust, consideration, involvement Doweled Joints Among the expanding array of in the decision making process and careful solutions, a major technical advancement training that enables people to respond in conventional concrete pavement effectively and cooperatively in a well- design took hold in the 1980s, and ACPA was in the middle of advancing the best coordinated, concerted effort. Working in practice. harmony with others: This is the essence of While researching jointing concrete pavements with the University of Illinois teamwork.” at Urbana-Champaign on NCHRP 1-21, a —M.J. Knutson, ACPA President/CEO, realization that dowelled joints needed November 1985. to be standardized for the industry to maintain a quality product came along with best practice information for performance than the proliferation of the jointed quality repairs. The long-panel, jointed-reinforced plain dowelled design. Today, ACPA continues 0'1#'8 pavements that were commonly built during the to support plain dowelled and continuously- Interstate construction in the 1960s and 1970s reinforced pavement designs as the best choices faulted significantly at mid-panel cracks causing for heavily-trafficked highways. the thump-thump ride that aggravated road users, highway departments and the industry alike. Cross-Stitching However, the doweled joints on these pavements During construction of a section of 1-70 through performed remarkably and comparably better. a mountain pass in Utah, uncontrolled cracking was And so, with this realization, ACPA began observed in areas of varying length and at random promoting the merits of plain doweled pavements

The 1980s: The 1980s: locations on in favor of jointed reinforced pavements with wire the project. mesh or distributed steel. The transition took years The Utah to accomplish, but by the 1990s jointed reinforced DOT hired FAST FACTS pavements were essentially extinct from all but a ACPA in 1985, few state DOT standards. shortly after In the 50-year history of the ACPA, perhaps Concrete the project’s no single association-led advancement has done completion 1)10" more to improve jointed concrete pavement to identify the (J problem and ) develop a ;L “A few years ago I never would have solution. ACPA )( investigated dreamt that we would be recycling old the project 4J pavement and reusing the aggregate with Utah ")66(66 for new concrete; I never would have DOT and 6"8 found it was thought that we would be placing a thin M01) caused by )## bonded layer of concrete over an existing bonding of the pavement %" continuously reinforced concrete pavement; to the I never would have dreamt that we would econocrete 0)) be building and repairing very old concrete base, ))" combined ))#) pavement with CPR methods and restoring with the high it to like-new conditions with excellent differential in %J#N day and night riding qualities. These are the new market temperatures areas created by this organization.” in the —Bob Cape, ACPA Chairman-1984, mountainous area. November 1984. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 63 — O. Steele Trail, Manager- — O. Steele Trail, Cement Company, April 1984. Contract Sales & Service, Santee “It was not possible in the early early in the not possible “It was 1950s to predict that a high 1950s to predict leave would percentage of freight of faster favor in the railroads our interstate system delivery over enough to cause large in numbers to be design life the pavement It was years. in just a few exceeded along that, to predict not possible truck traffic, with the increased would driving habits America’s to the point to change be forced much have that the states would less income to maintain the larger system.” highway Knutson expanded the staff in the late 1980s, the staff in the late 1980s, Knutson expanded engineershiring young to bring perspective a fresh use the association’s and an ability to expand continue to improve as to as well of computers, design software. side-by side pavement ACPA’s ACPA members and staff of his gather to honor Bill Yrjanson on the occasion ACPA retirement. (Photo courtesy of Leet “Ed” Denton.) 72 The latter half of the 1980s saw a growth in a growth The latter half of the 1980s saw Recognizing the need to maintain the industry’s ACPA developed the details and oversaw the the details and oversaw developed ACPA by again in 1989 and Subsequent field reviews Drawing on his knowledge of on his knowledge Drawing Growing Need for Technical Service Technical Need for Growing staff to support its ACPA service needed by the solutions and expanding of concrete array growing ACPA’s base of membership and chapters. support technical to staff direct technical provided of phone often handling hundreds members daily, the of visits to paving sites around calls and scores country per year. as promote as well quality, and product credibility Marlin President/CEO ACPA technology, new installation. The project became the firstThe project known installation. ever technology application of cross-stitching applied in the field. that the process proof 1990s showed in the early cross- this experience and through worked was ACPA added to the CPR toolbox. was stitching solution, instrumental this repair in developing every by nearly state used commonly is now which department the US. across and local highway military research on strengthening military on strengthening research study, a 1971 USACE joints from P.E., Yrjanson, (Bill) William of Engineering, Director ACPA that Utah tryrecommended an untested process uses Cross-stitching called cross-stitching. tie barsdeformed into holes epoxied or grouted The second, drilled a crack. at an angle through tie bars into uses deformed grouted slot-stitching, is technique Each a joint or crack. slots cut across certain circumstances. beneficial for 64 Building the Federation of ACPA Affiliates The starting of a network of ACPA chapters and affiliates is arguably the most significant accomplishment of the 1980s. There was great recognition of the importance of local promotion to success of the industry. Meetings were held throughout 1987 to form chapters of ACPA. The procedure of automatic membership by chapter contractors in “ACPA National” was developed following the policy set in agreements with the contractors and paving associations in Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, and Wisconsin. The chosen organizational structure was a federation, which is defined by the characteristic where members join one organization which in turn joins another organization.

In the course of history, two state associations were formed prior to ACPA: Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association in 1952, and Concrete Paving Association of Minnesota in 1959. The Iowa Concrete Paving Association was formed the same year as ACPA (1963) and ACPA helped with the formation of the Michigan Concrete Paving Association in 1968. In 1980, ACPA created the Illinois Division and appointed national staff member Dennis Hogan, Director of Marketing, to run the local program. A Washington Concrete Paving Association is also reported in ACPA records to have “held its inaugural meeting in 1968.”

Chapter/state association growth was rapid at ﬁrst, as noted in the table below:

0'1#'8 Current and Past LocaL Year Founded/Affiliated Executive Director in Affiliate Organizations First Year of Affiliation Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association 1952/1996 Dennis Brush Concrete Paving Association of Minnesota 1959/1994 Dan Frentress Iowa Concrete Paving Association 1963/1989 Bob Given; Gordon Smith Michigan Concrete Paving Association 1968/1994 Gerald McCarthy Washington Concrete Paving Association 1968/NA Unknown The 1980s: The 1980s: Illinois Chapter, Inc.—ACPA† 1980/1994 Roger Marquardt Northeast Chapter—ACPA 1987/1987 Bill Alcoke; Bill Berg Southeast Chapter—ACPA 1987/1987 John Irby Missouri-Kansas Chapter—ACPA 1987/1987 Bill Dearsaugh Ohio Valley Chapter—ACPA 1988/1988 Joe McDaniel Texas Chapter—ACPA 1988/1988 John Roberts South Dakota Chapter—ACPA 1988/1988 John Reisenauer; Deb Larson Colorado/Wyoming Chapter-ACPA 1989/1989 Ron Youngman Indiana Chapter—ACPA 1989/1989 Mike Byers Nebraska Chapter—ACPA 1989/1989 Robert Berlin Oklahoma/Arkansas Chapter—ACPA 1989/1989 Frank Cunningham Western States Chapter—ACPA 1990/1990 Jim Woodstrom Northwest Chapter—ACPA 1993/1993 John Strada Utah Chapter, Inc.—ACPA 1994/1994 Ed Cooper New Mexico Chapter—ACPA 1994/1994 Rick Dyke North Dakota Chapter Inc.—ACPA 1996/1996 Trevor Spiedel Louisiana Chapter—ACPA 1996/1996 William Burt Arizona Chapter—ACPA 1998/1998 Jim Willson Kentucky Concrete Pavement Association 2004/2004 Jim Onnen ACPA-Pennsylvania Chapter 2006/2006 John Becker ACPA-New York State Chapter 2006/2006 Jim Shea ACPA-Mid Atlantic Chapter 2006/2006 Bob Long

† Organization started as the Illinois Division of ACPA in 1980. In 1986 it was renamed Illinois Concrete Council and Mel Larson was appointed executive director. In 1994 it was officially named Illinois Chapter—ACPA, and affiliated with ACPA. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 65 ICPA’s performance data from county roads county roads data from performance ICPA’s its 1972 Interim revised AASHTO Soon after Analysis (Pavement PAS introduced ACPA Developed by S. W. (Bill) Dudley of the Ohio W. by S. Developed Technical of Director ACPA P.E., Randell Riley, Services, was the first to put the program to use to use the first was to put the program Services, a major driver and became association, the for and ACPA on staff by to adopt it into practice it to the industrypromote in the mid-1980s. the program’s used to validate were in Iowa pavement concrete allowed which results, In the 1970s less than 8 in. results thickness design method was thickness PCA’s and 1980s, cut off conservative and arbitrarily design overly a result as which of 8 in., at a minimum thickness by many adopted as a minimum standard was some remain there this day, To state agencies. minimum thickness that continue an 8-in. DOTs it has no foundation despite the fact requirement in science or engineering. Structures in Design of Pavement Guide for “Dudley- the began programming ACPA 1986, the updated equations and with program Feltz” additional factors. first side-by- the association’s in 1988, Software) The software design software. side thickness writtenwas to run IBM- on the first generation a huge was PAS personalcompatible computers. a in user friendliness and featured step forward design computer program, which at the time at the time which program, computer design It program. “Dudley-Feltz” as the known was and run in Basic 8 language on programmed was The software computers. processing word Lexitron AASHTO “awkward the to analyze made it possible the expected to predict equations performance carryingtraffic of both asphalt and capacity sections.” concrete R. William and Transportation Department of the Anderson Corporation, Concrete of (Bill) Feltz to be the first is believed of its kind in the program to further and refine ACPA to given It was world. nationwide. the concept promote FAST FACTS Community the Research Recognizing !""))() $?.77!47 0@ 6%+/"##7!47 ##""(%#" ")%)) "#")#"" 80% )))#0@6") Chairman-1986) Allstate Paving. (ACPA Allstate Paving. (ACPA —Edward Egan, President, President, Egan, —Edward A March 1982 report A March stated the association was stated the association was opposed to the concept of alternate bids between asphalt and concrete sections because there no means to propose was “equal sections with similar a prerequisite performance,” the contracting for challenge The mechanism. of led to the development thickness pavement an early ACPA’s Pavement Pavement ACPA’s Software Analysis “If we plan to survive we must must we survive plan to “If we

be aware of the latest concrete of the latest concrete be aware we paving, technology in concrete our the tools to promote have must can no longer We products. own to be work for sit back and wait can bid and that we so advertised need to get We build the projects. out and tell people that concrete It is more is the best buy. paving that in every evident day and more we to accomplish this task, order together.” need to work

the increase in overall pavement quality. the increase in overall ACPA’s work in subgrade/subbase materials contributed to in subgrade/subbase materials contributed work ACPA’s Contractors place base materials in this 1980’s-era photo. photo. materials in this 1980’s-era Contractors place base 66 module for calculating life-cycle costs for pavement comparisons and the ability to print results to support engineering reports.

The Strategic Highway Research Program In 1987, the U.S. Congress authorized the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). This was a ﬁve-year, applied research initiative aimed at developing and evaluating techniques and technologies to “combat the deterioration of the nation’s highways.” A committee of top- level managers from state highway agencies, industry (including ACPA),

0'1#'8 and academia, provided input for the program, and SHRP operated as a unit of the National Research Council. Although some research on concrete durability and nondestructive testing was addressed, research of Superpave (a term derived from ‘superior performing The 1980s: The 1980s: asphalt pavements’) was the most expensive item in the SHRP budget, estimated to cost $53 million. Additional costs to research, ACPA’s “Team up For Progress” was the title of the develop, and implement the Association’s first formal marketing plan. Superpave binder specification were estimated at $230 million over 20 years. 73 Despite ACPA’s pleas for consideration of concrete pavement research issues, the program’s focus to address asphalt rutting problem could not be swayed. As a result, many considered “The Users of America’s highways Superpave to be a product of federal government promotion. and airports, who pay the bills, have faith that what their public Conclusion By the end of the decade, ACPA was far stronger officials put into these trust funds than it was in January 1980. The economy will be used to provide modern, safe improved, the gas tax had been addressed, and the facilities at the lowest possible cost. This cannot be achieved by building up huge balances or reserves in these trust funds.” FAST FACTS —Robert F. Chapin, ACPA First ACPA Chapters 0#7!47 Chairman-1987, September 1987. E$O !@#" ),)# PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 67 1989. — J.C. Mikulanec, ACPA — J.C. Mikulanec, ACPA “I challenge the leaders “I challenge of AASHTO, FHWA and FHWA AASHTO, of pavement the highway industry to join with us a Quality in developing Performance Pavement It is only through Program. that a combined effort the public’s can meet we the demand to improve of the future.” pavement Chairman-1989, December FAST FACTS FAST /7!47( M0"# 4)N"()0 #7!47K %)L %) M. Lee Powell III (ACPA Chairman-1985 and (ACPA III Powell Lee M. Government Affairs ACPA Priest, and Bob -1999) meeting. annual Chairman, ACPA during an relax —W.G. “Jack” Irmscher, —W.G. “Jack” Irmscher, ! Lone Star Industries, ACPA Lone Star Industries, ACPA The association had experienced highs and lows highs and lows The association had experienced leadership ACPA dawning, decade was As a new

membership grew significantly with the energy with the of significantly membership grew leadershipnew and the affiliation of chapters. the from strayed but never during the decade, and Time mission defined by in 1963. the founders their resilience, proved ACPA the members of again, times. and ability to adapt to changing flexibility, “I the future. had an eye toward association is at that our believe need to we in which a juncture long range implement a strategic Knutson said in December plan,” 1989.

“The birth of the ALLIED “The birth of the Chairman-1990, December 1989.

long range growth in our industry.” in our industry.” growth long range present the greatest opportunity for opportunity for the greatest present concrete paving promotion… promotion… paving concrete into one total effort towards towards into one total effort Concrete Association or NRMCA) Concrete PCA, and the National Ready Mixed and the National Ready Mixed PCA, of the major associations (ACPA, (ACPA, of the major associations together all of the common interests the common interests all of together INDUSTRIES concept of melting concept INDUSTRIES

for concrete pavements. runways, as well as increased the demand jets changed the length and thickness of application. Increasingly large commercial placing concrete for an airport pavement This 1980s-era photo shows contractors

The 1990s: 71#E “Looking back at the 80s, I see that some things have changed 70 The 1990s: A Decade of New Starts At first glance, the events of the 1990s may and should have… But one thing appear to lack a common theme, but on closer shouldn’t change, although it may examination, it is clear that a common theme did emerge. It was not a decade of major conflicts or have. Today, we still need good revolutionary causes in the United States. It was a engineering. In fact, that need has decade of new starts grown exponentially as state and On the world stage, dissolution of the former Soviet Union “led to a realignment and local governments struggle with reconsolidation of economic and political power shrinking budgets, traffic growth and across the world and within countries.74 ” The dismantling of the Soviet bloc eased a long-standing the public’s demand for improved tensions among the bloc nations and western allies. pavement quality: smoothness, In science and technology, we turned to mobile durability and aesthetics.” phones (including bag phones) as an increasingly valuable communications tool. We witnessed --Colin Jensen, Irving F. Jensen the launch of more NASA shuttle missions in the Co., ACPA Chairman-1995, in a 1990s—64 in all—than in either the 1980s or the

71#E 2000s.75 message to ACPA members. The 1990s also was the age of the Hubble telescope; a cloned sheep named Dolly; the ﬁrst web search engine in 1993, and a relative late- One of the most profound changes of the comer called “Google” in 1998; and of course, 1990s—the Internet—not only drew citizens of the microprocessors and computer technology, which world closer, but did so at blinding speeds along 76,77 increasingly affected every aspect of our lives. the “information superhighway.” Economically, world markets and strengthening Technology and the global expansion of business economies developed based on revised economic had an equally dramatic effect on the economy, The 1990s: The 1990s: 78,79 and political policies. popular culture, the arts, and language. Terms such as “dot.com,” “DVD,” and “globalization,” and “genome” appear on the top 10 lists of words introduced in the 1990s. On the lighter side, new terms such as “goth,”“d’oh,” and “grunge” were emblematic of bold new attitudes that permeated culture, entertainment, music, and daily life for many people.80

Construction in the 1990s As had occurred almost a decade prior, the United States experienced a recession that lasted most of the ﬁrst two years of the 1990s. When the recession ended, however, sustained growth ensued and lasted well into the new millennium. Most of this growth was driven by technology and specialty construction.81 Heavy construction, including paving, experienced a large decline during the 1990-91 recession. ACPA members were hampered by the economy, and the concrete paving industry as a whole still had yet to fully rebound from the 1980–82 recession when the downturn hit again in 1990. However, by 1999, employment in the industry had completely recovered from the losses incurred during the 1990s, and nearly recovered from those incurred during the early 1980s.82 The 1990s growth was boosted by government

