BIOMETEOROLOGY 8 PART 1 (Abstracts)

Proceedings of The Ninth International Biometeorologicaf Congress September 23 - October I, 1981

organized by The International Society of Biometeorology

Edited by

D. Overdieck, J. Mfiller and H. Lieth

Supplement to volume 26, 1982 of the

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of BIOMETEOROLOGY

SWETS & ZEITLINCER B.V. LISSE - 1982 ISBN 90 265 0382 2 CONTENTS

I. ORGANIZATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF BIOMETEOROLOGY AND OTHER INFORMATION 1 II. ABSTRACTS 9 Abbreviations and Symbols 10 Sections 1 - 15 Human Biometeorology, Health Resorts and Climatotherapy 11 Biological Effects of Ions and Charged Particles 57 Interdisciplinary Cycle Research 87 Biological Effects of Electric, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields 119 Animal Biometeorology 145 Photoperiodism 159 Plant Biometeorology 173 Sandbinding and Desert Plants 189 Biomass for Energy Production 203 Architectural and Urban Biometeorology 207 Aerosols 219 Biometeorological Modelling and Systems Analysis 227 Biometeorological Factors in Developing Countries 241 Agricultural Biometeorology 261 Contributed.Papers 273 Workshop on Bioindicat rs, Man and the Biosphere +7 +I Late Papers 279 Author Index 297

+I All abstracts of the MAB Workshop on "Plants as indicators for air pollutants" appear together with some late papers in an addendum. Most of the late papers are placed into the sections where they belong to, but many were not seen by the section chairmen.

The Ninth International Bicmeteorolcgical Congress

held in Osnabriick and Stuttgart Hohenheim, FRG

was co-sponsored by the

Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft

and the

World Meteorological Association

ORGANIZATION

of the

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF BIOMETEOROLOGY

ist of January 1981

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF BIOMETEOROLOGY (ISB)

Founded January Ist, 1956

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

The general objectives of the International Society of Biometeorology are the development of biometeorology, the dissemination of knowledge relevant to the relation between meteorological factors, physico-chemical systems and living organism, and the exchange of current information on the physical environment of plants, animals and man, between ISB members from about 100 disciplines. The Society as a community of scientists with similar interests fulfils an important role in providing information, expertise and advice to international organizations requesting this assistance. Close liaison is maintained through the Secretariat and ISB members with several UN agencies such as WMO, FAO, UNESCO, WHO and other International Organizations.

DEFINITION OF BIOMETEOROLOGY

Biometeorology can be defined briefly as "The study of the relations between meteorological factors, physico-chemical systems and living organisms". A more specific definition, describing the various fields of interest of biometeorology, is the following: "Biometeorology comprises the study of the direct, and indirect effects (of an irregular, fluctuating or rhythmic nature) of the physical, chemical and physico-chemical micro- and macro-environments of both the earth atmosphere, and of similar extra-terrestrial environments, on physico - chemical systems and on living organisms, in particular".

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD (Beginning January I, 1980)

PRESIDENT Prof. H. Lieth Lehrstuhl f~r Oekologie FB-5, Universit~t Osnabr~ck, Post- fach 4469, D-4500 Osnabr~ck, Germany

VICE-PRES IDENTS Prof. W. Bianca Institut f~r Tierzucht ETH, Universit~tsstrasse 2, CH-8092 Z~rich, Switzerland Dr. P. Legris Institut de la Carte Inter- nationale du Tapis V~g~tale, 39 All~es Jules-Guesde, F-31400 Toulouse, France

Prof. M. Kikuchi Department of Hygiene, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan

SECRETARY Dr. B.P. Primault Witikonerstrasse 446, Ch-8053 ZQrich, Switzerland

TREASURER Mr. S. Krasnow 9016 Prince William Street, Manassas, VA 22110, USA

ADVISORY MEMBERS Prof. F. Becker Moselstrasse 19, D-6380 Bad Homburg, Germany

Prof. J. Newman Department of Agronomy, Life Science Building, Purdue Uni- versity, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

Prof. K. Ohara Department of Physiology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

Biometeorologists can join the Society after being proposed by two members in good standing and approved by the members of the ISB.

One copy of a special application form should be obtained from, and duly completed, be sent to Dr. Helmut Lieth, FB5-Biology, University of Osna- br~ck, D-4500 Osnabr~ck, FRG. Applications of new members are sent for approval to all the members of ISB Membership Committee. If no objections are received by the Secretariat, within 3 months after the application, the applicant is accepted as a 'regular member' of ISB and will be noti- fied accordingly. Scientific Institutions or business firms can only become 'sustaining members' of ISB.

M~4BERSHIP FEE

The membership fee for REGULAR M~4~RRS is US $ 38.00 per year (including the Journal); for SUSTAINING MEMBERS a minimum fee is required. Member- ship fees must be paid to the Treasurer. Sections and Chairpersons

SECTION I: Human Biometeorology, Health Resorts and Climatotherapy Chairpersons: Prof. Dr. W.H. Weihe Dipl. Ing. E. Wedler SECTION 2: Biological Effects of Ions and Charged Particles Chairpersons: Dr. Sheela Sigel Dr. Sabina Tyczka Dr. A. Wehner SECTION 5: Interdisciplinary Cycle Research Chairpersons: Prof. Dr. R. Hardeland Prof. Dr. A. Sollberger SECTION 4: Biological Effects of Electric, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields Chairpersons: Dr. R. Reiter Prof. J.R. Lott SECTION 5: Animal Biometeorology Chairperson: Prof. J.A.J. Stolwijk

SECTION 6: Photoperiodism Chairperson: Dr. R. Lynch

SECTION 7: Plant Biometeorology Chairpersons: Prof. W.E. Reifsnyder Dr. P. Legris Dr. J. Grace Dr. R.W. Gloyne SECTION 8: Sandbinding and Desert Plants Chairperson: Dr. D.E. Tsuriell

SECTION 9: Biomass for Energy Production Chairpersons: Dr. J. Grace Dr. G. Esser SECTION I0: Architectural and Urban Biometeorology Chairpersons: Dr. F. Wilmers Dipl. Met. G. Jendritzky SECTION 11: Aerosols Chairperson: Prof. W.L. Decker SECTION 12: Biometeorological Modelling and Systems Analysis Chairperson: Prof. E. Box SECTION 13: Biometeorological Factors in Developing Countries Chairperson: Prof. J. Steinbach SECTION 14: Agricultural Biometeorology Chairpersons: Prof. Dr. #. van Eimern Dr. J.V. Hoyningen-Huene Dr. R.W. Gloyne SECTION 15: Contributed Papers Chairperson: N.N. Editorial Assistance

The following persons assisted in the editting of certain abstracts of papers and posters listed under the given Sections:

AER = Dr. W.L. Decker

AGR = Dr. J. v. Hoyningen-Huene

ANI = Dr. J.A. Stolwijk

ARC = Dr. F. wilmers

HMS = Dr. G. Esser

CHP = Dr. Sheelah Sige•

CTR = H. Schnitzler, E. Lieth

DEV = Dr. J. Steinbach

ELF = Dr. R. Reiter

~JM = Dr. W.H. Weihe

ICR = Dr. R. Hardeland

LAT = H. Schnitzler, E. Lieth

MAB = Dr. L. Steubing

MOD = Dr. E.O. Box

PHP = Dr. R. Lynch

PLA = Dr. P. Legris

SAB = Dr. D.E. Tsuriell

Nearly all abstracts were proofread for publication by H. Schnitzler and E. Lieth. ~J

~ H H

L~ Abbreviations and Symbols

AER : Aerosols AGR : Agricultural Biometeorology ANI = Animal Biometeorology ARC = Architectural and Urban Biometeorology BMS = Biomass for Energy Production CHP = Biological Effects of Ions and Charged Particles CTR = Contributed Papers DEV = Biometeorological Factors in Developing Countries ELF = Biological Effects of Electric, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields HUM = Human Biometeorology, Health Resorts and Climatotherapy ICR = Interdisciplinary Cycle Research LAP = Late Papers MAB = Workshop on Bioindicators, Man and the Biosphere MOD = Biometeorological Modelling and Systems Analysis PLA = Plant Biometeorology PHP = Photoperiodism SAB = Sandbinding and Desert Plants

PO = Poster

= not proof read by author

1)2)3) = Footnotes placed at the end of each abstract

10 SECTION i: HUMAN BIOMETEOROLOGY, HEALTH RESORTS AND CLIMATOTHERAPY

Chairpersons: Prof. Dr. W.H. Weihe i) Dipl. Ing. E. Wedler 2)

i)Biologisches Zentrallabor, Universit~tsspital R~mistr. iOO, CH-8089 ZUrich, Switzerland 2)Freie Universit~t Berlin, FB 24, WEO7, Institut fur Meteorologie, Pedbielskiallee 62, D-iO00 Berlin 33, FRG

il Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-O 1 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

CIRCADIAN DIFFERENCES OF RESPONSES OF ELECTROLYTES AND THE RELATED HORMONES TO THERMAL STIMULI BY HEAD-OUT WATER IMMERSION IN MAN

Y. Agishi I)

To investigate the circadian differences of electrolytes in response to thermal stimuli, healthy male students were subjected to a head-out water immersion in hot (42~ or cold (25~ water for 10 min at 09:00 and 21:00 h under the conditions of low Na diet and hyperhydration. There was no change in plasma Na during either hot or cold water immersion, while plasma K decreased significantly after the exposure to both thermal conditions. Urine volume and electrolytes excretions during 2 hours of pre- and post- immersion period were measured. There was no significant change in urine volume after hot water immersion at either 09:00 or 21:00 h, but a marked increase was seen after a cold bath at 09:00 h. Urinary excretions of Na and K increased significantly after both hot and cold exposure at 09:00 h, but there was no change at 21:00 h. Marked increases of plasma renin activity and prolactin were observed during hot water bathing. The elevation of both these hormones with heat at 09:00 h was suppressed by the administration of propranolol. Alpha-methyl DOPA caused a suppression of the increase in renin activity, but enhanced prolactin secretion. Cold water immersion caused suppression of the secretion of these two hormones. Plasma aldosterone was slightly elevated during a hot bath, but increased markedly during a cold bath~ the degree of increment was higher at 09:00 than at 21:00 h. These fin-

12 dings demonstrate that there are circadian differences in the excretory responses of renal water and electrolytes during cold and hot head-out water immersion. It is also suggested that there are different mechanisms involved in renin and aldosterone secretion in response to thermal stimuli. Adrenergic mechanisms might be involved in the secretion of plasma renin and prolactin during hot water immersion.

1)Balneotherapeutic Research Institute Hokkaido University School of Medicine Higashi-Machi 3 Noboribetsu City, Hokkaido 059-04, Japan

15 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-02 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

DAILY FORECASTS OF POLLEN FROM BIRCH

HAKAN T~RNEVIK I)

A great fraction of the population in Sweden suffers from allergic reactions from airborne pollen. One of the most commen allergene pollen is the one from birch (Betula verrucosaand Betula pubescens). The pollen season is limited to a period of 3-4 weeks in spring. However, the start of the season seems to vary at most • weeks from year to year. The variation of pollen dispersion during the season seems to vary substantially between different years. Hypo- thesizing that these variations are related to exogenous processes, especially climatic influence, a simplified, one- dimensional statistical model has been developed. The model has been proved to give satisfactory results and was operationally tested for the Stockholm area during spring- time 1981.

1)Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute P.O.Box 923 S-601 19 NorrkGping, Sweden

14 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-O3 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198|

COLD AND HEAT TRANSIENTS DURING SLEEP IN MAN

V. Candas 1), J.P. Libert, A. Muzet, J. Ehrhart, Ph. Mairiaux and J.J. Vogt

Reactions to cold and heat were studied during slow- wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS). Five healthy male subjects slept uncovered on a hammock in a climatic chamber for five consecutive nights at 32~ operative temperature: 37.5~ wall temperature and 25~ air temperature (Ta). During SWS and PS operative temperature was changed from 32 ~ to 39 ~ or 28.5~ respectively by increasing T a from 25~ 41~ or by decreasing it to 17~ at a constant rate of ~ 1.6~ -I or ~ 0.8~ thus T a increases lasted 10 or 20 min. while T a decreases lasted 5 or 10 min. When the thermal stimulation was not accompanied by sleep-state change, high or low T a was maintained for 10 min. before being reset to 25~ Recordings included: EEGs, EOGs, EMGs, esophageal and 10 local skin temperatures for calculation of mean skin temperature (Tsk). Results showed that probability of awakening occuring with T a variation was higher in PS than in SWS, particularly during cooling transients. This implies that sensitivity to heating and especially to cooling could be magnified in PS. When no change occurred in sleep, Tsk increases in heating transients were larger in PS than in SWS, sug- gesting depressed thermoregulation in PS; during cooling phases, same Tsk decreases in SWS and PS could reflect similar reactions to cold, independently of sleep stages.

1)Centre d'Etudes Bioclimatiques du CNRS, 21 Rue Becquerel F-67087 Strasbourg C~dex, France

15 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-04 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

ACTION OF FICTITIOUS HIGH ALTITUDES UPON THE HYPERMETROPIC CILIO-ACCOMMODATIVE BEHAVIOUR

M.T. Carapancea I)

High altitudes determine the maximal tonic spasm or the maximal accommodative cramp of the ciliary sphincter muscle of MUELLER-ROUGET, transforming the manifest hypermetropia to a slight myopia, thus constituting a state of supersthenopsia. This myopigenous supersthenopsia of hypobarism is seen - after return from a respective fictitious high altitude - by a punctum proximum proportionally diminished in amplitude and proportionally augmented in duration at the fictitious altitude before return. Thus the punctum proximum appears proportionally diminished with the fictitious previous altitude before return to ground level, namely: with 1.2 cm after a return from 5,000 m altitude, 1.4 cm after an altitude of 12,000 m, 2.1 cm after 15,000 m, 2.6 cm after 16,000 m and 3.0 cm after 18,000 m. These results are highly significant (P <0.001). Hypobaric myopigenous supersthenopsia is different from the two other classic forms of altitude myopiae: the anoxemic myopia and the altitude, or spatial myopia. The Anoxemic myopia (due to the diminution of oxygen in the blood) was eliminated by the use of an oxygen mask. The altitude or spatial myopia, which is due to the "void" visual field, deprived of any point of reference on the perfect flat-white screen of the sky at high altitudes, cannot occur because the hypobarism took place in the barochamber.

1)21. Prof. I. Bogdan Street. R-71149 Bucharest 22, SRR

16 Abstract Volume. 9th International EUM-05 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,R.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE EFFECTS OF HUMIDITY CHANGES IN THE AIR ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS IN MAN. CLIMATIC CHAMBER EXPERIMENTS

K. Dirnagl 1), P. Kroelin~ 1) and Ch. Krapp

The water vapor content of the air is one of the few outdoor climatic factors, whose changes are reflected inside houses and rooms. Therefore it may be that weather dependent changes of the water vapor pressure outdoors affect the well-being of persons living indoors. In a climatic chamber, we carried out 10 experiments, each lasting 24 hours, with 3 healthy male and 5 female subjects, 20-32 years old. Each subject was exposed to air of 4 and 12 g/m 3 water vapor content. Ambient air temperature was kept constant at 22~ Blood pressure, pulse rate, skintemperature, urine production rate and body weight were recorded. Well-being was reported by the subjects, using the questionnaire of RICHNER. Results: While physiological parameters differed only slightly (except body weight loss), significantly better well-being was reported at high wager vapor pressure not strictly related to thermal comfort. l)Institut fur Med. Balneologie und Klimatologie der Universit~t MGnchen Marchioninistr. 17 D-8000 MGnchen 70, FRG

17 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-06 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198l

NON-CALORIC PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AIR HUMIDITY VARIA- TIONS AS POSSIBLE INDOOR INDICATORS OF WEATHER CHANGES

K. Dirnagl i)

The physiological significance of water evaporation from the human body and its alteration by the climatic environment is usually treated with regard to its contribution to the heat balance. However, variations of air humidity give also rise to other effects, e.g., the relation of water loss with sweat and urine. Another, indirect influence is exerted on the amplitude of respiratory temperature fluctuations of the nasal mucosa. The above mentioned phenomena are primarily related to the water vapor content of the air. Thus, they may act as physiological indicators for weather changes not only in the open air, but equally well within normally ventilated rooms. Some quantitative examples are given to demonstrate these effects.

1)Institut fdr med. Balneologie und Klimatologie der Universit~t MGnchen Marchioninistr. 17 D-8000 MGnchen 70, FRG

18 Abstract Volume. 9th International RUM-07 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,ff.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

SEASONALITY OF MORTALITY IN HUMAN POPULATIONS OF CHILE AS RELATED TO A CLIMATIC GRADIENT

E.R. Hajek I) J.R. Guti@rrez and G. Espinosa

Mortality, as well as other vital statistics, could be subjected to seasonal changes, which implies a practical meaning for medical purposes, as well as for the setup of social infrastructure. The objectives of this study were: (I) To detect whether seasonality of mortality exists in Chile; (2) to analyze its seasonal changes through time; (3) to relate mortality to age, disease and climatic elements. For the study, data for the period 1945-1975 of the old 25 provinces of Chile were used and a total of 3 million deaths was analyzed. The monthly mortality rate was related to the mean annual rate, and the deviations expressed as percentages of the m@an. As an index of seasonality, the distance between the observed and the expected mean was used. Moving averages were used to detect changes of mortality in the 50 years analyzed. Different patterns may be observed in the mortality in Chile. In the northern part of the country, the index of seasonality is low relative to the central and southern part, the maximum being observed in summer. From latitude 30 ~ southwards to latitude 36 ~ two peaks of high mortalit F are detected, one in summer and the other in late winter. From 36 ~ to 41 ~ latitude the summer peak prevails, but the second peak shifts to the beginning of spring and from there down to the southern tip of the country, the summer peak disappears, main- taining only the spring maximum. Causes of deaths in the summer months are mainly due to gastrointestinal diseases, septicemia, infections, and parasitic diseases, which in

19 the majority of cases affect children, and in winter- spring respiratory failure is the main cause of death. As we go south, we notice a change in the causes of death, decreasing those of a digestive type and increasing those due to respiratory factors. This seasonality would be due to the change in climatic conditions, mainly the temperature, along the gradient. l)Departamento de Biologla Ambiental y de Poblaciones Instituto de Ciencias Biol6gicas Pontificia Univ. Cat61ica de Chile Casilla 114- D. Santiago, Chile Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-08 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck |98|

THE INDOOR CLIMATE AND HEALTH

L.H. Hawkins i)

Several biometeorological studies have supported the view that atmospheric conditions can have major effects on health and wellbeing, especially on so-called "weather sensitive" people. This study tests the hypothesis that the indoor atmosphere created in air-conditioned buildings can have detrimental effects on health similar to those described for certain outdoor weather conditions. A total of I06 people in a large air conditioned +) office block were questioned daily for 12 weeks on their suSjective ratings of the atmosphere, comfort and health complaints. During some weeks negative air ions were introduced into the atmosphere without the knowledge of the investigators or subjects. Daily records were also kept of afr temperature and humidity ++) . The results show that room temperature has a marked effect on the reported incidence of health complaints - especially headache. The higher the temperature the less frequent were complaints of headache. Conversely, as might be expected, more complaints of subjective discomfort were made at higher temperatures. An increase in humidity was associated with a decrease in complaints of nausea and dizziness but not with significant changes in headache rate, however, increasing humidity was associated with increased thermal discomfort. Negative air ionlsation resulted in marked reduction in complaints of ill-health and an improvement in the subjective rating of the atmosphere. An overall rate of 15.8% of individuals complaining of headache, was reduced to 6.0% inthe presence of ions. The complaint rate of nausea and dizziness also decreased. In

21 the presence of ions subjects rated the room and themselves warmer, showed significant improvements in perceived alert- ness, and rated the room-air fresher, more comfortable and pleasant. A special study was made in one part of the building on the effects of shift working. Subjects com- plained more of feeling unwell on the night-shift but again air ions reduced this complaint rate to very low levels.

+)Ionisation levels without ion generation were between 70 and 500 negative ions/cc air and 350 to 730 positive ions/cc air. with ion generation the levels were: ~-~0 to 3,500 ions/cc - negative and 50 to 125 ions/cc - Positive The air ion generators used were manufactured by MEDION Ltd, Model EC 300 and are corona discharge devices operating on -5.5 KV on a needle point.

++)The temperature range found was 16~ to 28~ The humidity range was 51-80% relative. l)Department of Human Biology and Health University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, Surrey, U.K.

