DOCSLIB.ORG

Climate Change a Blessing Or a Curse for Agriculture?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Climate Change a Blessing Or a Curse for Agriculture? Contemporary Environmental Readings Volume 1 Climate Change A Blessing or a Curse for Agriculture? First Edition Dr. Hassan R. El-Ramady Soil Sciences Dept., Faculty of Agr., Kafr El-Sheikh Uni., 33156 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt Dr. Abdel Aziz Belal, National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS), Cairo, Egypt Prof. Dr. Samia M. El-Marsafawy, Deputy Director, Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt With contribution by Prof. Dr. Said A. Shehata Vegetable Crops Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Prof. Dr. Said Zakaria A. Yehia Horticulture Research Institute (HRI), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt Dr. El-Sayed B. Belal, Associate Prof. Dept. of Agric. Botany Fac. of Agri., Kafr El Sheikh Uni., 33156 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt Dedication To Our Families Acknowledgments We would like to express our deepest appreciation and sincere gratitude to the following authors and publishers for their help: Sir John Houghton Rattan Lal (Professor of soil physics in the School of Environment and Natural Resources and director of the Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences/Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center, at The Ohio State University, USA; [email protected]). Daniel Hillel and Cynthia Rosenzweig (Columbia University and Goddard Institute for Space Studies, USA; [email protected] and [email protected]). Jillian M. Lenné (North Oldmoss Croft , Fyvie, Turriff , Aberdeenshire AB53 8NA, UK. E-mail: [email protected]) D. Wood (North Oldmoss Croft , Fyvie, Turriff , Aberdeenshire AB53 8NA, UK. E-mail: [email protected]) Harpal S. Mavi (Climate risk management consultant in Sydney, Australia) Graeme J. Tupper (Technical Specialist, Resource Information, in the NSW Department of Agriculture, Australia) Shakeel A. Khan (Division of Environmental Sciences, Indian agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi – 110012, India, [email protected]) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/GRID-Arendal (http://www.grida.no/) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Finally, we would like to extend our sincere appreciation and acknowledge to all colleagues in Kafr El-sheikh Uni. (Soil Sciences Dept.) and friends with whom I shared whose names and contributions I can not enumerate due to space limitation. Table of contents i Climate change: a blessing or a curse for agriculture? Table of contents Chapter 1 Climate changes and agroecosystems 1.1 Why the Interest in Global Climate Change? 3 1.1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.2 Elements of the Climate System 6 1.1.3 Climate and non-climate drivers of change 9 1.2 Climate changes and agroecosystems 10 1.2.1 Introduction 10 1.2.2 Agrometeorology 16 1.2.3 Agroecosystems 19 1.2.4 Agrobiodiversity 21 1.2.5 Impacts of climate change on agrobiodiversity 26 1.2.6 IPCC and agrobiodiversity management 28 Chapter 2 Climate Changes and Agriculture 2.1 Climate change: a blessing or a curse for agriculture? 31 2.2 Climate Changes and Agriculture………………………………… 34 2.2.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………… 35 2.2.2 Climate Prediction and Agriculture 37 2.2.3 Climate Changes and its Impact on Agriculture 40 2.2.4 Climate Change’s Impacts on Global Crop Productivity……… 45 2.2.5 Impacts of Climate Changes on Crop Physiology………………….. 49 2.2.6 Impacts of Climate Changes on Food Production and Safety………… 52 2.2.7 Effects on Postharvest Quality of Fruit and Vegetable Crops 56 2.2.8 Impacts Climate Changes on Pest and Disease Prevalence 64 2.2.9 Effects on Animal production and sustainability of livestock systems 68 2.2.10 Climate Changes and Biodiversity…………………………… 79 2.2.11 Climate Changes and Land Use 84 2.2.12 Climate Changes and Bioenergy 95 2.2.13 More uncertainty for agriculture under climate change 98 2.2.14 The Toxicology of Climate Changes…………… 99 2.3 Climate Applications and Agriculture 101 2.3.1 Adaptation: Living with Climate Changes 102 2.3.2 Remote-Sensing and GIS Applications in Agrometeorology 104 2.3.3 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation Bioparameters 119 2.3.4 Managing Weather and Climate Risks in Agriculture 129 2.3.5 Agriculture and Greenhouse Gases 134 2.3.6 Strategies to Combat the Impact of Climatic Changes 137 Table of contents ii Chapter 3 Impacts of Climate Changes on Soil, Water and Air Environments 3. Impacts of Climate Changes on Soil and Water Environments 144 3.1 The Role of Soils in Climate Changes 144 3.1.1 Introduction 148 3.1.2 Climate Changes and Soil Health 149 3.1.3 Impact of Climate Changes on Soil Structure 155 3.1.4 The Effects of Climate Changes on Soil pH 160 3.1.5 Climate Changes and Soil Organic Matter 161 3.1.6 Soil Respiration in a Changing World 162 3.1.7 Impacts of Global Changes on Soil Biota 166 3.1.8 Soil Degradation and Climate Changes..................... 