The first concrete pavement in Bellefontaine, Ohio, is revisited in 1990. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 71 Aside from the quest to Aside from the most The 1996 plan was for contractor members, and members, contractor for decided to break eventually which the federation, from on increasingly focused was and government marketing affairs. ACPA’s build the federation, the through plans evolved participating decade to involve and legislation in federal more policy government federal 1990, ACPA’s development. 1994 and 1996 long-range plans all aimed to increase legislators and regulators’ and understanding knowledge of the benefits of concrete and the various pavement by the solutions developed industry and association the 1970s and 1980s. through building on comprehensive, staffcapabilities of a larger The plan and membership. innovative creating called for Completing a network of chapters and state Completing a network of the plans and focus a central associations was filled with chapters and state in time the map was in to this day that exist many paving associations, chapters several However, federation. ACPA’s status did not “frontier” started on the basis of Mexico, New stand the test of time (Arizona, Nebraska) while others (Texas, States), Western support on technical almost solely to focus evolved For the first For time significant 83

ACPA developed and implemented “long- and implemented developed ACPA Expanding The Reach years during every the 1990s. few plans” range opportunities earmarks of project came in the form transportation bills passed in the series of federal during the decade. expenditures on long-term construction heavy expenditures projects.

enhancing the U.S. highway system, paving productivity, and economic future. enhancing the U.S. highway system, paving productivity, performance, and ﬁnancing, as well as to develop appropriate actions for to evaluate roadbuilding research, design, construction, maintenance, The group toured France, Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium The group toured France, Austria, Germany, ACPA members and staff in 1992 examined Europe’s major motorways. and staff members in 1992 examined Europe’s ACPA

original pavement and laying it back down as base. The process became known as “paradigm” recycling. original pavement and laying it back Manatt’s Inc. and Duit Construction Co. created the first train of crushers that moved along the pavement site crushing the created the first train of crushers that moved along the pavement site crushing Inc. and Duit Construction Co. Manatt’s 72 marketing and promotional campaigns, and improving partnerships with allied organizations. The 1996 plan also included a measurement component to create performance benchmarks and conduct market research, which were new to ACPA at that time. Interestingly, despite its comprehensive nature, the 1996 plan was never fully implemented, A formal signing ceremony in December 1992 marked ACPA’s as it was preempted by an even larger assimilation of PCA’s national paving section. Signing the agreement strategic planning effort started in 1997. were (L to R): ACPA President & CEO Marlin J. Knutson, PCA Chairman George Wells; ACPA Chairman-1992 Chuck Sheley; and Transportation Funding: STURAA PCA President & CEO Jay Gleason By the beginning of the 1990s, the Interstate Highway System was 97.5% open to still was not traffic and it was completed “Imagine an earthquake, like the not clear if the few 71#E many years past one that destroyed much of Kobe, remaining segments the original would be built, largely goal. Views on Japan—only without the noise because amid 40 years highway funding and happening very slowly. That of accomplishments and controversy, the had perhaps is essentially what is taking place changed from a consensus of support grand plan for each day in America as our public waned. Transit had the country to works systems are left untended. switched from private a system taken industry to public The 1990s: The 1990s: for granted and The consequences for our long-term utilities, each with funding targeted health are just as devastating as their own demands for federal funding. for other uses. an earthquake, only the event The Surface The environmental Transportation won’t be televised and the rest of movement, absent and Uniform the world will not be sending aid.” in 1956, had grown Relocation steadily in the 1970s Assistance Act of —Andrew Warren, and 1980s, and had 1987 (STURAA) Commissioner, Bucks County, become a factor, including in the was widely Penn., and Chairman of National considered completion of the by Congress Association of County Officials, remaining Interstate and the 1996 sections. transportation STURRA set the community tone for the start of as the last the 1990s and perhaps authorization had an even longer bill of the Interstate era.84( The Interstate System impact. The bill was controversial in its own right due to the politics surrounding its passing. President Ronald Reagan vetoed the transportation bill—ostensibly because of the 121 demonstration projects (earmarks). The veto was overturned FAST FACTS decisively by the House, but the vote was much ACPA’s SWAT Teams closer in the Senate.85 Notwithstanding its eventual /<7!47M.70N" passage, the legislation lacked the “pure play” #L"!4@ highway construction funding that previous bills had, and in fact, may have been a landmark in #(0.70" the underfunding that persists today. Certainly "##%7!47""## with transit and special interests vying for, and /P""%( effectively diverting both highway construction %8) PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 73 nd like ting the long ns as een a about lished, ighway George f 1995, get and portation irements, the 1956 siness and rd level of nd funding. nd funding. tructure bank zing programs artments, giving In addition to these standards, the Act also required that In addition to these standards, the Act also required 88 89 90 efficiency users Increase the safety and security for the transportation system for motorized and non-motorized Increase the accessibility and mobility options available to people and for freight Protect and enhance the environment promote energy conservation the quality of life, and improve for people and freight, Enhance the integration of connectivity of the transportation system, across and between modes, Promote efficient system management and operation, Emphasize the efficient preservation of existing transportation system. Support the economic vitality of the metropolitan planning area;, especially by enabling global competitiveness, productivity a Support the economic vitality of the metropolitan public health and the environment, and creating opportunity for all Americans.” It was also said to do “within a balanced bud public health and the environment, and creating TEA-21 was a landmark transportation bill, signed into law by President Bill Clinton on June 9, 1998. The bill included a reco TEA-21 was a landmark transportation bill, signed protec key priorities: “improving safety, and was said to affirm the President’s guaranteed funding—$198 billion over six years— other vital Presidential priorities.” and without cutting education, Social Security, The National Highway System Designation Act was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on November 28, 1995. It designated The National Highway System Designation Act Tides of Change: Transportation Acts of the 1990s of the Acts Transportation of Change: Tides b in 2009, there has never most recent bill signed in 1803 to the designated for roadways first federal funds were From the time of the scope and gravitas Also, notwithstanding Acts as the 1990s. transportation that had as many far-reaching single decade both trans of the 1990s had a profound effect on the Interstate highway system, the legislation highway bill, which established policy and funding. Designation Act o Act of 1991 (ISTEA), the National Highway Efficiency Intermodal Surface Transportation The Acts, including the Highway System, as the National Highway System. Although the Act was not a h 160,955 miles of roads, including the Interstate reauthorization per se, it did serve billion in funding to state highway dep a vital role in funding, including “restoring $5.4 projects,” among other purposes. It also established a pilot program that estab Congress the power to prioritize highway system of road financing. These banks would lend money states were chosen in 1996 for this new method State Infrastructure Banks. “Ten and the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century in transportation policy a of 1998 (TEA-21), represented tides of change and the Transportation brought greater awareness of ISTEA planning and policy. change in post-Interstate transportation ISTEA represented a significant trucks, a commerce, notably the increased use of overland of transportation methods used in modern interdependent relationships Bush, it expired in 1997. H. W. and they would be repaid through such mea government or the private sector, regular banks, with funding coming from the federal asked to be part of the program. Ohio was the first state to use a state infras highway tolls or taxes. In 1997, 28 more states to start building a road.” with air, railcars, and ships to carry railcars, had already adopted intermodal bu many companies and other organizations freight. While with air, requ and transit funding with collaborative planning law presented an intermodal approach to highway logistics strategies, “the planning organizations.” Signed into law on December 18, 1991 by President giving significant additional powers to metropolitan that maintain the status quo. s s s s s s than simply reauthori If there is a common thread to these Acts, it is that they served a higher purpose, in the authors’ view, seven planning factors be included in regional transportation plans, including: seven planning factors be included in regional s 74 and rehabilitation/ preservation funding, STURAA might have been as impactful on ACPA members as any legislation in the association’s 50 year history.

Transportation Funding: ISTEA As lackluster as STURAA had been for the concrete A view of operations behind the paver at the first experimental UTW project pavement industry, near Louisville, Ky. there was great optimism about 71#E the impending 1991 by President George H. W. Bush, it expired in passage of the transportation legislation in 1991. 1997. 86 Despite its focus away from highways, the The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency bill provided additional funding that was welcome Act of 1991 (ISTEA), represented both new attitudes and “My fear is that once the moment is lost, it may not be policy directions to transportation regained without tremendous pain,” construction. “The –Michael J. Maples, Vinton Construction Company, The 1990s: The 1990s: law presented an intermodal approach testifying on the repercussions of inadequate to highway and transportation funding, during testimony transit funding before U.S. House Subcommittee on Surface with collaborative planning requirements, Transportation, June 1996. giving significant additional powers to metropolitan planning organizations.” Signed into law on December 18, by the ACPA members and the entire transportation community. National Highway Designation (NHS) Act of 1995—The NHS Act was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on November 28, 1995. It designated about 161,000 miles of roads, including the Interstate Highway System, as the “National Highway System”. Although the Act was not a highway reauthorization per se, it did serve a vital role in funding, including “restoring $5.4 billion in funding to state highway departments, giving Congress the power to prioritize highway system projects,” among other purposes. It also established a pilot program that established, State Infrastructure Banks. “87 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century of 1998 (TEA-21)—TEA-21 was a landmark transportation bill, signed into law by President Bill Clinton on June 9, 1998. The bill included a record level of guaranteed funding—$198 billion over Photo shows a close-up view of the 2 in. concrete six years. However, the bill also added additional overlay built near Louisville, Ky. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 75 preservation two defined the associations. PCA promoted an arbitrary minimum 8-in. pavement thickness ACPA standard; promoted designs based on engineering the and needs traffic design reliability, with solutions to 4 and down low- for 5 in. roads. volume PCA promoted concrete thick Annual Meeting attendees. overlay designs; ACPA developed and introduced and introduced developed ACPA designs; overlay design concepts and methods the thin overlay ACPA whitetopping. at the time as ultrathin known introduced of CPR and continued its promotion for of opportunity” “windows the concept of FAST FACTS Base Permeable Cement Stabilized First /<?.7" )"%%" #""%))?.7 ")"# ))) (%G"! C7!47""#"@ .>$ )"J .0">)! %

88 –Gov. Bill Janklow (R-SD) in a keynote address to 1996 ACPA to 1996 ACPA –Gov. Bill Janklow (R-SD) in a keynote address About 10 years after PCA downsized About 10 years downsized after PCA on differences the consolidation, Before As time passed, some would suggest suggest some would As time passed, “You have a responsibility to tell us when something’s not right, not not right, something’s to tell us when a responsibility have “You its operations and eliminated its field its operations ACPA’s years after a few and only forces, of successful start in building a federation a chapters and state paving associations, ACPA occurred when major transformation national paving section. assimilated PCA’s “the consolidation,” to as referred Commonly resolution with a formal marked was the event at the 1992, on December 4, and signing ceremony Annual Ariz. Meeting 29th ACPA Tucson, in on CPR and and focus overlays, concrete design, A Major Transformation A Major that these bills stopped short of meeting impact much needs and creating highway Still, industry. pavement on the concrete there at the time of their passing into law, “rising tides sense that an overarching was general was there and so, all ships,” raise with the legislation packages satisfaction on and the impact that they have would the transportation and concrete sector constructionpavement and CPR. environmental and planning regulations. environmental just because you got the contract , but as citizens. ‘You know what will know ‘You but as citizens. , the contract got just because you don’t You trying things all the time. new because you’re work and won’t should we?” so why ago, did 20 to 30 years you do things the way Photo depicts a core sample from the first experimental UTW project constructed near Photo depicts a core sample from the Louisville, Ky. 76 also afforded the opportunity to streamline operations, reduce overhead, and expand capabilities. The consolidation agreement also meant that additional funding would come from PCA cement company members, all of whom were afforded ACPA membership status. PCA Chairman George Wells, PCA President/CEO Jay Gleason; ACPA’s 1993 Chairman Charles T. Sheley; and ACPA President/CEO Knutson all signed the first formal consolidation agreement. “The organizational strength brought about by the ACPA/ PCA consolidation will re-energize our hopes and dreams for the future of concrete paving in America and

71#E beyond. Photo shows the ACPA senior staff members (standing L to R): Stan Our once fragmented industry LaHue, Bill Yrjanson, and Jerry Voigt. Seated (L to R) are Bob will now speak with one voice and Packard, Brian Bock, Marlin Knutson, and George Barney of PCA, one vision,” Knutson said on the along with Larry Cole. This is one of the ﬁrst photos of ACPA’s occasion of the signing ceremony. staff following the consolidation. “ACPA will be able to accomplish so much more with this consolidation. “Our chapters will be stronger and restoring pavements, which parallel today’s our structure will be sounder,” Sheley said, adding,

The 1990s: The 1990s: pavement preservation concept; PCA did not “It’s all to the good.” actively support CPR as a concrete pavement ‘’I’m excited about the new organization,” Wells solution. said. “The opportunities for the future of concrete pavements are vast and positive.” Brimming with optimism at the signing of FAST FACTS the consolidation agreement, ACPA was still Recognizing Excellence dealing with significant challenges, largely a result of the financial impact of a generation of 7!47PM'8!4%" recessionary cycles; the increasing use of mill-and- 7N)")< fill resurfacing with asphalt among state highway ,7) agencies; and the waning highway funding. " A few months after the signing ceremony, ACPA ":;<)> Secretary/Treasurer Edward A. Egan, expressed concern about the misperception that “ACPA )#)F received a windfall from the consolidation,” adding % that with the additional staffing requirements to #%"#P) meet demand, the budgetary challenges were still a # major concern. In 1996 (and until 2010), ACPA moved to the PCA campus in Skokie, Illinois, and also shared office space in Washington, D.C. The Skokie location afforded the space to house the staff, The idea behind the consolidation was to “speak which had grown to 18 at its peak. with one voice” and eliminate the challenges posed The ACPA Board structure was changed to by the two associations sending different messages allow an equal number of cement and contractor to public agencies about priority issues and directors and to alternate the chairmanship technology. Maintaining the “contractor’s face” for between the two membership categories. The the organization and prioritizing the importance consolidation agreement called for cement CEO’s of the contractor relationship with the DOTs were to participate on the ACPA Board to maintain central to the new objective. The consolidation a strong commitment to communication and PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 77 ober 17). umers. ell-maintained, Highway Act of ber 5). dollar in national nt to the Highway the road of ruin.” the road of ruin.” of 1982 (January e afforded less than a rprise visit to Senators, rprise visit to ne, gasohol, diesel fuel, federal gas tax remains a and trailer sales, and heavy and trailer sales, and heavy Revenue Act of 1932, which Revenue Act