22 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-09 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198|

CLIMATE DEPENDENT MORTALITY IN THREE AREAS O~ THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

G Hentschel I) Ch. Haase and E Turowski

For our investigations we used half a million death records in three districts of the German Democratic Repub- lic during the period 1958 - 1967. We compared the mortality in the seashore district Rost0ck, in the Capital of the GDR Berlin and in the mountainous district Karl-Marx- Stadt. The following groups of diseases were considered: respiratory diseases, heart andcirculatory diseases, diseases of the central nervous system, metabolic diseases and cancer Seasonal variations: The greatest deviations (>~ 50%) from monthly average values were shown by respiratory diseases, with high winter peaks and, in coastal regions, with a delayed decrease in spring associated with the delayed temperature rise in these regions. Significant deviations (~ 20%) from monthly averages were evident with heart and circulatory diseases and those of the central nervous system with winter peaks and a delayed decrease in the spring in Baltic Sea areas No seasonal deviations were noted in deaths by cancerous diseases. - Weather changes contributed to these results due to the fact that meteorological effects on mortality are determined by deviations from levels of thermal comfort and through biological changes resulting from the possibility of the impact of the thermal environment on the disturbed organ systems.

l)Meteorologischer Dienst der DDR Forschungsinstitut f. Bioklimatologie Lindenberger Weg 24 DDR-III5 Berlin-Buch, GRD

23 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-IO-PO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

FREQUENCY OF ACCIDENTS IN DEPENDENCE OF SULTRINESS AND LOADING WEATHER SITUATIONS

H. Hille I) 0 Harlfinger 2) and A. Ostfeld

During the period from 1 January 1971 to 31 December 1977 63,632 industrial accidents were registered at Merce- des-Benz, Stuttgart, which were distributed over 1711 working days. The influence of weather on the accident rate was tested using the method of DECIMAL-CLASSIFICATION and some single meteorological parameters. Accident rates increased during high values of equivalent temperature (sultriness or heat load) and strong warm air advection in connection with a front part of a cyclone. They decreased during north-westerly weather situations with cold air advection, and during easterly weather conditions. l)Albert-Ludwigs-Universit~t Institut fur Balneologie und Klimaphysiologie Hermann-Herder-Str. 7 D-7800 Freiburg i.Br., FRG 2)Deutscher Wetterdienst Zentrale Medizin-Met. Forschungsstelle Stefan-Meier-Str. 4-6 D-7800 Freiburg i.Br., FRG

24 Abstract Volume. 9th International hUM-ll Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE HUMAN EXPIRATION TEMPERATURE IN RELATION TO THE CONDITIONS OF THE AMBIENT AIR

P. HGppe 1)

The temperature of the expired air is an important measure for the calculation of man's energy loss due to respiration. Measurements of expiration temperatures were carried out under different climatic conditions. Ambient temperature ranged from -5~ to 30~ and relative humidity from 10% to 90%. The results revealed a high variability of the expiration temperature with change of ambient air temperature, while the relative humidity rarely affected the expiration temperature. The nasal expiration temperatures were more dependent on the ambient temperature conditions than the oral expiration temperatures. Ad- ditional investigations were carried out in order to estimate the influence of face surface temperature on the expiration temperature. The face surface temperature, especially that near the nostrils revealed to be the most determining factor for the expiration temperatures, in particular for nasal respiration. l)Lehrstuhl fGr Bioklimatologie und angewandte Meteorologie der Universit~t MGnchen Amalienstr. 52/III, D-8000 MGnchen 40, FRG

25 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-12 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORTALITY AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN SHANGHAI

L.B. Hsia I)'2)

The study is focussed on patterns of daily mortality in Shanghai, PRC. For the period from May I, 1979 to April 30, 1980, weather data were taken from records of the Shanghai Meteorological Station and mortality data from the Shanghai Antiepidemic Station. Correlations were carried out between 9 meteorological parameters and 6 categories of the mortality rate. The results indicate that the weather condition is a factor in causing death from heart diseases, respiratory diseases and cerebral vascular diseases. The mortality of old persons over 70 years of age is particularly influenced by the weather condition.

1)In charge of National Medical Biometeorology Research Associated Group 2)Medical Clinic, Shanghai Tobacco Industrial Machine Factory, 445 Liu Gia zui Lu, Shanghai, PRC

26 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-13 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueok 1981

A CLASSIFICATION OF CLIMATE WITH REGARD TO ITS IMPACT ON THE HEAT BALANCE OF MAN

G. Jendritzky I)

A major problem in the use of physiologically significant models of the heat balance of man in an outdoor environment is the extreme complexity of the radiative conditions in comparison with an indoor situation. The short- and longwave radiant fluxes vary considerably in space and time reflecting meteorological features as well as differences in the radiative properties of the surrounding surfaces. To solve this problem a procedure was developed in order to describe the outdoor radiation conditions by conventional meteorological parameters and physical properties of the surfaces surrounding man. This parameterization of the radiant fluxes - taking into account the particular geometry of the human body - has been incorporated into FANGER's Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)-equation thus adapting it to outdoor conditions. This establishes a quantitative model which combines the metabolic heat production of man with meteorological data taking the thermal insulation of clothing into account. In climatotherapy the model enables the physician to find the distinct exposure time to the atmospheric conditions necessary to reach an optimal dose of thermal stress. Thus the model improves the possibilities to take into consideration quantitatively the effects of wind and solar radiation. Another application consists in the analysis of climatological conditions with regard to their physiological significance. Using the model, computa- tions of meteorological data result in frequency distributions of cold or heat stress intensities taking into ac-

27 count the possibility of man to fit his clothing to a wide range of thermal conditions. The above mentioned frequency distributions allow us to work out biologically interesting properties of a climate and help define thresholds of thermal stress or stimuli in an objective and physiologically significant way. The investigation of the seasonal variability of the thermal environment gives further information on the periods within a year most suitable for rehabilitation, particularily in health resorts, vacation and tourist areas, as well as other fields of application. i)Deutscher Wetterdienst Zentrale Medizin-Meteorologische Forschungsstelle Stefan-Meier-Str. 4 D-7800 Freiburg i.Br., FRG

28 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-14-PO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck ]98]

THE TEMPERATURE-HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT AND THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS OF JUVENILE DIABETICS

G. Jendritzky i) and G. Winkler 2)

Mean blood-glucose (BG) levels in a population of in- sulin-dependent juvenile diabetics who strictly adhered to diet and other relevant treatments, obligatory for this disease, showed inexplicable fluctuations. In order to investigate whether short-term aperiodic variations of the meteorological conditions affect BG fluctuations we evaluated the interesting frequency band of a time scale of one day by numerical high-pass filtering. This eliminates the long-period fluctuation from the time series. Aperio- dic short-period variations of weather are closely linked to the temperature-humidity environment (THE). The THE is obtained by comparison of the actual temperature and humidity data with the weighted mean~ of the corresponding data of the past, e.g. seven days. The THE is not limited for application to the heat balance of man but is suitable for indicating changes in the general tropospheric conditions. The synchronisation of BG series and THE data showed that a change of the environment to warm and more humid conditions, indicating the beginnlng of advection of warm air masses, i.e. increasing cyclonality, was correlated with an elevation of BG-values. Relative to the changes in the meteorological parameters this rise was out of proportion. If the THE turned to colder and less humid, which is related to increasing anticyclonality, the BG values decreased. l)Deutscher Wetterdienst Zentrale Medizinmeteorologische Forschungsstelle Stefan-Meiem-Str. 4 D-78OO Freiburg i. Br., FRG 2)Diabetike~ Kinderhei~ "Witthoh" D-7717 Immendingen, FRG

29 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-15 Congress of Biometeorology H D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) 0snabrueck 1981

BIOTROPY FORECAST IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

M. Jung I)

Biotropy means the influence of weather on living, especially on human organisms. The effect of weather on the organism is perturbation of well-being or aggravation of diseases. On the basis of comprehensive statistical investigations concerning the incidence of diseases and disturbance of well-being produced by particular weather events it is possible to forecast the biotropy of weather. This forecast is based on the synoptic weather forecast with particular attention on species and intensity of atmospheric processes (e.g. upslide motion, downslide motion, lability) and of fronts, air masses, and changes of the "temperature-humidity-milieu". After this manner the "Wet- terbericht fGr Erzte" (Weather Report for Medical Practi- tioners) issued daily (except Saturday and Sunday) by the German Meteorologicl Service is produced. This report contains a short range weather forecast and in a coded form the expected effect of weather stress on the following meteorotropic diseases: (I) disturbance of well-being (e.g. sleepiness, lack of concentration), (2) accidents, (5) total mortality, (4) inflammations (e.g. angina, influenza, appendicitis), (5) neurological diseases (e.g. migraine, apoplexy, neurosis, depression), (6) spastic diseases (colics, spasm), (7) cardiovascular diseases (e.g. myocardial infarction, angina pectoris), (8) embolism, thrombosis, haemorrhage, (9) diseases of respiratory tract (e.g. asthma, bronchitis), (iO) other meteorotropic diseases (e.g. eclampsia, glaucoma, rheumatic diseases, croup).

3O On the basis of a fictitious weather situation and a fictitious sequence of weather the production of the "Wetterbericht fur Krzte" is demonstrated. l)Deutscher Wetterdienst, Wetteramt Essen Wallneyer Str. 10 D-4300 Essen I, FRG

31 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-16 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR REACTIONS OF YOUNG WOMEN IN THE NORTH

A.T. Ketkin I) and V.G. Evdokimov

Investigations showed distinct seasonal variations of cardiovascular reactions of 189 young women living in the North. Circulatory variables in sitting position were: in summer, heart rate (H-R) was 77.8Z5.2 beats/min, systolic (SP-) and diastolic blood pressure I15.8Z6.5 and 74.8Z7.5 mm Hg, and index of the heart productivity (H-~ x S-P) 8953~915 units. In winter H-~ was 75.6• beats/min, blood pressure I12.6~8.8 and 72.0Z8.6 mm Hg, (H-~ x ~-~) 8306~i020. In different seasons the values of stroke volume and cardiac output (CO), calculated according to the STARR formula, did not show strong variations. Our measurements showed that HR, SP and (HR x SP) were highly correlated with the daylight duration (t) and, especially, with mean outdoor temperature (see Table). The calculation of partial correlation coefficients showed that outdoor temperatures (t ~ ) mainly influenced the HR of the organism (R17.25 = -0.657). HR also depended on the vegetative tonus of the organism (R15.27 = 0.422). In conclusion, seasonal variations of HR, blood pressure and index of the heart productivity are due to a different metabolic efficiency of heart contrac- tions and also to differences in the tonus of the autonomic nervous system.

32 Table 1 Correlation of the parameters measured HR SP (HRxSP) CO VI + t t ~

1. HR 1.000 0.657 0.962 0.574 0.643 0.699 0.811 2. SP 1.000 0.928 0.726 0.474 0.304 0.590 3.(HRxSP) 1.000 0.758 0.640 0.523 0.750 4. CO 1.000 0.819 0.272 0.444 5. VI + 1.000 0.439 0.496 6. t 1.000 0.837 7. t ~ 1.000

§ - vegetative index l)Institute of Biology Komi Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Syktyvkar, USSR

33 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-17 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

MOTHERS' BIRTH SEASON AND THE SEX RATIO OF THEIR OFFSPRINGS

T. Miura I) M Shimura, I. Nakamura and K. Nonaka

A seasonal variation of the sex ratio at birth has been observed in every population in which it has been studied. Especially, Japan was the very extreme in the seasonal range not only of sex ratio but also of births. However, the seasonal variation of births and of the sex ratio at birth in Japan have diminished in recent years. Climate, weather and diet are considered to be responsible for the seasonal variation of births and their sex ratio together with other factors such as the age of the mother. Since the relation between seasonal hirth variation and the mother's birth season has been reported recently (in the 8th Congress, Shefayim, 1979), we also tried to investigate the seasonal sex ratio at birth in relation to the season of the mother's birth by examining: (I) 23,464 birth records of two maternity hospitals in Tokyo, Japan, for some selected periods between 1924 and 1974 and (2) 25,108 births in questionnaires on birth dates of a mother and her children. In general, the sex ratio at birth was higher in the offsprings of mothers who were born between May and October than that of the offsprings of mothers born in the other months. The offsprings of young mothers, age 25 or less, showed a higher sex ratio at birth and greater variation in seasonal sex ratio at birth than the offsprings of older mothers.

1)Department of Hygiene, Teikyo University School of Medicine KAGA Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173, Japan

34 Abstract Volume 9th International HUM-18-PO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

BIOCLIMATOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE GERMAN WEATHER SERVICE IN HEALTH RESORTS

Monika Mohr I)

In the German Federal Republic the procedures for a town to be accepted as health resort are regulated by laws and regulations, which are based on the definitions of the Deutsche B~derverband and the Deutsche Fremdenverkehrsver- band e.V. As a first step a town has to submit an application to be accepted as a recreation area and as a second step the town has to apply to be given the designation as health resort or medical health resort. There are cases where the designation as health resort or medical health resort was granted immediately. In Hessen the Hessische Fremdenverkehrsverband will forward the application to the German weather service. After receipt of the application the localities will be inspected and a climatological report will be prepared. This includes a description of the regional climate, local climatological conditions and bioclimatological advice If the applicant asks for the designation as health resort observation-station, then three aerosol-measuring instruments will be installed for at least two years. If a town is accepted as medical health resort it is obliged to install a permanent weather recording station under the direction of the German weather service. Aero- sol measurements have to be carried out over at least five years.

1)Deutscher Wetterdienst, Wetteramt Frankfurt Frankfurter Str. 135 D-6050 Offenbach, FRG

35 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-19 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF BASAL METABOLISM AND SERUM PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE AMONG DIFFERENT REGIONS AND RACES IN JAPAN

M. Nakamura I)

Seasonal variations for BMR and serum PBI were studied in different regions of Japan. In snowy districts, a sedenta- ry worker's BMR shows diphasic seasonal variation, being low in summer, high in autumn and spring, and low in winter. This lowering in winter may be due to room heating. In the middle region of Japan without snow, the variation range of BMR has decrased with modernization of housing, especially heating. There, BM~ and PBI show similar changes seasonally and no differences between Japanese and Cauca- sian immigrants. In Okinawa, the most southern and subtropical region of Japan, the seasonal variation of BMR is almost the same, while that of PBI is smaller, compared to the middle region. This difference is supposed to be due to the rate of change in climate between Okinawa and middle Japan. The suppositon may be reasonable from the fact that the level of PBI was higher in cooling-down seasons from summer toward winter than that in warming-up seasons from winter toward summer in the middle region, where the rate of climatic change is twofold faster, compared to that in Okinawa. In levels of BMR, differences were not found among the regions.

1)Hygiene-Institute of Nagasaki University Medical School, Sakamoto-machi, 852 Nagasaki-Shi, Japan

36 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-20 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS OF CLIMBERS OF THE JAPANESE MT.EVEREST EXPEDITION 1980

A. Saito and M. Nakashima 1)

The authors have reported some findings of the electrocardiograms (ECGs) of climbers of the Mt.Everest (8,842 m) Expedition in 1970 and of the Mt.Yalung Kang (8,505 m) Expedition in 1973. The findings were: (I) Increase in pulse rate; (2) tall and peaked PII; (3) low or flat T followed by inverted T in the chest leads; (4) clockwise rotation of the transitional zone; (5) left- or rightwards shift of the QRS axis deviation. This time, 198 ECGs of Japanese and Chinese climbers were recorded at the Base Camp (5,200 m) and at the Advanced Base Camp (ABC) (6,500 m) of Mt. Everest in spring 1980. The newly observed ECG findings were: (I) A normalization of the increased pulse rate and tall PII after 20 min. 02 inhalation at ABC; (2) no change of inverted T in chest leads even after 2 h 02 inhalation; (3) no relationship between the inverted T pattern and climbing performance over 8,000 m; (4) no remarkable changes in the ECGs of well acclimatized climbers recorded at ABC just after coming back from the summit without 02 inhalation for several hours. Some other clinically interesting ECG findings will be demonstrated. l)Kyoto City Hospital Mibu-higashitakada, Nakagyo Kyoto, 604, Japan

37 Abstract Volume. 9th International Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

EFFECTS OF ACUTE INDUCTION TO HIGH ALTITUDE

H.S. Nayar 1)

Seven healthy male adults were first investigated at sea level and thereafter they were transported by air to an altitude of 3,350 m. They were investigated again at 3,350 m within one to three days of their arrival. There- after, they moved to 3,950 m and were reassessed after 3 and 8 weeks of acclimatization. Each subject was assessed both under fasting state and during graded exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The measurements included minute volume ventilation, respiration rate, oxygen consumption, alveo- lar P02, arterial and venous 02 saturation, pulse rate, blood pressure and lactic acid. Six additional measurements were made under fasting conditions, ie. haematocrit (PCV), haemoglobin, red blood count, vital capacity (VC), maximum breathing capacity (MBC) and DSL test. On acute exposure to 3,350 m altitude, the maximum work rate fell to 50% of that at sea level. The strain of adaptation initially involved the cardiovascular system, whereas adaptation through the respiratory system took some time to develop. Even after 8 weeks of acclimatization at 3,950 m, the maximum work rate and VO 2 max remained below the reference values at sea level.

1)Armed Forces Medical College Poona - 411001, India

38 Abstract Volume. 9th International ~UM-22 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

LIMITING ZONES OF HOT AND HUMID ENVIRONMENTS IN TROPICAL CONDITIONS

H.S. Nayar I)

Twenty four healthy men were exposed to ten different environments varying from 27~ to 36~ WBGT index with relative humidity maintained between 85 to 90%. The subjects were investigated both at rest (sitting) and during work on bicycle ergometer (340 kg/m/min). The investigation included minute ventilation, oxygen consumption, rectal temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, rate of respiration and mean skin temperature. The study results showed that the physical efficiency for heat tolerance in a hot and humid atmosphere began to decrease when the environmental temperature exceeded 31~ and 33~ WBGT index during work and rest respectively. The thermoregulatory responses of the body to high environmental temperature showed that the metabolic rate of a fixed physical activity was increased in the heat and that this increase was not due to acclimatization or training. In order to prevent heat disorders and increase work efficiency under heat exposure the following limitation of activity appropriate at various WBGT levels is recommended. Normal duties up to 31~ and up to 4 hours duration of exposure between 31~ to 33~ All non-essential duty should be halted above 33~ i) Armed Forces Medical College Poona - 411001~ India

39 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-23-PO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

ADRENERGIC SWEATING INVOLVED IN THE THERMAL SWEATING IN MAN

K. Ohara I) J N. Okuda and Y. Hasegawa

Studies were performed upon whether the adrenergic mechanism is involved in the thermal sweating in man. Methods: Local effects of intradermal administration of adrenergic agonists and/or antagonists of various concentrations were studied upon the secretory activity of sweat glands in man, both for generalized thermal sweating in a hot room and for localized sweating produced by intradermal injection of sudorific agents. Sweating was recorded on the forearm using sweat capsule (e.d. 10 nmm), dry gas flow and capacitance hygrometer (VAISALA). Drugs were administered during sweating responses via a fine intracu- tane needle previously placed in the skin under the capsule. The effects of the drugs were determined from quantitative aspect by calculating the "Efficacy Index" (E.I.) which was obtained by calculating the output signals of hygrometers with a computer and expressed as the changing ratio of sweat rate due to drug administrations in the test area, divided by the changing ratio of sweat rate in the control area where saline solution was injected simultaneously with drug administrations. The values of E.I. were evaluated statistically in comparison with those obtained from experiments where saline solution was given in both test and control areas. Results: Thermal sweating was significantly depressed by 19% in the area of intradermal phentolamine of concentration 10 -4 g/ml, and by 16% in the area of propranolol of concentration 5 x I0 -4, the depressing effect of phentolamine being greater than that of propranolol when compared at the

4O same concentration. The amplitude of the fluctuating sweat discharge was also depressed by the blockers. However, the synchronization of sweating waves between test and control areas was not affected. Thermal sweating was observed slightly enhanced, though not significantly, by local adrenaline of 10 -7 . On the other hand, local sweating induced by intradermal adrenaline of 10 -5 was completely suppressed by local phentolamine, but only slightly by propranolol. Local sweating by intradermal methylcholine or pilocarpine of 10 -4 was not significantly suppressed by local phentolamine or propranolol, while sweating produced by low concentration of methylcholine (5 x 10 -8 ) was observed significantly depressed. The results obtained indicate the involvement of some adrenergic mechanism in peripheral transmission of the central thermal drive to the sweat glands. l)Nagoya City University Medical School Department of Physiology Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467 Japan

41 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-24-PO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

THE INFLUENCE OF ALTITUDE AND CLIMATIC REGIONS ON THE MENSTRUAL CYCLES OF GIRLS IN YUGOSLAVIA

V. Pavlovi~ I) and Tanja Pavlovi6

Tests were made by anonymous enquiry. Investigated were pupils of secondary schools at age 17-22 years. Con- sidered were three regions of Yugoslavia of different altitudes and climate, where the girls were born, grew up and lived. These regions are: (I) the mountainous regions of central Bosnia (400-700 m.a.s.1.) with long and cold winters and humid summers (including Sarajevo and other towns of that region), (2) the medium flat region (60-300 m.a.s.1.) with rougher Adriatic climate (Mostar and its surroundings) and (3) the coast of the Adriatic Sea with pronounced Adria- tic-Mediterranean climate- with short, mild winters and long, hot summers (Dubrovnik, Hvar and other towns near the sea). From the results we have evaluated only those which we considered physiologically normal (n-2000). A very high percentage of dysmennorhea existed in all the regions (see Fig. I). The percentage of painful menstruations among the girls in the mountainous regions was 64.0. The menstruations accompanied by nervous and psychic complaints (ner- vousness, depressive disposition) amounted to 17.5% of the girls in that region. The level of painful menstruations and menstruations accompanied only by nervous psychic troubles is somewhat lower among girls of Mostar and surrounding towns. The lowest, however, was found among girls in Dubrovnik and the coastal region. There, the percentage of painful menstruations was 58.7. The menstruations accompanied by nervous and psychic complaints were 15.9%.

42 g painful menstruations 70- L~ Menstr,only with . netv. troubles '1 WithQut any 60- troubles

50-

40-

30- N

20-

10-

0 I SARAJEVO t I MOSTAR I I OUBROVNIK I -nd surroundings regions

ALtitude z.00-?00 600 - 300 0-60 m, Average annual lt.,S oC 16.5 ~ Qir temperature 9.6 ~ N~mbef of 192.6 21&1 solar days 152.6

Fig. 1 The percentage of dysmennorhea and normal menstruations in the girls born and living in regions of different altitudes and climate in Yugoslavia.

The percentage of normal menstruations, without any troub- bles, was 25.4. The results indicate that there is an altitudinal and climatic influence on menstruation.

43 The data received are analysed in relation to the con- ception of the girls, in relation to the annual cycles of the menarche, as well as the age of the girls when the first menstruation appeared.