170 3.2 Water Crisis in a Changing World…………………………… 171 3.2.1 Introduction 171 3.2.2 Climate Changes and Global Water Crisis……………………………… 172 3.2.3 Global Climate Changes –Sources and Impacts on the Water Cycle 174 3.2.4 Impact of Climate Change on Fresh Water Resources 179 3.3 Air Pollution in a Changing World…………………………… 182 3.3.1 Introduction 182 3.3.2 Effect of Climate Change on Air Quality 183 3.3.3 The Greenhouse Gases and its Effects 189 Chapter 4 The Nile and Climate Changes: A Case Study for Egypt 4. The Nile and Climate Changes: A Case Study for Egypt ………… 207 4.1 Introduction 207 4.2 Egypt: the Gem of the World 210 4.3 The Nile and Water Scarcity…………………………………………… 215 4.4 Nile Basin Climates……………………………………………………. 221 4.5 The Nile: History of scientific research………………………………… 225 4.6 Effects of Climatic and Global Change on Water Scarcity…………… 227 4.7 Climate Changes and Nile Water Availability in Egypt……………… 234 4.8 Climate Changes and its Impacts on Nile Flows……………………… 239 4.9 Climate Variability and Changes in the Nile Basin…………………… 241 4.10 The Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Egypt 244 4.11 Impact of Climate Change on Crop Production in Egypt 255 4.12 General Conclusions 258 References 263 Chapter 1 Climate change and agroecosystem 1 1 Climate Change and Agroecosystem " َ َ َ ظھر ْ ََ ُالفساد ِفي َْ ﱢالبر َ َْ ْ ِ والبحر ِ َبما ََ َ ْكسبت َْ ِأيدي ﱠ ِالناس ِ ُ ِ َُ ْليذيقھم َ َْ بعض ﱠِ الذي َِ ُعملوا ََ ﱠ ُ ْلعلھم َ ْ ُِ َيرجعون " الروم اﻵية 41 “Corruption has appeared throughout the land and sea by [reason of] what the hands of people have earned so He may let them taste part of [the consequence of] what they have done that perhaps they will return [to righteousness]” (Holy Quran:Ar-Room, verse 41) 1.1 Why the Interest in Global Climate Change? 1.1.1 Introduction 1.1.2 Elements of the Climate System 1.1.3 Climate and non-climate drivers of change 1.2 Climate changes and agroecosystems 1.2.1 Introduction 1.2.2 Agrometeorology 1.2.3 Agroecosystems 1.2.4 Agrobiodiversity 1.2.5 Impacts of climate change on agrobiodiversity 1.2.6 IPCC and agrobiodiversity management Chapter 1 Climate change and agroecosystem 2 Key terms Carbon sink: A reservoir that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and provides storage over a period of time; the reservoir can be a natural sink, for example trees and oceans absorb vast quantities of carbon dioxide, or a man- made one, such as carbon capture and storage schemes. Climate: The average weather, encompassing natural variability and extremes. Greenhouse gas: A gas that contributes to trapping heat in the atmosphere, warming the Earth, including carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor; they are both naturally occurring and also released into the atmosphere by humankind. Global warming: The rise in global temperature observed during the 20th century and projected to continue into the future, caused by human beings’ increased emissions of greenhouse gases. Climate change: The changes in the observed and projected climate around the world; a natural phenomenon altered due to human beings’ activities; a more comprehensive term than global warming as it also includes changes to rainfall, ocean and atmosphere circulation patterns and sea level. Adaptation: Taking action to minimize the current and expected impacts of climate change. Mitigation: Taking action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing natural and artificial processes that remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Global warming potential (GWP): A term indicating how much a greenhouse gas contributes to global warming when compared to the same amount of carbon dioxide over a set period of time (often 100 years); for example, the GWP of methane over 100 years is 23, meaning that 23 tonnes of CO2 would need to be emitted to cause the same effect as 1 tonne of methane. IPCC AR4: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report 4; the IPCC is a scientific intergovernmental body set up by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme to provide decision-makers and others with an objective source of information about climate change. Kyoto Protocol: An addition to the UNFCCC, providing legally binding measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; the gases or groups of gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons; by December 2008 it had been ratified by 183 parties. Food security: Food security refers to the availability of food and one’s access to it; a household is considered food secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear of starvation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Egypt's Presidential Election