94 91

92 93 1933—Increase of 1-cent gas tax rate to 1.5 cents, National Industrial Recovery1933—Increase of 1-cent Act (June 6). (May 10). 1934—Half cent rescission, The Revenue Act of 1934 (September 20). II, The Revenue Act of 1941 War 1941—Increase to 1.5 cents to support World The Revenue Act of 1951 (October 21). 1951—Increase to 2 cents to support Korean Conflict, 31). Reduction Act of 1954 (March 1954—Extension of tax to April 1, 1955, Excise Tax 30). Reduction Act of 1955 (March 1955—Extension of tax to April 1, 1956, Excise Tax The Federal-Aid Fund, scope of excise taxes and creation of Highway Trust 1956—Increase of gas tax to 3 cents, plus broadening 1956 (June 29). Highway Act of 1959 (September 21). 1959—Increase of gas tax to 4 cents, The Federal-Aid 30, 1972 , The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1961 (June 29). 1961—Extension of 4-cent gas tax through September Assistance Act Account, The Surface Transportation going to a new Mass Transit 1983—Increase of gas tax to 9 cents (with 1 cent 6, 1983). remediation program, The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (Oct 1986—Increase of gas tax by 0.1 cent for EPA 1990—Increase of gas tax by 5 cents (with half to the HTF, half to deficit reduction), Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1990 (Novem 1990—Increase of gas tax by 5 cents (with half to the HTF, Clinton redirected the amou 1993—Increase of gas tax by 4.3 cents, originally for deficit reduction, but in 1997, President Bill Fund. Trust Only two countries—Kuwait and Saudi Arabia—charge lower gas taxes than the U.S. and both are net global oil suppliers, not cons Only two countries—Kuwait and Saudi Arabia—charge lower gas taxes than the U.S. and both are net Adjusted for inflation, the Federal gas tax eroded to 11 cents in 2011. This amounts to purchasing power of 45 cents for everyAdjusted for inflation, the Federal gas tax eroded to 11 cents in 2011. This amounts to purchasing power put this in perspective, only about half the transportation investments made since 1993 could b highway construction costs. To upgraded, w even though U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) grew 55% and vehicle miles traveled increased 29%. An decade later, operationally-efficient transportation system, on the other hand, offers a significant competitive edge. s Since the first gas tax in 1932, the contentious journey, wrought with opposition, has passed many mileposts, including: wrought with the contentious journey, Since the first gas tax in 1932, s s s s s s s s s s s s This most recent increase represents the longest period without an increase since the gas tax was first enacted, and today, the enacted, and today, This most recent increase represents the longest period without an increase since the gas tax was first s controversial and misunderstood issue. Here are a few more facts about the federal gas tax: also proposed 20% pay cuts for the President and each Cabinet member. Amid the political wrangling, President Hoover paid a su the political wrangling, President Amid member. and each Cabinet 20% pay cuts for the President also proposed budgets is that the course of unbalanced from bitter experience stating that people “know to break the impasse and urging them June 6, 1932. thereby approving a 1-cent excise tax on gasoline, bill into law, President Hoover signed the Fund applies to gasoli supports the Highway Trust is somewhat inaccurate. The federal excise tax that The label of a “gas tax” natural gas. It also includes tires, truck natural gas, an 85% methanol blend, and compressed liquid petroleum gas, liquefied requirements. associated with violations of motor carrier safety vehicle use, and fines/penalties s Here are some other perspectives on the gas tax: Here are some other perspectives President Herbert Hoover is to credit (or blame) for the first gas tax. The gas tax was actually part of a larger measure, “The part of a larger measure, tax. The gas tax was actually blame) for the first gas Hoover is to credit (or President Herbert Inside the Tank: Tank: the Inside Tax Gas the Federal Fiction) about (and The Facts 78 ownership of the association’s direction. design procedures, which were difficult to use This aspect of the agreement waned around and often resulted in unreasonable thicknesses for the turn of the century for a variety of reasons, concrete overlays. ACPA also cited numerous other weighing on the effectiveness of the “one voice concerns on design factors. and one vision” goal. AASHTO committed to work on these issues, and released its 640-page, “AASHTO Guide for AASHTO ‘93 Addresses ACPA Issues Design of Pavement Structures, 1993” (AASHTO In 1993, the American Association of State ’93). AASHTO ’93 was an improvement and did Highway and satisfy many of Transportation the points ACPA Officials “Contributing to the quality and brought forward (AASHTO) as qualifiers released a value of concrete pavements will be to its 1987 revision of its improvements in cement and other endorsement 1986 pavement of the AASHTO design guide, materials, equipment, and quality 1986 procedure. and of course, assurance/quality control methods. ACPA went to a resource that These improvements will be designed work revising 71#E traced its lineage its Pavement to the first to find the right solutions to meet Analysis Software AASHO road tests performance requirements and cost (PAS) to reflect of 1959. the 1993 In the 1980s parameters. Then, as now, the emphasis guide updates, ACPA officially will be on ‘getting in, doing it right, introducing a endorsed the getting out, and staying out.’” major software 1986 Guide revision in for the Design —Marlin J. Knutson, January 1996. That The 1990s: The 1990s: of Pavement 1997, on the future of the concrete same year ACPA Structures, with also introduced reservations pavement industry. AirPave, the about the association’s first complicated and Airport Pavement confusing overlay Design program. On the heels of the AASHTO ‘93 release, the transportation community pushed for an even better, equitable, and reliable method for pavement thickness design. The new approach would be “based on mechanistic-empirical principles with numeric models calibrated with pavement-performance data from the Federal Highway Administration’s Long Term Pavement Performance program.” The transition to a mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (along with software, and supporting elements) would be a lengthy, and at times daunting journey. (See sidebar, “Mechanistic- In June 1994, ACPA hosted the first national dowel bar retrofit open house. Empirical Approach to Design.”) PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 79 After the Louisville experiment, ACPA ACPA experiment, After the Louisville UTW projects many 1992 to 1994, From The unprecedented application of 2- and application The unprecedented The Push to Explain UTW’s Success The Push to Explain UTW’s and sponsored projects documented UTW a design engineering studies to develop the performance. explain that would procedure where constructed at intersections, were By conditions. asphalt rutting unsafe created than 100 UTW projects—and more 1997, had been placed yards- than 1M square more ramps, primarily on streets, America, in North aviation airfields, and general intersections, materials and equipment. Strain gages and other and other gages Strain materials and equipment. of the reaction study used to instruments were University of to loads. pavement the overlaid data collection. the performed Louisville with short bonded joint spacing overlays 3-in. successful. to be asphalt proved to the existing Because the trucks entering the landfill were able were researchers counted and weighed, years 30 of comparable demonstrate to reliably service road in a verylow-volume short period. The performance of UTW baffled engineersThe performance at first, with many predicting the overlays would would the overlays predicting with many first, Construction loads. under the firstcrack few Five years after the Louisville project, the use of years after the Louisville project, Five practical that were levels beyond UTW had grown documentation efforts were ACPA’s and to track abandoned. Slot cutting machine moves along the grade, cutting dowel bar slots into the Slot cutting machine moves along the grade, cutting dowel bar slots into the existing pavement. It started with a question by Stan LaHue, ACPA’s ACPA’s It started with a question by Stan LaHue, called the originally ACPA 1991, On September 21, The Birth of “Ultrathin” Whitetopping “Ultrathin” The Birth of “If asphalt can be built 2 of Highways: Director why asphalt pavements, on existing thick inches went ACPA can’t concrete?” on the concept in to work the including 1991, early of spacing consideration than closer joints at 2 to 4 ft, engineered had ever anyone fibers and using before, in based on experiences and Iowa, County, Greene overlay other conventional projects. but later “flexcrete”, concept it because the termrenamed LaHue trademarked. was staffheld an informal contest name to come up with a new whitetopping and “ultrathin” a term selected, (UTW) was Voigt, attributed F. to Gerald P.E. the first UTW experimental constructed was project to a road on an entrance Ky. landfill near Louisville, the Louisville UTW of the 1970s, Like the Pave-ins the created ACPA effort. a volunteer was project members donated ACPA design and experimental FAST FACTS FAST Construction Two-Lift /,O"# 0AO10B.4%) /#.O" F#) %))""$ ")1,J "# %"+$"#O$+ ?)@!7) $Q44J')# .4%)"")# )#JPF M#J ;<<<#)N80# :<<+<<##$# ) #" 80 Technology Laboratories was engaged to use the data from Louisville to devise a new design method. Bonding between the asphalt and concrete and the short joint spacing were found to explain the performance,

71#E and with the explanation confirmed, ACPA promoted the In the 1990s, in-place recycling gained popularity, thanks to the developmental new method. work of two ACPA contractors. In 1995, as a result improving the quality of the expanding concrete of advocacy efforts by ACPA, the FHWA began intersection market. ACPA held numerous state The 1990s: The 1990s: evaluating UTW at the Turner-Fairbank Highway and regional workshops to instruct engineers and Research Center’s Accelerated Load Facility (ALF) contractors on the approach. Over the years many in McLean, Va. The testing was a cooperative state DOTs have adopted ACPA’s methodology research project among the FHWA, ACPA, Northeast into their concrete pavement specifications and Chapter-ACPA, and the Northern Virginia Ready provisions. It remains one of ACPA’s core training Mixed Concrete Association. The 18-month tools for quality projects. testing compared the effects of slab thickness, joint spacing and Traffic fibers. Data from Management the instrumentation “I firmly believe vision is Traffic management were also used emerged as difficult to validate ACPA’s defined by actions—and our challenge in the new procedure for actions are, and will be based 1990s. Traffic estimating the load- on timing, discretion, judgment, volumes continued carrying capacity of growth that far UTW. agility, and responsiveness in outpaced new lane pursuing new directions and new miles. In 1995, ACPA Intersection Joint contracted with Layout dimensions to meet our members’ Graham Migletz In 1996, ACPA needs. If vision is the hallmark Consulting, a firm introduced a ten-step of leadership, it is also the specializing in traffic method for laying out management, to joints for concrete ability to see opportunities when help develop a intersections. The other see obstacles, and to work traffic management method refined and handbook for developed by Voigt, tirelessly to advance the many concrete pavement who was then ACPA’s objectives of our members.” resurfacing, Director of Technical —Valentin J. Riva, ACPA restoration, and Services, addressed reconstruction. The a common need for President/CEO, 1998 Annual handbook became Report to Members. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 81 On November 10, 1992, a standardized national a standardized 1992, 10, On November representatives 1996, 14 and 15, On November In October 1991, the two-tenths blanking band band blanking the two-tenths 1991, In October Commitment to Quality Commitment to adopted and ratified transportation policy was AASHTO/FHWA/Industry-sponsored at an in Dallas. conference Quality” “Partnership for Marlin Knutson Calling it an historic occasion, paving signed the document on behalf of concrete to endorse He and other signers pledged industry. design, proper including: the principles of quality, cooperative specifications, performance-related of and the development incentives research, systems. quality management and industry joined federal of several groups was reduced to a “zero” blanking band by the blanking “zero” to a reduced was The Missouri/Kansas Chapter-ACPA Kansas DOT. with closely national staff worked ACPA and aimed to ensure which on the change, the DOT paying and avoided identified the specification segments with surface on paving incentives states were Other bumps). (short-wave chatter tweaks but many to adopt the specification, slow attributed are to the contractors and innovations as such incentives, zero-band to achieve working night-sighting the stringline, for cable using aircraft adoption of computerized profilographs, stringline, non-contact profilers. and eventually Starting in the 1980s, ACPA partnered ACPA Starting in the 1980s, ACPA’s first fast track technical bulletin ACPA’s was mostly focused on materials, but the technology evolved to include planning, material selection, joint sawing, curing and temperature management, strength testing, and traffic opening criteria. New Focus on Smoothness Focus New smoothness on new with state DOTs the California introducing specifications, states that previously to many Profilograph ACPA a straightedge. employed only its first bulletin published technical and in 1990, to smoothness devoted became a supplier of precision-made bands and bump templates for blanking under the California contractors working held ACPA specifications. profilograph hands- included smoothness workshops the reducing manually for on training and determining trace profilograph By the mid-1990s index. the profile were computerized profilographs all but eliminated which introduced, the training. demand for the basis of ACPA traffic management training training management traffic ACPA the basis of the country. across delivered In-place recycling was another step in paving In-place recycling was another step in which benefitted owners/ process efficiency, agencies and contractors. 82 state officials in signing the National Policy on the Quality of Highways at the second National Quality Initiative (NQI) Conference in Alexandria, Va. Knutson was on hand to sign the policy, along with other representatives of the transportation construction community. The commemorative plaques from these two events are displayed in ACPA’s Rosemont, Ill.-headquarters as an indelible reminder of the Concrete is placed ahead of the paver for a fast-track project in the 1990s. association’s commitment

71#E to quality.

Air Force Threatens Moratorium Durability and Vibration Issues At the 30th Annual Meeting in December Major highway concrete pavements in Iowa 1993, Jim Lafrenz, then with the U.S. Air Force exhibited premature deterioration in the mid- (and later hired as ACPA’s Director of Airports), 1990s. The cause(s) of the deterioration were the delivered a tough message to the association. If subject of much controversy. ACPA, along with the industry did not address the quality of slipform other local and national industry experts were construction, there would be no market for brought in to assess the problem. The 1990s: The 1990s: concrete pavements on U.S. Air Force Bases. Various investigators used different methods to ACPA responded by forming an Airfield characterize the processes and arrived at different Task Group in January 1994, which worked interpretations. Depending on the study, the with Lafrenz and the Air Force to devise a new deterioration was attributed to effects of ettringite specification, incorporating the combined formation (including delayed ettringite formation), aggregate and “workability box” concepts endorsed alkali-silica expansive reactions, and to frost attack, by Jim Shilstone, P.E., principal of the Shilstone or some combination of the three. After several Companies. The new specification solved the years, the agreed conclusion in 1999 by the severe joint spalling and durability problems that National Institute of Standards and Technology was had led to the challenge. that the problem was not new, but was primarily

A Mechanistic-Empirical Approach to Design

The journey from the empirical pavement design guides (AASHTO ‘72, ’86, and ‘93) to mechanistic-empirical pavement design (M-E PDG to AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design) turned out to be an arduous and lengthy journey, sometimes punctuated by disagreements and differences, but most in the spirit of advancing equitable, uniform, and technology- driven pavement design and analysis solutions.

Before 1986, the enhancements to AASHTO’s design methodology were to provide the designer more ﬂexibility over design inputs, such as reliability. Between 1986 and 1993, most enhancements were geared towards inclusion of rehabilitation and nondestructive testing information for evaluation of existing pavements, including back-calculation of layer moduli for determination of the layer coefﬁcients.

Starting in 1996, the AASHTO Joint Task Force sponsored the development of a mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide for new and rehabilitated pavements. The National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) provided support with project 1-37A, the largest project in the 40-year history of the program. The panel was comprised of representatives of the concrete pavement industry, asphalt paving industry, state DOTs, academia, and FHWA.95,96,97 Marlin Knutson represented ACPA on the panel both before and after he retired.

The aim was to develop the M-E PDG; software; and training under the name AASHTO 2002 Guide. Due to its complexity and other challenges, the project was delayed multiple times. The M-E PDG was released in draft form at the conclusion of NCHRP 1-37A in April 2004, but it wasn’t until 2011 that AASHTO ofﬁcially released the software under the name DARWin-ME.

ACPA was involved in the evolution of the AASHTO design procedures through all of its evolution, providing endorsements, suggestions for improvement and support for a fair and equitable design method. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 83 In 1996, ACPA In 1996, ACPA relocated its headquarters to Skokie, Illinois. Other machine Other machine Dowel insertion Dowel both worked well as well both worked long as a well-graded was mixture concrete to prevent employed settling of inserted bars. controls to meld evolved microelectronics, controls, mechanical space-age and even Paving Machine Paving Advancements equipment became common a more option in the 1990s, as manufacturers improved introduced inserter technology. addressed ACPA questions numerous was on which insertion or better, basket installation, that concluding showed experience Shilstone’s well-graded well-graded Shilstone’s concepts and mixture procedures. members. —Don Beuerlein (ACPA —Don Beuerlein (ACPA Committee Chairman, in Chairman-1997), Quality the 1998 Annual report to the 1998 Annual report “ACPA has reached new new has reached “ACPA dimensions in the engineering and technical services provided These industry. to the concrete resolve our services underscore the information to provide specifiers need to produce quality pavements.” ACPA’s work with the California work helped profilograph in the 1980s and 1990s ACPA’s to many states that previously only introduce the smoothness measuring method employed a straightedge. Two major shifts Two due to poor freeze- due to caused durability thaw of entrained by a lack Subsequent air. found Iowa studies in that a contributing been have may factor to contractorsrelated with working designed mixtures with less than ideal coupled gradations, with over-vibrating tryingtheir concrete pavement to achieve smoothness goals. this from emerged industry challenge: internal vibration on frequency paversslipform should be monitored and and controlled, with well- mixtures aggregates graded more for provide slipform reliable paving and higher quality end-results. Soon after these were conclusions vibrator reached, devised manufacturers monitoring systems so contractors could immediate have indication of vibrator and frequency ACPA malfunction. also began endorsing 84 global positioning technology, employed DBR on a 32- which resulted from the “space mile stretch of I-90 east of race” of the 1960s. In the 1990s, Seattle. “stringless” controls emerged, first “A lot of states tried with earthworks, and by the end of dowel bar retrofit on the decade, with the first curb & an experimental basis gutter applications. only. We were one of In 1995, Bill Swisher, Chief the first to apply the Executive, CMI Corporation, technology as a viable projected that “High-tech, rehabilitation option for computerized laser technologies concrete pavements,” will be used as construction said Linda Pierce, practices and equipment continues Engineer, Washington to evolve. Global positioning Valentin J. Riva was appointed as State Department of system (GPS) technologies will ACPA’s third President & CEO in Transportation. A major improve to provide measurements August 1998. innovation coming out of to within one-eighth-inch Washington’s first job was a tolerances. Equipment will literally customized saw developed

71#E be controlled through satellite technology, enabling by Concrete Textures, Inc. of Des Moines, Iowa. structures and roadways to be laid out without The machine cut six parallel slots simultaneously, external references.” History proved Mr. Swisher’s creating a viable, high-production process. predictions to be both prophetic and accurate. Most Popular NHI Training Course Dowel Bar Retrofit Goes Big Time In 1994, the NHI awarded ACPA a five-year Washington State brought the topic of dowel contract to develop and conduct a comprehensive bar retrofit (DBR) to the forefront as more than a program covering concrete pavement construction specialty application, and the technology rapidly and inspection. Over 30 ACPA members were The 1990s: The 1990s: became a key CPR strategy. In 1994, after several involved with staff and subcontractor, ARA, Inc., to years of experimentation and review, Washington produce the course over an 18-month period. By

ACPA’s staff gathered for a photograph in 1997. Not shown in the photo was ACPA President & CEO Marlin Knutson. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 85 In 1998, the In 1998, ACPA Influences P-501 Update Aviation Federal Administration put into place a major revision to the P-501 specification, introducing within percent limits (PWL) acceptance ACPA’s criteria. Airfield Task was Group instrumental the BBS?”) officials, state agencies, and other industry partners. and other industry partners. state agencies, officials, the first-ever searchable also included This upgrade to a procedure practices, database of state agency and e-commerce whitetopping, ultra-thin design for us on “Find (See sidebar, capabilities. transactional on the strength with the agency in working acceptance criteria for and testing requirements pavements. concrete Developed by CMI Corp., the “Ten Commandments For Smoothness” Commandments Developed by CMI Corp., the “Ten tech transfer efforts in the 1990s. were a key emphasis in ACPA’s FAST FACTS Recycling Pavement In-Place Concrete /D# *#()%" ) %"P/#6(/ !!#'"1( #"%) %"))%" )(0" (M)"N)

In 1995, ACPA ACPA In 1995, established its its established ﬁrst website— pavement. com—a scant few of mostly pages and a few text The illustrations. association was ahead of most organizations a in launching One website. later year members could staff byreach Later in email. ACPA the decade, had completely its overhauled all by the staff without site … twice in fact, web site included The expanded consulting expenses. elected thousands of links to Chapter/States, Pavement.com and Email Pavement.com the end of the 5-year contract, contract, the end of the 5-year ofﬁcials and thousands of public construction industry participants had participated in the course. courseIt had become the most popular training by NHI at the time. offered

concrete pavement construction. helped establish best practices in smooth helped establish best practices in smooth Commandments of Concrete Paving,” which Commandments of Concrete Paving,” pavements. Sipherd was the author of “Ten of “Ten pavements. Sipherd was the author for his life-long commitment to concrete for his life-long commitment to concrete Voigt after being formally recognized Voigt Chapin Sipherd (R) poses with Jerry 86 achieved opening strengths in 18-24 hours in some conditions.