References PAVLOVIC, V. (1974): Die Sahreszeitlichen Schwankungen der Menarche bei M~dchen aus verschiedenen Klima-Gebieten Jugoslawiens. Bull. Sci. Sect. A Yougosl. T.19.N.5-6:I38. PAVLOVIC, V. (1977): Biologic rhythmics as dynamic resultant of functional self-regulation of endogenous rhythmics of organisms and activity of actual constellation of environmental factors. Chronobiologia V.IV. 2:138. lJPhysiology~ Chair of Faculty of Natural Science University of Sarajevo 71000 Sarajevo, Yugoslavia

44 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-25 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) 0snabrueck 1981

METEOROLOGICAL PARAmeTERS AND VASCULAR DISEASES IN ZAGREB, YUGOSLAVIA

N. Ple~ko I) and J. HanSevi52)

A correlation study was carried out between meteorological parameters and myocardial infarction, cerebrovascu- l~r attacks, and lung embolism for the inland region of Croatia (Yugoslavia). Hospital admissions during 1976 and 1977 in the main hospitals of Zagreb were used for this study. Among the meteorological parameters, particular consideration was given to weather types and frontal passages. The characteristics of the meteorological parameters were specially investigated for the days with the highest morbidity rates. An analysis of the weather conditions was for the three-day period before and for the three-day period after the event. The results are described for every season separately.

l)Republic Hydrometeorological Institute Gric 3 41000 Zagreb, Yugoslavia 2)Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb Kispati~eva 12 41000 Zagreb, Yugoslavia

45 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-26 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS IN HIGH ALTITUDE RESIDENTS OF NEPAL AND BOLIVIA

Jeanne Raynaud I) , P. Valeix, L. Drouet, P. Escourrou, and J. Durand

Parameters computed from electrocardiographic recordings (mean frontal QRS axis, ~ QRS, positive (R-S) difference in lead V1, incidence of atypical conduction pattern in V I) were compared: (1) in two populations residing at the same altitude (3,800 m), Aymaras in Bolivia and Tibetans in Nepal, (2) in three groups of Bolivians dwelling at 4,780 m, 3,800 m and 400 m. Results: (a) The mean ~ QRS value in highlanders is shifted to the right when compared to that of lowlanders: the right axis deviation incresed with altitude. (b) The mean ~ QRS value was identical in Bolivian and Tibetan groups living at the same altitude. (c) The axis deviated to the left with aging in all the environmental conditions. This migration was accompanied by a lower incidence of positive (R-S) difference in adults compared to younger subjects. (d) The mean A QRS value of the females was always situated to the left of that of males for all age groups. This difference received a possible confirmation by the lower incidence of atypical complexes in V i in females. (e) The present values of ~ QRS as well as others found in the literature and those of mean pulmonary arterial pressure reported by different authors have been plotted, both as a function of elevation: The two relationships can be described by two linear functions with a point of intersection. Such points suggest an altitude threshold above which a further decrease in barometric pressure results in

46 marked cardiovascular responses. They are both located near the altitude off 2,500 m.

1)D~partement de Physiologie Humaine Facult~ de M~decine Paris-Sud - C.C.M.L. 133, avenue de la R~sistance 92350 Le Plessis-Eobinson, France

47 ABstract Volume. 9th International HUM-27-PO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) OsnaBrueck 198|

THE INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND OTHER METEOROLO- GICAL PARAmeTERS ON MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN LISBON

B.C.M. Rodrigues I)

Mortality from cerebral and cardiovascular diseases in Portugal is about 38% of total mortality, more than 8% is due to ischaemic heart diseases. Data from the two main hospitals in Lisbon show that in 80% of the ischaemic heart diseases there is myocardial infarction. The seasonal variation of the number of cases of myocardial infarction (2,445) patients admitted to the Emergency Service of Hos- pital Escolar de Santa Maria in Lisbon from i973 to 1977 was studied. Strong correlation coefficients were found between the number of cases and air temperature, "effective temperature" and "cooling power" by SIPLE and PASSEL, and heat energy lost by the human body through breathing as a function of air temperature and humidity. It was found that 72% of the cases occurred between October and May, when the polar frontal surface passes over the country, with its frontal waves and the consequent sudden changes in air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed and wind direction. The Maximum number of cases of miocar- dial infarction in spring and in autumn corresponded to the minimum values of the annual curve representing the mean atmospheric pressure. These minimum values are due to the troughs and cold fronts of the waves of the polar frontal surface which passes over Lisbon in those months. An evaluation of the data obtained from the Emergency Ser- vice of Hospital de S. Jos~, of Lisbon, over the period ~974 to 1977 (1,385 patients), gave similar results. The

48 independent study of some particular days (5-5 April 1977) when the approach of the frontal system was followed by a deep fall of atmospheric pressure and air temperature and by an increase of the relative humidity, showed that there was an increased number of patients with myocardial infarction. l)Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e Geoflsica Rua C - Aeroporto de Lisboa 1700 Lisboa, Portugal

49 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-28 Congress of B1ometeorology D. Overdieck, J.Muel ler, H. Lieth (eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON SLEEP BEHAVIOUR

W. Selvamurthy I), H.S. Nayar 2), K. Prabha, S. Ranganathan, V.R.K. Raju, K.S. Hegde and U.S. Ray

Sleep disturbances are a common complaint among so- journers to high altitude. The present study was undertaken on 25 healthy men (20-50 years of age) to evaluate the changes in sleep patterns and associated physiological changes during sleep at high altitude. The EEG, EOG, EMG, EKG and Rf were recorded during sleep, on a GRASS-Electroence- phalograph, in thermoneutral conditions, on lowlanders = 14) on the plains and thereafter at an altitude of 5,500 m in Western Himalayas, for a period of 4 weeks. The autonomic balance by a battery of tests and the psychological indices such as anxiety scales, psychomotor performance, cognitive and non-cognitive functions were also recorded periodically. At altitude, the study was repeated on a group of acclimatized lowlanders (n = 6) who were staying at high altitude for more than one year and a group of high altitude natives (n = 5). The effects of sleep deprivation on physiological and psychological responses at altitude were also assessed, and compared with their sleep deprivation responses on the plains. This study was pre- ceeded by an extensive survey on 2000 men staying at varying altitudes (5,000 - 5,700 m) in the Eastern Hima- layas to have a subjective evaluation of the nature and magnitude of the problem. The salient features of this comprehensive study will be discussed to throw light on the physiological mechanism underlying the sleep problem at high altitude. l)Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences Delhi Cantt-llO010, India 2)Armed Forces Medical College Poona-411OOl, India

5o Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-29 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198]

EFFECTS OF SOLAR ECLIPSE ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL PROFILE IN MAN AND ANIMALS

W. Selvamurthy I), H.S. Nayar, K. Prabha and U.S. Ray

Human and animal experiments were conducted to study the changes in physiological and behavioural profile due to solar eclipse. The following parameters were monitored on six healthy men (25 - 35 years of age): heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, oral temperature, skin temperature, cold pressor response at 4 ~ C water, and EEG (occipital). The spontaneous motor activity, EEG and day time sleep-awake cycle of adult albino rats were also recorded. These parameters were recorded in a thermoneutral laboratory at Delhi every day from February 14 to 17, 1980, and the total eclipse occurred on February 16. The solar eclipse which was only partial at Delhi commenced at 14.56 h and ended at 16.51 h. Observations were made during this phase also. Six adult albino rats were exposed to direct solar radiation during the period of eclipse. They were sacrificed immediately following the termination of eclipse and visceral organs i.e. heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenals and pituitary were removed and processed for histological evaluation. The animals showed hypermoti- lity, predominance of desynchronized EEG and disturbance in the regular sleep-awake cycle on the day of eclipse. The physiological functions recorded in men were notsignifi- cantly altered. The histological examination of the organs is in progress. The results suggest that these animals possess a special senseorgan which enable them to identify even minute perturbations in meteorological characteristics.

51 This sense organ probably has atrophied in the higher evolution due to the development of higher level of neural function in man.

1)Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences Delhi Cantt-110010, India

52 Abstract Volume. 9th International HUM-30 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE FIRST RESULTS OF CORRELTATION$ BETWEEN OBJECTIVE PROGNOSTIC BIOMETEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND THE INCIDENCE OF CEREBROVASCULAE DISEASES

M. Vida I), B. Logar 1), J. Z~mer 2) and P. Kartin 2)

A correlations study between the incidence of cerebrovascular diseases and weather was carried out using compu- terized data of weather in 12-h and 24-h intervals for a period of 4 years. Data patients with cerebrovascular diseases hospitalized in the Ljubljana Central Clinic were used in the investigation. The meteorological elements commonly used to forecast the weather in Slovenia and Ljublja- na were tested singly and combined: the position of a frontal area is determined by the intersection S (a,b), where the component "a" is the perpendicular distance between Ljubljana and the frontal area, and component "b" means the angle of perpendicular line. The points of intersections S (a,b) are grouped in classes (0,1,2...8) due to the oro- graphic position of Slovenia (Fig. 1). The frequency of cerebrovascular cases at different grouped positions of the frontal area while approaching Slovenia was sought. On the other hand also 2-dimensional frequency matrices of cerebrovascular cases at different positions of the frontal area, different air pressure gra- dients on the ground, and of grouped wind directions at 850-, 700- and 500 mb layers were determined. Preliminary results indicate that the frequency of cerebrovascular diseases is highest when the cold front is located near Slovenia, i.e. in the area of the Eastern Alps and Northern Adriatic, and decreases when it is just over Slovenia. At the approach of a warm front, the frequency

53 increases and has its maximum when the warm front is over Slovenia.

Fig. I Determining and grouping of the frontal area position

1)Hidrometeorolow zavod SRS 61000 Ljubljana, Vojkova lb, Yugoslavia 2)Nevrolo~ka klinika-Klini~ni center Ljubljana 61000 Ljubljana, Zalow c. 7, Yugoslavia

54 ABstract Volume. 9th International HUM-31 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieek,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueek 1981

THE INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON SIDE-EFFECTS WHEN DISPENCING X-RAY CONTRAST-MEDIA (UROGRAPHY)

O. Harlfinger 1), E. Wedler 2), K.-J. Wolf 3) and D. Zuckert 4)

When dispencing X-ray contrast-media nearly every tenth patient shows subjective or objective side-effects, which only to a small extent are caused by an iodine allergy. More often other reasons must be considered, which, however, are not yet clear. Among other things it is shown that the autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the side-effects with contrast-media application. As it is evident that this system can be irritated by weather influences, the frequency of side-effects in dependence with the weather process is considered. All urography tests (more than 8000 cases) were recorded epidemiologically in a clinical hospital in both TGbingen and Berlin from October 1976 to December 1978. The tests were carried out exclusively as an infusion urography. The mean rate of side-effects corresponds well to the expected value: TGbingen 8.0%, Berlin 11.3%. Generally the rate of side-effects is higher in female patients than in male patients. The probabilty of side-effects decreases with increasing age for both sexes. The side-effects occur more often in weather sensitive female and male patients than in non-weather sensitive patients. The influence of meteorological processes was evaluated by the scheme of decimal classification, front analyses and vorticity being parameters for the circulation of weather systems that can be objectified. The results indicate that there is an increase of side-effects during east and

55 south to southwest weather situations, especially in case of a coupling with rise of warm air masses over cooler ones. The lowest rate of side-effects occurs during anticyclonic weather situations and increasing anticyclonality, respectively, while its maximum can be observed when the influence of high pressure decreases. Tests with single meteorological parameters demonstrate that these are not suitable as indicators for the rate of side-effects when dispencing contrast-media.

l)Deutscher Wetterdienst Zentrale Medizin-Met. Forschungsstelle Stefan-Meier-Str. 4-6 D-7800 Freiburg i.Br., FRG 2)Institut fGr Meteorologie Freie Universit~t Berlin Podbielskiallee 62 D-IO00 Berlin 33, FRG 3)Medizinisches Strahleninstitut der Universit~t TGbingen RGntgenweg 11 D-7400 TGbingen, FRG 4)Klinische Forschung Arzneimittelsicherheit Schering AG MGllerstr. 170-178 D-IO00 Berlin 65, FRG

56 SECTION 2: BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONS AND CHARGED PARTICLES

Chairpersons: Dr. Sheela Sigel 1) Dr. Sabina Tyczka 2) Dr. A. Wehner 3)

1)2440 Russell, Berkeley/CA 94705, USA 2)Institute of Balneoclimatology, Szamarzewski Str. 84 PI 60-569 Pozna~, Poland 5)Biology Dept. Battelle Pacific North-West Labs. Richland, WA 99552, USA

57 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-O I Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

EFFECTS OF AIR IONS ON THE GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TOBACCO PLANTS

N. Arnold I), M. Binns 2) and N. Barthakur 3)

A well-designed and controlled experiment was performed in a growth chamber on the effects of positive and negative air ions on flue-cured tobacco plants. Care was taken to eliminate possible extraneous effects of electric fields on the plants. After about 14 days of exposure to artifi- cially-produced air ions of either kind, the plants were harvested. Fourteen parameters that were measured included: leaf area, fresh and dry weight of stems, leaves and roots, plant height, leaf number, percent contents of nicotine, nitrogen and reducing sugar, and net gain in fresh weight. Table 1 (following page) shows some of these measurements. Regression analysis was carried out and the results on exposed plants were compared with those on controlled plants. Experiments have been continuing to investigate the reproducibility of the results, and this aspect of the studies will be discussed at length.

1)Agriculture Canada L'Assomption Quebec, Canada, JOK I60 2)Agriculture Canada Ottawa, Canada, KIA OCG 3)Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Physics Macdonald Campus of McGill University St-Anne-de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9W lXO

58 Table I: Effect of unipolar ionized atmosphere on flue-cured tobacco. A total of 9 plants was used in each experimental group and the mean of each parame calculated. The errors quoted are standard errors.

polarity of per cent per cent per cent leaf area 2 ionized atmosphere total nitrogen reducing sugars Nicotine cm

positive 2.922 + 0.159 4.158 +_ 0.322 0.508 + 0.009 791.3 + 24.8

negative 2.699 ~ 0.090 4.713 • 0.164 0.539 ~ 0.014 696.8 • 20.4

control 2.541 t 0.112 4.274 • 0.300 0.524 • 0.014 731.5 • 13.1

k~ kO Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-02 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF AIR IONIZATION INSIDE A ROOM EQUIPPED WITH AN ION GENERATOR

A. Bielecki i)

An increasing interest in electric phenomena in the atmosphere and their influences onhumans and their natural environment is noted. Many studies concerned with air ionization and its effects on the human body have been conducted. Recent advances in technology have aided the development of instruments for measuring air ionization. This paper deals with the author's experimental research concerning the dynamic behaviour of air ionization phenomena. Understanding the dynamic behaviour of air ions inside rooms with working ion generators is very important for developing methods for the measurement and control of air ionization. Experiments were conducted inside an insulated air conditioned room. Small air ion concentrations were measured in these experiments. Corona ion generators were used for ion generation and an EBERT condenser with ion meter was used for quantification. The step response was used. In this way, results were received so that a transfer function and its coefficients could be assigned.

1)Politechnika Wroclawska, J-20 Wybrz. Wyspia~skiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland

6o Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-03 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieek,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds. Osnabrueck 1981

IONIZATION AND AIR POLLUTION IN INDOOR CLIMATES

Carmen Capel-Boute i)

A four-year interdisciplinary study concerning the micro-climate in closed spaces confirms the view of many authors that ionization of the air is a revealing parameter for characterizing any outdoor or indoor climate, in relation to air pollution and comfort, when these are registered continuously. In closed spaces with mechanical ventilation, concentrations of both positive and negative ions, measured for different ranges of mobility, may be considerably altered compared with the outdoor air, depending both on the technical conditions of ventilation and on the occupancy and internal causes of pollution in the premises. In a good "clean room" (or white room) equipped with absolute filters and a high rate of ventilation in "lami- nar flow" (or unidirectional flow), the air is completely deprived of particles and germs and concentrations of all categories of ions are below the measurable limits. In air-conditioned offices the concentration of "small ions" (of both signs) may be significantly lowered, apparently due to occupancy of the premises, but the ratio of positive to negative ions has usually not been found very different from the normal value of about 1.2. A "double-blind" experiment was carried out with artificial ionization of the air (Corona effect). Objective measurements (pulse rate, blood pressure, mechanical respiratory parameters), together with medical and psychological enquiries showed that normal, healthy people did not clearly identify an abnormal excess of positive or negative

61 ions. But complaints could be related to conditions of occupancy, pollution and to the individual sensitivity estab i lished by I. ~RMENYI.

1)CIFA (B.P. i96), University of Brussels 50 Av.F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium

62 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-04 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck |98|

THERAPEUTIC AND PROPHYLACTIC EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE AIR IONS

M. Deleanu I)

Negative air ions in moderate concentrations were applied for therapeutic and/or prophylactic purposes. Air ions were produced by electroefluvial-, or by spraying distilled water-generators. Small ion concentrations - with a mobility over 1 cm/s:V/cm - were determined by an EBERT counter. At the respiration level of the treated subjects the ion concentrations were: n = 5,000 - 15,000; + n about 1,000/ml air. The treatment was applied daily, for I0-30 days. On the first day the exposure to ionized air lasted 15 minutes; on the next days the exposure time was generally prolonged with 5 minutes daily to the duration of 30-40 minutes. No other specific therapy was used during the air ion cure. The prophylactic treatment was applied to improve the performance of young sportsmen, as well as in ulcerous patients before the painful periods which were usual in certain circumstances, with the aim of preventing painful fits. The therapeutic treatment aimed at reducing or putting an end to the symptoms or crisis of the disease. Favourable results were obtained in 50-90% of cases in both therapeutic and prophylactic applications. In the fol ~ lowing diseases favourable therapeutic influences were seen: -psychoneurotic states with prevailing insomnia or cepha- lea in adult patients; -insomnia of various other origins in adults; -anxious, depressive and cenesthesic neuroses in adults; -neurasthenias in adults;

63 -psychopathies in adults; -psycho-motor instability in children; -gastro-duodenal ulcer in adult and young subjects; -moderate essential hypertension; -hypotension in young patients; -bronchial asthma and asthmatic bronchitis in children. The application of this promising and harmless therapeutic method is worth being continued.

i)Hygiene Institute, Pasteur-St. 6 R-3400 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

64 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-05 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

APPARATUS FOR THE MEASUREMENTS OF ION CONCENTRATIONS WITHIN i NARROW INTERVALS OF ELECTRIC MOBILITY

Z. Jura I) and B. Niziol 2)

In the investigation of air ionization, the notion "ion" includes all particles possessing noncompensated electric charge. Ionized gas molecules as well as aerosol particles that possess electric charges are ions. The influence of ions on nature depends not only on the polarity of an electric charge but also, to a considerable degree, on physical and chemical properties of charged particles. To fulfil their purpose, the measurements of ion concentration in the air must be carried out within narrow intervals of mobility. In this paper the description of the apparatus for the measurement of ion concentrations within narrow intervals of their electric mobility (~) has been presented for the value of the mobility ~ ~0,005 cm2v-ls -i. The apparatus consists of the ion detector with the construction similar to the H.A. ERIKSON and P. LANGEVIN electric mobility spectrometer, vibrating reed electrometer, high voltage supply and recorder. The relative width of electrical mobility intervals of detected ions is A U.W-I = 0.3 and the record threshold is 1 ion cm -5. The apparatus can be used for: (I) Recording of ion concentration within the established intervals of electric mobility. (2) Recording of ions of electric mobility greater than a given value. The results of measurements are registered on the recorder.