    From Plebiscite to Contest? Egypt’s Presidential Election A Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper Introduction................................................................................................................................... 1 Political Rights and Demands for Reform................................................................................ 2 Free and Fair? ................................................................................................................................ 4 From Plebiscite to Election: Article 76 Amended............................................................... 4 Government Restrictions and Harassment........................................................................... 5 Campaign Issues........................................................................................................................ 6 Judicial Supervision of Elections............................................................................................ 8 Election Monitoring ...............................................................................................................10 Appendix ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Political Parties and Candidates............................................................................................11 Introduction On September 7, Egypt will hold its first-ever presidential election, as distinct from the single-candidate plebiscites that have so far
    [Show full text]
  • Welcome to Biometeorology. I Am a Professor of Biometeorology. I Have Worked at Cal Since 1999
    Welcome to Biometeorology. I am a professor of Biometeorology. I have worked at Cal since 1999. I received my BS in Atmospheric Science from UC Davis, a PhD in Bioenvironmental Engineering from the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. I then spent 17 years at the NOAA Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division in Oak Ridge, TN working as a Biometeorologist and Physical Scientist. Those interested in the work of my lab, you can get information on our research and publications at nature.berkeley.edu/biometlab 1 2 The field of Biometeorology can be very broad, including roles of weather on: 1) human health; 2) outbreaks of insects and pathogens, 3) the health and production of dairy, cattle, pigs and chickens, 4) frost prevention, 5) irrigation management, 6) modeling of crop growth, yield and crop management, 7) study of phenological growth stages, 8) integrated assessments with remote sensing and 9) future change in these systems with global warming and land use change 3 List of topics that hopefully relate with and engage with the diverse background of students taking this course. I hope it serves as a motivation for your interest and need to take biometeorology as it serves the many multifaceted goals of these other fields. In short many of these fields need to predict the rate of fluxes given the state of the environment. Our job is to translate information from distance weather stations to the site of the organism to better assess these fluxes. 4 There is a two connection between the atmosphere and underlying biosphere. Meteorological conditions affect the activity of life in the soil and plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Evapotranspiration Estimation: a Study of Methods in the Western United States
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2016 Evapotranspiration Estimation: A Study of Methods in the Western United States Clayton S. Lewis Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Civil Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Lewis, Clayton S., "Evapotranspiration Estimation: A Study of Methods in the Western United States" (2016). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 4683. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4683 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ESTIMATION: A STUDY OF METHODS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES by Clayton S. Lewis A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Civil Engineering Approved: _________________________ _________________________ Christopher M. U. Neale Gilberto E. Urroz Major Professor Committee Member _________________________ _________________________ Robert W. Hill Joanna Endter-Wada Committee Member Committee Member _________________________ _________________________ Jagath J. Kaluarachchi Mark McLellan Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2016 ii Copyright © Clayton S. Lewis 2016 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Evapotranspiration Estimation: A Study of Methods in the Western United States by Clayton S. Lewis, Doctor of Philosophy Utah State University, 2016 Major Professor: Dr. Christopher M. U. Neale Department: Civil and Environmental Engineering This research focused on estimating evapotranspiration (i.e., the amount of water vaporizing into the atmosphere through processes of surface evaporation and plant transpiration) under both theoretical and actual conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Create Your Own Environmental Emphasis