Change of Leadership Brings New Focus Following ACPA President/ CEO Knutson’s announcement he would retire at the

71#E end of 1997, the search for a new chief Val Riva, ACPA’s third President & CEO; Senator Tom Daschle (D - S.D.) and Dave executive Rinas (Chairman-1998) stand for pictures during a fundraising event at ACPA’s Skokie began in headquarters in 1998. earnest. With the assistance of an executive Fast Track: The New Normal search ﬁrm, a committee reviewed scores of

The 1990s: The 1990s: Fast track concrete pavement construction came candidates and eventually offered the position to of age through the 1990s. Although it started as a Valentin J. Riva, then General Counsel and chief materials consideration, fast track construction of lobbyist for the American Road & Transportation concrete pavements became much more. In 1994, Builders Association (ARTBA). Riva earned a ACPA issued its second edition of its technical Juris Doctor degree in 1984 from Georgetown bulletin on the subject, which stressed that fast University Law Center and had held several track technology involved considerations in planning, material selection, joint sawing, curing and temperature management, strength testing, and traffic opening criteria. ACPA advised contractors and agencies to look at the details from planning to project completion, and fast tracking evolved to include high early- strength concrete for a smaller portion of a project just to meet staging or opening to traffic. Concrete maturity was promoted as an essential element, as it was discovered that Alan Oremus, Prairie Materials Group, speaks with Rep. Jim Oberstar (D-Minn.-08) even “normal mixtures” during a 1999 reception at ACPA’s Skokie office PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 87 On September 19, 1998, 1998, 19, On September the 501(c) As proposed, The IPRF, The IPRF, PricewaterhouseCoopers and CP2000 during a PCA-sponsored to discuss meeting held ACPA design, mechanistic this that funding for suggested could be administered initiative foundation. by a research chartered (3) corporation, and research, education for supportwould research, and transfer, technology aimed educational initiatives and the officials at public In the ensuing public. general . FAST FACTS Tour The U.S. Tech "7!47P %"88"'P "J""$0) 7&"E 6)"%) )"#" )% #))" %)%"# 00#'!?) A0'!?B%#"% ))7"! 4%"7'8 %"#"#L/ 4)>L )O)# 'P;<D<)%# "<$)#% 4# ) )%"# % On October 9, the Innovative Pavement Research Research Pavement the Innovative On October 9, weeks, a proposal was developed and submitted developed was a proposal weeks, and PCA. ACPA Committees of to the Executive Executive associations’ by the two After approval also joined as co-founder. NRMCA Committees, in the state incorporated (IPRF) was Foundation and PCA serving as the ACPA with of Illinois, Transportation, Ames, lowa Transportation, and the first research and the first research Building Efficient Surface Transportation Transportation Building Efficient Surface and Director of the Iowa Department of of the Iowa Department and Director

The effort would pay off. The phone bank off. pay The effort would as the landmark BESTEA became better known At the outset of his tenure, Riva led ACPA staff to ACPA led Riva At the outset of his tenure, Riva was selected with a keen interest in what selected with a keen interest was Riva

and Equity Act of 1997 and Equity than more With ACPA. writtenprovision by and members, staff, 250 documented calls from the Chapter/State paving association personnel, effort commitments to co-sponsor yielded six solid of the in favor to vote the bill and 20 pledges legislation. and its success was staff, ACPA the a ﬁrstwas for on focus renewed of the association’s emblematic political advocacy. Century the 21st Act for Equity Transportation passed by and it was a wide margin, (TEA-21), House leadershipthanks to strong and bipartisan support strong in the Senate. and equally support, ACPA-written came into law passage TEA-21’s With that dedicated $30 million in funds for provision of the the life over research pavement concrete on his ﬁrst set out to establish Riva day which bill, ACPA. on the job at conduct a large-scale grassroots effort in support grassroots conduct a large-scale of the Advocacy Firsts Firsts Advocacy positions as a lobbyist with trade associations, associations, with trade positions as a lobbyist Association and the National Stone including America. Contractors Associated General of could provide his legal and political background and He accepted the position the association. for months ahead a few 1997, August in began work The timing provided retirement. of Knutson’s but also the leadership transition, for an overlap to continue advocacy Riva an opportunity for the for focus— pavement efforts—with a concrete bill. impending highway

—Darrel Rensink, 1997 President of AASHTO of AASHTO Rensink, 1997 President —Darrel “As a nation we have a lot to be proud of; yet yet of; be proud lot to a have we a nation “As

transportation infrastructure.” transportation this growth we must adequately invest in our in our adequately invest must we this growth two percent level. However, for us to achieve us to achieve for However, percenttwo level. of growing at a rate well beyond the current the current beyond well at a rate of growing extraordinary possibilities. This countryis capable possibilities. extraordinary can do better. The new millennium offers us all The offers millennium new better. can do at the same time, we all must recognize that we we that recognize all must we same time, at the 88 original incorporators. On October 13, an ad hoc group of ACPA and PCA members agreed to fund a research study to examine the concrete pavement industry and propose a comprehensive marketing strategy. Within a few weeks, leading management consulting firms—among them Bain & Company, McKinsey & Company, and Coopers & Lybrand— submitted proposals. The ad hoc group selected PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), created from the former Price Waterhouse and Coopers & Lybrand firms, which merged during the selection process. Less than four months after the IPRF was founded, it was embarking on its first project—a $2 million research study underwritten by six major cement company members of ACPA. The project oversight was assigned to a committee of association leaders that was called the CP2000 Committee (CP = Concrete Pavement)

71#E looking ahead to the new millennium. CP2000 was comprised of CEO’s from six contractor companies and six cement producers. Through “voice of the customer” interviews with members; Chapter/State executives; ACPA, NRMCA, and PCA staff members; and others, PwC formed a picture of the critical needs of the industry. PwC In response to the use of rubberized asphalt (open graded staff—including strategists, financial analysts, and friction course), ACPA and IGGA members performed other technicians, sometimes working in teams diamond grinding in Maricopa County, Ariz. This project The 1990s: The 1990s: of 15 or more—pored through the data and was pivotal in ACPA’s successful efforts to compete against information to create national and state-by-state what was billed as a “quiet pavement.” plans. At the same time, the PwC teams, supported by ACPA staff, were conducting “roll out” sessions to present interim findings and to test hypotheses To effect this change, the industry contributed and validate study findings. By the end of 1998, more than $5 million in additional resources (over the teams had rolled out sessions representing 42 1998 funding levels). ACPA proposed that more of 48 states. than $4 million be distributed to Chapter/States– a Three scenarios were presented: the first was 110% increase over previous funding levels. With to effect a nominal increase in market share; the these resources, the Chapter/States brought on second to effect a 15% increase in market share; experienced professionals, as well as lobbying and the third to effect a 40% increase. The CP2000 and public relations resources. In 1999, some 53 oversight committee opted to invest in the 15% professionals were involved in local promotion of increase. concrete pavements, up from 29 in 1998. Nationally, the CP2000 committee guided the implementation of the key findings, including “Last year, the leadership of ACPA the development of eight “charter” areas to focus decided it was time to take aggressive national ACPA activities: marketing & promotion; engineering & technical services; products & actions to recapture the market share processes; streets & local roads; membership for concrete pavements. And it was the services; knowledge management; education & right time.” training; and legislative & regulatory affairs. In hindsight, the PwC plan was not perfect, but –David L. Rinas, then-Sr. Vice neither was its execution. PwC underestimated President-Marketing, Holnam, Inc.* the timetable to impact public policies and the commitment horizon needed to effect real change. (ACPA Chairman-1998), commenting From the beginning, the proposed investment by on the initiation of the largest, most industry partners (cement and contractor) also comprehensive market research in fell well short, in part because of management and/or ownership changes among stakeholder ACPA’s history. *Now Holcim, (US), Inc. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 89

98 ! Main Website | acpa.org Main Website Concrete Wiki | wiki.acpa.org App Library | apps.acpa.org Sustainability |pavementsforlife.com Desktop Software | software.acpa.org Resources | resources.acpa.org | ondemand.acpa.org On-Demand Training | webinars.acpa.org Live Online Training Local Chapter/State Paving Associations | local.acpa.org Find us on the BBS? there was a time when As incredible as it may seem today, (WWW) or its Wide Web people debated whether the World the Bulletin Board System, would prevail as the precursor, communications around preferred method of computer-based website the world. The WWW prevailed; the first documented BBS and appeared as an experiment in 1991; and the use of other systems has declined dramatically. ACPA wasted no time in joining the WWW revolution. By ACPA at www. 1995, the association had established its first website of about pavement.com. The first website was comprised has expanded its three pages, mostly text. Since then, ACPA and increased the number of primary website geometrically, web addresses as a reflection of our goal to provide a greater breadth and depth to members and public agency customers. has a commanding presence on the web with ACPA Today, these sites and re-direct links: s s s s s s s s s ACPA rallied its allies at the national and its allies at the national rallied ACPA unified the transportation construction ACPA had once again ACPA By the end of the 1990s, The association had reached across both aisles of aisles both across had reached The association Congress and both Chambers of the U.S. Congress bill in history—highway the largest for to advocate by the drafted provisions and the first research industry across also reached ACPA association. mixed lines to partner and ready with the cement industries. concrete and to share, with the pledge levels regional/state “One voice of, did so under the mantra once again, and one vision.” in, the principlecommunity around of getting The out. out … and staying getting doing it right, a challenges, durability association addressed and smoothness specifications, new quality policy, and email technologies. web adopted new of fostering and effectiveness the power proven partnerships and strengthening creativity to thrive of significant change. in an era

By the end of the decade, ACPA had reached had reached ACPA By the end of the decade, On a parallel path to the ACPA/PwC study, the study, ACPA/PwC path to the On a parallel Although a historians’ view may suggest the suggest may view a historians’ Although

across the countryacross to build and solidify with a paving associations. of chapter/state federation Closing the 1990s The Research Blueprint for staff, technical ACPA support with strong from IPRF, program research a comprehensive developed projects 70 research that included proposal The proposal ACPA. identiﬁed and scoped by ACPA $30 million provision aimed at the was used this plan in ACPA TEA-21. in the for lobbied priorities use of the funding with negotiating for Pavement Concrete “Blueprint for The FHWA. but also complemented the preceded, Research,” Research Pavement of the Concrete development years later. several follow would which Road Map, companies. Eventually, interest waned as leaders waned interest Eventually, companies. industry would consolidation to change, continued the market term, and longer factor, larger become a the worse before take a turn would for dynamics realized. fully was the implementation shortexpectations, of fell results study’s ACPA/PwC It beneﬁts. many that it delivered are the facts composition of many and the direction reshaped and hence, associations, Chapter/State paving local for resolve the industry’s strengthened effortThe implementation put more promotion. the capabilities broadened “boots on the streets”; resources invested operations; national’s ACPA of and made accountability and areas; in targeted part of the association’s an integral measurement effects One of the most indelible business plan. staff and ACPA is that it equipped of the project in almost leaders change with the tools to manage to be a valuable, prove This would situation. any follow. institutional skill set in the years that would

thinner than 6 in. thick. whitetopping” or UTW, ACPA’s term for thin concrete overlays ACPA’s whitetopping” or UTW, A truck drives on pavements overlaid with “ultra-thin

The 2000s: 0E" 92 The 2000s: The New Millennium course, no historical account of the 2000s would The 2000s—the term for both the third be complete without reflecting upon the violent millennium and the decade from 2000 to 2009— acts that would forever etch “9/11” into history. As were times of triumph, tragedy, and tumult. the years have passed and the stories have been At the outset of the decade (and actually for a told and retold, they are no less tragic today than few years prior) people around the world held when the events were first reported. Ultimately, their collective breath in anticipation of the year the “9/11” attack led the nation into a “War on 2000. Some Terror”, which has believed the continued into the stroke of midnight next decade. 101 on January 1st “It is said that no captain is tested Despite the would trigger the in calm waters. We, as Americans, dot-com “bubble “Y2K problem,” burst” in 2000 because software have been tested—and severely so— and 2001, the writers of past but we have responded courageously, economy started generations did strong for the not plan for decisively, and with honor first half of the the changeover unprecedented in world history”. decade. However, 0E" from the 1900s —Valentin J. Riva, ACPA a U.S. housing and to the 2000s. credit crisis began The prediction President/CEO, and Jim Duit, in 2007, plunging of a widespread Duit Construction Co., Inc. (ACPA the nation into technological a deep and apocalypse proved Chairman-2001) in tribute to lingering recession to be mostly victims of 9/11. considered to apocryphal, and be the worst shortly after since the Great The 2000s: The 2000s: calendars and Depression of clocks turned over 1929 to 1937. The to January 1, 2000, economic crisis most people breathed a sigh of relief.100 called the “Great Recession” was felt worldwide.102 On the morning of September 11, 2001, the “For the first time, the Standard & Poor’s nation witnessed events that redefined the decade, 500-stock index finished a calendar decade with a as well as impacted the lives of millions. Of negative total return. A one dollar investment in

Photo (L) and FLIR image underscore the dramatic difference in the urban heat island effect of asphalt (in red) compared to cooler concrete (in green, yellow, and blue). The photos also underscore ACPA’s increasingly sharp focus on sustainability. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 93 the increasing the increasing of proliferation and websites applications impacted the people way communicate, teach, learn, play shop, and games, more. much of course, And, they the affect do we way With business. 105 The trend introduced us to a whole new us to a whole new introduced The trend communications channel called “social media,” and “social media,” called communications channel names that sometimes puzzle or amuse novices sites and companies have many or the uninitiated, and esoteric quirky from gone and have evolved, almost overnight. and familiar to mainstream (which as Facebook They names such include companies) of two U.S. companies, Ford Motor Ford companies, U.S. companies) of two in 1903 Founded Inc. and Facebook, Company in the first of this historical chapter and featured cap of about $64.2 has a market Ford account, 10 years at less than old, By comparison, billion. cap of $116.4 has an estimated market Facebook billion. 104 The wealth of The wealth 103 FAST FACTS Staff Called on in 9/11 Aftermath ACPA /<<G"9#>4'%)7!47P #7%""# $%#)%" ##).)E 7#)L) There were bright spots in the 2000s. The high- bright spots in the 2000s. were There tech revolution, which built steadily during the built steadily which revolution, tech in a period was of explosive decades prior, three to start growth the decade, thanks in part to large the Internet. to Compared traditional many businesses, Internet- start-related ups appeared rapidly, as seemingly on as traffic fast the information clear it was decade evolved, As the superhighway. that some dot.coms had some serious business how Just serious valuations. models and equally serious? capitalization the current Consider market of publicly-traded of shares (the total value the S&P 500 on Dec. 31, 1999, was worth roughly worth roughly was 1999, 31, the S&P 500 on Dec. 90 cents at the end of 2009. American families plunged nearly 18% in 2008, 18% in 2008, nearly American plunged families and years of gains in housing and stocks, erasing Reserve loss since the Federal the biggest marking II. War World after began keeping track The tire-pavement test apparatus at Purdue University was a valuable research and evaluation tool in ACPA’s University was a valuable research and evaluation tool in ACPA’s The tire-pavement test apparatus at Purdue study of quiet pavement textures. 107 94 debuted in November 2004); Groupon (November funding,” according to the FHWA. 2008); Pinterest (March 2010); Twitter (July 2006); In 2006, elected officials, agencies and ACPA YouTube (February 2005), Wikipedia (January celebrated the Interstate Highway System’s 50th 2001), and many others.106 Anniversary. The celebratory mood was tempered by a concern for the future, however. Construction in the New Millennium When the “Great Recession” began in 2007, it Construction enjoyed significant growth in slowed construction to almost a standstill, not the early part of only because of the the decade. This housing crisis, but also was in large part a because of the credit result of the robust “ACPA had a duty to assist in crisis. Some would economy. Driving our nation’s time of need. We argue that the equally factors included are pleased and honored to troubling aspect the expansion of of the economic the housing market, have been part of this important downturn was a crisis as well as the initiative.” of confidence. The landmark highway losses during this bill, TEA-21, which —Valentin J. Riva, period represented a 0E" provided record ACPA President/CEO, on 19.8-percent decline funding levels (44% the announcements of in construction larger than ISTEA) employment, the through 2003. The recommendations for largest decline of any highway funding reopening Washington Reagan nonfarm industry continued beyond super-sector,” 2003, but this was National Airport following according to a Bureau done through a 9/11. ACPA was directly of Labor Statistics series of twelve report.108