1)University of Mining and Metallurgy Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak6w, Poland 2)Institute of Nuclear Physics Kawiory 26A, 30-055 K~ak6w, Poland

65 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-06 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

INFLUENCE OF AIR IONIZATION FROM AN ARTIFICIAL SOURCE OF IONS ON REDUCTION OF AIR MICROFLORA AS WELL AS ON THE RESULTS OF BROILER CHICKEN FARMING

B. Krzysztofik I), K. Piasek 1), J. Mazurczak 2) and G. Russak 2)

The investigations took place on a broiler chicken farm in a typical building in which there were 17,000 chickens (17 chickens/m2). The farm was located in Central Poland (near Plock). The breeding system in that farm was deep litter. The following full-portion mixtures were used there for feeding: DKA STARTER (up to the third week) and DKA FINISHER (up to the eighth week of breeding) with addition of polfemix and antibiotics to the food. The investigations were carried out during August and September, 1979. Ionizers were placed in the accommodations 3.20 m high at the distance of 40 cm from the ceiling. For ion concentration measurement, an ion meter of Polish construction was used. Its construction is similar to H.A. ERICSON and P. LANGEVIN's ionic mobility spectrometer. The ionizers, though of very simple construction, worked at voltage of 30 kV. The number of ions was large. The number of ions with ~ = 0.008 cm 2 (V-s) -1 produced during one second was 1011 ions.s -I The investigations were made three times for chickens 14, 25 and 56 days old. Each time the investigations were made before switching the ionizers on and after I, 2, and 3 hours of ionization as well as i and 2 hours after switching the ionizers off. Bacterium microflora was estimated on classical beds in Petri dishes (exposure time was 1 min.). General numbers

66 of bacteria, staphylococcus, actinomyceti and fungi (Mucor, Saccharomyces, Candida, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Rhizopus, Geotrichum) have been stated. Reduction of microorganisms depended on the time of ionizers work as well as on the kind of microbes and it ranged from 20% to 90%. During the first week of breeding the weight of the chickens was 15% higher in comparison with the chickens in the reference building. During the whole farming cycle similar results were obtained (death rate, feeding stuff consumption in kg/kg of weight increase) though thermal and humidity conditions in the building with air ionization were worse than in the reference building.(were not optimal as in the reference building).

l)Kierownik Zespolu Inzynierii Sanitarnej Politechnika Warszawska Filia w Plocku ul. Lukasiewicza 17 P1 09-400 Plock, Poland 2)Agricultural Academy Warsaw. ul. Nowoursynowska 159 Warsaw, Poland

67 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-07 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

RESULTS OF ~[EASUREMENTS OF ION CONCENTRATION IN INDUSTRIAL PLANTS AND DWELLING-HOUSES

B. Niziol I), Z. Jura 2) and B. Drozdowicz 5)

In the measurements of ion concentration the directly measured physical parameters are: intensity of the electric current flowing between the electrodes of the ion detector and the voltage between these electrodes. Since the intensity of the electric current (I) is proportional to the ion concentration, and the voltage (U) is inversely proportional to the electric mobility (~) of ions. The function dI (dU = f/U) will be called the distribution of electric mobility of ions. The measurements of ion concentration have been carried out within the electric mobility inter- -i vals of relative width AU.U = 0.3 in industrial plants (thermal power stations, salt and copper mines) and also in the open air under different atmospheric conditions. In so-called "pure" air singular maxima within the range of small ions for both positive and negative ions can be observed in the diagram of differential distribution of electric mobility. These maxima are associated with the presence of negative oxygen ions (U_ = 2.2 cm2V-Is -I) in the air and positive oxygen and nitrogen ions (~+ = 1.6 cm2V-ls-l). The height of maxima depends on the concentration of radioactive elements in the air, concentration of aerosol particles and meteorological conditions. The value of the ratio of positive to negative ions, that fluctuated from 0.9 to 1.4 within this range of electric mobility, depends on meteorological conditions to a considerable degree. Aerosol particles present in air cause the decrease of the small ion concentration and the increase of the concentra-

68 tion of ions with electric mobilities ~<0.I cm2V-Is -I The results of measurements have been given both in the form of graphical diagrams and numerical values. In the paper it has also been stated that: (1) The measurement of the ion concentration provides information about the degree of the air pollution by the aerosol particles with size unmeasurable by optical instruments. (2) The so far assumed notion "small ions" covers too wide a range of ion electric mobilities to be used as an indicator of air "purity" and its therapeutic properties. (3) The differential distribution of electric mobility of ions can be the relative indicator of the air pollution. l)Institute of Nuclear Physics Kawiory 26 A, P1 30-055 Krakow, Poland 2)University of Mining and Metallurgy Mickiewicza 30, P1 30-059 Krakow, Poland 3)Institute of Nuclear Physics Radzikowskiego 152, P1 31-342 Krakow, Poland

69 Abstract Volume. 9th International CliP-08 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

ONE POSSIBILITY OF DETERMINATION OF ADAPTATION OF MAN DEPENDING ON INDIVIDUAL GEOPHYSICAL-BIOTYPOLOGY USING ARTIFICIAL ATMOSPHERIC IONS

I. ~rm@nyi 1), M. Megyer 2) and L. NYiri I)

We tried to prove the supposition concerning the similar biological effect of the various air-masses and artificial air-ionization. The following method was used. We examined the weather-sensitivity-type of the subjects by questionnaire method compiled by us. The individual sensitivity index of the subjects was called "geophysical bioindex" on the basis of the statistical distribution consisting of eight types. The results of the measurements of some research-workers proved the difference of the unipolarity index of various air-masses taking into consideration their biological effect. (There is a positive preponderance in subtropical air-masses contrary to the negative excess measured in polar air-masses.) Artificial ionization of various polarities was applied to prove the fact that the above mentioned air-masses have the same biological effect on the subjects. The above mentioned biological effect was measured by the parameters of VNS by the well known method of KERD0. This complex method is suitable for giving information about the possibility of the adaptation of the human organism. The sample of subjects was above one hundred.

l)National Institute for Rheumatics & Physiotherapy Lab, F. Electrobiometeorology, Frankel Le6 Str. 27-29 H-I027 Budapest, Hungary 2)Psycho-Physiological Laboratory for Aviation, Gy~li UT 17 H-1097 Budapest IX, Hungary

70 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-O9 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck ]981

EFFECTS OF THE OPERATION OF IONIZERS ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE AIR

J. Reinet 1)

The present paper describes air ionizers and electroaerosol generators designed by the author and under his guidance. The hi.ghfrequency ai r ionizer (107932 + ) creates in air negative charge pulses. This process of ionization causes formation of a changing electromagnetic field, weak ultra- violet radiation, ozone and nitrogen oxides. Air ionizers have been successfully used in the treatment of diseases of the respiratory tract (ozena, etc.). The aerosol and electroaerosol generator to the artificial respiration_apparatus (131456) enables one to in- hale electroaerosols for medication under working conditions of devices of artificial respiration. The aerosol inhaler (306854) generates ultrafine electroaerosol'particles in warmed-up airflow. A device for Precipitating dust in rooms (508411) and for disinfection of receptacles (343862) by unipolarly charged aerosol particles. Aerosol and electroaerosol 5enerator.s for group vaccin- ation of animals and poultry (307794, 389789) in inhalation rooms Equipment for electrostatic .painting (240505, 260154) operates on different corona discharges to obtain durable and uniform coat of paint on details. Neutralizers of static electric charges (165848,588567) generating Various (DC, AC) corona discharges; some toxic gases arising from corona discharges are removed from rooms.

71 Device for neutralization of dangerous static electric charges in chemical and textile industries (371860). Through its electric field the generator directs ultrafine unipolar aqueous spray only to those places where there arise electric charges, thus preventing corrosion of ma- chinery and rise of harmful dampness in textile factories. § Numbers of USSR author's certificates are in parentheses

1)Uelikooli St. 18 202400 Tartu, Estonia, USSR

72 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-IO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE AIR IONIZATION AND OF HIGH MOROTOMY ON BLOOD VESSELS OF NASAL MUCOSA AND OF BUCCAL SKIN

S. Sibul 1)

The effect of inhaling negative air ions (NA) on reaction of nasal mucosa and of buccal skin blood vessels was studied in 59 allergic patients with rhinosinusopathy, in 12 patients with chronic high moritis and in 12 normal subjects. Changes in nasal mucosa and in temperature (t) of buccal skin controls were slight and unidirectional after NA. Allergic patients were primarily suffering from obstruc- tion of nasal breathing; t of their nasal mucosa and nasal cavity was l~ higher than in controls. After NA, t of nasal mucosa became still higher (1.8ZO.6~ and buccal, skin t rose a little (by 0.I-0.2~ In patients with chronic high moritis, mostly blood Vessels of the nasal mucosa and buccal skin became narrower after NA. Following high morotomy, t of the nasal mucosa rose less than t of buccal skin. Patients with high moritis experi- enced smaller rises of t than allergic patients. After res- toration of nasal breathing, t of nasal mucosa, of nasal cavity air and of buccal skin fell considerably in allergic patients after NA. Reaction of blood vessels of nasal mucosa differed before and after high morotomy. After NA, nasal breathing was restored in allergic patients. Tone of blood vessels of nasal mucosa rose and nasal blood circulation improved. NA influenced vegetative reactions in the nose. In the case of inflammatory changes, after NA blood vessels of nasal mucosa narrowed more than in allergic patients.

73 Inhalation treatment is more efficient after removal of pathological foci.

l)Tartu State University Uelikooli St. 18 202400 Tartu/Estonia, USSR

74 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-II Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

ON SOME PECULIARITIES OF PLANT GROWTH UNDER THE ACTION OF IONIZATION

E. Siirde 1), A. Jents I) and J. Reinet I)

The authors used a high-frequency air ionizer designed by experimental physicists of Tartu State University. At 20 cm distance there are up to 2.4 million elementary charges iF 1 cm 3 of air. The authors studied the action of negative ionization on germination and shoot growth of peas. Short-term (5 min/ day) and long-term (2-2.5 h/day) ionization was given every day for 2 weeks. Experiments'with peas were carried out in autumn, winter and spring. Six soaked peas were planted into potting soil. The distance between peas and ionizer was 20 cm. One pot was ionized for a short time, the other for a long time. One pot was left unionized as a control. Experiments showed that the germination and plant growth of the peas which were subjected to ionization 5 min/day proceeded quicker than those in the control pot. After 2 weeks of Observation, ionized shoots were twice the length and their colour was darker than those in the control pot. Peas subjected to ionization for long periods grew just as much as the controls. At the end of ionization, the authors noted the wilting of shoots. Shoots subjected to long-term ionization wilted first, then shoots in the control pot and lastly short-term ionized shoots. Since ultra-violet radiation, electro-magnetic fields, ozone, and nitrogen compounds may also exercise a certain action on plant growth, further studies are necessary. 1)Tartu State University Uelikooli St. 18 202400 Tartu/Estonia ussa 75 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-12 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE EFFECT OF NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE AIR IONS ON CARBOHYDRATE AND LIPID METABOLISM OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

W. Banaszkiewicz 1), R. Bernat 2) and G. Straburzynski i)

Ninety Wistar rats were divided into three experimental groups housed in half-open, climatised cages for 3, 6 or 9 weeks. Stable positive and negative air ion concentrations (500,000 ions/cc of air) were maintained. A~imals living in positive air ion environments showed elevated blood content of glucose, pyruvic acid and lactic acid. The activity of lactic dehydrogenase and the content of free fatty acids were also elevated. Esterified fatty acids t and triglycerides were unchanged. Animals living in negative air ion environments showed no changes in the metabolism of glucose. It is shown that changes in concentrations of positive and negative air ions can alter the metabolism of glucose and lipids in tested animals.

1)Institute of Balneoclimatology ul. Szamarzewskiego 84 PL 60-569 Pozna~, Poland 2)Medical Academy ul. Swiecickiego 6 PI 60-781 Pozna~, Poland

76 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-13 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE EFFECT OF NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE AIR IONS ON THE CATECHOLAMINE CONTENT IN BRAIN AND ADRENALS OF EXPERImeNTAL ANIMALS

W. Banaszkiewicz I), R. Bernat 2) and G. Straburzyhski I)

The authors examined the content of adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) in the adrenals and brain of Wistar rats exposed to negative or positive air ions (500,000 ions/cc of air) for 3, 6 or 9 weeks. Cate- cholamine content was estimated using the method of Chang (1964) in a modification of Brodi (1966). Exposure to negative air ions was shown to produce a decrease in the brain content of NA, and an increase in the brain content of DA. Positive air ions were shown to produce an elevation in the brain content of NA and DA. The adrenal content of A was diminished in animals exposed to positive air ions.

1)Institute of Balneoclimatology ul. Szamarzewskiego 84 PI 60-569 Poznafi, Poland 2)Medical Academy ul. ~wi@cickiego 6 PI 60-781 Poznafi, Poland

77 Abstract Volume. 9th International CliP- 14 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE EFFECT OF NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE AIR IONS ON THE RESPIRATORY TRACT OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

W. Banaszkie w icz I) , R. Bernat 2) and G. Straburzy~ski I)

The experiments were done on 90 Wistar rats, 6 weeks old, living in the same climatic conditions and on a standard diet. Animals of the experimental groups were continuously exposed to the negative or positive air ions produced by a therapeutic ionizer which give~ 5 x 1010 ions/sec/cc of air. It was demonstrated that after 8 weeks of exposure to the negative or positive air ions, the weight of the experimental animals was significantly lower than of controls. After 6 weeks of exposure to the positive air ions, animals showed a 40% focal lack of the cilia of the respiratory tract's epithelium and little transformation places of the cylindric epithelium into paraepidermic with a negative PAS-reaction. After 9 weeks of experiments there was addi- tiona~y a lymphocytic reaction in the submucotic tissue of the trachea, and the lack of the cilia was at 65%. In the animals treated with negative air ions during 3 and 6 weeks there were no changes observed after the exposure to the positive ions. The small changes observed in the epithelium of the animals treated with negative ions were not significant.

1)Institute of Balneoclimatology ul. Szamarzewskiego 84 P1 60-569 Pozna~, Poland 2)Medical Academy ul. ~wi~cickiego 6 P1 60-781 Pozna~, Poland

78 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-15 ConEress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE EFFECT OF NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE IONS OF THE AIR ON THE RESPIRATORY GASES AND THE ACID-BASE BALANCE OF THE BLOOD OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

W. Banaszkie w icz i) , R. Bernat 2) and G. StraburzF~ski I)

The experiments were done on 90 Wistar rats, 6 weeks old, living in the same climatic conditions and on a standard diet. Animals of the experimental groups were exposed to the negative or positive ions of the air, produced by means of a therapeutic ionizer which gives 5 x iO iO ions/ sec/cc of air. After 6 and 9 weeks of exposure to negative or positive air ions there was a significant increase of PO 2 of the arterial blood and of the oxygen utilization coefficient of the tissues. In similar groups of animals exposed to the positive air ions there was a significant decrease of PO 2 of the venous blood and Of the oxygen utilization coefficient of tissues. In the venous blood of the animals exposed to positive air ions there was an increase of pC02, TC02, HCO], and SB, with a simultaneous decrease of the pCO 2 in arterial blood.

1)Institute of Balneoclimatology ul. Szamarzewskiego 84 P1 60-569 Poznafi, Poland 2)Medical Academy ul. ~wi@cickiego 6 P1 60-781 Poznafl, Poland

79 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-I 6 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE EFFECT OF POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE AIR IONS ON THE ACTIVITY OF SOME ENZYMES IN THE MITOCHONDRIA OF HEPATIC CELLS

T. Torlinska 2) , R. Banaszkiew'czi I) , R. Bernat 2), G. Straburzy~ski I) and J. Kozlik 2)

Wistar rats were continuously exposed to negative or positive air ions (500,000 ions/cc of air) for 9 weeks. After this time, the mitochondrial fractions of hepatic cells and the activity of the iso-citrate dehydrogenase (E.C.I.I.42) and malate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.I.1.37) was estimated. It was shown that after exposure to negative air ions, the activity of both enzymes was reduced with simultaneous increase of the total protein content in the mitochondrial fraction of hepatic cells. After the same time of exposure to positive air ions, the activity of both enzymes in the mitochondrial fraction of hepatic cells was increased, and the total protein content was decreased.

l)Institute of Balneoclimatology ul. Szamarzewskiego 84 P1 60-569 Pozna~, Poland 2)Medical Academy ul. ~wi~cickiego 6 P1 60-781 Pozna~, Poland

8O Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-17 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY ON BUILDING DESIGNS

F.G. Sulman 1)

The importance of atmospheric electricity for our well- being has only recently been studied *). The electric and electromagnetic properties of the atmosphere show up in three different ways: (1) air ionization (pos. or neg.) and electric conductivity, (2) electromagnetic long waves (wavelength 6-100 km) called atmospherics or sferics, and (3) electrofields with an average electric potential gradient of 120-150 V/m. Air ionization hardly penetrates our buildings. The reactions of man to electrical activity are different: ions and sferics release serotonin which has an irritating effect, similar to histamine on man; electrofields within daily fluctuations from -400 to +400 V/m are favorably accepted by every person since they have an invigorating effect. The interference between the above forms of air electricity with modern plastic building materials produces unpredictable charges of static electricity. Typical serotonin reactions are: insomnia, irritabili- lity, tension, migraine, edema, heart palpitation, heart pain, asthma, dyspnea, rheumatic and scar pain, flushes, "hay fever", conjunctivitis, giddiness, tremor, sinusitis, hyperperistalsis, pollakiuria. *)SULMAN, F.G. (1980): The Effects of Air Ionization, Electric Fields, Atmospherics and other Electric Phenomena on Man and Animal. Charles C. Thomas Publ. Springfield, Illinois, USA, 400 pp.

1)Bioclimatology Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem, Israel

81 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-18 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

PREVENTION OF POST-OPERATIVE THROMBOEMBOLISM BY NEGATIVE AIR IONIZATION IN A DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY

E. Merimsky, Y.I. Litmanovitch and F.G. Sulman I)

A new method for avoiding post-operative thromboembolism has been tried, employing negative air ionization around the clock for an average period of 10 days during which 228 patients were hospitalized after major urologic surgery. The patients stayed in two rooms, 5 x 5 m in size, in which 4 ionizing apparatuses each had been installed. This allowed every patient to lie at a distance of 2 m from a "Modulion "| ionizer emitting an average of I x 104 negative ions/cm 3 air. In the six control rooms, 1,232 post-operative cases were hospitalized without ionization. Other treatment in all rooms was identical, avoiding anticoagulants. In the 228 post-operative patients exposed to negative air ionization there occured only one case of thromboembolism during an observation period of 28 months (0.4%), whereas in the 1,232 patients in the six control rooms there were 12 (0.97%) cases of thromboembolism which were then given standard treatment with anticoagulants; 5 of them died. The percentage of post-operative thromboembolism (0.97%) corresponded well to the average number of thromboembolism encountered in the rest of the hospital and to other hospitals in the country which did not use air ionization. Thus it appears that negative air ionization can replace the risky prophylactic use of anticoagulants after operations.

1)Tel-Aviv University Hospital and Hebrew University- Hadassah Medical Center, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem, Israel

82 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-19 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.L[eth(eds.) Osnabrueck |981

AIR-IONIZATION CHANGES MEASURED IN THE OUTDOOR AND INDOOR HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

S. Tyczka I) and T. Dobrzy~ska Z)

The aim of our series of investigations and continuous measurements carried out during the period 1968-1979 was to get an accurate quantitative and qualitative characteristics of temporal and spatial changes of air ionization in rural and urban outdoor environments as well as indoor - in living and working spaces. The background of ion concentration in atmospheric air was normally in the order of a few thousand to above 30,000 elementary electric charges (both negative and positive) per cubic centimeter of air. Deviations from the natural ionization standard occuring in the atmosphere of urbanized areas or in crowded closed spaces are characterized by the greater prevalence of positively charged ions and an increased concentration of large ions with a simultaneous decrease of small ion density. The values of ion concentrations in a working room vary depending on ventilation rate, heating, number of present working staff and on various industrial and other devices acting as sources of ionizing radiation. Normally during the work-day time the concentration of small ions decreases regularly and that of the large ions usually increases. Air ionization state in living and working spaces varies depending on type of building material - because of a nigher content of radioactive substances in some new materials (blast, furnace slags and fly-ash concrete). Mean concentration of ions in the air inside a furnace slag concrete cage (fly-ashes) was about 9,600-i0,300 ions/cm 3 air

83 and in gypsum, timber and brick cages only 5,600-5,900 ions/ cm 3 air. The influence of plastic materials in living spaces on the air ionization state was also stated.

l)Institute of Balneoclimatology Szamarzewski Str. 84 P1 60-569 Pozna~, Poland

84 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-20 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE EFFECT OF WEATHER SENSITIVITY ON WORKER PRODUCTIVITY

Ch. Wallach I)

In a series of semi-blind observations of heterogeneous groups of assembly-line workers under summer/autumn climatic conditions, supplemented by the periodic generation of small atmospheric negative ions, it was found that productivity appeared to increase with (I) a decrease in climatic temperature during the seasonal transition, and (2) a decrease in +/- small-ion ratio in the working environment. Productivity was measured accurately on a daily basis by piece-part consumption in assembling the final product. An unexpected finding was the low productivity on Mondays following hot-weather weekends; a very significant difference on the order of 40% was found between summer Monday productivity, and autumn midweek productivity with controlled ionization levels simulating poststorm conditions. The data suggest that small-ion balance and/or ambient temperature/humidity factors may have cumulative long-term (circadian) metabolic effects as well as short- term (ultradian) effects commonly observed and reported in connection with these environmental factors. If this can be confirmed by more rigorous protocols, its importance to industrial planning and production forecasting may become apparent. l)Behavioral Research Associates Inc. 1220 Blair Mill Road 1205 Silver Spring MD 20910, USA

85 Abstract Volume. 9th International CHP-21 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

STIMULATION OF INTERFERONS AND ENDORPHINS/ENKEPHALINS BY ELECTRO-AEROSOL INHALATION? AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH FOR TESTING AN EXPANDED HYPOTHESIS

A.P. Wehner I)

Air ions/electro-aerosols have been shown to affect brain functions and feeling of "well-being"; to have seda- tive and analgesic effects; to be therapeutically effective in certain viral (e.g., upper respiratory) infections; and to have tumor-attenuating effects. It is therefore, con- ceivable that interferons and endorphins/enkephalins might be the mediators of these effects. One experimental approach for testing this hypothesis is described. It calls for mice to be challenged by in- tranasal inoculation with a suitable virus and to be exposed under appropriate conditions to a negatively charged aerosol of physiological saline 6 hours/day for up to 3 weeks; for the serial sacrifice of subgroups of these mice; for collecting blood and brains of the sacrificed animals; for the bioassay of the sera for interferon; and for radio- immunoassays of the brains for endorphins/enkephalins. Spe- cial considerations, necessitated by the nature of the experiment, are discussed.

l)Biology Department Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories Richland, WA 99352, USA

86 S E C T I 0 N 3: INTERDISCIPLINARY CYCLE RESEARCH

Chairpersons: Prof. Dr. R. Hardeland 1) Prof. Dr. A. Sollberger 2)

l)Zoologisches Institut der Universit~t G~ttingen Berliner Str. 28, D-34OO G~ttingen, FRG 2)Medical School, Southern Illinois University Lindegren Hall, Carbondale, Ill. 62901, USA

87 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-O I Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY IN CARABID BEETLES AFTER REMOVAL OF THE OPTIC LOBES

M. Balkenohl I)

In carabid beetles (Carabus problematicus) the optic lobes could be successfully removed by means of a new method of opening the head capsule. Beetles, which were sham-operated on both sides or lobectomized on one side, are synchronized by light-dark-cycles (12/12 hours). In constant darkness such specimens mostly exhibit a free- running rhythm of activity. After bilateral extirpation of the optic lobes, however, the animals are always ape- riodically active when exposed to light-dark-cycles or to constant darkness. Consequently, it can be supposed that in carabid beetles - like in cockroaches and crickets - "master clocks", controlling the circadian rhythm of locomotion, are localized in the optic lobes. In the aperiodic activity patterns relevant correlative relations between successive activity bursts and rest pauses are miss- ing. However the frequency distributions of the length of activity bursts and rest pauses frequently exhibit regularities, from which the probabilities for the transition into the alternative state can be computed. Thus, the aperiodic activity patterns of Carabus problematicus can be described by simple stochastical regularities. Activity control by stochastically operating mechanisms wasdescrib- ed in fiddler crabs for the first time, but can be observed in cavernicolous carabid beetles, as well.

l)Zoologisches Institut der Universit~t MGnster Badestr. 9, D-4400 MGnster, FRG

88 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-02 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

PHOTOPERIODIC SYNCHRONISATION OF THE CIRCANNUAL BODY WEIGHT CYCLE OF SPOTTED MUNIA, L ONCHUEA PUNCTULATA

D. Bhatt and A. Chandola I)

Spotted munia, a seasonally breeding, subtropical bird exhibits distinct circannual rhythms in reproduction and associated fattening in continuous illumination (24 L/0D; 27 + 2~ with a period of about ten months. This indi- m cates the involvement of an endogenous component in the regulation of these annual rhythms. The circannual rhythms with a shortened periodicity however, need to be synchro- nised with the calender year to ensure that various annual metabolic events may coincide with the appropriate seasons. The possibility of photoperiod as a synchroniser of one of these rhythms (body weight) was recently investigated. Three groups of 12 adult male birds each were selected. Group I was maintained in 24 L/0D (temperature 27 + 2~ group II in a photoperiodic cycle with a period of half year only (T = 6M). Group III received natural day length (NDL). Body weight was recorded at fortnightly or monthly intervals over a period of 19 to 24 months. Birds on NDL exhibited normal annual cycles and those on 24 L/OD showed free running cycles. Birds on T = 6 month-schedule expe- rienced two fattening cycles in a year. The phase relationship between fattening cycle and photoperiodic cycle changed as a function of the period of the latter. A phase lag of 60 ~ was observed in the fattening cycle. It may therefore be concluded that the fattening cycle of spotted munia is linked to six month photoperiodic cycle and the annual changes in photoperiod at this latidute (25 ~ 18'N

89 latitude, 83 ~ I'E longitude) could act as a synchronizer for the circannual fattening cycle of this bird.