    HOW TO CREATE YOUR OWN ENVIRONMENTAL EMPHASIS 2019 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES PROGRAM, UCSB 2020 Because of the interdisciplinary design of the B.A. and B.S. Environmental Studies major requirements students are afforded the opportunity to customize their upper-division electives (Area B) and outside concentration (Area C) to create a distinct environmental emphasis or concentration unique to their personal and professional goals and needs. Students may choose from a wide selection of courses from the ES Program as well as departments across campus. This information sheet demonstrates how one may create a personalized concentration by offering some example emphases popular with current ES students. Although one may choose to follow one of the emphases included here, they are SUGGESTIVE ONLY! One may satisfy their major requirements with any combination of applicable courses/units as long as they form a coherent and comprehensive emphasis. Be sure to review the upper-division ES major requirements below before starting an emphasis. A Request to Petition Degree Requirements will be required to apply courses from multiple departments towards the Area C, and can be download here: www.es.ucsb.edu/degreerequirements Please Note: Pursuing an environmental emphasis as part of your Area B & C requirements can help prepare students for a specialized field or profession. However, one’s interdisciplinary emphasis will not be officially noted on their diploma or transcripts. One can highlight their emphasis on their resume and/or cover letter. Please consult an ES Academic Advisor (Bren Hall 4L, Rm. 4312 or 4313) if you have any questions. Review of ES Degree’s Upper-division Requirements: B.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Issues in Environmental Science and Technology
    ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDITORS: R. E. HESTER AND R. M. HARRISON 12 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY ISBN 0-85404-255-5 ISSN 1350-7583 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library @ The Royal Society of Chemistry 1999 All rights reserved Apart from any lair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review as permitted under the terms of the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Royal Societ}' of Chemistry, or in the case ofreprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licence.~ issued b}' the Cop}Tight Licensing Agenc}' in the UK, or in accordance Ilith the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the addre.~.~ printed on this page. Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 OWF, UK For further information see our web site,at www.rsc.org Typeset in Great Britain by Vision Typesetting, Manchester Printed and bound by Redwood Books Ltd., Trowbridge, Wiltshire Editors Ronald E. Hester, BSc, DSc(London), PhD(Cornell), FRSC, CChem Ronald E. Rester is Professor of Chemistry in the University of York. He was for short periods a research fellow in Cam bridge and an assistant professor at Cornell before being appointed to a lectureship in chemistry in Y orkin 1965.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt Presidential Election Observation Report
    EGYPT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OBSERVATION REPORT JULY 2014 This publication was produced by Democracy International, Inc., for the United States Agency for International Development through Cooperative Agreement No. 3263-A- 13-00002. Photographs in this report were taken by DI while conducting the mission. Democracy International, Inc. 7600 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 1010 Bethesda, MD 20814 Tel: +1.301.961.1660 www.democracyinternational.com EGYPT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OBSERVATION REPORT July 2014 Disclaimer This publication is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of Democracy International, Inc. and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. CONTENTS CONTENTS ................................................................ 4 MAP OF EGYPT .......................................................... I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................. II DELEGATION MEMBERS ......................................... V ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ....................... X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 6 ABOUT DI .......................................................... 6 ABOUT THE MISSION ....................................... 7 METHODOLOGY .............................................. 8 BACKGROUND ........................................................ 10 TUMULT
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Events 2005 Iv