The 2000s: The 2000s: involved in making those extensions, which In early 2009, the generally were not recommendations. American Recovery viewed favorably and Reinvestment by the industry. Conventional wisdom says extensions tend to impede future funding increases, but also make it difficult for departments of transportation to plan larger, long-term projects, as well as contractors and other businesses to invest in day-to-day business operations.107 “The intermittent extensions of TEA-21 disrupted the flow of federal funding for transportation projects for about two years. Only the signing of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) in August ACPA current and past chairmen gathered during the 2001 ACPA annual meeting. 2005 stabilized that Seated (L to R) are Robins Jackson (1977); Jim Mikulanec (1989); John Eisenhour, Jr. (1974); and Dean Gordinier (1982). Standing (L to R) are Jim Duit (2001); Ed Denton (1969); M. Lee Powell III (1985 and 1999); and Ed Egan (1986). PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 95

The story of ACPA in the 2000s is a story in the of two ACPA The story of tone in 1999 despite the positive Interestingly, ACPA at the Turn of the New Century of the New Turn at the ACPA part a period of the 2000s was The early of halves. enthusiasm economy, The strong optimism. great and study, ACPA/PwC implementation of the over The transportation legislation set the tone. federal latter part a period of the decade was of struggle the Great as the association battled through its members, Recession and the impacts it had on PCA and state DOTs. almost ﬁnancial reserves were the association’s depleted and membership declining. numbers were and of Directors changes The Board recommended well as increasing instability in the region. (See instability in the region. as increasing well of 4% with a basis Inﬂation at a rate 1. “Figure (PPI) for Price Producer Index of 100 at 1958, and various and asphalt (PPI1958= 100), concrete the past 50 years.”) over political events A lack of consistent DOT consideration for for consideration of consistent DOT A lack

Act provided some increased spending for spending for some increased Act provided although not to the level projects, infrastructure the stimulus for Grateful purportedit was to be. others, along with many members, ACPA funding, opportunity the embraced to build again. eagerly ACPA-afﬁliated ﬁeld reports from Unfortunately, Chapter/States and members at the time suggested sporadic only paving opportunitiesconcrete were again primarily were DOTs the country. across the shovel- for resurfacing to asphalt defaulting by the stimulus law. required projects ready easier to solutions became pavement concrete as the cost especially confounding see and more and concrete equivalent between difference of tipped in favor and even asphalt designs leveled states by of the decade. the end in many concrete During the 2000s the price of asphalt paving and mirrored the materials dramatically increased as political instability wars of in the Middle East, FAST FACTS E-Newsletter First ACPA’s /<<7!47)))$@ #%#+7""" )%#"#8%##8 ("")#"6 #<<;":<<""!L"$) M7!471&N0"7!47"" #""8##( L""

Highway Research Institute, in Bergisch Gladbach, Germany. Highway Research Institute, in Bergisch Participants in the 2006 FHWA-sponsored European scan tour pause outside the Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen, the Federal European Participants in the 2006 FHWA-sponsored 96 in 2000 advanced Voigt to the position of Chief Information Technology. It was the first national Operating Officer to oversee the finances and dues market tracking project that measured both asphalt collection. The change proved fruitful. Between and concrete use by state DOTs. The data relied 2000 and 2007, ACPA built cash reserves by nearly on Oman Systems with whom ACPA contracted $1.75 million from $363,000 to almost $2,1 million, to have access to state DOT bid tabulation data. in line with recommendations of the association’s ACPA produced the reports quarterly for 8 years independent auditor. These rainy day funds would until stopping in 2007 with an agreement that PCA prove to be vital for the association to withstand would take over the project. losses during the Warranties sparked tough years of the consternation, debate, Great Recession. and questions within “If you want to build a ship, the ACPA membership Early-Decade don’t herd people together to in the early 2000s. Marketing FHWA and state Milestones collect wood and don’t assign DOTs in the Midwest In August 2000, them tasks and work, but rather were challenging ACPA began teach them to long for the the concrete and producing market- asphalt industries to

0E" tracking reports called immensity of the sear.” develop warranties “Pavement Market --Antoine de Saint-Exupery, for pavements. Quarterly,” one of the ACPA contractor key deliverables called French writer and pioneering members recognized for in the ACPA/PwC aviator, cited in the 2003 the imperative to study. The project address the issue, was executed by ACPA Annual Report. and the association Andrew Gieraltowski, developed a materials originally hired as an and workmanship The 2000s: The 2000s: intern, but because warranty model of his skills, expertise, and experience, eventually that could be used by Chapter/State affiliates and became Vice President of Operations and contractor members to provide guidance to their states. (See Sidebar… “Warranties and Concrete Pavements.”) On the technical front the association was tackling early cracking, premature durability and mixture compatibility issues. Significant effort was focused on early cracking, formalizing decades of association experience in a new technical bulletin. The guide titled “Early Cracking Causes and Repairs” was released in 2002 and remains one of the association’s most popular documents. Later in the decade, ACPA supported the Iowa ACPA staff witnessed President George W. Bush signing into law the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Center for Portland Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users on August 10, 2005. Standing three Cement Concrete people to the left of the President is then-Illinois Senator Barack Obama. (ACPA staff photo.) Pavement Technology PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 97 110

111 109 Inc. during the Spring to discuss a of 2000 Inc. non-contact profilers bias in the way perceived LMI pavements. on concrete smoothness measure manufacturer the market-leading was Technologies of laser sensors profiling used on the smoothness 112 Following a ceremony formalizing a ceremony Following the launch of official the Tech (CP Center Technology Pavement Concrete National Standing (L for photos. five signatories posed Center), the Chairman-2006); Dan Keys Peter Deem (ACPA to R) are: & CEO Jerry President Chairman-2005); ACPA (ACPA Chairman-2007) and (ACPA Seated are Pat Nolan Voigt. Cackler. Tom Executive Director Center CP Tech 113 Whether it was the loss of expertise at agencies, presumably a result of the retirement of 1950s-era pioneers of the Interstate highway system, other factors or both, the immutable fact was the means of controlling variability and achieving consistency on the grade had changed forever. Contractors have embraced the role and responsibility of QC, and of course, agencies have about 90% of state highway As of 2011, according to the FHWA, implemented QA procedures widely. agencies, as well as most Federal transportation agencies, are developing and using QA acceptance plans. “The evolution is now emphasizing the need for performance-related specifications (PRS) that “The evolution is now emphasizing the need for characteristics, but also employ quantified not only describe the desired levels of selected quality relationships containing these characteristics to predict subsequent pavement performance, the FHWA says, citing a TRB research circular. All Roads Lead to Ottawa: Tracing Tracing All Roads Lead to Ottawa: the Roots of QA/QC Report), quality Assurance (QA) report (which cites a 1962 AASHO Special According to a FHWA roots to the American Association of State acceptance plans in highway construction trace their analyses that conducted in the late 1950s, as well as the Highway Officials (AASHO) Road Tests emanated from that historic study. “The unsuspected discovery magnitude of the variability in materials and construction of the large This, in turn, led to the first step in the led to the conclusion that specifications must be improved. says. the FHWA evolution of QA specifications and acceptance plans,” and methods with few exceptions, specifications were materials “Prior to the AASHO Road Test, specifications.” specifications, sometimes called ‘prescription’ or ‘recipe’ “statistically oriented specifications” says the first forms of QA specifications were called The FHWA became QA specifications, which emphasize or “statistically based specifications.” In time, these says, “the QC plan should be the the FHWA the need for separate quality control (QC). “Ideally,” plan, and not the agency’s.” contractor’s Just what were the driving forces behind the perceived need for separate quality control processes, however? One clue about events that led to the change—at least in one state—can be found in a DOT. report prepared for the Texas “Prior to the advent of QC/QA, the system utilized by TxDOT to construct asphalt concrete involved rigid control by a decentralized, but highly qualified cadre of engineers and technicians. Essentially, TxDOT rented contractors, personnel, and equipment for asphalt concrete construction, and largely TxDOT accepted responsibility for the consequences ...” the report states. “By the 1980s, however, began to experience a declining reserve of veteran engineering and technical professionals. It became increasingly difficult for TxDOT personnel to adequately perform their traditional function of rigorous job control.” ACPA and ACPA ACPA’s “Concrete “Concrete ACPA’s Michigan Concrete Concrete Michigan Association Paving engineers met with LMI Technologies, Work on Work Lightweight and IRI Profilers (PCC Center) in the development of the “Integrated “Integrated of the development (PCC Center) in the Materials Construction and (IMCP) Practices ACPA Manual.” the sections authored on construction and troubleshooting. Since its introduction, the IMCP manual one of the remains most comprehensive on written works pavement concrete materials available. Progress” Pavement (CPP) newsletter converted from was print to electronic saving in 2003, format members ACPA thousands of dollars costs of production and speeding up the delivery the of In time, periodical. was the circulation under from expanded than 2,000 to more CPP 15,000 readers. state, federal, targeted and local agency as well personnel, as other public officials who specify or influence the selection of paving materials. 98 equipment. At the meeting LMI engineers Government Affairs agreed that tined textures could be picked up as In the early part of the decade, ACPA’s roughness by point lasers erroneously and bias Political Action Committee activities increased the results. LMI agreed to pursue an internal R&D steadily, thanks in large part to support by ACPA effort to develop a line laser that could interpret members and staff. In addition to maintaining tining from roughness. regular dialogue with key political leaders and In July 2000 ACPA formed a Smoothness Task transportation champions, fundraisers became Force with the primary objective to research more frequent than ever and many were hosted and document bias issues surrounding lightweight profilers and the International Roughness Index, and work to remove the bias. ACPA contracted with the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute to test different non-contact profile devices. Phase I of the research

0E" tested profilers at four sites to evaluate their repeatability and reproducibility results. This work was completed in 2002, and a second phase was pursued in 2003 to test early versions of lightweight profilers with a line laser, as well as other laser The 2000s: The 2000s: configurations. Peter Deem (ACPA Chairman-2006) and John Horsley, then President of By 2004, ACPA had published the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials a new technical bulletin (AASHTO) converse during a 2005 meeting. ACPA has enjoyed a on smoothness and had long-standing relationship with AASHTO leadership for more than five motivated lightweight profiler decades. manufacturers to introduce a new line of profilers with line laser technology that performed better on coarse or cosponsored by ACPA. During this time, ACPA textured concrete pavements. ACPA’s efforts welcomed for the first time at its Skokie, Ill.- helped remove the artificial bias that concrete headquarters, several influential Leaders from the pavements were rougher than asphalt pavements. U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. These included visits by House Transportation & Infrastructure Committee Ranking Member Jim Oberstar (D-Mn.-08), Rep. Tom Petri (R-Wis.-06), and Senate Minority FAST FACTS Leader Tom Daschle (D-S.D.)—who arrived Count on Concrete surrounded by a large security detail in the /<<;7!47%""$ wake of a domestic terrorist scare. Other fundraising events abounded in Washington, %)")M!!N0 D.C.; Skokie; Chicago, and even at an annual ")""!L meeting site during the 2000s. ACPA also %)#"! supported political fundraising activities, !#"7 including silent auction events, as well ") as often high-spirited live auctions at the association’s annual meeting. #%:" #")"( IPRF’s FAA Cooperative Agreement "7!47)MN" In 2000, ACPA had for the second time ))#%" in its history, advocated successfully for a research provision in a federal-aid PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 99 Also approved was was Also approved World of Concrete 2005 Concrete of World applying and approved $250,000 to noise in cooperation research and the Iowa with FHWA PCC Pavement Center for The industry Technology. an money leveraged additional $300,000 in the other funding from organizations. testing protocol a new Sound the research. for be Intensity testing would cutting was which used, noise research for edge Influential Chairman of the U.S. House Transportation Influential Chairman of the U.S. House Transportation poses with & Infrastructure Bud Shuster (R-Pa.-09) Chairman-2009) during an Rick Sniegowski (ACPA reception for the Chairman. ACPA-sponsored plan on surface textures, and agreed to leverage to leverage and agreed textures, plan on surface The to implement the program. funds together at met soon afterward Force Task Noise ACPA became one of the first entities ACPA at the time. The field the test method. of performing capable spearheaded by new efforts were and research Annual Report. —John Gardner, —John Gardner, social historian, cited in ACPA’s 2003 cited in ACPA’s activist, and author, activist, and author, “History looks never like history when you’re history you’re when like it.” living through In fall 2003, ACPA formed a “tire/pavement noise” noise” “tire/pavement a formed ACPA 2003, In fall and agreed, Board PCA’s By 2008, the IPRF facilitated more than 40 more the IPRF facilitated By 2008, Tire-Pavement Noise Action Plan Noise Tire-Pavement Arizona DOT to an response in direct task force to determine can whether sound walls program by coursesbe replaced rubberized asphalt surface the Initially, noise alongside highways. to reduce with monitoring charged was task force ACPA impacts on the situation and assessing potential but within a industry, pavement the concrete Voigt plan on noise. a full strategic called for year calling plan, a 3-year drafted for $750,000 per year for and promotion policy, efforts and together research CEMEX with Rolland Johns, Chairman-2004), (ACPA the plan to the presented of DirectorsPCA Board in October 2004 with a request funding. for in with a funding source of Board ACPA hand the Directors adopted the 2004. plan on December 5, commenced quickly. Work signed to was A contract write a state-of-the-practice Also in 2005. industry document on January 1, and Iowa staff met with the FHWA ACPA January, State University to discuss a country-wide research transportation bill. The provision called for for called The provision transportation bill. with to be conducted research pavement concrete H. Wendell The an industry-based organization. the for Act and Reform Investment Aviation Ford April 21st Century on into law signed was (AIR-21) $10.2 billion for a record-level 2000 providing 5, provision and the research airport improvements the Federal the work, execute To in effect. was into a entered (FAA) Administration Aviation the IPRF. with agreement cooperative Airport Concrete under the FAA’s projects and with the Program Technology Pavement of Director ACPA P.E., leadership of Jim Lafrenz, $12.5 million, at approximately Valued Airports. best practices new created of the projects many are pavements concrete how and redefined designed and constructed in the airport market. quickly into practice translated results The tangible consulting community and because the agency, Six new in partnership. industry together worked advisory technical circulars were FAA or revised advisory circulars of the work; issued as a result decisions by airportguide pavement owners, and contractors every day. consultants, FAST FACTS 100 hire, Larry Scofield, P.E. ACPA Director of Environmental StreetPave 1.0 Technology after his hiring 7!47%#4%<<:0 in March 2005. Larry had $$%")## spent nearly 30 years with %"%"" the Arizona Department ) of Transportation, mostly performing pavement /%"#% research. ")## The program was up a A9!!7B"%#% running. On December 1, )# 2005, the ACPA Board of Directors formally adopted a surface characteristics policy to guide the rapidly moving effort. The Birth of Next Generation Surface A key goal of the noise strategic plan involved Texture encouraging revisions to FHWA’s Technical In April 2005, ACPA developed a comprehensive

0E" Advisory (TA) 5040.36 for surface characteristics. plan for conducting a grinding and imprinting The TA was originally put into effect by FHWA experiment with Purdue University, taking in 1979 after years of texture research in the late advantage of the university’s unique tire pavement 1960s and 1970s involving support from ACPA test apparatus (TPTA). The plan was for a joint at the time. However, the original advisory did effort between IGGA, ACPA, and Purdue. Research not consider tire-road noise and in the 2000s started in May with evaluation of the effect of had become an impediment to adoption of low- different grinding configurations (e.g. blade noise textures by state DOTs. ACPA worked with width, spacer width, grinding depth) on the noise FHWA to encourage a revision and one of the key generation characteristics. Upon completion of The 2000s: The 2000s: changes was the agency’s acknowledgement that the first phase, tining and imprinting textures were various textures other than transverse tining were evaluated later that year. acceptable. The TPTA research proved yielded excellent results, including the development of a configuration employing both grinding and grooving. The name for the new texture (Next Generation Concrete Surface) is attributed to Scofield, who sought to differentiate it from a conventional diamond ground surface. (See sidebar, “Our Customers are Listening.”)