1)Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India

9O Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-03 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198|

DAILY CHANGES IN SYNTHESIS AND ACCUMULATION OF NEUROSECRETION IN THE BRAIN OF THE HOUSE CRICKET

B Cymborows k i I)

The experiments were carried out on the house cricket, Acheta domesticus L. reared in LD 12:12 photoperiod at 28~ The levels of neurosecretion synthesis were studied by means of autoradiography using 35S-cysteine as a pre- cursor for the neurosecretory proteins. It was found that the maximal incorporation of 35S-cysteine by the neurosecretory cells of pars intercerebralis of the brain occurs during the light period at about mid- day, that is, during the low locomotor activity of the insects investigated. During the same period, staining of neurosecretory cells with paraldehyde fuchsin indicated a low level of neurosecretion. During the dark period, when the crickets are very active, the incorporation of 35S-cysteine by the neurosecretory cells of the brain is at its lowest level and the degree of accumulation of neurosecretion reaches its highest value. l)Department of Invertebrate Physiology Warsaw University 93, Zwirki i Wigury 02-089 Warszawa, Poland

91 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-04 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

SOLAR CYCLE AND DROUGHT IN SAHEL

H. Faure I) and J.Y. Gac 2)

Though statistical treatments show generally no clear correlation between solar activity and rainfall, in several areas of the world a possible relation between certain climatic factors and sunspot cycle has been claimed. In Africa, Sahel, along the 14~ ~ parallel has suffered during this century three major droughts. They hap- pened during time intervals of about 1910-1914, 1940-1945, 1969-1976, that all include a minimum sunspot activity. The years of wet conditions cover a longer period than drought, they show more or less apparent double maxima between two droughts. These maxima are close to sunspot minima. Since 76 years the mean return time of the seven maxima and minima is of 10.3 years. This possible sun- climate relation is shown on a smoothed annual module of river runoff (Fig.).

References FAURE H., J.Y. GAC (1981): Sahelian drought to end in 1985? (Nature, 291 (in print) GAC J.Y., H. FAURE (1981): Recherches sur les cycles d'aridification du Sahel (projet CYCLARID). Bull. Assoc. Sci. Et. Quatern., 60-61. CYCLARID project and P.I.C.G. 146 publication.

92 2GOt ...... ]200

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l)Laboratoire de G~ologie du Quaternaire Facult~ des Sciences de Luminy - CNRS - Case 907, 13288 Marseille'C&dex 9, France 2)Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (ORSTOM) , B.P. 1386, Dakar, S&n~gal

93 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-05 Congress of Biometeorolegy D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck |98!

ANALYSIS OF OSCILLATORY PLANT TRANSPIRATION II

I. Gumowski 1)

Oscillatory plant transpiration has been observed in numerous plants, and it is now believed to be a common rather than an exceptional phenomenon. It is related directly to cyclic variations of stomatal aperture and indirectly to the water content of guard, subsidiary and meso- phyll cells. A hydraulic-elastic model of the water transport was formulated in 1972 (COWAN) without specifiying ex- plicitly the forces responsible for the upward movement of water. It was shown (this author, 9th Int. Cycle Res. Symp., Trier, 1980) that at least for small plants (less than about 20 cm in height) the required water transport can be accounted for entirely by the biologically passive forces of capillarity and transpiration-cohesion. Biologically active forces (pumping) apparently do exist, but in small plants they play a minor rSle. The equations resulting from the action of passive forces are analyzed and the theoretically determined steady states are compared with published experimental results (A. JOHNSSON and collabora- tors, "Oscillatory transpiration of water uptake of Avena plants" Physiol Plant , Part I: 28:40-50 (1973); Part II: 28:341-345 (1973); Part III: 31:112-118 (1974); Part IV: 3--1:311-322 (1974); Part V: 32:258-267 (1974); Part VI: 42: 379-386 (1978). The waveforms of these oscillations have the same shape when the plant does not suffer from stress.

1)Dynamic systems Research Group University of Toulouse 3 118, Route de Narbonne 31000 Toulouse, France

94 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-06 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

CHRONOBIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN TETEAHYMENA

R. Hardeland i), E. Quentin, J. K~mmerer, C. Schubert, P. Braking, G. Holzapfel, W. Volknandt, and S. Salice-Stephan

Circadian and ultradian rhythms were investigated in a strain of TetrahFmena pyriformis syngen I carrying a ho- mozygous gene for cycloheximide resistance in the micronu- cleus; this genetic situation enabled us to recognize, and therefore, to exclude genotypic changes due to mating. As known from investigations by Ch. F. EHRET and co-workers, Tetrahymena can oscillate either With an ultradian or a circadian period, depending on nutritional and respiratory conditions. We demonstrate that transitions between ultradian and circadian rhythmicities do not only occur in cell division, but also in tyrosine aminotransferase activity. A methodological problem arises in the control of circadian conditions, since acceleration of growth causes a switch to ultradian rhythmicity, whereas transitions to the stationary phase lead to trends in the measured functions, which are accompanied by instabilities in apparent phases of maxima. Sub-stationary cells exhibit circadian rhythms in protein synthesis, succinate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and tyrosine aminotransferase activities; only small variations were observed, however, in acid phos- phatase activity. In sub-stationary cultures, we found a circadian rhythm in microsomal membrane fluidity. This was measured by polarization fluorometry, using two different membrane probes, 8-anilinonaphthalene sulphonic acid and N-phenylnaphthylamine. The rhythm in fluidity was accompanied by changes in the temperature-dependence of fluidity. i)Zoologisches Institut der Universit~t, Berliner Str. 28 D-3400 G6fitingen, FRG

95 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-07 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

ASSESSMENT OF SPACE AND TIME DISTRIBUTION OF PHOTOSYNTHE- TICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION (PAR) IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS

A. Ho~evar 1), J. Rakovec 2) and Z. Petkov~ek 2)

A method of estimating time and space distribution of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in mountainous areas is presented. In it the published physical model (HOCEVAR and RAKOVEC 1979), using as input data, viz. global radiations, sunshine radiation, cloudiness, cloud genera, transmission coefficients of the atmosphere and topography, is combined with data on the distribution of fog and air pollution. Examples of the assessment of PAR (hourly and daily amounts) at particular sites are given on the basis of the following steps: First, short wave irradiance is obtained using the model (HOCEVAR and RAKOVEC 1977) for locations with data on sunshine duration and cloud genera. From its value PAR is evaluated using BRITTON and DODD's results (1976). These values, combined with data on the distribution of fog and air pollution, gave the space distribution of PAR in Slovenia (Northwestern part of Yugoslavia) obtained by the horizontal surface (Fig. I). A rough value of PAR at a particular site is obtained from the mentioned map. Refinement of this value regarding the particular site is then obtained as the product of the rough value of PAR and the coefficient depending on the topographical characteristics of the site (orientation, in- clination, features of its horizon) and time during the year.

96 Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of PAR in Slovenia gained by horizontal surface in a typical day of July

1)Edvard Kardelj's University of Ljubljana Agronomy Department Jamnikarj eva 101 61000 Ljublj ana 2)Edvard Kardelj's University of Ljubljana Physics Department, Chair of Meteorology A~kr~eva 12 6100 Lj ublj aria

97 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-08 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION OF AN ESTROUS CYCLE --- LH SURGE IN ESTRADIOL-INFUSED OVARIECTOMIZED RATS

S. Inou~ I) and M. Wada

Dynamic relations between the circulating estrogen and the hypophyseal secretion in the estrous cycle were investigated by replacing the ovaries by an infusion pump in freely moving rats. Adult female rats of the Sprague-Daw- ley strain, 70-90 days old, were ovariectomized at 0850- I000 at certain stages of the estrous cycle, and simultaneously infused with estradiol (20.8 ng/75 ~i propylene glycol/h up to 120 h)through a cannula chronically inserted into the jugular vein. They were maintained in an air-conditioned room under LD 12:12 (L: 0800-2000). At 6-h intervals, rats were killed to take trunk blood for radioimmu- noassay of serum gonadotropins and to weigh some endocrine and reproductive organs. Rats ovariectomized at the second day of diestrus showed a sharp rise in LH 36 h after the initiation of estradiol infusion, when the proestrous surge might occur in normal rats. Females ovariectomized at es- trus demonstrated a similar LH rise 84 h after the initiation of estradiol infusion. This timing also exactly ac- corded with the presumptive LH surge if rats had been kept intact. During the other periods, blood levels of LH were very low, exhibiting a slight circadian rise at 2030-2200. Ovariectomized rats infused with propylene glycol only showed a gradual rise of gonadotropin secretion, never reaching the surge level. LH secretory pattern in estradiol- infused females ovariectomized at proestrus is being studied. Thus, constant supply of estradiol without progesto- gen could induce at least one 4-day cyclic LH surge. 1)Institute for Medical and Dental Engineering Tokyo Medical and Dental University 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101, Japan 98 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-09 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE RESPONSE OF A CIRCADIAN RHYTHM TO PHOTOPERIOD EXTENSION I)

B. Jilge 2)

The caecotrophy rhythm (c.r.) proved to be useful to elaborate some chronobiological characteristics of the rab- bit (e.g. JILGE 1979a, b; 1980a, b, c; 1981). Electronical- ly monitored this parameter is well suited for long-term investigations. A tandem experiment was carried out with two groups of adult male rabbits of the Chbb:Hm stock from which information was expected on the entrainment of the c.r. with 6 different LD-ratios. In this experiment we extended the photoperiod in two different ways: (a) by advancing the onset of the photoperiod 5 times for 2 hours each, the time of "light off" remaining constant (n : 15 rabbits) and (b) by delaying the end of the photoperiod 5 times for 2 hours each, the time of "light on" remaining constant (n = 12 rabbits). We allowed the animals at least 45 days to adapt to each schedule. Of special interest were the questions how the c.r. was affected by the onset and the length of the photoperiod and how the bimodal c.r. was altered by the extension of the photoperiod. The phase relation between the onset of the c.r. and either the onset or the midpoint of the photoperiod in experiment a differed significantly from that of experiment b. The phase angle difference at the respective LD ratio was less negative when the light onset was advanced as compared to delaying the "light off" signal. In experiment a with "light off" remaining constant, the dark fraction of the bimodal pattern remained almost constant whereas

99 in experiment b both components of the bimodal pattern were shifted though at a different rate. These results provide further insight in the control of the circadian caecotrophy rhythm by onset, duration and end of the photoperiod and confirm the coupled pacemaker- model of Pittendrigh and Daan (1976).

1)Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 2)University of Ulm, Laboratory Animal Facilities P.O. Box 4066, D-7900 Ulm, FRG

100 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-IO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

DIURNAL REGULATION OF TRANSLATIONAL CAPACITY IN RAT LIVER

H.F. Kru~ 1) and R. Hardeland 1)

Polysomal messenger RNA of rat liver microsomal fractions was translated in a hepatic in vitro system containing, among other components, Sephadex G25 eluate. 3H leu- cine incorporation was measured both in overall protein and in integral membrane proteins prepared from microsomal membranes by treatment with EDTA and 2 M LiC1. Measurement of protein synthesis in microsomes from different phases of the diurnal cycle in the presence of Sephadex G25 eluate from a single time of day revealed diurnal rhythmicities in overall and membrane proteins. Major maxima appeared in the dark phase. Pre-incubations of microsomes with hetero- logous 105,000-g-supernatants from different diurnal phases indicated the existence of a cytosolic control factor varying within the daily cycle. This was confirmed by in- cubating microsomal preparations from a single time of day with Sephadex G25 eluates from various phases. The degree of stimulation of overall and membrane protein syntheses exerted by the eluates was found to change rhythmically. Our results suggest that the diurnal rhythms of protein synthesis are not only depending on messenger RNA concentration, but also on the concerted action of a cytosolic control mechanism.

1)Zoolog. Institut der Universit~t G~ttingen Berliner Str. 28 D-5400 G6ttingen, FRG

101 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-ll Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

CIRCADIAN LEAF MOVEMENTS IN OXALIS REGNELLII INDUCED BY DIFFERENT LIGHT QUALITIES

J.M. Kumkel)

Circadian leaf movements in Oxalis are damped by continuous white light. In contrast, light-intensity steps initiate and determine phase relations and amplitude of the movement. To test the stimulating influence of different light qualities, the plants were released to continuous white light of 150 lux (or 500 lux, resp.) to provide damping of the rhythm. To this basic white light, LD-sche- dules of monochromatic light 12:12 (0,17 mW.cm -2 : O) were added. By this method the influence of light-off and light- on of monochromatic light could be studied avoiding self- excitation in the case of physiological darkness. We obtained two results from these experiments: (1) Direct induction of the circadian leaf movement, i.e., acceleration of the movement and determination of the phase, can be attained only by light-intensity steps with wavelengths below 500 rim. This is valid within 404 nm to 734 nm. (2) Although not initiating a direct acceleration of the movement, far-red (734 nm) enhances the tendency of self-excitation of the free-running oscillation. Thus, the damping influence of continuous white light is lowered by far-red.

l)Institut fGr Botanik und Pharmazeutische Biologie der Universit~t Erlangen-NGrnberg SchloSgarten 4 D-8520 Erlangen, FRG

1_02 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR- 1 2 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

CYCLES OF SOLAR FLARES

T. Landscheidt 1)

Energetic solar flares are a sharper criterion of solar-terrestrial relations than sunspots (DIEMINGER). Rela- tions between flares and terrestrial phenomena have been established in the following fields: atmospheric electric variations (COOPER); atmospheric conductivity (HAYS, HOLZ- WORTH, MOZER, ROBLE); atmospheric circulation changes (SCHUURMANS); increase in air-earth current density (COBB, REITER); cloud electrification, rainfall (MARKSON); thun- derstorm incidence (MUIR); stratospheric intrusion through radionuclides (REITER); reliability of weather forecasts (REITER, SCHERHAG); PICCARDI-effect (BECKER); tree potential variation (BURR); traffic accidents (REITER); birth- rate (REITER); tuberculosis mortality (DUELL); leucopenia, lymphocytosis (SCHULZ). Regarding these diverse connections as well as the importance of energetic flares for manned space travel, short- wave communication, and the function of microprocessor systems, these should provide a strong motivation for research on short range cycles of flare activity. Recent investigations revealed flare cycles the active phase of which covers only several weeks. They are related to special phases of the sun's oscillatory motion about the center of mass of the solar system. A long range forecast based on these cycles showed a highly significant reliability. The respective forecasts covering whole years were checked by GLEISSBERG, PFLEIDERER, WOHL et al. and yielded X 2 (i degree of freedom) = 22.4; P = .000016 for the years 1979 and 1980. i) Im Dorfe 14, D-2804 Lilienthal-Klostermoor, FRG

103 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-13 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mue!ler,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

SOLAR OSCILLATION, FLARE PATTERN, RISE OF LEUCOPENIA, AND CYCLE OF LOCUST PLAGUES

T. Landscheidt 1)

t 1 Strong impulses of the torque AL = I t T(t) dt driving the sun's oscillatory motion about the center of mass of the solar system (CM) are in phase with a secular cycle of solar activity of 79.46 years the amplitudes of which are proportional to the strength of AL. Rare periods of extremely weak activity like the MAUNDER Minimum solely occur when AL exceeds a high threshold value (Journ. Interdisc. Cycle Res. 1981, 1). The strongest impulse of the torque since 1664 occured in 1951. It was not only in phase with a high maximum in the secular cycle, but was also followed by a unique flare pattern which lasted for six years. While the sun was con- stantly moving away from CM at a relatively high velocity, the positions of bright flares concentrated on that side of the sun which faced this cosmic direction, independently of the sun's rotation on its axis. The frequency of flare positions in the direction pointing away from CM reached more than twice the frequency in the opposite direction (X 2 (1 degree of freedom) = 156). Synchronous with this special flare feature released by a strong AL - event, a spectacular rise in leucopenia was observed. Data going back to the 6th century show clearly that there is a regular coincidence of massive locust invasions with impulses of the torque AL of any strength and which allows a dependable forecast of locust outbreaks. I) Im Dorfe 14, D-2804 Lilienthal-Klostermoor, FRG

104 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-14 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

CIRCADIAN EVALUATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW IN SUBJECTS AT DIFFERENT VASCULAR RISK LOAD

B. Tarquini, F. Calzolari, P. Cinelli and V. de Leonardis I)

The progression of atherosclerosis is not inevitable. It may be prevented, arrested or reversed at least up to certain points of development, by changes in the interplay of risk factors. Some of these may also influence the lo- calization of the process. With such aims, arm blood flows were measured by strain-gauge plethysmography on subjects at different vascular risk load (juvenile-type diabetes, diabetes and obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipidemia and hypertension, scleroderma etc.). Blood flows were measured by means of the conventional hand extrapolat- ion of the derivative on the volume plots and expressed in ml/min/100 ml tissue. The data were collected 4 times during the day; each time 20-25 measurements (one every minute) were performed in order 6o obtain a circadian profile of about 100 measurements for each subject. Rhythmometric (single cosinor) analysis detects: (a) highly significant (p

THE CIRCADIAN ACTIVITY RHYTHM OF THE CARABID BEETLE PTEROSTICHUS NIGRITA PAYKULL WITHIN DIFFERENT POPULATIONS FROM SUBARCTIC, TEMPERATE, AND MEDITERRANEAN LATITUDES

G. Leyk I)

The locomotor activity rhythm of the Carabid beetle ~terostichus nigrita Paykull within several populations from different geographic regions (Lapland 64-66 ~ N, Cen- tral Europe 51 ~ N, Southern Europe 45 ~ N) was further investigated and compared. Light-dark cycles with periods ranging between 8 and 36 hours revealed different reactions of the populations. Interpretations with respect to the underlying control systems are discussed. In general, the activity rhythms of the subarctic beetles are more unstable under Zeitgeber conditions than those of the Central European and Mediterranean animals. Therefore crossbreedings of the Lapland stock with the Cologne stock and of the Lapland population with the Medi- terranean stock were investigated with respect to the stability of their entrainment under Zeitgeber conditions. Furthermore, the behaviour of different populations under temperature cycles with constant illumination was studied and compared. The time series analysis was performed withthe computer routine "Timesdia". Subroutines such as power spectrum estimation, periodogram analysis, complex demodula- tion, and signal averaging techniques were applied to the data.

l)Zoologisches Institut der Universit~t zu K~In Lehrstuhl fGr Physiologische Gkologie, Weyertal 119 D-5000 K~ln 41, FRG

106 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-16 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

CYCLIC AND VIBRATIONAL CHANGES OF THE EARTH'S GRAVITATIONAL AND GEOMAGNETIC FIELDS

N.-A. M~rner I)

I have previously shown that the climatic fluctuations during the last 35,000 years followed frequency-changing "cycles". Numerous earth scientists report "constant" cycles although their observational data do, in fact, not show so unless a constant cyclicity is used as an a priori assumption. Naturally, the "consistency" cannot be used both as an assumption and a result. At about 4000 BP (the Subboreal/Subatlantic transition) to 2500 BP, numerous fluctuating records show drastic changes in frequency (and amplitude). This must represent a major change in some basic parameter. The short period eustatic fluctuations in Europe are closely linked to simultaneous geomagnetic field changes, and exhibit a close correlation with various climatic records. Obviously, they are driven by the same primary factor. Most probably, this is gravity, as M~RNER has shown that the global eustatic fluctuations during the last 6500 years are caused by geoid changes (and not glacial fluctuations). This parameter has a clear regional validity. Simi- lar correlations but with quite ohter frequency and amplitudes (and even opposite sign) are recorded in other regions. This provides evidence of major non-global regional systems of fluctuations. This is a novel concept, but nice- ly explains the differences recorded over the globe despite firm regional correlations. This is well-established for the I02-I03 yr cycles, is well recorded for the 104 yr cycles, is recorded for

107 the short period changes and, in a somewhat different form, for the long term 106-107 yr changes (latitudinal gravitational waves migrating up and down the globe). Gravity and magnetism are also linked to numerous other variables (atmospheric, biologic, chemical, medical, etc.) and may thus open new possibilities of explanations in a wide variety of different fields.

References For further information, see articles by the author, e.g.: Journal of Geology 84:123-151 (1976). J. Interdiscipl. Cycle Res. 8:207-210 (1977). CNES Colloque Intern. "Evolution of planetary atmospheres and climatology of the Earth", Paris 1978: 221-232. "Earth Rheology, Isostasy and Eustasy" (N.-A. M~rner, ed.), Wiley & Sons 1980: 535-555. Cretaceous Research 1:529-540 (1980). m Geologische Rundschau 70:691-702 (1981). Annales Geophysique, Paris 1981: 115-125.