    PARLIAMENTARIANS FOR GLOBAL ACTION (PGA) INTERNATIONAL LAW & HUMAN RIGHTS PROGRAMME CALENDAR OF EVENTS 2005 February 9-10, 2005 The Rule of Law and the Protection of Civilians – the Role of Legislators Sub-regional two days meeting for Arab countries/Middle East and informal strategy meeting(s) on the ICC Venue: Parliament of Egypt, Cairo February 15, 2005 Presentation on the Implementation of the Rome Statute to the new Parliament of Uruguay Venue: Parliament of Uruguay, Montevideo February/March 2005 Seminar of the PGA Group in the European Parliament on “The International Criminal Court and Transatlantic Relations” Venue: European Parliament, Strasbourg April/May 2005 PGA participation in the conference “The ICC and Gender Justice: Obstacles to the implementation processes in the Andean region” Venue: Quito, Ecuador May 7-10, 2005 PGA session on the ICC on the occasion of the VI General Assembly of the Parliamentary Confederation of the Americas (COPA) Venue: Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil II Half 2005 Delegation of Legislators from a State Non-Party to the Rome Statute to the International Criminal Court Venues: ICC & international legal institutions, The Hague; Parliament of the Netherlands, The Hague II Half 2005 Meeting(s) of the Working Groups of the Consultative Assembly of Parliamentarians for the ICC & the Rule of Law Venue(s) to be determined October/November, 2006 IV plenary session of the Consultative Assembly of Parliamentarians for the ICC & the Rule of Law Venue(s) to be determined [Parliament of a State Non Party to the ICC Statute]
    [Show full text]
  • The Impacts of Increasing Drought on Forest Dynamics, Structure, and Biodiversity in the United States
    Global Change Biology (2016) 22, 2329–2352, doi: 10.1111/gcb.13160 SPECIAL FEATURE The impacts of increasing drought on forest dynamics, structure, and biodiversity in the United States JAMES S. CLARK1 , LOUIS IVERSON2 , CHRISTOPHER W. WOODALL3 ,CRAIGD.ALLEN4 , DAVID M. BELL5 , DON C. BRAGG6 , ANTHONY W. D’AMATO7 ,FRANKW.DAVIS8 , MICHELLE H. HERSH9 , INES IBANEZ10, STEPHEN T. JACKSON11, STEPHEN MATTHEWS12, NEIL PEDERSON13, MATTHEW PETERS14,MARKW.SCHWARTZ15, KRISTEN M. WARING16 andNIKLAUS E. ZIMMERMANN17 1Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA, 2Forest Service, Northern Research Station 359 Main Road, Delaware, OH 43015, USA, 3Forest Service 1992 Folwell Avenue,Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA, 4U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center Jemez Mountains Field Station, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA, 5Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, 6Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Monticello, AR 71656, USA, 7Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 04E Aiken Center, 81 Carrigan Dr., Burlington, VT 05405, USA, 8Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA, 9Department of Biology, Sarah Lawrence College, New York, NY 10708, USA, 10School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 2546 Dana Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, 11U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Climate Science Center and Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell
    [Show full text]
  • Biometeorology, ESPM 129 1 Lecture 5, Solar Radiation, Part 1, Principles Instructor
    Biometeorology, ESPM 129 Lecture 5, Solar Radiation, Part 1, Principles Instructor: Dennis Baldocchi Professor of Biometeorology Ecosystem Science Division Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management 345 Hilgard Hall University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 September 12, 2014 This set of Lectures will discuss A. Solar Radiation 1. Solar Constant 2. Spectral Composition of Sunlight a. Planck’s Law b. Wien’s Law c. absorption, reflection and transmission d. uv,PAR, NIR, IR L5.1 Introduction The sun is the source of energy that drives the cycle of life and death on earth. It is also the energy source that gives us warmth and evaporates water and melts snow. Obviously, no course on biometeorology could proceed without a thorough discussion of solar radiation. The sun is our nearest star. It is about 150,000,000 km away from the Earth. Due to its immense, but finite size, it has an angular diameter of 0.5 degree (32 minutes), as viewed from Earth. The Sun burns continuously via thermonuclear reactions (fusion). Inside the sun, radiative processes transfer this energy from 0.3 to 0.7 radii. Convection transfers solar energy to its exterior surface. Despite the extremely high temperatures needed at the core of the sun, to sustain its thermonuclear reactions, the sun has a black body temperature of 5770 K. Consequently, we receive a relatively constant flux density of energy, defined as the Solar Constant. Its mean value is 1366 W m-2 +/- 31. 1 One Watt is a Joule per second. A Joule is a common unit of energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Predicting Future Mangrove Forest Migration in the Everglades Under Rising Sea Level