Tragedy and a Turning Point In September 2004, ACPA President/ CEO Valentin J. Riva died in office approximately a month after complications following surgery. He was credited most for the formation of the IPRF, the ACPA/PwC study; and his effective lobbying. Those who knew Riva, knew that what he lacked in technical experience and knowledge, he made up for with a tireless passion for funding and research that was specifically intended to make concrete pavements more competitive. His ideas came at all hours of day or Senator Jim Inhofe (R-Okla.), then Chairman of the U.S. Senate Environment & night and his colleagues knew to always Public Works Committee speaks to attendees of an ACPA-sponsored event as keep their cell phones handy. Val Riva and Jerry Voigt look on. The loss was difficult and came in PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 101

a he

114

115 Voigt wasted no time in advancing the concept no time in advancing wasted Voigt Voigt accepted the position effective January 1, January 1, accepted the position effective Voigt FHWA Executive Director Bud Wright (L) accepts a Executive Director Bud Wright FHWA leadership. The signed endorsement from ACPA’s support for document formally proclaimed ACPA’s underscored the “Highways for Life” program and with the long-standing relationship the Association’s agency. Chartering the National Center research pavement “national concrete a of forming basis. on a collaborative work that would center” In January the concept to the 2005 he advanced to leaders volunteer and in March association’s the association’s business at various times in his the association’s career. served on in the role but he had effectively 2005, neither As such, months prior. an ad hoc basis for duringhe nor the association missed a step a time and opportunity. equal partthat was challenge After careful After careful consideration, the consideration, offered position was who Voigt, to Gerald had begun his career as in 1988 ACPA with of technical a director and then services, became Chief Officer and Operating Senior Vice President of Technical Services In addition in 2000. to both learning and working from alongside the well- ACPA respected staffand members, his brought Voigt knowledge extensive of the association and his experiences in managing the as cited in Pavement warranties began in the 1800s on the nation’s first concrete pavement. The town of Bellefontaine required a $5000 Pavement warranties began in the 1800s on the nation’s for five years. performance warranty from George Bartholomew in 1893 to guarantee that the pavement would last Warranties and Pavements Warranties In the years since the midwestern states pursued concrete pavement warranties in the 1990s and early 2000s, they have nearly In the years since the midwestern states pursued concrete pavement warranties in the 1990s and early quality or innovation, and all dropped the practice. Reviews have shown that the warranty contract mechanism did not improve contractors was also added to the cost of project. The complication that surety companies limit the bonding coverage of paving major factor. “In the 1950s, when the Interstate highway construction began, the use of warranties was explicitly disallowed,” according to t “In the 1950s, when the Interstate highway construction began, the use of warranties was explicitly disallowed,” rationale was that warranties fell under the category The a state function. As such, FHWA. of maintenance, considered to be of Public Roads (now they were not permitted under the federal-aid Interstate construction program, as determined by the Bureau the next 40 years warranties had limited use with states and local agencies, but they surfaced again on highway “For FHWA). roadways. projects in the 1990s.” Federal regulations were revised in 1995 to improve the long-term quality of USA TODAY. USA TODAY.

in his report, in his report, Still coming to terms with Riva’s untimely untimely Still coming to terms with Riva’s —Sam Stovall, the midst of negotiations between ACPA and PCA and PCA ACPA between of negotiations the midst old partnership year eleven the then on revising staff ACPA passing untimely After his agreement. phoned from Val against doctors orders, recalled, times to hospital bed several care his intensive shocked were we In one way progress. on check of emblematic It was weren’t. and in another we J. Valentin “Remembering (See sidebar, drive. Val’s Riva.”) a search appointed Board ACPA’s passing, task of on the unenviable committee to take began in The search the future. preparing for candidates were and well-qualified October 2004, to submit their credentials. encouraged association’s finances, research program, market market program, research finances, association’s and almost every of facet program, measurement “Lost Decades,”

Chief Strategist, January 4, 2010.

“I’ve lost a bet. I’ve I’ve lost a bet. “I’ve Standard & Poor’s & Standard decade—until now.” decade—until now.” I’ve never lost a never I’ve lost my keys. But keys. lost my Our Customers Are Listening

When the issue of open graded friction courses constructed with rubberized asphalt first gained 102 the Executive Committee. The concept was to bring serious attention in the association, ACPA members, staff, and affiliates answered the call. ACPA industry leadership to members rallied around the goal to develop a new low-noise texture on par with the best of “our the Concrete Pavement competitors”. There were three hallmarks of the effort. ACPA would not trade off safety; would not Research Road Map, which compromise long-term performance; and would strive to avoid significantly increasing first cost and the concrete pavement life-cycle cost of concrete pavements. The effort was made possible through $2.25 million in funding community—including over three years (2005-2007) provided by ACPA’s cement members through PCA. ACPA—had assisted in ACPA evaluated data representing noise testing results from European countries and U.S. research. developing. The massive Although considerable amounts of data were available, comparisons between European noise data plan, representing $220 and U.S. noise data were difficult because of a lack of a measurement standard. At the time it was million to $400 million in thought that European concrete pavements (exposed aggregate textures) albeit more expensive to cooperative research over a construct, were quieter than any U.S. concrete pavements with tined or diamond ground textures. decade, not only emphasized This was disproved through ACPA’s research. the need, but foretold of the opportunities to advance The program’s initiatives included both field experiments and laboratory testing: concrete pavements immeasurably. On March 16, 2005, s Field Experiments— The CP Tech Center, FHWA, and ACPA worked together to understand 0E" the Executive Committee the relationship between noise and pavement texturing, as well as diamond grinding. The agreed unanimously to research was aimed at understanding the noise/texture/time relationship from in-service charter the “National Center pavements and developing related construction techniques that are repeatable and cost- for Concrete Pavement effective. The project evaluated noise and texture on more than 30 projects for the purposes Technology” and approved of establishing an inventory of pavements and studying noise-texture relationships during and $150,000 in seed money after construction. to get it started. The plan was for the Center to s Laboratory Testing— ACPA-sponsored research employing Purdue University’s Tire- be seated at Iowa State Pavement Test Apparatus and a custom-built grinding head (donated by ACPA and IGGA The 2000s: The 2000s: University, home of the members). The testing results allowed for a fundamental understanding of noise generation Iowa Center for Portland and became a key to developing the Next Generation Concrete Surface. Cement Concrete Pavement Technology s Sound Intensity Test Protocol— ACPA invested in sound intensity (SI) testing equipment (PCC Center). The PCC to conduct its own tire/pavement noise testing. The equipment was custom-built, as there was Center, established in April no commercially available SI Testing equipment at the time. ACPA became the second entity 2000, had earned a positive to have SI capability in the U.S. and eventually was instrumental in helping define a Sound reputation within the region. Intensity testing standard. The SI protocol employs a standard test vehicle and specific ASTM Under the leadership of testing tire. The sound intensity equipment, originally developed by General Motors, was first the Chartering Committee championed by Caltrans. ACPA partnered with Caltrans to improve the equipment and develop Chairman Pat Nolan (ACPA SI test procedures for standardization by AASHTO. Chairman-2007), a group of members and staff worked s Sound Intensity Field Testing— Using its SI capability, ACPA conducted tire/pavement quickly to make the vision a noise testing throughout the U.S. from 2005 to 2011. Larry Scofield ran the program and to reality. “We have a terrific ensure consistency, used the same make, model and year of car as he conducted tests throughout opportunity to grasp the U.S. and Canada. Scofield traveled through airports with the testing equipment and even what the Iowa Concrete checked the testing tire as baggage when he moved from location to location. Moving from city Pavement Association, to city was a key to inventorying pavements for the research, but presented logistical and other Iowa contracting challenges to obtain the same make, model, and year of rental car for the testing. community, Iowa DOT and Iowa State University have done. We have an The result of the noise program and action plan was the “Next Generation Concrete Surface (NGCS)”. opportunity to take this NGCS involved special diamond-grinding and grooving blade configurations to minimize offending model and leverage it to a grand noise levels. At present, there are 22 NGCS projects in service in the United States, and at least one scale” remarked Pat Nolan on project outside the country (in Australia). Having moved out of the trial phase, the technology the occasion of the Executive continues to get positive reviews, and for anyone who has ever driven on an NGCS section, it’s easy Committee’s decision to to see (and hear) why. move forward. New bylaws, The precursory work and development of NGCS was arguably one of the largest and most inclusive operating framework efforts in ACPA’s history. Many partners were involved, and of particular importance was the IGGA, whose members contributed sweat equity and financial support to the effort. In time, ACPA handed the reins of NGCS to IGGA. It has been in good hands since. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 103 In 2005, the Board the Board In 2005, In the period from Mid-Decade Milestones Market Center). By January By Center). Tech the CP 2006, 1, fully Center was funded and in full operation. its inception through ACPA day, the present has contributed more than $2.8 Million Tech to the CP leveraging Center, in countless more funding and research significant extracting the from value work. Center’s of Directors endorsed a new federal program program of Directors endorsed federal a new a was which L.I.F.E., for as Highways known Concrete Pavement Technology Center (CP Tech Tech Center (CP Technology Pavement Concrete FAST FACTS Pavement Quietest Concrete /G<<,7!47P# ))"% "# F%"# 8%" 0E8&! #AE&!B8) @!. @" <<67

and projects were put together by the chartering put together were and projects committee the through of 2005. remainder On August 10, the nation’s 2005, President, 43rd Bush, W. George the signed into law Accountable, Safe, Efﬁcient Flexible, Transportation A Equity Act: Users. Legacy for This authorized $16.4 million for applied research of result (a direct continuing ACPA’s efforts), advocacy as an as well additional $10 and research pavement concrete million for effortstechnology earmarked to the National

worldwide. (Photo courtesy of Matt Zeller, P.E., Concrete Paving Association of Minnesota.) P.E., worldwide. (Photo courtesy of Matt Zeller, pavement noise research and field evaluation program. Today, NGCS surfaces may be found on pavements program. Today, pavement noise research and field evaluation The Next Generation Concrete Surface (NGCS) represents one of the most significant milestone in ACPA’s tire/ The Next Generation Concrete Surface one of the most significant milestone in ACPA’s (NGCS) represents 104 federal program aimed at recognizing and communicating best practices associated with long lasting, innovative, and fast construction of efficient and safe highways and bridges. ACPA President/CEO Voigt hand-delivered a framed resolution signed by ACPA’s leadership, and told FHWA officials that the document represented the overwhelming support of the concrete pavement industry. “ Lean on us,”

0E" he suggested, adding, “ We will support you and are here to help you, as The 18th FHWA Administrator, Victor Mendez, makes an impassioned plea for well as other agencies highway safety during the 2009 ACPA annual meeting. involved in construction of safe, durable, and efficient highways.” part of the celebration. In the summer of 2006, ACPA and Kansas City- based Market Strategies, conducted a series of Visit to Europe Yields New Technology The 2000s: The 2000s: focus group studies to see just what the general Drawing on past successes, ACPA actively public had on their mind about pavements and supported another opportunity for an international whether this may give insight for promotional scanning tour. In 2006, Voigt, along with Jim strategies. People from all walks of life—and Duit, Duit Construction (ACPA Chairman-2001) representing a broad demographic range— told and Peter Deem, Holcim (US) Inc. (ACPA us some interesting things about what they think Chairman-2006), as well as the CP Tech Center’s of pavements. The effort showed the public Tom Cackler represented the ACPA on an FHWA- understands the basic differences between sponsored tour of long-life pavements in Austria, concrete and asphalt pavements. Second, they Belgium, Canada, England, Germany, and the both perceive and appreciate some very tangible Netherlands. benefits linked to concrete pavements. Third, Direct results of this tour are seen in the U.S. they value their free time immensely, citing it today, including fabric interlayers for unbonded more frequently than even safety. Ultimately, what concrete overlays, which were adopted from people want most is a predictable ride to and technology seen in Germany. The renewed interest from work and less congestion. The study shaped in two-lift concrete pavement construction and messages by the association and a media placement recycling of aggregates in the U.S. also has arisen program that reached more than 1.3 million people from studying Austria’s ideas on the tour. across the U.S. in 2008. Also in 2006, ACPA was among many Focus on Sustainability transportation organizations, politicians, and others The tire/pavement noise issue would be only to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the one of many to emerge in the 2000s. A resurgent Interstate Highway system. A celebration convoy interest in the environment, reminiscent of the retraced the famed route across the U.S. first taken original 1970 Earth Day, emerged with a broader by then Lieutenant Colonel Dwight D. Eisenhour platform of environmental consciousness, societal in 1919. ACPA’s Bill Davenport, Vice President of concern, and balance of business needs. Known as Communications, marked the event with media “sustainability”, the interest area became a concern work and assistance in promoting the anniversary. worldwide … and of course, in the concrete In addition to extensive media work focused on the pavement industry. (The tire/pavement noise issue 50th anniversary of the Interstate, ACPA conducted was a sustainability issue at its core.) the “Great American Road Trip” essay contest as In response to the heightened awareness and PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 105 . unabated in the part of early but the 2000s, the impacts of the economic downturn had a impact dramatic on attendance. and If agencies consultants could not make the trek to classroom-style ACPA seminars, the reasoned most pragmatic to solution was use technology the to deliver to them. training ACPA’s leadership approved a new strategic strategic a new leadership approved ACPA’s ACPA’s classroom-style training efforts continued training classroom-style ACPA’s New StrategicNew Plan five plan established The five-year plan in 2008. ACPA’s concentrate would which key strategies, efforts managing on adversity to pursue through strategies Three the industry. opportunities for including: on promotion, focused The Advent TheTraining Advent of Web-Based ACPA 2007, 21, on June a pilot program Following Skeptics program. its webinar unveiled formally warned that consultants and others not would close had delivered ACPA but by 2013, participate, six over training years, five over to 90 programs America and the Norththousand people across globe. Affairs has become a renowned champion and Affairschampion a renowned has become on speaking worldwide on the subject, expert the industry. behalf of —ACPA President/CEO, Gerald F, Voigt, F, Voigt, Gerald President/CEO, —ACPA testifying on Sustainable, Energy-Efficient testifying on Sustainable, Energy-Efficient House Science and Technology Committee House Science and Technology Transportation Infrastructure before the U.S. before Infrastructure Transportation “We can either let our surface transportation transportation can either let our surface “We network condition erode through the perpetuation through condition erode network in new re-invest can ...or we practices of current development contribute to sustainable that practices system.” transportation of our surface FAST FACTS Right Choice, Right Now @)>)#%" %)7!47% """)<<M@)!@) EN0#") $#""""# "")"D" $"( Many other efforts followed in the area of in the area other efforts followed Many testified at the hearing June 24, 2008, suggesting suggesting 2008, 24, testified at the hearing June and environmental for way that the only constructionsustainable to be considerations to be a framework for was adopted into practice state highway adopted to both guide and enable sustainability to implement into pavement agencies federal a stronger for He urged specifications. funds highway position on the use of federal-aid state comprehensive and more and an objective testimony The type selection policies. pavement it also but to some, to be controversial proved leadership commitment and on the ACPA’s signified topic. its first published special ACPA sustainability. report on sustainability in Other efforts 2008. to communicate pavement concrete sustainability have been pursued by consistently in forums ACPA the with FHWA, Environmental U.S. Protection and other Agency organizations. P.E., Leif Wathne, of President Vice and Federal Highways quest for sustainable construction practices, construction sustainable practices, for quest testimony formal to present invited was ACPA energy-efficient of sustainable, on the subject House of Representatives’ to the U.S. infrastructure & Innovation Technology on Subcommittee Voigt Technology). on Science and (Committee 106 s Impacting pavement FAST FACTS type selection to achieve additional REDAC Honor business opportunities 7!47"% for members; ""#77P@'))C%" 7%!""@'7!6))<< s Optimizing concrete pavement design "&4'Q4 and construction to #74%"0) achieve a competitive advantage; and """% s Creating a strategic #)"%"" framework for 777" traditional promotion and technical support. The plan also called for establishing effective collaboration with Conclusion 0E" the Chapter/States and diversifying financial By the close of the decade, the nation was in a support through membership development deep recession. Economic instability had taken and non-dues programs. its toll on ACPA members, the association and countless other businesses. Cement companies Commenting on the plan, Kari Saragusa, Lehigh braced for the worst without prospects for Cement Company (ACPA Chairman-2008) “We business from a residential housing market. ACPA’s directed staff to flesh out the details of the plan formal affiliation with PCA ended and with it the within budget constraints, which at that time funding that supported the one voice/one vision included a much higher commitment from cement goal started in 1993. ACPA worked through a The 2000s: The 2000s: members through PCA. Since September, due to significant staff and resource reduction, and made economic times, the PCA contribution was reduced plans to go forward without the formal alliance. dramatically… this has started many discussions In spite of the downsizing—from 18 to 8 regarding the efficacy of the partnership. Still we national office staff, and many more on the local feel the plan is moving the association in the right level in affiliated Chapter/State Associations— direction, which reflects the wishes and needs of the demand for ACPA services was higher than ACPA members.” ever. The association was at a crossroads and was responding by reorganizing and transitioning away from old ways of delivering information. Through it all, the one thing that did not change was the strength that came from members, affiliates, allies, and staff, all united around a common purpose. !

Bob Priest, Sanders Saws (Multiquip, Inc.), was a driving force behind ACPA’s government affairs and political action committee activities for many years. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 107 116 . workzone safety legislation. workzone safety legislation. Murray (D-Wash.), October 8, 2004 Murray (D-Wash.), — ACPA staff tribute to Valentin J. Riva, September 2004. staff tribute to Valentin — ACPA Remembering Valentin J. Riva J. Valentin Remembering (1953-2004) J. Riva—Val Valentin third chief executive, tenure as ACPA’s During his of in ACPA the awareness and colleagues—renewed family, to friends, affairs. He brought lobbying to the forefront the need for government in his He was a tireless and emphatic advocate of association activities. and the explained both the imperative own right, but also frequently and for concrete pavements with both elected benefit of public advocacy appointed officials. public officials, Riva was always respectful In his dealings with to ask timid. He took seriously the need and measured, but never concrete and for actions that benefited the for legislative language and in doing so recognized the need to be direct, pavement industry, straightforward, and concise. —Pete Ruane, President/CEO, American Road & Transportation Builders —Pete Ruane, President/CEO, American Road & Transportation —Steven R. Miley, Senior Vice President, CEMEX, and ACPA-Chariman-1996. Senior Vice —Steven R. Miley, Association (ARTBA). Among the accomplishments, Ruane noted, were legislative Association (ARTBA). —excerpt from a statement read on the floor of the U.S. Senate by Senator Patty —excerpt from a statement read on the floor of the U.S. Senate by Senator provisions in several transportation bills; the transportation-construction industry’s industry’s provisions in several transportation bills; the transportation-construction “Like the consummate chess player, Val was always thinking several moves ahead in the match Val “Like the consummate chess player, always believed in and worked within a team concept, some may not be aware of the “Because Val “ACPA has a rich tradition of setting and reaching objectives, setting even loftier goals, and then has a rich tradition of setting and reaching objectives, “ACPA “Val Riva recognized that we not only need to replace and rehabilitate those crumbling roads and Riva recognized that we not only need to replace “Val first legal challenge of a federal agency overreaching in the environmental area; and first legal challenge of a federal agency overreaching in the environmental and did so with the leadership, charm and passion the we all admired. However when the business and did so with the leadership, charm and passion the we all admired. However when to talk about families, both yours and his.” discussion subsided, it never took long for Val truly pioneering industry construction associations accomplishments he achieved for the four national he worked for over a career that has been tragically cut short.” As a student of history, Riva admired the strength and character of political and military Riva admired the strength and character of political leaders. So As a student of history, sprinkling generously his favorite anecdotes about past it was that he often ‘seasoned’ his speeches, to ancient Roman leaders. and present leaders. He was particularly drawn of sympathy from friends and received many expressions On the occasion of his passing, ACPA were among many The following remembrances colleagues throughout the transportation industry. family: Riva’s presented in a booklet specially prepared for Riva lived his the way he taught and led, but the way Val repeating the process again. It is not only life.” bridges but we also need to conduct the necessary research to create new technologies that will help prolong the lifespan of our infrastructure.”