1)Geological Institute, Stockholm University Box 6801 S-11386 Stockholm, Sweden

108 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-]7 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

STATISTICAL STUDY AND MODELLING OF A BIOLOGICAL OSCILLATOR: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

P. Baconnier I), G. Benchetrit 2), J. Demongeot 2) and T. Pham Dinh 2)

The aim of this study is the analysis and the modelling of the respiratory rhythm. Several series of experimental data have been obtained, which concern the entrainment of the respiratory system by an external respirator. The last consists essentially of a pump forcing the respiration of an animal on which one registers the phrenic activity. There exist in the literature models of oscillators generating biological rhythms. The Van der POL oscillator, for example has been proposed as a model of respiratory rhythm. Our aim is to try to build a non linear Oscillator capable of explaining the entrainment phenomenon, on the basis of the comparison between the behaviour of the theoretical oscillator and the experimental characteristics revealed by the data. We propose: - A qualitative approach consisting of finding the con- figuration of isochrons which is in the best agreement with the experimental data. - A comparative study of the phase response curve of the proposed model and the experimental oscillators, based on simulation and statistical analysis.

1)40 Av. La Bruy~re 38100 Grenoble, France 2)Math@matigues Appliqu@es, Universit~ de Grenoble BP 53 X, 38041 Grenoble C~dex, France

109 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-18 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

CIRCANNUAL VARIATIONS IN THE FREQUENCY OF SOME DISEASES OF THE ORAL MUCOSA

L. Poellmann 1)

The aim of this study is to determine the rSle of seasons of the biological year in oral mucosa diseases. For this purpose a large number of patients of the Maxillo- Facial Department, all young men, have been examined. APHTHOUS ULCERS (n=209) are registered predominantly in March/April and August/September/October. HERPES SIM- PLEX (n=162) had been observed mostly in the same months. The ERYTHEMA EXSUDATIVUM MULTIFORME (n=27) roughly occurs in the same months. The CERVICO-FACIAL ACTINOMYCOSIS (n=31) had been revealed mostly in August/September/October, but there is also a smaller peak of frequency in February. In contrast the ACUTE NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE GINGIVI- TIS (n=72) showed a large peak of frequency in winter (November - March). It might be postulated that viral diseases are observed mainly in spring and autumn, while bacterial diseases are found predominantly in the other seasons.

1)Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Postfach 1220 D-T900 Ulm, FRG

110 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-19 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

ROLE OF PHOTORECEPTORS IN THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF THE CIRCADIAN LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY RHYTHMS WITH THE LD CYCLE IN COCKROACHES (PERIPLANETA AMERICANA)

C. Rivault i)

The possible role of different kinds of photoreceptors in synchronization of circadian locomotor activity in cockroaches is presently still contradictory. We try to clari- fy the part played by the compound eyes and the ocelli with lesion and black-varnishing experiments. The locomotor activity of isolated animals is automatically recorded in ring-shaped cages equiped with infra-red beams. Circa- dian rhythms are detected by using the WHITTAKER and RO- BINSON periodogram. We obtained the following results: Animals submitted to a shifting of their LD cycle keep the ability to synchronize with the new photocycle when their ocelli are destroyed or black-varnished. When the eyes are destroyed or varnished, animals start free-running or become arhythmic. Animals kept in LL from the eggs and submitted to a photocycle after the operation become rhythmic with ocelli destroyed or black-varnished. With destroyed eyes, they stay arhythmic. Only a few become rhythmic with black- varnished eyes. These results support ROBERTS, NISHIITSUTSUJI-UWO and Pittendrigh, Sokolove and Page results. The two kinds of photoreceptors are not equally powerful in synchronizing the locomotor activity rhythm with the external LD cycle. The compound eyes lead the information to the optic lobes

111 which are considered to be circadian pacemakers. We still need to ask if they are the only circadian pacemakers in the insect brain. l)universit@ Reimes ERA 489 Station Biologique de Paimpont 55580-Pl&lan le Grand, France

112 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-20 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

SYNCHRONIZATION OF DEPOSITION OF DAILY GROWTH LAYERS IN THE CUTICLE OF COCKROACHES BY MOULTING GATING

T. Runte i)

The endocuticle of pterygote insects shows an alter- nation of bright and dark layers depending on different orientation of chitin-microfibrills. In many insects the growth of the layers is organized in a daily manner; on each day a bright and a dark layer is deposited. This diurnal organization satisfies two conditions of circadian rhythms: persistence in constant conditions and compensa- tion of temperature. In locusts, growth of the cuticle is also synchronized by LD, while in cockroaches it does not show stable phase-relation to LD cycles. In cockroaches the deposition of growth layers exhibits strong phase-relation to moulting time. The phase-relation once adjusted during moulting will not be changed afterwards. When in LD and constant temperature, cockroaches of the species Blaberus fuscus do not prefer a special t~me of the day for moulting, an additional temperature cycle (26~176 induces a moulting rhythm, that up to now has been unknown in cockroaches. Transience and persistence of the rhythm in constant conditions point to the gating by an endogenous oscillator. The maximum of moults takes place in the centre of the cold, dark phase. Because of the strong phase- relation between moulting rhythm and growth rhythm the latter is also synchronized with environmental cycles. In a synchronized population the bright layers with helicoi- dal orientation of the microfibrills are deposited in the centre of the warm, light period, that is the resting time of the cockroaches. Thus moulting rhythm realizes a con-

113 stant phase-relation between the cuticle growth and the LD and therewith internal synchronization with locomotion periodicity and - possibly - metabolic rhythms.

lJZoologisches~ Institut der Universit~t MGnster Badestr. 9 D-4400 MGnster, FRG

114 Abstract Volume. 9th Internation~l ICR-21 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

CIRCANNUAL CHANGES IN THE TOTAL GONADOTROPHIC POTENCY IN RELATION TO GONADAL ACTIVITY IN THE FRESHWATER CATFISH CLARIA BATRACHUS (LINN.)

l.J. Singh and T.P. Singh 1)

Increased gonadotrophic potency in either sex of Cla- rias batrachus was observed from March to August. Changes in gonasomatic index and gonadal p32 uptake were similar to the changes observed in the gonadotrophic levels. The peak periods of total lipid and cholester61 contents (mg/ gonad) of gonads were recorded in July for female and in August for male. Concentrations of lipid (mg/g wet weight of gonad) and cholesterol (mg/100 g wet weight of gonad) in ovary increased significantly from May to August but, on the contrary, concentrations of lipid and cholesterol in testis registered low levels from March to September. Low level of ovarian lipid concentration was noticed from September to April and that of cholesterol from October to March. But testicular lipid and cholesterol concentrations were high during the same period when their values were low in ovary. It appears that the increase in gonadotrophic potency during prespawning and spawning phases of the annual reproductive cycle was associated with simultaneaous increase in gonosomatic index, gonadal p32 uptake and rise in gonadal lipid and cholesterol contents. Variations in concentrations (per unit) of ovarian lipid and cholesterol were also similar to those of gonadotrophic changes. But changes in testicular lipid and cholesterol concentrations (per unit) did not coincide with those of ovarian and their values were high during postspawning and resting phases when

115 gonadotrophin and ovarian lipid and cholesterol concentrations were low.

1)Fish Endocrinology Laboratory Department of Zoology Banaras Hindu University Varanasi-221005, India

116 Abstract Volume. 9th International ICR-22 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

ON THE MECHANISM OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CLOCKS AND ON ADAPTATION OF ORGANISMS TO PHOTO- AND THERMO-PERIODIC SIGNALS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT1)

E. Wa~qer 2) and M.G. Holmes 2)

Cells and organisms show periodic behaviour in response to rhythmic signals from the physical environment. The organisms themselves display metabolic oscillations which are the manifestation of the physiological clock which is considered as a characteristic of life itself. The perception and transduction of environmental signals into the metabolic network leads to adaptation by synchronization with the external time cues. The physiological clock is conceived as a circadian rhythm in energy metablolism. Its mechanism possibly involves a compensatory control oscillation between glycoly- sis, oxidative phosphorylation and the oxidative pentose- phosphate-cycle. In plants the reductive pentose-phosphate cycle is coupled to the other systems of energy transduction. The internal coupling of the metabolic pathways as well as the transduction of the environmental signals is most likely achieved through changes in nucleotide and ionic ratios. Thus nucleotides and ions could function as secondary messengers in transduction and amplification of signals. This regulatory concept is supported by the observation of photo-control of NAD-kinase and adenylate kinase isozymes. In the case of NAD-kinase the Ca 2+- cal- modulin amplifier system is als.o involved. Of great importance for this regulatory network is the participation of ambiquitous enzymes which can change their compartmenta- tion depending on the metabolic situation (e.g. glyceral-

117 dehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases and adenylate kinase isozymes). The structural and functional principles for the physiological oscillators are supposed to be the same as those underlying MITCHELL's chemiosmotic theory of energy.

1)Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 2)Institut fGr Biologie II, Universit~t Freiburg Sch~nzlestr. 1 D-7800 Freiburg, FRG

118 S E C T I 0 N 4: BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC, MAGNETIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

Chairpersons: Dr. R. Reiter I) Prof. J.R. Lott 2)

1)Fraunhofer-lnstitut fGr Atmosph~rische Umweltforschung Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, D-8100 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, FRG 2)Department Biological Sciences, North Texas State University, Denton, Tx, 76201, USA

119 Abstract Volume. 9th International ELF-OI Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck |98!

THE EFFECT OF ELECTRICAL FIELDS ON MAN

O. Albrechtsen I)

Earlier investigations show an influence of electrical fields or of pulsed electrical fields on animals and on man. Another study by the author indicates an influence on mental performance of man. An investigation of the influence of electrical fields upon performance in typing was carried out. The basic field was vertical, directed downwards, 140 V/m overlaid by a I0 Hz pulsed field of +--40 V/m. Fifteen skilled subjects worked during several whole days in a climate chamber at very nearly thermally comfortable conditions. Some days or half-days the artificial electrical field was on, and similar periods of time without field were used for comparison. During typing normal text, the quantity of work and the number of failures were recorded, and compa- risons were made between performances in periods with the electrical field and in periods without electrical field. No difference was found between performance under the electrical field condition and without field. This result is discussed and compared with results of other investigations. Also plans for further studies will be discussed. l)Laboratory of Heating and Air Conditioning Technical University of Denmark Bygning 402 DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark

120 Abstract Volume. 9th International ELF-02 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE EFFECT OF 10 AND 27 KHZ-ATMOSPHERICS ON THE DIFFUSION OF IONS IN GELATIN MEMBRANES

H. Baumer I) and J, Eichmeier 2)

Die Komplexit~t von Biologie und Meteorologie verlangt zur Erforschung des Kausalzusammenhanges ein vereinfachtes System, biochemisch den Vorg~ngen der Biologie entspre- chend, technisch-physikalisch beliebig reproduzierbar. Ein derartiges System steht im Tiefdruckverfahren der grafi- schen Industrie zur VerfGgung. Das Tiefdruckverfahren ver- wendet Gelatinemembran-Bildtr~ger, deren Bildinhalte in der MolekGlverzahnung der Polypeptidketten und Membran- dicke vorliegen. Diese Gelatine ist aus den Kollagentypen I und 3 hergestellt und entspricht Poly-Prolin-Helices. In die Zwischenr~ume der MolekGlgruppen sind Eisenoxydpar- tikel eingebaut, an die Aminos~uren Glutamin- und Aspara- gins~ure Chrom-drei angelagert, wodurch die Gelatine- schicht fGr die Lichtwellenl~nge 420 nm lichtempfindlich wird. Die photonenbremsenden Eisenoxydpartikel erzeugen die Bildinhalte als Speicherrelief, die ChrombrGcken als MolekGlverzahnung. Bei Verwendung eines Graukeiles als Bildinhalt entstehen dem Logarithmus der Opazit~t entspre- chende Gelatinmembran-Reliefstufen und -MolekQlverzahnun- gen. Bei der anschlieSenden Ionenwanderung von Eisen, Kup- fer, Chlor quillt das GelatinegerGst. Dies ergibt die den Ionenarten entsprechenden PorengrG~en, da sich die Ca-Kohlen- stoffatome der Polypeptidstruktur drehen. Das Ma~ der Ver- ~nderung der Winkel ist ein MaS fGr die Diffusionsf~higkeit. Der magnetische Anteil der Sferics-Impulsstrahlung bestimmt die Drehrichtung der Cm-Kohlenstoffatome. Eine neu- entwickelte Sferics-Empfangsanlage, schmalbandig und r~um-

121 lich geortet, hat in dreij~hriger Dauerregistrierung er- geben, dab eine Impulsstrahlung von 10kHz (horizontale Luftmassenschichtung) eine niedrige Quellung, kleine Po- renGffnung und schlechte Diffusion bewirkt. Eine 27kHz Im- pulsstrahlung (vertikale Luftmassenschichtung) erzeugt eine hohe Quellung, gro~e PorenGffnungen und gutes Diffu- sionsverhalten. Dieses Quellverhalten ist in einer Magneto- striktion meRtechnisch nachzuweisen.

1)Bruckmann KG Nymphenburgerstr. 86 D-8000 Mflnchen 19, FEG 2)Lehrstuhl fflr Techn. Elektronik, TU Mflnchen Arcisstr. 2~ D-8000 MGnchen 2, FRG

122 Abstract Volume. 9th International ELF-03 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

DO LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS STIMULATE TAKE-OFF IN LOCUSTS?

J.E. Bergh I)

Migrating locusts follow the winds to areas of convergence, where the probability of rain is high and thus the conditions exist for survival of eggs and nymphs. In 1978 the author presented a hypothesis that low frequency electromagnetic radiation from the areas of convergence stimulates take-off behaviour in locusts, thereby increasing their chances of reaching these areas. Results from pilot studies on the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.), support the idea that take-off activity is influenced by a meteorological factor or complex of factors which can be detected by the locusts inside a wooden building with controlled temperature, rel. humidity and light conditions. In order to find out if VLF-ELF electromagnetic fields could work as a take-off stimulus, experiments to compare take-off rates in a shielded and an unshielded room are planned for 1981. The electromagnetic low frequency signals will be recorded simultaneously.

1)University of Uppsala Department of Entomology Box 561 S-75122 Uppsala, Sweden

123 Abstract Volume. 9th International ELF-O4-PO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

PROTECTION AGAINST MAGNETIC AND LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

Carmen Capel-Boute I)

Although the geo-magnetic field shows a maximum of 0.5 0e, occupational medicine has not yet been faced by any acute events that might be related to the increasing use of magnetic fields of very high intensity in research and industry (up to 10 50e). The possibility of damaging effects in man and the necessity of protective measures are seriously considered nevertheless. A search of literature shows a certain consensus with regard to proposed field-strength limitations depending on time of exposure under stationary magnetic fields. The damping of magnetic fields or low-frequency electro-magnetic fields by means of screening is technically difficult and expensive. Our knowledge is insufficient to determine damage thresholds, particularly for long-term exposure or with differently variable fields. Effect on man, as well as on other living organisms, may be related to effects of such physical environmental factors on water, these acting as "triggers" in the kinetics of chemical and biological reactions. This mechanism also'permits an explanation of the qualitative non-reproducibility of some results and the lack of proportion to the energies used. These facts support the assumption of desynchronization effects in the adaptation mechanisms of living organisms to natural environmental disturbances. The need for suitable bio-indices for long-term observation is thus justified also in occupational medicine for the necessary classification of individuals, in order to

124 avoid exposure of sensitive people to prolonged abnormal conditions. l)International Committee for Research and Study of Environmental Factors (CIFA) B.P. 196, University of Brussels 50 Av. F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

125 Abstract Volume. 9th International ELF-05 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

IMMUNOSTIMULATION BY ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES COMPARED WITH EFFECTS OF HYPERTHERMIA

R. Pautrizel I) A. Priore P. Chateaureynaud-Duprat I) and A.N. Pautrizel

Simultaneous action of several electromagnetic waves (9,4 GHZ - i7 MHz) and a nearly constant magnetic field induce an intense stimulation of the protection mechanisms in host infested with Trypanosoma equiperdum. Some experimental results suggest that immunostimulation has no connexion with hyperthermic effect caused by microwaves: Experimentally infested mice which are under the apparatus for 6 h/day show a very weak increase of central temperature (- 0.5o). The recovery is achieved by all infested animals. Effect is independent of strain of mouse. Hyperthermia (increasing of central temperature of I ~ to 1.5 ~ can be induced in infested mice when they are put in a heated room (35~ for 6 h/day. In such a room, treated mice die as well as control ones. In such conditions, hyperthermia seems to have no effect on protection mechanisms. ~en mice are kept all the time alone in a heated room, some of them do not die but infection (acute type) becomes a chronic one. Results (whether death or tranformation into chronic infection) depend on the strain of the mice used for experimentation. Transformation from an acute disease into a chronic one may be also obtained in young mice (two weeks old). In contrast, stimulation of protection mechanisms and curing of infested mice are achieved only in mature ani-

126 mals (at least five weeks old) when submitted to electromagnetic waves. l)Laboratoire Immunologie & Biologie Parasitaire Universit~ Bordeaux II 146 Rue L~o Saignat 53076 Bordeaux, France

127 Abstract Volume. 9th International ELF- 06 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

ON THE VARIABLES OF THE NATURAL MAGNETIC FIELDS AND SCHIZOPHRENIA

A.N. Kornetov 1) V.M. Vladimirsky V.P Samokhvalov, A.A. Rudzats and N.A. Kornetov

A prolonged discussion carried out between the adhe- rents of the genetic origin and the advocates of the environmental one on a largely unexplained psychical disease - schizophrenia seemed to have reached a closure in the early sixties in favor of genetics. Until recent only some elementary exogenic harmful effects such as infection, trauma social factors have been primarily considered and dealt with on an indiyidual scale, the role of global outer effects such as solar activity at the population scale being completely disregarded. It was found, e.g., that the passage near the earth sector boundary of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) affects the functioning of the nervous system. This phenomenon may be explained as an influence of disturbances in the earth's electromagnetic background field associated with IMF section boundary upon life processes. The authors have made an attempt to connect the de- livery of schizophrenia cases into psychiatric clinics, as well as some clinical peculiarities of the pathology with the variables of geomagnetic disturbance /At/ and sector structure of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field. A thorough analysis of hospitalization frequency of schizophrenia cases has been carried out during 1974-1975 as well as clinical analysis and setting up "trope" for the heliogeophysical variables of the cases. After we had

128 examined 1098 cases the following resuIts were obtained: (I) Total admission is larger for days with positive polarity of IMF up to factor z 2. (2) For the rural population the day of extremely high admission coincides with the time of passage near the earth sector boundary IMF type " t". (3) No such connection was found for urban population. (4) Enhanced magnetic activity precedes the day with an increased admission of city dwellers and the opposite for country people. (5) More synchronized acute conditions and manifestation of the illness have been observed among the group of cases with affected, catatonic, neurotic, psychopathological and a periodical duration of the symptoms. The opposite reaction of schizophrenia cases to the periods when the sign of IMF sector is changed, as well as to the geomagnetic disturbance dependent on residence, may be connected with the balancing of adaptation mechanisms on the population level. Association of the reaction to these factors with fits of schizophrenia suffered by u.'- ban people is blurred by quite a number of additional factors. "Tropism" to these natural magnetic fields of the "archaic" variants of schizophrenia treatment indicates these variables as being an important component in the evolution of pathological behaviour on the population scale. l)Crimean Medical Institute, Simferopol R. Luxemburg St. 27, USSR

129 Abstract Volume.9th International ELF-O7 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck |98!

RESULTS OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS ON BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL FIELDS

P. Kroeling I), K. Dirnagl 1) and J. Kleinschmidt

In recent years some authors found that the spontaneous motor activity of animals can be influenced by changes in environmental electrical field conditions. They concluded that fields with suitable frequencies have an important bearing on human well-being and health. With an automatic recording unit we have tried during experiments up to 60 days to reproduce reported changes in motor activity of white mice (4 Balb-C mice each exp.) under different electrical field conditions (DC up to 16 KV/m, 10 Hz rectangular AC up to I KV/m). In another experiment 15 office workers have been exposed to a combination of DC and I0 Hz rectangular AC electrical fields (I00 V/m, 5 V/m). Over two periods of weeks, on-off field conditions have been alternated weekly (double-blind). Results: Neither in animal nor in human experiments any evidence for biological effects of the investigated fields has been found.

l)Institut fGr Med. Balneologie und Klimatologie der Universitgt, Marchoninistr. 17 D-8000 MGnchen 70, FRG

130 Abstraat Volume. 9th International ELF-08 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck |98!

WATER UPTAKE AND SHOOT GROWTH IN PLANTS EXPOSED TO EXTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELDS

J.R. Lott 1) and B. Sardarabadi

Using a potometric technique, the water uptake by a single root of an onion plant (Allium cepa) was measured before, during, and following the exposure of the shoot to an external electric field (EEF). Changes in shoot length were also measured. Both AC (60 Hz) and DC EEFs were studied (9,000 V/M). Such field has been reported near over head high-power lines in the USA. The movement of the meniscus in two calibrated glass potometers was followed with a calibrated horizontal microscope. The apparatus had an upper plastic chamber housing the bulb and shoots while the lower portion contained a single root positioned in two potometers. The lower chamber was in the dark and the humidity maintained at near 100% to ne- gate possible drying effects. It was found that neither the AC nor the DC EEF affected the shoot growth over a period of four hours. Moreover, the data reflected no effects of the DC field on water uptake, however, the data did indicate a slight increase in water uptake during and following exposure of the shoots to a 9,000 V/M AC (60 Hz) electric field.