    Predicting Future Mangrove Forest Migration in the Everglades Under Rising Sea Level Mangroves in the Everglades punctuate the vulnerability of mangrove ha) on an annual basis for the entire simu- forests to rising sea level and other climate lated landscape. Each land unit is defined Mangroves are highly productive changes. Global climate change has been by habitat type (forest, marsh, aquatic), ecosystems that provide valued habitat for projected to increase seawater tempera- land elevation, water level, and salinity fish and shorebirds. Mangrove forests are tures and accelerate the rise in sea level conditions. SELVA also calculates prob- universally composed of relatively few which may further compound ecosystem ability functions of disturbance for each tree species and a single overstory strata. stress in mangrove-dominated systems. forest unit relative to potential sea-level Three species of true mangroves are com- These forests are subject to coastal and rise, lightning, and hurricane strikes. In- mon to intertidal zones of the Caribbean inland processes of hydrology largely tertidal forest units are then simulated with and Gulf of Mexico Coast, namely, black controlled by regional climate, disturbance the MANGRO model based on unique sets mangrove (Avicennia germinans), white regimes, and human decisions about water of environmental factors and forest history. mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa), and management. MANGRO is a spatially explicit red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle). Man- Mangroves are halophytes, mean- stand simulation model constructed for grove forests occupy intertidal settings of ing they can tolerate the added stress of mangrove forests of the Neotropics (fig. the coastal margin of the Everglades along waterlogging and salinity conditions that 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Electoral System Dysfunction: the Arab Republic of Egypt Political
    Nýsa, The NKU Journal of Student Research | Volume 1 | Fall 2018 Electoral System Dysfunction: The Arab Republic of Egypt Jarett Lopez is a political science major and history minor who will graduate in 2020. He has presented earlier works at statewide conferences and looks forward to continuing his research in the areas of creative placemaking and ref- erenda in the Ohio River Valley Tristate. Jarett plans to continue his research in political behavior and comparative politics and to attend graduate school. Political Science Political 15 Nýsa, The NKU Journal of Student Research | Volume 1 | Fall 2018 Electoral System Dysfunction: The Arab Republic of Egypt Jarett Lopez. Faculty mentor: Ryan Salzman Political Science Abstract Elections are the cornerstone of democratic systems, but the form they take and their overall quality varies widely. In this paper, electoral systems and their formulae for deciding a victor are analyzed using the Arab Republic of Egypt as a case study. This manuscript explores how the differences in electoral formulae influence voting behavior and gov- ernmental longevity. An analysis is done through a qualitative and quantitative study of Egyptian elections, beginning with Anwar Al-Sadat in 1970 and ending with Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi in 2018. We find that the Egyptian majoritarian sys- tem has not provided increased legitimacy, as suggested by the literature for a variety of reasons. This leads to further questions about the electoral formula in Egypt as well as the role of other institutions in the Egyptian political system. Keywords:MENA, Egypt, elections, electoral systems Introduction Literature Review: Electoral Systems and Elections The Arab Republic of Egypt is the state that now has political hegemony on an area in which human society Electoral systems are the processes through which offi- has grown and prospered for millennia.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological and Environmental Chemistry
    CHEMISTRY JOURNAL OF MOLDOVA. General, Industrial and Ecological Chemistry. 2017, 12(1), 9-19 ISSN (p) 1857-1727 ISSN (e) 2345-1688 http://cjm.asm.md http://dx.doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2017.427 ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Nowadays, our human civilization existing of industrial and humanitarian aspects of life, to on Earth faces a series of top importance defend against the cosmic threats, etc. People challenges that represent direct impact on its have to harmonize their relations with nature, to existence and development, both industrial and ensure the long-term and sustainable life of their social. All the natural compartments and their civilization, under conditions of rapid changes in components are subjected to the strong and technology, sciences, social life, natural processes unprecedented anthropogenic influence, including and permanently emerging challenges. lithosphere, soil, surface and ocean water, In the previous years of progressively atmosphere, vegetal and animal world. increasing industrial development (XVIII - Anthropogenic activities has reached such high mid-XX centuries), practically no attention was proportions that provoke the changes in the paid to the danger of deliberated interference of energy (heat) balance of certain regions and man into the material processes occurring on the planet as a whole that can affect the climate, planet. Along the decades, the scientists increase of water level in oceans and seas, considered the nature possessing the unlimited flooding of large areas. capacity to compensate the anthropogenic Almost, all the ecosystems and natural impacts. However, even centuries ago, the facts of compartments are affected by the anthropogenic irreversible changes in environment as a result of pollution.
    [Show full text]