The 2010s and Beyond: 79(7 110 The 2010s and Beyond: 79(7 War IIera. the weakest ofany inthepost–World period results. The economicexpansion thusfar is continued, slowly andwithmixed albeitvery recovery, which technically beganin2009, suggestedeconomic reports theeconomic eventful. At theendof2013, news andindustry order tobetoldaccurately. ofthedecadehasyet tounfoldthe history fully in with only afew ofthedecadebehind us, years matter oftimingandperspective. As such, and 2010sandBeyond:The A Look Ahead benefits.” and of innovativepavementtechnologies,practices,performance, anddocumenttheapplication demonstrate, showcase,support, initiative, whichprovidesfundingto“promote,implement,deploy, Technologies” provisioninMAP-21.ACPA successfullyledthis “Accelerated ImplementationandDeploymentofPavement of the21stcentury. One exampleofthiscanbeseeninthe ACPA’s remainstrongintheseconddecade advocacyefforts types. and industry construction ACPA ofall members Even so, ofthedecadehasbeen part thefirst The differenceisa between news andhistory 117 Itsnegative the impactstillgrips Opposition.”) the Fight? A Snapshot View ofHighway Trust Fund well-reasoned solution. (Seesidebar, “A Knuckle in legislators, andthe White Housemay findadurable, provide at leastaglimmerofhopethatfederal not always anindicationofthefuture, butisdoes HTF hasalways prevailed. sincethen,continued intermittently andyet, the 100 years. The debates, oftencontentious, have in fact, oppositioncanbetraced back almost the fund.” proposals toincrease thegastaxtohelpshore up aisle, aswell asPresident Obama, have opposed any “Yet ofCongress members onbothsidesofthe Battles over theHTFare nothingnew, and 120

dramatically,” says, thearticle adding, its purchasing power hasdeclined increased since 1993. “As aresult, not tiedtoinflationandhasn’tbeen gas taxof18.4centspergallonis side oftheledger, federal thecurrent to meetobligations. Onthehighway highways andtransit) willnotbeable fund’strust accounts (oneeach for GOVERNING magazine. standards,” according in toanarticle in thegovernment’s fueleconomy vehicles, mainly becauseofincreases improvements inthefueleconomy of on fuelusetobelargely by offset expects theeffect ofthatincrease increase asthe economy grows, CBO that peopledriveisprojected to says, “Although thenumberofmiles Congressional Budget Office, which is settogo broke, according tothe Highway Trust Fund(HTF). The HTF the next highway bill–isthefaltering likely beafactor inthepassage of passage ofMAP-21–andwhich will and 2014. over $105billionfor 2013 fiscalyears surface programs transportation at Act (MAP-21)provides fundingfor for Progress inthe21stCentury law onJuly 6, 2012. Moving Ahead highwayterm billwas signedinto Recession. totheGreataround 125 MMTprior down substantially from itspeakof tons)annually,(million metric remains well below 90MMT bottom, U.S. cementconsumption The article continuesthatthe The article One oftheissuesthatimpacted After 12extensions, ashort- Although onitsway upfrom the 118 121

Ofcourse, thepastis 119 PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 111 The constancy of the senior The constancy of the and with its staffand with by reduced on the relied ACPA 60%, nearly and experience considerable staff remaining of its creativity functions core on its to focus and efficiencies and develop help would that improvements with less. more the association do put into place starting Changes in 2010 began to stabilize the and in spirit. association financially and administrative executive staff a very provided beneficial ACPA’s Allen, Elke foundation. – Finance/ President Vice than 20 more for Comptroller finances ACPA’s years managed and has efficiency, with great through done so impeccably and bad economic both the good Becker, Debbie Similarly, times. with 30 years on staff (and an has Halm), original of Harold hire After four years of sizable deficits, the years deficits, of sizable After four adapted ably to any required role, earning praise role, required to any adapted ably countless from and goodwill professionalism for members. led revenue new and a drive for reorganization surpluses brought senior staff, ACPA and Voigt by A in 2012 and 2013. and membership growth what eliminating structure, governance reorganized efforts more brought as duplicative perceived was This extreme This extreme 122 ACPA’s first Strategic Advisory Board meeting in 2010 represented a new approach to ACPA’s effective governance. The “Strat Board” is responsible for identifying opportunities and challenges, as well as for initiating and overseeing results-oriented task forces.

The HTF is not the only issue facing the ACPA ACPA the issue facing The HTF is not the only In spite of the At the outset members today. A statutory of the overhaul members today. as a wide and as well system, health care nation’s of domestic and international range far-reaching on terror war that as the on-going such issues, signiﬁcant political has created started in 2001, in the United States. divisiveness political climate suggests that the nation’s surface surface that the nation’s suggests political climate been transportation has simply infrastructure trumped by years. other issues in recent unprecedented unprecedented economic political challenges, turmoil and heavy issues weighing the on the nation, association has on had to rely and its resiliency ability to adapt to around the forces has been ACPA it. of at the forefront both leading and change embracing since 2010. of the decade, Adapting to Current Challenges

pavement design problem. an interest in the topic. The photo shows one of the participantsan interest in the topic. The photo shows solving a hands-on training to agencies, consultants, contractors, and others with hands-on training to agencies, consultants, ACPA’s national concrete pavement design workshop in 2011 provided national concrete pavement design workshop in 2011 provided ACPA’s 112 The 2010s and Beyond: 79(7 IPRF, CP Tech Centerand research tothe priorities and communicating strategy; anddetermining promotional andtechnical trends; recommending role of: evaluating industry assignedthe of Directors (known asthe “Strat Board”), towhich theBoard of membership. toanyopen upthechairs category designed tocreate amore inclusive board and rewritten andadopted. The new bylaws were been revised 15timessince1963, were completely 2010. inJanuary starting The bylaws, which had and itsrole transferred to theBoard ofDirectors and early 1970’s. closely tothe ACPA thatexisted inthelate1960’s Voigt towork modelingthenew puthistory ACPA torollmore uptheir sleeves, reliance onmembers the association. meant Knowing thatasmallerstaff relevance atalllevels tomemberparticipation of and technologypartners. provide anidealforumfortopicaldiscussionsandexchangesofideasamongmembers,ACPA chapter/states, staff, Jim Duit,DuitConstructionCo.,Inc.(ACPA presentsideasataStratBoardmeeting.Themeetings Chairman-2001), ACPA created aStrategic Board Advisory The Executive Committeewas eliminated, you don’t know.” the world isthehistory (33th U.S. President). “The onlythingnew in “The —Harry S. Truman four have beenformed for others new endeavors. task forces remain active attheendof2013, and Force onSurface Characteristics. Four ofthose Education & Training, andJoint IGGA-ACPA Task Bidding;Alternate Airports, Paving Field Guide, 2010: Legislative Issues; Jointing, Design/ Alternate seven taskforces for theassociationatoutsetof to newer priorities. The Strat Board assigned are accomplished andthenreassigns themembers assigns taskforces for specificactionsuntilthey in 1970. Itprovides guidanceanddirection, and Board”Advisory theassociation putintoplaceby (FHWA,agency partners FAA, TRB, etc.). In its short history,In itsshort theStrat Board has The Strat Board issimilartothe “Pavement 124 training for contractors as well astodirect more pavement construction, and uniformity of concrete of refocusing onquality including adoptingthegoal recommendations, made othermajor PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 113 By “putting a stake “putting By the this end, Toward Board and its Task Forces. Forces. Task and its Board on key in the ground” of them issues—many controversial—staff, and Chapter/ members, State shape and direct posture the industry’s and define the specific actions the association growing takes on an ever list of the issues of the “one Building on the day. mantra vision” voice/one ACPA’s of the 1990s, ACPA allow “Perspectives” while to speak decisively with national working as PCA and such partners, common NRMCA toward local and helping views, the affiliates address unique perspectives in their local markets. It there is an emerging trend in the 2010s, it is a in the 2010s, trend is an emerging It there renewed commitment to clearly articulate industry commitment to clearly renewed this Perhaps and small. positions on issues great which “Perspectives,” ACPA’s can be seen best in the documents explaining to two-page one- are policy and technical stance on public association’s of a consensus view present “Perspectives” issues. reviewed membership carefully and are ACPA the Advisory the Strategic with input from and revised Putting a Stake in the Ground Putting a Stake unanimously and a new era for the association for era and a new unanimously began. The Innovative Pavement Research Foundation board of directors meets in 2010 to Research Foundation board of directors The Innovative Pavement of more than 40 airportdiscuss the completion under a pavement research projects Administration. with the Federal Aviation cooperative agreement ACPA’s reorganization was completed in completed was reorganization ACPA’s Technology transfer events, such as this open house in 2012, have consistently transfer events, such as this open house in 2012, have consistently Technology agencies/owners, and academia to provided an opportunity for industry, and discuss best practices. This event, view projects, transfer technology, first concrete overlay, in Cokeville, Wyo., focused on the Wyoming DOT’s designed as a 6 in. bonded overlay with a 6 x 6 ft. joint pattern. and inspectors. In and inspectors. 2011, December Board the Strat recommended adding roller compacted (RCC) concrete as a product the association supportwould “It and promote. stand is time we by a product whose name concrete includes said pavement,” 2011 Strategic Advisory Board Chairman (ACPA Chairman-2013) Surianello Concrete General P.E., Surianello, Frank RCC after the decision to address Inc., Contractor, finalized. was affiliation with the adoption of new 2011, June chapters and state paving ACPA for agreements dues structure for and a new associations, the This final step was members. contractor most difficult and took the better part of a year meetings with the many including to develop, to ratify and their boards Chapter/State executives changes adopted the The Board the concept. 114 The 2010s and Beyond: 79(7 industry recommendations. industry states andotheragencies have begunadoptingthe paving. positive,The reaction hasbeenvery as view ofthebestway tospecifyqualityfor concrete placing astakeintheground ontheindustry’s Tri-Services, and leadership industry are bringing Mitchell, actingsimilarly withFAA andtheMilitary liaisonwithFHWAprimary and AASHTO, andGary colleagues. ACPA’s Leif Wathne, actingasthe stateDOTthe needsidentifiedby andairfield and dowel locationandalignment)toaddress guide specifications(including smoothness, RCC, association hasbeguntodevelop new commented a DConstructionprojectnear Joliet,Ill. paving continuedtogainastrong greateracceptanceamongcontractorsacrossthe country. Photodepicts Reflecting theindustry’s long-standingpracticeofimplementing greatermachinecontrol,stringlessor3-D in MAP21thatdesignatedimplementationand of allies, andsuccessfully advocated for aprovision ofthisvision,support ACPA drafted, gainedsupport underthenewof transportation highway bill. In statedepartments technology isimplementedby Congress totakeastandthatavailable paving LegislativeBuilding onPrior Wins In December2011, ACPA setouttoencourage Pavement Association, DuitConstruction, Haskell- andindustry.transportation of the increasing demandsonstatedepartments inview oftheeconomicchallengesimportant and of previous investments, andwas particularly was thebestandmostproper stewardship ACPA’s view was thatimplementingtechnology passed withoutany earmarks. designation intheentire bill, which was ultimately Technologies (or AID-PT) program, was theonly Implementation andDeploymentofPavement technology provisions. InMAP-21, the Accelerated legacy ofsuccessfulconcrete pavement research/ backward,part aimingtocontinuetheassociation’s The resolution lookingforward was inpart andin forcethe driving ofthestrategyanditsexecution. authorizations.” Leif Wathne andJerry Voigt were ofresearchas part inprevious efforts highway pavement technologies andstrategies, developed deployment of “well-conceived andeffective Working together withPCA, theNational Asphalt The provision simply madesensetolegislators. PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 115 In June 2011, ACPA renewed its long-standing its renewed ACPA 2011, In June the following Board, Strategic ACPA’s staff suite of updated its entire ACPA In 2012, members and the National Cooperative Highway Highway members and the National Cooperative (NCHRP).” Program Research M-E design process, AASHTO support of the position “Perspectives” with a formal not only in but also with an annual investment statement, staffThe license enables and license. a group perform Chapter/State paving associations to and support members contractor design analysis and other allies. released AASHTO when approach association’s Force Task has prioritized a the 1986 design guide, method on the complex smart” “street to become further for recommendations and to provide is considered the software In 2013, refinements. both state-of-the-art and a significant step toward Robert ACPA’s designs. pavement equivalent Rodden has taken on the important challenge members and to help educate the association’s Chapter/State paving association staff on the M-E design and to bring to light AASHTO use of done as was industry concerns with the procedure, AASHTO engaged ACPA decades earlier when three the 1986 versionwith concerns of the regarding design guide. AASHTO and AIRPave, WINPas, including design software, into compliance bringing the programs StreetPave,

Mechanistic-empirical pavement design reached design reached Mechanistic-empirical pavement DARWin- AASHTO’s the implementation of First, Working as partners with FHWA for technology technology for as partners with FHWA Working

new milestones in the early part of the decade. part of the decade. milestones in the early new has since been which ME™ design guide in 2011, M-E Design, Pavement AASHTOWare rebranded eight years of “reﬂects says AASHTO which AASHTO both involving and development research Mechanistic-Empirical Design Evolves Lemon Construction, and others, ACPA advocated advocated ACPA and others, Lemon Construction, authorizes which provision, the for successfully and Technology of the $12 million per year II of Title under Deployment Program Innovation asphalt pavement $6 million for This allows the bill. pavement concrete and $6 million for technologies with the CP has contracts FHWA technologies. the plan for and others Center to execute Tech concrete. implementation in the manner ﬁrst articulated in 1983, Administrator FHWA Barnhart, by Ray an agreed developed have and FHWA ACPA AID- the to a list of priority for technologies Implementing PT implementation program. and performance-engineered overlays concrete available consider such which mixtures, concrete black aggregates, concrete as recycled technology asphalt) and durability-based (fractionated rock head the list. design, mixture