1)Department Biological Sciences North Texas State University Denton, Tx, 76201, USA

131 Abstract Volume. 9th International ELF-09 Congress of Biometeorology D.0verdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE OF SENSITIVITY OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS TO MAGNETIC FIELD IN EXTRA LOW FREQUENCY RANGE (0.01-100 HZ)

V.B. Makeev 1), V.G. Sidjakin 1), N.A. ' Temuryants 2) 1) and B.M. Vladimirsky

Frequency dependence of biological sensitivity to sinusoidal and impulse magnetic fields ("spectrum of action") have been investigated using the tests of cardiovascular, nervous, and blood systems of Vistar line's rat in range of natural geomagnetic micropulsations. The frequencies studied were 0.01-0.1Hz (by step 0.01Hz), 0.1-1 Hz (by step 0.1 Hz), 1.0-14 Hz (by step 1 Hz) and also 20, 26, 32, 44, 55, 67, 75, 80 and I00 Hz. The intensities of the field were 4; 4 x 10 -2 and 4 x 10 -3 a/m for each frequency. Exposure time was 3 hours. All the experiments (about 3000 rats) were made in shielding boxes (one with HELMGHOLZ' ring system, another for control). Inhomogenity of the field in working volume of the rings was not more than 5%. As results of multidimensional statistical analysis with account on circadian and Season biological rythms several active frequencies were found, particularly 0.02, 0.06, 0.5-0.6, 5-6 and 8-II Hz. It was revealed that for different frequencies biological effects can be of different sign. The amplitudes and the directivity of the reaction depend on initial functional state. The largest amplitudes of the reaction have been observed during interval from November till May. Impulse-shaped fields seem to produce greater effects as compared with sinusoidal ones. The dependence between reaction amplitude and field intensity was non- linear and complex.

132 I)M. Frunze State University Simferopol, Crimea, 333036, USSR 2)12-9 Shpolyanskaya St. Simferopol, Crimea, USSR

133 Abstract Volume. 9th International ELF-IO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

INFLUENCE OF EXTRA LOW FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELD UPON NON-SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF RATS

V.B. Makeev I), V.G. Sidjakin 1) N.A. Temuryants 2) and B.M. Vladimirsky I)

Influence of magnetic field, with frequencies 0.02 and 8.0 Hz upon state of nonspecific resistance of rats was studied using intensity of the field 4; 4 x 10 -2 and 4 x 10 -3 a/m. Exposure time was 3 hours. It was found that 0.02 Hz magnetic field caused well-defined increase level of peroxidase (PO) and cation proteins (CP) in the neutrophils of peripheral blood. Increase of concentration of the lysozyme as well as complement activity were observed also. These phenomena take place at the background of leucopenia with the presence of the displacement in leucocyte formula to right. A tendency of increase of concentration of globulin fraction was revealed investigating proteins in plasma blood. Distinct decrease of albumin concentration was noticed as well. So, action of this field results in activation of immunity and intensification of stability of organism. Completely opposite effects have been observed after exposure of rats in 8.0 Hz magnetic field, so decreased immunic stability was found. Level of PO and CP in neutrophils was low and lysozyme and complement were decreased. These changes were accompanied by weak leucocy- tosis without any variations in leucocyte formula. The concentration of albumins was small but globulin concentration was enlarged. A tendency to fall of y-globulin and the decrease of protease activity were noticed. So, different frequencies of the field caused opposite changes in non-specific resistance of organism. It's

134 necessary to take into account these features when one elaborates new methods of therapy using magnetic fields.

I)M. Frunze State University, Simferopol Crimea, 333036, USSR 2)12-9 Shpolyanskaya St., Simferopol Crimea, USSR

135 Abstract Volume. 9th International ELF-f1 Congress of Biometeorology V.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

INFLUENCE OF NATURAL ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, FACTS AND FALLACIES

R. Reiter I)

In an introduction a description is given for the natural components of atmospheric electricity to be taken into account within the scope of the topic. Atmospheric electric fields are not purely constant; they are more or less rapidly fluctuating and erratically changing fields. Further, there are oscillations of electric or magnetic fields with very low frequencies from 8-20 Hz, per- tinent to the range of SCHUMANN resonances (ELF). The paper includes also the known atmospherics +) in the range from some kHz to several I00 kHz, and possibly even into the MHz range. Finally, small ions and electricallY charged aerosols are to be considered. A further chapter provides basic comments on the problem: Prerequisites to "effects" and "applications" of atmospheric electrical parameters. Potential applications may exist for meteorology (sy- nopsis, forecast) and for therapy as well but only when it was definitely proven that specific atmospheric electrical components do have helpful effects on biological systems and harmful effects can safely be excluded at the same time. In addition, atmospheric-electrical components are very useful indicators of biotropic weather situations which are known to have detrimental effects on living organisms. The influencing mechanism is still largely unknown, however.

136 Besides, there are still some other application poten- tialities such as the surveillance of air pollution in regions of clean air by recordings of small ions, lightning counts for assessment of the danger to electric high power lines, and measurements of field strengths prior to take- off of rockets. A subsequent chapter discusses in detail all basic pre- conditions under which electric parameters may have any biological effects at all. Discussed are spatial conditions, i.e. the question of whether and to what extent at the site concerned the respective atmospheric-electrical quantity may reach the biological system altogether (screening effect, for instance), and biological conditions, meaning to What extent the respective atmospheric electrical component can reach the body or penetrate into it. Competing electrical factors of the environment are discussed inasmuch as there exists today almost everywhere a noise of technically induced electrical parameters ("man- made noise") which has to be considered or excluded in experimental studies. At the end a series of conclusions is drawn concerning the implementation and quality of experimental studies on the subject where it is clarified which competing environmental influence factors must be eliminated or at least kept constant and monitored. This includes, for instance, all factors of the common microclimate. A further section gives a survey of presently available and - as it seems - scientifically established results of experiments conducted within the scope of the topic. In summing up it is concluded that biological effects of constant electric fields and of small ions, respectively under conditions as they may occur in nature, are biologically unimportant. In some probability there exists a biological efficacy of low frequency electromagnetic waves which holds for the electric as well as for the mag-

137 netic component. Present results do not show any pathological disturbances from electric or magnetic oscillations in the range from 50 to 60 Hz. A small number of reliable results is available from the region of higher frequencies. If the frequencies are very high (MHz-range) so that thermal effects may occur, we enter technical or medical aspects from the application of such extremely high frequencies. But these are not natural atmospheric constituents. Biological effects from the range of atmospheric electrical factors are usually non-specific physiological reactions which lead by no means to damages or disturbances. Such effects are found for the most part within the range of the normal physiological variation.

+~electromagnetic~ pulses and waves caused by lightning around the globe l)Fraunhofer-Institut fur Atmosph~rische Umweltforschung Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19 D-8100 Garmisch-Partenkirchen

138 Abstract Volume. 9th International ELF-12 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

THE RELATION OF 10 and 27 KHZ - ATMOSPHERICS TO INDIVIDUAL WEATHER-PROCESSES

W. SGnning I)

Records of the pulse rate of atmospherics suggested a particular relationship to the daily weather types after the "Tuebinger" classification scheme *) . Regarding this topic a one-year recording (May 1978 to April 1979) of the hourly 10 and 27 kHz pulse rates has been compared and shown by means of the multiple t-test to be associated with the simultaneous dynamic weather processes corresponding to the "Koenigsteiner" and, on the other hand, with the temperature-humidity-environment (THE) following the "Toelzer" classification scheme. Likewise the daily weather types indicated by these meteorological data were derived by analysing the routine synoptical data valid for southern Bavaria, W-Germany (De- partment for Medical Meteorology at the Weather Office Munich, W-Germany). The receiving aerial and the device for the registration of the atmospherics at 10 and 27 kHz were located in Pfaffenhofe~/Ilm (48.5 N, 11.5 E) and tuned in a maximum distance of 500 kilometers around **) From the meteorological viewpoint the results of the multiple t-tests can be interpreted as follows: (1) atmospherics at 10 kHz are related to horizontal movements of warm air masses under stable or indifferent conditions within the troposphere; (2) atmospherics about 27 kHz are related to the vertical (turbulent) movements in cold air; (3) the rate of 10 kHz pulses correlates with the rate of the horizontal advection;

139 (4) on the other hand, the 27 kHz pulses show a maximum when vertical transfer to high levels occurs under unstable conditions within the troposphere.

*)BAUMER, H. (1978): Die Meteorotropie lichtgegerbter Chromatkolloide in der graphischen Industrie. Manuskript, Fa. F. Bruckmann KG, MGnchen. *~BAUMER, H., J. EICHMEIEE (1980): Eine Anlage zur Re- gistrierung der Atmospherics bei 10 und 27 kHz. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl., A 29:145- 155. l)Deutscher Wetterdienst Wetteramt MGnchen Bavariaring I0 D-8000 Mdnchen 2, FRG

140 Abstract Volume 9th International ELF-13 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

AN OBJECTIVE WEATHER CLASSIFICATION AS A TOOL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATION IN HUMAN BIOMETEOROLOGY

H. Staiger 1)

Mortality and morbidity show seasonal and day-to-day fluctuations of the same order of magnitude. Both can be regarded as being influenced by weather. Extreme conditions in temperature and/or humidity are not able toexplain such short-term differences in mortality because of their in- frequent occurrence in the moderate climate of e.g. Ham- burg. Till now subjective weather classifications have been used in the Federal Republic of Germany to treat this problem, but their suitability for the application in human biometeorology, in particular for statistical analysis, is limited. Based on measured meteorological elements, an objective classification procedure will be described representing the vigorous changes in weather features and which permits the incorporation of the information obtained with the former subjective weather types. According to a procedure of DIRNAGL the deviation of a meteorological element from its behaviour in the previous days (the "meteorological past") is used to assign the weather to distinct types. The idea is that the organism adapts to the physical environment and only in case of rapid changes in weather conditions reacts with misregulations. The "meteorological past" is the weighted mean of an element, e.g. the temperature of the prevous days. The deviation of the temperature at 07.00 h, and the deviation of the relative topography 500/850 mbar from the past, and its vorticity, correspond with changes in the upper air features, especially with the advection of warm

lql or cold air masses, an essential element of the subjective classifications. The most favourable period for a computa- tion of the "past" will be discussed. The relation of these variables with other climatological elements like water vapour pressure, wind components, day-to-day fluctuations of hours of sunshine, and precipitation will be analysed with principal components analysis and multiple regression. Variance spectra of the objective weather types and their spatial validity will be presented. l)An der Esche 38 D-5500 Bonn 1, FRG

142 Abstract Volume. 9th International ELF-14-PO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) 0snabrueck 1981

UNTERSUCHUNGEN 0BER M~GLICHE ZUSAMMENHKNGE ZWISCHEN PHANTOMSCHMERZEN UND DER ATMOSPH~RISCHEN IMPULSSTRAHLUNG IM 5 KHZ-BEREICH I)

J. Pelz 2) and H.J. Swantes 3)

Die mit einem Atmospheric-Analysator vom Typ VLF AA 77 des Heinrich-Hertz-Institutes Berlin im 5 KHz-Bereich ge- messenen Impulsraten wurden oberhalb einer minimalen spek- V tralen Amplitude von etwa 70 H-~ mit den Aufzeichnungen Gber Stumpf- und Phantomschmerzen yon Amputierten vergli- chen. Aufgrund erster Untersuchungen scheinen Stumpfschmer- zen dutch ~nderungen der Impulsraten kaum beeinflu~bar zu sein. Phantomschmerzen korrelieren mit Knderungen der Sfe- ric-Impulsraten im Bereich der gesamten Bundesrepublik Deutschland signifikant. FGr diesen Fall kGnnen alle ande- ren luftelektrischen Erscheinungen mit nur geringer r~um- licher Ausdehnung als Ursache ausgeschlossen werden. Dazu gehGren in erster Linie sprunghafte Knderungen des luftelektrischen Feldes in der N~he yon Gewittern, da diese in Entfernungen von mehr als 100 km kaum noch nachweisbar sind. Es kommen jedoch alle Artender atmosph~rischen Im- pulsstrahlung in Frage, deren Frequenzen im Bereich geringer Ausbreitungsd~mpfung liegen, und die daher eine groSe Reichweite haben. Nach der vorliegenden Fallstudie erschei- nen deshalb die bei 5 KHz im Bereich relativ geringer D~mpfung registrierten Sferics, die beste Korrelation zum Auftreten der Phantomschmerzen zu liefern. Diese Untersuchung bezieht sich auf den Zeitraum vom 50. April his 10. Oktober 1978. Es standen Schmerzmeldun- gen yon 72 Amputierten zur VerfGgung. Sie ist TeilstGck eines vonder Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft gefGrderten

i43 interdisziplin~ren Projektes der Freien Universit~t Berlin (Meteorologisches Institut), des Deutschen Wetterdienstes (Fachgebiet Medizinmeteorologie) und der Universit~t WGrz- burg (Universit~tsnervenklinik).

l)Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 2)Podbieskiallee 62 D-IO00 Berlin 33, FRG 3)Deutscher Wetterdienst, Zentralamt Offenbach Frankfurter Str. 135 D-6050 Offenbach/Main, FRG

144 SECTION 5: ANIMAL BIOMETEOROLOGY

Chairperson: Prof. J.A.J. Sfiolwijk 1)

1)j.B. Pierce Foundation Lab., 290 Congress Avenue New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA

145 Abstract Volume. 9th International AN 1-0 1 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE SKIN OF TROPICAL CATTLE AND ITS ROLE IN ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION

S.F. Amakiri 1)

Morphological and physiological studies on the skin of tropical cattle, maintained under field conditions were initiated with a view to understanding the role of this organ in the adaptation of the animal to the hot humid tropical environment of Southern Nigeria. The results showed that tropical cattle had thinner skin and skin layers, especially the papillary layer than adapting imported animals. Hair follicle depths were also shallower while the hair coats were shorter, stiffer and of more reflective lustre. In the rainy season 15.1% of the hairs were in shedding phases as compared with 11.0% in the dry season. Sweat gland and hair follicle densities and dimensions were generally greater in imported than in tropical cattle. The sweating rate was higher and a higher threshold temperature level for sweat gland stimulation was noted in the tropical than in temperate cattle. Also, the sweat glands of tropical cattle were much more vascularized, and the third plexus of vessels located at the hair papillae/sweat gland level rather than between the sebaceaous and sweat glands as noted in temperate cattle. Arterio-venous anastomoses and various encapsulated thermoreceptors and free nerve endings were also abundant. These studies indicate that the skin of tropical cattle is well designed to adjust the animal to the various environmental conditions of the tropical climate and that under the prevailing conditions of high temperature, humi-

146 dity and solar radiation, these ca~tle dissipate heat mainly through the sweating avenue as against temperate animals in tropical areas which utilize both the sweating and respiratory avenues under similar circumstances. l)Department of Veterinary Anatomy University of Ibadan, Nigeria

147 Abstract Volume. 9th International ANI-02 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198l

EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON BIRTH WEIGHT IN CATTLE

D.F. Dowling 1)

The purpose of this study is to contribute to a better understanding to control birth weight to suit particular environmental conditions. Calving difficulties related to heavy calves have become a real challenge to profitable beef production. Further, losses due to weak calves associated with low birth weight must be solved. Birth weight is controlled genetically subject to environmental influences. BHAT (1977, 3 SABRAO) reported that birth weight of Indicus cattle is low e.g. Sahiwal 19-22 kgs. In Australia under variable environments the figures ranged between 21-23 kgs. However, the large Euro- pean 'lean beef' muscular breeds have birth weights greater than 40 kgs. The effect of the light birth weight factor of Sahiwal is visible. The birth weight of Sahiwal/lean beef crosses and second Sahiwal crosses out of significantly heavier hybrid dams are lower viz. 29+_0.91 in our experiments. Cattle breeds or strains tend to maintain their relative growth rankings over most environments; unless a resistance factor to extremes of climate or stress makes a character essential. For example, ticks and parasites may nullify productivity in non-resistant cattle. So, genetic adaptation, in the broadest sense, is the progression towards a condition of fitness and the condition itself. 'Adapted' cattle have come to mean adapted solely to unfavourable environments, in a survival sense. But adaptation is defined as the action or process of be- coming modified to suit new circumstances. Or in our case

148 with cattle, it refers to the state or condition of adapt- edness, or to the degree of fitness for an environment, or even to a specific character which has a significant effect on fitness. Fitness in a DARWINIAN sense usually means the ability to survive and reproduce in a natural environment, as measured by the number of offspring produced. Calving ease and the vitality of the calf are essential but calving ease is related to low BW which is often related to low viability and growth. Thus ability to survive and reproduce is only one criterion of fitness. It is quite essential also to incorporate fast muscle growth to increase yield. Such genetic adaptations may be very slow indeed. A character combination technology is demonstrated which makes possible the changes required. More efficient cattle, adaptable to the conditions to lower management costs and to increase yields, are in vogue. Clearly, cattle must be able to adjust to the environment and be productive. Calving ease is demonstrated in highly viable calves with fast muscle growth character. The proper genetic and managerial strategies to reduce the adverse effect of environmentalstresses will be discussed.

Reference DOWLING, D.F. (1979), Aust. Vet. J. 55:167

1)Department of Animal Production University of Qld. St. Lucia, Qld., 4067, Australia

149 Abstract Volume. 9th International AN 1-03 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

INFLUENCES OF HEAT STRESS ON EXERCISE-INDUCED REDISTRIBUTION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT IN SHEEP

J.R.S. Hales 1) and A.W. Bell

Radioactive microspheres (15 ~m) have been used to measure the distribution of cardiac output (CO) in five Me- rino ewes at rest and during exercise (walking at 2.6 km h -I up a I0 ~ slope for 30 min) in thermoneutral (TN) (Tdb ~ 16~ and mildly warm (MW) (Tdb z 40Oc, Tw b z 26Oc) environments. Exercise in MW compared with exercise in TN was associated with: (1) no difference in the increase in CO (X 1.6-3.2) or in oxygen consumption (V02) (X 3.1-5.8), although the absolute level of V02 was lower in MW; (2) a greater increase in T c (1.1 versus 0.8~ and decrease in pCO 2 (15 versus 29 torr); (3) a decrease in the percentage of CO perfusing limb skin and myocardium versus no change in TN; (4) a decrease in %C0 to ear skin versus an increase in TN; (5) a smaller decrease in %C0 to stomach, intestines, kidneys, pancreas, salivary glands and tongue; (6) a smaller increase in %C0 to turbinates and some exercising muscles; (7) a greater increase in %C0 to the fat, respiratory and some exercising muscles; (8) no change in the decreased %C0 to the torso skin, spleen or CNS; (9) and no change in the increased % hindlimb blood flow passing through arterio- venous anastomoses. Some of the blood flow increases occurring during exercise were clearly to meet increased energy requirements and to increase heat loss; many of the decreases would permit the required increases with minimal change in CO. Examples of some conflicts between requirements of exercise and ther-

15o moregulation are apparent, e.g. decreased non-respiratory muscle blood flow in MW.

IJC.S.I.R.O.,~ Institute of Animal and Food Sciences P.O. Box 239 Prospect, Blacktown, N.S.W. 2148, Australia

15i Abstract Volume. 9th International ANI-04 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198|

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE GASES FROM PIGGERIES IN THE ENVIRONMENT BY GASCHROMATOGRAPHY I)"

J. Hartung 2) and H.G. Hilliger 2)

(I) The distribution of compounds from the exhaust air of piggeries in the vicinity of the animal houses was investigated by chemical-analytical methods on 17 sampling days with 271 gaschromatographic analyses. No sen- sory data were collected, therefore no results can be given which describe the distribution of odour. (2) In the vicinity of animal houses the Tenax-tube and the temperature-gradient-tube (TGT) are suitable to take air samples, especially to monitor phenolic and sulfureous compounds and to take the FID-"fingerprint". The analysis of the samples is done by a highly sensitve FID- and FPD-GC-system. (3) In these investigations no phenolic compounds were found beyond between 50 m and I00 m downwind from the animal house. At a distance of 50 m the results correspond approximately to the theoretically calculated values according to the formula of SUTTON. (4) Up to about 20 m off the animal house there were recorded higher values for sulfureous compounds and the FID-"fingerprint" than in the rarer environment, that showed a rather constant level of contamination. (5) We observed no distinct influence of the wind velocity but it seems that deviations in the wind direction and turbulences have an important influence on the results obtained, especially if only one sample at a time at one place is taken. 1)Investigations are supported by Commission of EC Brussels 2)Institut fGr Tierhygiene der Tier~rztlichen Hochschule Hannover BGnteweg 17 P D-3000 Hannover 71, FRG

152 Abstract Volume. 9th International AN I-O 5 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE OF YOUNG CATTLE TO CLIMATIC FACTORS

H. Irps I), and F.-J. L8pmeier 2)

Generally housing of livestock involves an amount of living space limited by the technical and economic situation of the livestock farmer. The animals have to accept the conditions. With their behaviour they can adapt themselves to such a system by training and habituation. In the design of housing and associated equipment there are two different forms of animal requirements: (1) Requirements of comfort in the technical and climatic environment. (2) Requirements of mobility which define requirements of space and defines the place requirements and necessary movement. With free choice tests we are able to study the comfort requirement. This report presents first experiences and results of a free choice experiment with young cattle. In an uninsu- lated stable of pole-barn construction we offer our cattle four different floor areas. Moreover an external space was available through some woods to a pasture. We observed the animal behaviour with a TV camera. Pa- rallel to this we have recorded measurements of meteorolo - gical parameters (temperature, wind, humidity, radiation, surface temperature). It is the aim of these current experiments to quantify the environmental factor "climate" and to correlate this with the environmental factor "stable- system".

153 l)Institut fGr Landwirtschaftliche Bauforschung Bundesallee 50 D-3300 Braunschweig, FRG 2)Deutscher Wetterdienst, ZAMF Braunschweig Bundesallee 50 D-3500 Braunschweig, FRG

i54 Abstract Volume. 9th International ANI-06 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

EFFECT OF LOW AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE

M. Kikuchi I), K. Fujita 2), O. Hayashi 1), M. Katayama 3), M. Sugiyama I), Y. Okuwaki I)

The effect of a low ambient temperature (8 ~ C) on immune response was investigated using male dd-strain mice, kept at 25 ~ C, RH gO%, LD 12:12, before cold exposure. Im- munization was made by a single intraperitoneal injection of sheep red blood cells, followed by determinations of spleen plaque forming cells, hemagglutination and hemolytic reaction of the sera. (i) When mice were acclimatized to 8 ~ C previously, immune response did not differ from control group (25 ~ C). C2) The transfer of mice from 259 C to 8 ~ C immediately after immunization caused a decrease in the immune response especially in the initial phase. (3) By repeated cold exposure for 2 hours a day or 4 hours a day after immunization, immune response showed a tendency to increase, while exposure for 8 hours a day resulted in a decrease of immune response. Thus, the effect of a low ambient temperature of the same degree is not always the same according to the condition of cold exposure. It is possible that not only the level but also a change of ambient temperature plays a role in the effect on the immune response.