conditions in a Duit Construction Company job site. conditions in a Duit Construction Company management system modules sponsored by the FHWA and developed by ACPA. Photo depicts safe working and developed by ACPA. by the FHWA management system modules sponsored Safety in the concrete construction workzone and stringless paving were two topics covered in web-based learningSafety in the concrete construction workzone 116 The 2010s and Beyond: 79(7 rose, thenstatedthathewas oneofthemost Duit, (ACPA DuitConstruction 2001) Chairman- RCC?” The room fell silent, butnotfor long. Jim were askedthequestion, “Should ACPA pursue ground throughout thecountry, ACPA members a clear acknowledgment thatRCCwas gaining Strategic Board meeting agenda.Advisory With topic onRCCtotheDecember2011 ACPA existing technologies, ACPA addedadiscussion to gauge members’ interests inemergingand concrete pavingequipment. and thefact thatRCCdidnotinvolve traditional theniche-orientedapplicationsforversus RCC, pavingmarket opportunities should beonprimary members. The reasoning was thatthefocus andpeer-level exchangesleadership among ACPA concrete (RCC)was discussed, butdismissedat roller compacted question ofwhethertosupport Pavement A BoldMove inRollerCompactedConcrete program. overlay designfound inthe AASHTO Pavement ME technology. on Italsoaddresses shortcomings concrete overlays of aspart ACPA’s focus onoverlay concrete overlay designsfor allsixtypesof StreePave 12, for example, for timeallows thefirst system, whilealsoaddingsignificantnew features. with new generations ofthe Windows(R) operating been involved asavolunteer leader formostofthe past50-plus years. award, aswell asmanyotherACPA honorsandrecognitions. EdDentonhas company have twicebeenrecognizedwith ACPA’s Hartmann-Hirschman-Egan 50th annualmeeting.EdDenton (ACPA andhisnamesake Chairman-1969) Patsy andEdDenton,Denton Enterprises,Inc.,sharearelaxingdinneratACPA’s Staying toitscontinuingresponsibility true Over thespanofmore thantwo decades, the momentum for thetechnology. intheRCCtaskforce,engaging buildinganew the associationwithexpressed purposeof havecontractor joined andsuppliermembers making itthelargest ofany ACPA taskforce. New group hassincegrown tomore than65members, conference callin 2011,April thethen48-member December 2011meeting. taskforce Bythefirst for theformation ofanRCC Task force atthat adoptthetechnologyBoard andcalled ofDirectors ACPA’s embrace ofthetechnology was confirmed. voiced theirsupport, andfrom thatmoment, the one, intheroom andothermembers contractors remove it, hewas convincedofitsmerits. Oneby to RCCpavement andthentrying a temporary vocal opponentsinthepast, butafterplacing paving canusetheapps, which have been 24/7. providingby themtoolsinaneasytousefashion technical andmembers questionsfrom customers timedevotedreduce toanswering staff repeated &Product Development,Service aswell asto Rodden, Robert by P.E., ACPA’s Director–Technical was totakeadvantage skillsetbrought ofastaff (and “smart” phone)applications. The purpose resources todevelop web andintroduce thefirst Technical Evolves Service to Web The Strategic Board recommended the Advisory Now anyone whohasaninterest inconcrete ACPA broke new ground in2011, usingstaff and promotional technical industry association and of conversion a massive digital person-year. one-half ofa about 50%or by service devoted totechnical time reduced staff than 40andhave now numbermore software interfaces web applicationsand was attempted. The time technical service toreducesimilar effort late 1990swhere a PwC study inthe date tothe ACPA/ The roots for thisgoal fourevery minutes. on anaverage ofonce worldwide countries accessed from 135 Also in2011, PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 117 In many ways, the last decade has ways, In many decades of than three More ACPA’s forward movement into movement forward ACPA’s A Look to the Future concrete been the right time for with competitive pavements, fair costs and the ability to create has this been Nowhere designs. evident than in the overlays more has seen strong which market, thanks growth, and positive interest ACPA, efforts of to the collaborative Chapter/State Center, Tech the CP and members paving associations, to develop together all working and showcase the marketplace concrete In 2011, applications. an all time high reached overlays of yards of 15% of the total square recently, More paving. concrete and PCA ACPA the leadershipof to an initiative uniting around are the concrete developing explore further. even market overlay its roots owing work, development in the to trial in Iowa projects the Louisville 1970s and 1980s, Colorado’s experiment, ultra-thin and the design, overlay “6x6x6” first resources was completed and made and made completed was resources in a one-stop resource available to exclusively available center made paving associations Chapter/State and members at http://resources. center The resource acpa.org. the most has become one of online repositories comprehensive information pavement concrete for set a goal and fulfills in existence, of affiliated federation ACPA’s by that the Associations Chapter/State a clearinghouse for provide ACPA their use. possible is only the digital age leadership because ACPA’s commitment to embrace coupled with technology, the contributions of talented Andy ACPA’s staffmembers in and RobertRodden. Gieraltowski ideas The infusion of new these talented younger from carries professionals a tradition on first infusion ACPA’s to dating back engineersof young in the late 1980’s. Trust Fund Opposition Fund Trust 123 A Snapshot of Highway of Highway A Snapshot In the period between 1916 and 1921, marked In the period between 1916 and 1921, Act of by passage of the Federal Aid Road of 1921, 1916 and the Federal Highway Act and state the highway community and federal officials debated whether the federal government nation’s should be responsible for building the highways and roadways. pressure In the 1920s, the program was under to downsize in favor of the States. aid they In the 1930s, with states seeking all the control could acquire, the issue was how much the President should have over government expenditures for highway improvements. to regain In the early 1950s, the states sought lost in the the control they thought they had Federal-aid deal struck in 1916. A Knuckle in the Fight? in the A Knuckle What lies ahead? Will lawmakers put a knuckle or reach a in the fight, sit out the debate entirely, compromise? Only time will tell, but no matter the will advocate for a solution that outcome, ACPA benefits its members. In the 2010s, the debate has begun again, fueled by divisiveness in Congress and economic woes. There is waxing and waning interest in the HTF on the federal level, but the focus again has shifted away to other issues. Some states, it should be noted, also have increased gas and other taxes to address their own needs, but there is no consistent or unified effort to do so. Each time, the debates ended with the Federal-aid highway program intact, but it was a close call in each case. UÊ UÊ UÊ UÊ Weingroff notes there were four periods in history notes there were Weingroff were most significant: where these fights The federal government’s role in highway construction role in highway The federal government’s of debate, even going back to has been the subject Movement” in the 1880s, says the “Good Roads The program Weingroff. historian Richard FHWA and attack by a steady has come under criticism Presidents, state Governors,procession of U.S. and even state highway Members of Congress, officials. 118 The 2010s and Beyond: 79(7 in the transportation constructioncommunity.in thetransportation well asonflags,awards,andawiderangeofotheritemsusedbymembers,chapter/stateaffiliates,allies marketplace. ThefamiliarACPA logosmaybe seenonprintedanddigitalmaterialsproducedbytheAssociation,as ACPA’s logosthroughtheyearhelpestablishafirstimpression,whilealsopromotingassociation’s brandinthe future? andstateDOTsfor inthe theasphaltindustry competitive product thatwillalter thedynamics pavement. Will concrete overlays becomeatruly era thataltered thedemandforInterstate concrete state DOTs change inemphasisattheendof the tradition ofasphaltresurfacing. Itwas the technology tobecomeacompetitive force against innovative of spirit ACPA members, have poisedthe 1963 to1975 which hasgotten uspretty close, butwe needa takes toadvance overlay ourcurrent technology, mill andfillresurfacing. We it have everything product thatwillcompetewiththe2-in. asphalt todevelopingourselves acement-basedresurfacing we needtolookinward anddevoteof ourindustry I amechoing iteven louder. To unleashthepower ofhiscareer tothetechnology;the betterpart and “Harold Halmsaidit; MarlinKnutsondedicated 1975 to1985 efforts with industry.efforts as wellforpartnering pavement technology, contributions inconcrete VoigtJerry forhismany Award from ACPA’s J. HalmPresidential accepts theHarold FHWA. Vanikar (L) and Construction, Management, Pavement, Leader, OfficeofAsset and AnalysisTeam Pavement Design N. Vanikar, P.E., contributions ofSuneel without notingthe would becomplete ACPA’s recenthistory No discussionabout 1985 to1993 PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 119 logo used In 2013 Special 50th anniversary shortage of work for our members will and we for shortage of work is there,” all know unleash the potential we finally ACPA said during at the 50th keynote remarks Voigt Annual Meeting in December 2013. 2005 to present ACPA’s Jerry Voigt and Ron Guntert, Guntert & Zimmerman Const. Div., Inc., discuss innovative technologies and Ron Guntert, Guntert Jerry & Zimmerman Const. Div., Voigt ACPA’s core activities ACPA’s project. Building on the tradition of technical leadership, used on an Illinois Tollway that remains principle of ACPA continue to focus on quality construction of concrete pavements—a founding constant today. renewed commitment to further this challenge and commitment to further this challenge renewed colleagues with a product our agency to provide the asphalt compete with that will consistently will be no there do, If we in this arena. product 1993 to 2005 ACPA LifeMember).(Photo: ACPA Honorary staff.) andPeterDeem (ACPAChairman-1983); and Chairman-2006 and ACPA LifeMember);RichardForrestel (ACPA Honorary President-1994); MarlinJ.Knutson (ACPA President/CEO(ret.) President/CEO GeraldF. Voigt; JohnEisenhour(ACPA- Members oftheACPA LegacyGroup,include(LtoR):ACPA 120 The 2010s and Beyond: 79(7 formation of ACPA ago 50years andthemany ups reminds usof theconditionsthatledto ahead totheremainder ofthedecadeandbeyond, theassociationanditsmembers.adopted by do solutionsthatwillbecreated, developed or next 50years. More issueslieahead, butsotoo, simply amarker intimeontheroad toward the Closing Words the BoardofDirectors. Contractor, asACPA’s Inc.,served of 50thChairman Frank Surianello,SurianelloGeneralConcrete Reflecting on this historical accountandlooking Reflecting onthishistorical This chapter doesnot endthestory, itis Eder, DaytonSuperiorCorp.) (PhotobyGlenn Elke Allen,andBillDavenport. Voigt. Rodden,DebbieBecker, (Frontrow)Robert Mitchell,LeifWathne, Gieraltowski, Gary andJerry Standing lefttoright,theyare:(backrow)Andy ACPA unwindsafterthe50thannualmeeting. staff frame ACPA’s programs andactivities, but also constitution andguidingstar. These principles asour the four thatstillserve guidingprinciples “founding fathers” of theassociationtodevelop along itsjourney. and downs thathave impacted theassociation We appreciate thatledthe thefactors quality.” narrower widthgave usbetter lanes becausewe thoughtthe joints, andwe’d pave 12-foot ago. Inthepast, we didn’t saw school studentsome50years father’s company asahigh working started I first atmy concrete since paving industry 1999. (ACPA Chairman-1969) “Much haschanged inthe —Leet E.Denton,President, PROGRESS, March/April CONCRETE PAVEMENT Denton Enterprises, PROLOGUE 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s REFERENCES 121 ! The first 50 years of ACPA shows the greatest the greatest shows ACPA The first 50 years of ACPA from that result the pavements Ultimately, results were accomplished because members stood were results politics or other united whether the economy, opportunities presented or challenges. events is our Together” Working “People The concept of and it thrives because the collective hallmark, ACPA and contributions of skills, talents, intellect, than that of the same number members is greater alone. of individuals working stand as a monument, may work hard members’ with their heartsbut what they and build together enduring more legacy. minds is a far The real legacy of the American Concrete legacy of the The real in risking present the pursuitThe legacy is ever signify something much larger. signify something much Association can be seen in the bold Pavement determination of members in maintaining the of quality and workmanship. highest standards in equipment, ideas and innovations of new or in delivering paving processes materials, The legacy has been handed down information. and is the unification of members, generations over the common and allies around staff, affiliates, and preserving rehabilitating, purpose of building, transportation infrastructure surface our nation’s This was pavements. with quality concrete building the firsttrue were when our forbears undertaking the Interstate construction pavements, reconstruct, as they and now resurface, program, of current network and preserve the nation’s areas. and parking roadways, airports, ACPA’s 2013 Board of Directors included (standing, left to right): John Roberts, 2013 Board of Directors included (standing, left to right): John Kevin Klein, Jim Mack, Randy ACPA’s Seipp, Martin Andrew Maybee, Leet Denton, Ray Holt, and Andy Gieraltowski. Seated (L to Jay Taylor, Riley, Joe Bush, Frank Surianello, Mike Lipps, Glenn Eder, Beck, Jerry Voigt, Steve Jackson, Tom R) are: Lori Tiefenthaler, Board. In the photo, a December 1964 photo of the first ACPA and Ronnie Ashmore. The group “re-enacted” position he stood in the 1964 photo. Ronnie Ashmore was seated in the Leet Denton stood in the approximate but also served on company, the former’s who not only led Ballenger, P. same approximate position as Charles board. the first ACPA Chairmen of the ACPA Board of Directors Happy 50th Anniversary American Concrete Paving Association

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SPECIAL THANKS AND APPRECIATION

The authors express their special thanks and appreciation to:

UÊ The ACPA Alumni Group. Your guidance, time, and support made this project possible. Don Beuerlein*, Koss Construction Co., Inc. Peter Deem*, Holcim (US) Inc. (ret.), ACPA Alumni Group Chairman Ed Denton, Denton Enterprises, Inc. Ed Egan, Northern Con-Agg (ret.) Dick Forrestel, Cold Spring Construction Co. Gary Godbersen, GOMACO John Eisenhour, Guntert & Zimmerman Const. Div., Inc. Dennis Hogan, SI Corporation (ret.) M. Lee Powell III*, Ballenger Paving Division, APAC-Georgia, Inc. (ret.) Colin Jensen*, Irving F. Jensen Co., Inc. (ret.) Irving Jensen, Jr., Irving F. Jensen Co., Inc. (ret.) Rolland Johns*, CEMEX (ret.) Marlin Knutson*, P.E., American Concrete Pavement Association (ret.) R. Patrick Nolan, Interstate Highway Construction Co. (ret.) Frank Surianello, P.E., Surianello General Concrete Contractor, Inc.

UÊ David Howard, P.E., Koss Construction Company, for providing and information and photos used in this publication. Mr. Howard’s presentations and photo archives that capture more than a century of company and industry history proved to be both valuable and greatly appreciated in the writing and production of this publication.

UÊ Kelly Krueger, Randy Bach, and Kevin Klein of GOMACO Corporation for sharing archival photos and information used in this publication.

UÊ Ronnie Ashmore, APAC-Tennessee, Inc., Ballenger Paving Division, for assistance with this project and for sharing archival information.

UÊ Glenn Eder, Dayton Superior Corp., for providing photographic support, as well as resource information used in this publication.

UÊ Richard Prouty at the Arizona State Memory Project, a service of Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records, a division of the Arizona Secretary of State, for his generous assistance with proﬁlograph history.

* ACPA Honorary Life Member (HLM). HLM awards are bestowed by the ACPA Board of Directors in recognition of meritorious service and long-term commitment to the association and the concrete pavement industry. 126 References

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PROLOGUE 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’s REFERENCES 127 Times, The Opinion Pages (blog), Sept. 17, Times, 2012. < http://campaignstops.blogs.nytimes. com/2012/09/17/look-how-far-weve-come- apart/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0> Op. Cit. Black Dog & Biography of Harry S Truman.” Leventhal Publishers. 1974. Citation from History Quotes website. < http://historyquotes.org/ harry-s-truman-quotes/ > Reauthorization: Extensions And Delays,” Public Extensions And Delays,” Public Reauthorization: 5). 72, No. publication (Vol. Roads, a FHWA Report Construction,” Highway 2-Materials and National Research Board, Publication 951, Research Council, Academy of Sciences-National DC, 1962. Washington, Publication Assurance Specifications,” FHWA, Chapter 4. Number: FHWA-RD-02-095, Quality Control. Research Circular No. E-C037, Transportation DC, Research Board, Washington, Transportation April 2002. 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Act.” Wikipedia listing. November 2, 2013. States)”Wikipedia listing. November 2, 2013. Wikipedia listing. November 2, 2013. 66. “Boombox.” Wikipedia listing. September 67. September disc.” Wikipedia listing. “Compact 68. Wikipedia listing. “1980s Recession.” 69. in Collective Allen, S.G., “Developments 70. Ibid. 71. listing. September 14, “OPEC.” Wikipedia 72. Slot-Stitching,” fact “Cross-Stitching and 73. Highway Michael. “The Strategic Halladay, 74. “The 1990s.” Wikipedia listing. October 2, 75. “Space Shuttle: Mission Information.” NASA 76. Search Engines.” Wikipedia listing. October 77. “Google.” Wikipedia listing. October 17, 78. “Liberalism.” Wikipedia listing. October 79. “Eastern Bloc.” Wikipedia listing. October 80. of the 1990s. “ Merriam 10 Words “Top 81. Hatch, Julie and Clinton, Angela. “Job growth 82. Ibid. 83. Ibid. 84. Richard. “President Ronald Reagan Weingroff, 85. Ibid. 86. Efficiency “Intermodal Surface Transpiration 87. “National Highway System (United_ 88. Equity Act for the 21st Century.” “Transportation Guide to Acronyms and 128 Abbreviations purely unintentional. correct, complete, orcurrent information. Any omissionsorerrors attributionsare intheseimportant designations, etc. Even so, records documentsandotherarchived certain may not contain themost attribution, correct including point-in-time format for company names, titles, professional Editor’s Notes: are throughout thetext. shown withtheirfullattribution basisinthispublication.on arecurring Other, ofabbreviations lesscommonoccurrences andacronyms, The following isaguidetothecommonly usedacronyms, abbreviations, thatappear terms andtruncated Guide to Acronyms and Abbreviations and active filesofthe Concrete PavementAmerican Association. Except where notedcontextually, photosandillustrations usedinthispublication are from thearchives Photo Credits UTW—Ultrathin whitetopping USACE—U.S. CorpsofEngineers Army TRB—Transportation Research Board PAC—PoliticalCommittee Action PCA—Portland Cement Association P.E.—Professional Engineer OPEC—Organization ofPetroleum Countries Exporting NASA—National Aeronautics andSpace Administration NRMCA—National Ready MixedConcrete Association M-E—Mechanistic-Empirical, typically usedinthecontext ofmechanistic-empiricalpavement IPRF—Innovative Pavement Research Foundation Grooving &Grinding IGGA—International Association ICPA—Iowa Concrete Paving Association FHWA—Federal Highway Administration FAA—Federal Aviation Administration DOT—Department of Transportation CP Tech Center—TheNationalConcrete Pavement Technology Center Chapter/States—ACPA-affiliated regional andstatepavingassociations chapters ARTBA—American Road& Transportation Builders Association AGC—The Associated Generalof Contractors America ACPA—American Concrete Pavement Association AASHTO—American Association ofStateHighway and Transportation Officials(anditsforerunner thickness designguides, software, andotherresources organization, the American Association ofStateHighway Officials)

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