1)Department of Hygiene, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113 Japan 2)Department of Medical Zoology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, 0958 Japan 3)Department of Gynecology, Kawasaki Medical college Kurashiki, 701-01 Japan

155 Abstract Volume. 9th International ANI-07 Congress of Biometeorology V.Overdieck,J.Hueiler,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

SEASONAL FLUCTUATION OF DIFFERENT EDAPHIC MICROARTHROPODS POPULATION DENSITIES IN RELATION TO SOIL MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE IN A PINE, PINUS KESIYA ROYLE PLANTATION ECOSYSTEM OF MEGHALAYA, NORTH EASTERN INDIA

M. V. Reddy 1)

Seasonal fluctuation of edaphic microarthropod population densities of a pine plantation soil of North Eastern India near Shillong was investigated in relation to soil moisture and temperature of the system during November 1976 to November, 1977. Microarthropods of the study area were divided into three major categories such as Collembola, Acarina and a miscellaneous group. Collembola was the most dominant group which was due to the abundance of Isotoma sp. The total microarthropods ranged from 26,800 to 145,200 per m 2 , the former being recorded in July and the latter during September, 1977. Collembola and Acarina ranged from 10,000 to 121,200 per m 2 and 8,800 to 41,600 per m 2 respectively. They were recorded maximum during July and November, 1977, and minimum in January and May, 197T respectively. The range of miscellaneous group was 1,200 to 6,400 per m 2, the maximum being available in November, 1976 and minimum in May, 1977. The ranges of soil moisture and temperature were 12 to 36 per cent and 16 to 24 ~ C respectively. The soil moisture was recorded minimum during January and maximum during July, 1977. The soil temperature was recorded minimum in December and maximum in August, 1977. These edaphic abiotic factors had a positive relationship with all the categories of soil microarthropods, except the relationship between soil temperature and miscellaneous group which was negative.

156 The relationships between soil moisture, and total arthro- pods, Collembola and Acarina, and soil temperature and Acarina were statistically significant.

1)Department of Zoology, North Eastern Hill University College of Agriculture Medziphema - 797 106, Nagaland, India

157 Abstract Volume. 9th International ANI-08 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

SOME METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS UNDERSTOOD BY PHYSICS- BIOPHYSICS

I. Zimmermann I) and S. Miko

Among environmental variables influencing animals the following external factors may produce effects; temperature, enthalpy, light, air velocity, precipitation, gravitation, atmospheric electricity, air moisture, atmospheric pressure, gases causing vitiation, dust content of the air, and microbial content of the air. Given an adequate stimulus, the enumerated known and unknown influcencing factors probably exert an influence in the following stimulation apparates: integumentum commu- ne, oculus-retina, mucosae, apparatus respiratorius, auris interna, auris media, hypothalamus, corpus pineale, liquor cerebrospinalis. Alterations produced by the different external influencing factors in receptors may become manifest at a common energy-level. The aim of our calculations is to evaluate the biological effectiveness of atmospheric pressure (I mbar), geomagnetism (100 gamma), and gravitation (1 mgal).

l~university~ of Agricultural Sciences B6sz6rm@nyi 138 Debrecen 4032, Hungary

~58 SECTION 6: PHOTOPERIODISM

Chairperson: Dr. R. Lynch I)

1)Department of Biology, Wesleyan University Middletown, CT. 06457, USA

159 Abstract Volume. 9th International PHP Ol Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

PHOTOPERIOD AND AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AS ENVIRONMENTAL CUES FOR SEASONAL ACCLIMATIZATION IN THE DJUNGARIAN HAMSTER, PHODOPUS SUNGORUS i)

G. Heldmaier 2) and S. Steinlechner 2)

Djungarian hamsters show an annual cycle of cold resistance and nonshivering thermogenesis. The environmental cues controlling these improvements of thermoregulatory capability during winter are not known. To test whether photoperiod and/or ambient temperature (T a) may act as environmental cues for acclimatization two colonies of Djun- garian hamsters were kept in natural photoperiodic conditions. One group was exposed to constant T a of 23~ throughout the year (thermoneutral), and the second group was kept outside in an aviary and thus experiencing seasonal changes in T a. Hamsters from both groups were tested in bimonthly intervals for cold resistance and thermogenic capacity (cold induced maximum ~02 and NA-induced nonshivering thermogenesis). If seasonal acclimatization is solely controlled by Ta, seasonal changes in cold resistance and thermogenesis should only be observed in hamsters living outside. Photoperiodic control should be observable in both groups to the same extent. Both groups of hamsters showed a similar amplitude of seasonal changes in cold resistance and thermogenesis. But hamsters from outside had a 30 to 40% higher thermogenic capacity than hamsters living inside at constant T a. This sugges~ that photoperiod may be the primary controller for seasonal acclimatization whereas low ambient temperature simply elevates thermogenic capacity to a limited extent throughout the year. The thermotrophic action of photope-

160 riod could be demonstrated by exposing hamsters to artificial long or short photoperiods at different times of the year. Seasonal differences in theadaptive response to low T a could be demonstrated by comparing cold treatments during summer and winter. lJsupported~ by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (He 990) 2)Zoological Institute, J.W. Goethe University Siesmayerstr. 70 D-6000 Frankfurt/Main, FEG

161 Abstract Volume. 9th International PHP -02 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE INFLUENCE OF VISUAL LIGHT ON THE HORMONES AND METABOLISM OF ANIMAL AND MAN

F. Hollwich l)

Hormonal reactions like the colour change of the plaice and frog, the development of testes in the duck and the formation of horns of the roebuck are induced by light stimuli via the eye. Lesion experiments on frog visual centers (Hollwich), and experiments with visual stimuli of different wave-lenghts on ducks (Hollwich and Tilgner) show that those stimuli, besides being perceived visually, use a se- parate path; the so-called "energetic portion" of the visual pathway (HOLLWICH, 1948). Light stimuli also induce the secretion of hormones in man. In comparative studies on blind and on temporarily blind persons due to cataracts in both eyes, we found significantly lower levels of ACTH, cortisol and testosterone. The levels normalised after cataract extraction. Furthermore, in a stress-test we compared the influence of two fluorescent lamps with different spectral compositions on healthy young volunteers: one differed considerably from daylight, while the other simulated daylight very closely. In the first case we found stress-like levels of ACTH, cortisol and aldosterone. These findings explain the agitated mental and physical behaviour of children spending the whole day in schools under fluorescent illumination with a strong spectral deviation from daylight. Therefore, to avoid mental and physical stress, the spectrum of artificial light sources should approxi- mate natural daylight coming from the sun, that "extrater-

162 restial natural force" (Goethe) to which mankind has been adapted for many thousands of years. l)Antonienstr. I D-8OOO MHnchen 40, FRG

163 Abstract Volume. 9th International PHP-03 Congress of Biometeorology H D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

DAILY MELATONIN INJECTIONS: EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTION AND THERMOREGULATION IN THE MOUSE, PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS 1)

G.R. Lynch 2), H. Heath and D.J. Margolis

A short day photoperiod stimulates gonadal regression and numerous thermoregulatory responses in some rodents. Melatonin, a pineal indoleamine, has been implicated in some of these photoperiodic adjustments. For example, daily melatonin injections administered late in the photophase cause gonadal regression in long day exposed Syrian hamsters. We find that melatonin injections given 12 h into the photophase have a similar effect on both reproduction and thermoregulation in P. leucopus. Thirty-three female mice under 16L : 8D were divided into 3 groups and injected with 50 wg melatonin each day for either 7, 12 or 18 weeks. Three other groups (n=26) were injected with saline. During the study, mice were examined for occurrence of torpor. At the end of each treatment mice were examined for a winter pelt and condition of the reproductive system. Re- productive regression occurred after 7 weeks of melatonin treatment, 7 out of 8 mice had an imperforate vagina. Re- productive tracts weighed 39% less than controls. No pre- ovulatory follicles were present in the ovaries. Similar results were obtained for the 12 week melatonin group. After 18 weeks only 4 out of 10 mice had an imperforate vagina and the reproductive tract weights were similar to saline injected mice. Although no mouse had molted after 7 weeks, 60% had winter pelts after 12 weeks and 80% after 18 weeks. Torpor was first observed after 14 weeks. Only one saline injected mouse regressed, and no saline injected animals molted or became torpid. Long term melatonin injections

164 may elicit responses which are similar in timing to short day induced adjustments in P. leucopus. Melatonin injections may also accelerate reproductive recrudescence in this mouse.

l)Supported by NIH grant NS 15503 2)Department of Biology Wesleyan University Middletown, CT. 06457, USA

165 Abstract Volume. 9th International PHP-04 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198]

DELAYED EFFECT OF PINEALECTOMY ON HIBERNATION OF THE GOLDEN-MANTLED GROUND SQUIRREL1)

Ch.L. Ralph 2), H.J. Harlow and J.A. Phillips

Photoperiodic responses may involve processes that are mediated by the pineal gland. Hibernating mammals afford especially interesting possibilities for investigating the involvement of the pineal gland in the photoperiodically- influenced annual cycle of change in thermoregulatory physiology. Smit-Vis has implicated the pineal gland in the hibernation of Mesocricetus auratus and the pineal hormone, melatonin, has been implicated in the hibernation of Peromyscus leucopus by LYNCH and colleagues and of Citellus lateralis by PALMER and RIEDESEL. We have investigated the effect of pinealectomy on hibernatory patterns of the latter species over a period of two years. Pinealectomies and radical sham pinealectomies were performed on adult golden-mantled ground squirrels Citellus (=Spermophilus) lateralis, approximately I month prior to the date of normal winter immergence. The initial over- wintering period and subsequent active season were not dis- rupted in either of the operated groups as compared to intact animals. However, although the initiation of the second hibernatory period was not affected in the pinealecto- mized animals, this group failed to show the progressive increase in the length of heterothermic bouts that is characteristic of hibernation in this species. Also, ter- minal arousal occurred approximately 6 weeks earlier in the second year after pinealectomy. Male squirrels showed a corresponding time compression in their annual gonadal cycle, as was assessed by testicular state.

166 These results suggest that the pineal gland of the golden-mantled ground squirrel is involved in the express- ion of the annual hibernatory cycle. In the absence of the pineal gland this species is unable to sustain the normal depth and duration of hibernation in the second over-wintering period following pinealectomy. l)Supported by grant, PCM 8003835 from the National Science Foundation 2) Department of Zoology and Entomology Colorado State University Ft. Collins CO 80523, USA

167 Abstract Volume. 9th International PHP 05 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198]

PHOTOPERIODISM AND PINEAL FUNCTION IN ANIMALS i)

R.J. Reiter 2)

The photoperiod is the most regularly recurring cyclic event in the environment. The pineal gland is the organ which takes advantage of this information. The pineal responds to daily changes in the photoperiod with the production of hormones. One of these factors is melatonin. Me- latonin is produced during the dark phase of every 24 hour period, while during the daily period of light, melatonin synthesis is very low. This cyclic production of melatonin has been shown to occur in every animal in which it has been examined, be they diurnal or nocturnal species. The pineal rhythm in melatonin begins within several days after birth and continues through middle age; thereafter, melatonin production drops off rapidly, i.e., the pineal apparently can no longer respond to darkness with the production of the indole once the animals reach old age. In mammals the pineal gland is not directly photosensitive but rather responds to light perceived by the lateral eyes. The retinas are connected to the pineal gland by a complex series of neurons which includes retinohypothalamic fibers, neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, long descending tracts through the brain stem, and eventually the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. The cell bodies of axons which innervate the pineal gland are located in the superior cervical ganglia. Norepinephrine is released from nerve terminals within the pineal gland during darkness. The neurotransmitter acts on -adrenergic receptors and initiates a series of events which results in the activation of the enzyme serotonin N-acetyltransferase; this enzyme is purported to be rate

168 limiting in melatonin formation. In this manner the photoperiod regulates the synthetic and secretory activity of the pineal gland.

1)Supported by NSF grant PCM-8003341 2)Department of Anatomy The University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio 7703 Floyd Curl Dr. San Antonio, TX 78284, USA

169 Abstract Volume. 9th International PHP-06 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueiler,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

PINEAL MELATONIN SYNTHESIS AS A FUNCTION OF PHOTOPERIOD

M.D. Rollag 1)

During the past decade there has been ample documentation of the proposition that the pineal gland mediates photoperiodic influences upon reproductive behavior of hamsters. It is commonly thought that the pineal gland transforms photoperiodic information into An hormonal output, that hormone being melatonin. For melatonin to play a regulatory rSle in the mediation of photoperiodic effects, there must be some essential difference in its output when hamsters are exposed to different photoperiodic environments. The experiments summarized in this communication analyze pineal melatonin contents in Syrian hamsters maintained in a variety of photoperiodic conditions during different physiological states. The results demonstrate that adult hamsters have a daily surge in pineal melatonin content throughout their lifetime when exposed to simulated annual photoperiodic cycles. There is some fluctuation in the amount of pineal melatonin produced during different physiological states and photoperiodic environments, but these fluctuations are small when compared to those normally found for other regulatory hormones. When hamsters are exposed to different photoperiodic regimens, the daily melatonin surge maintains a relatively constant phase relationship with respect to the onset of daily activity. There is a concomitant change in its phase relationship with respect to light-dark transitions.

1)School of Life and Health Sciences University of Delaware Newark, Delaware 19711, USA

170 Abstract Volume. 9th International PHP-07 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueek ]981

ROLE OF MELATONIN IN SEASONAL ACCLIMATIZATION OF THE DJUNGARIAN HAMSTER, PHODOPUS SUNGORUS I)

S. Steinlechner 2) and G. Heldmaier 2)

The Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus, shows a clear annual cycle in some thermogenic parameters such as nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), cold resistance and incidence of torpor. These seasonal changes were found rio be basically controlled by photoperiod, whereas seasonally changing T a only had an additive effect to the baseline thermogenesis preset for a given season by photoperiodic control. Since good evidence exists that the pineal gland and one of its compounds, melatonin, are involved in trans- ducing the photoperiodic information, we tested the influence of melatonin on seasonal acclimatization of the Djun- garian hamster. A colony of hamsters was kept in a thermally constant environment (23+1.5~ but exposed to the natural photoperiod throughout the year. At different times of the year two groups of hamsters were implanted with crystalline melatonin in silastic capsules (2x5 cm) and were transfered to short photoperiod (LD 8:16) or long photoperiod (LD 16:8) for 8 weeks. 9 hamsters in each photoperiodic condition were left untreated and served as controls. At the end of photoperiod and melatonin treatments cold resistance of the hamsters was tested and NST-capacity was estimated by NA-tests. Implantation of melatonin during fall and winter resuits in an increased thermogenic capacity in both short and long day hamsters comparable to the values of control hamsters during winter. This thermotrophic action of mela-

171 tonin could only be found in fall and winter whereas during spring and summer, melatonin, like photoperiod, had no influence on thermogenic capacities. These results show that the action of melatonin varies with the season and that the sensitivity for melatonin depends upon the photoperiodic history of the hamsters. Our results further indicate that the pineal gland with its putative hormone melatonin is involved in mediation of photoperiodic control of seasonal acclimatization.

l)Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 2)Zoological Institute, J.W. Goethe University Siesmayerstr. 70 D-6000 Frankfurt/Main, FRG

172 SECTION 7: PLANT BIOMETEOROLOGY

Chairpersons: Prof. W.E. Reifsnyder I) Dr. P. Legris 2) Dr. J. Grace 3) Dr. R.W. Gloyne 4)

1)School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 360 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA 2)Institut de la Carte Internationale du Tapis V@g~tale 39 Alle@s Jules-Guesde, F-31400 Toulouse, France 3~Department" of Forestry and Natural Resources, The Uni- versity of Edingburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, U.K. 4)124 Pembroke Rd., Clifton, Bristol BS8 3ER, U.K.

173 Abstract Volume. 9th International PLA-OI Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

ADAPTATION OF BARLEY TO MICROCLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN THE CANOPY RESULTING IN ADULT PLANT RESISTANCE AGAINST POWDERY MILDEW

H.-J. Aust i)

With increasing plant age and water stress during the summer months, barley has to protect its upper leaves against loss of water through the cuticle and stomata. In June and July, leaf temperature on the upper surface of the flag leaf can reach 35~ during a sunny day in Central Europe. Therefore the upper leaves exchange CO 2 mainly through the stomata of the lower leaf surface. This fact is expressed by significantly more stomata per mm 2 on the lower leaf surface than on the upper leaf surface (upper leaves). Moreover, the adaptation of the upper leaves to microclimatic conditions in the canopy is expressed by a more silicified epidermis and a thicker outer epidermal cell wall. In the primary leaf only each hundredth epidermal cell is silicified but in the flag leaf it is each tenth epidermal cell. The thickness of the outer epidermal cell wall of the primary leaf is 2.7 ~m on an average, compared with 4.3 ~m for the flag leaf. These changes of the outer epidermal cell wall of the two upper leaves cause adult plant resistance to Erysiphe sraminis f.sp. hordei. Consequently the number of conidia required for one infection per leaf in the field increases from 5 on the primary to 250 on the flag leaf. From these findings we conclude that adult plant resistance of barley against E__t. graminis results primarily

174 from the adaptation to microclimatic conditions in the canopy during summer. l)Tropeninstitut, Abteilung Phytopathologie Justus-Liebig-Universit~t Gie~en Schottstr. 2-4 D-6300 GieSen, FRG

175 Abstract Volume. 9th International PLA-02 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

EFFECTS OF OZONE ON YIELD AND NITROGEN FIXATION OF A FESCUE-CLOVER FORAGE SYSTEM

U. Blum I) A.S. Heagle and R.A. Montes

Fescue-clover stands (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. Kentucky 31 and Trifolium repens L. cv. Tillman) were established in field plots and in pots in the field. Plants were exposed in nine open-top chambers to: (a) char- coal-filtered air (control), (b) non-filtered air (NF), or (c) non-filtered air plus 0.03 ppm 03 (NF+) for 7 hours a day. Plants in field plots were exposed during the 1978 and 1979 growing seasons. Plants in the pots were exposed during the 1979 growing season. Plants were cut to a height of 7.5 cm whenever they reached a height of 20 cm. In 1978, the total forage PrOduction for the field plots was reduced by 9% and 15% for plants in NF and NF+ treatments respectively. In 1979 these values were 11% and 23% respectively. Clover plants were more sensitive to 03 than rescue plants. The difference method was used to determine the effects of 03 on nitrogen fixation of clover plants in pots containing rescue and clover plants. Ozone reduced nitrogen fixation by 51% and 76% for the NF and NF+ treatments, respectively. Nitrogen fixation of clover plants in pots containing rescue and clover plants was also determined by 15N dilution method. Nitrogen fixation values estimated by the difference method were 41% lower than the values estimated by the 15N dilution method. 1)Department of Botany North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27650, USA

176 Abstract Volume. 9th International PLA-03 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

WATER USE BY TROPICAL TREES

J. Grace i) D.U.U Okali and F.E. Fasehun

Measurements of stomatal conductance in the field, using a porometer, can be used in conjunction with a knowledge of meteorological variables to estimate water use by vegetation. The paper reports the result of such a study at Ibadan, Nigeria on Teak (Tectona 6randis L.F.) and Gmelina arborea Roxb. A feature of these plants was the remarkably high stomatal conductance, and the very low aerodynamic conductance due to the thick boundary layers of the large leaves. A sensitivity analysis suggests that transpiration from the plantation is strongly coupled to net radiation, and relatively insensitive to variations in the degree of stomatal opening, leaf area index or other climatological parameters. Transpiration rate, and its control, may be similar to that of other tropical crops but is strikingly different from that of temperate forests where transpiration is under stomatal control to a greater degree

1)Department of Forestry and Natural Resources The University of Edingburgh Edinburgh EH9 3JU, U.K.

177 Abstract Volume. 9th International PLA-04 -PO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE INFLUENCE OF THE METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS OF THE POLLEN RAIN

M. Lejoly-Gabriel I)

The daily observations during 18 years allows us to give an interpretation of the pollen content in the air in Belgium. In order to explain the variation of the palynological parameters, an evaluation of the interactions between the different parameters and the meteorological data has been established. The influence of the meteorological factors upon the pollen process is studied on basis of the phenology. To give an interpretation of the annual variation of the beginning of the principal period of pollination of a taxon different methods have been applied, the stepwise regression included. The ten days curve of the pollen rain is compared with the ten days curve of the meteorological elements. The palynological periods who appear during the year are the result of the combination of two factors: the climate of the pre- ceding months influences the beginning of the pollination period of the different taxa and the temperature at the moment of the beginning of the pollination period.

i)Laboratoire de Palynologie et Phytosociologie Institut de Botanique 4 place Croix-du-Sud 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique

178 Abstract Volume. 9th International PLA-05 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

RADIAL GROWTH OF TREES AT THE SUBALPINE TIMBERLINE (PATSCHERKOFEL/INNSBRUCK) IN RELATION TO THE CLIMATE

K. Loris I)

Since the summer of 1976 the change of radial thickness of Pinus cembra, Picea abies and Larix decidua have been measured at the alpine timberline of the Patscherko- fel mountain. Simultaneously anatomical investigations are being performed and climatological parameters observed or recorded. The research objective has been to analyse the causal connection between individual climatic factors and wood increment and to describe its effect on the ring structure. This knowledge is necessary for realistic reconstructions of past climate by use of tree rings. The annual curves of radial thickness can be subdived- ed into four phases, depending on the specific course of the radial thickness and the state of the cambium activity. The four phases are: Pre-growth-phase, growth-phase, post- growth-phase and the dormant-phase. In spring the restitution of the water relation within the tree was a precondition for the initiation of the cambium activity, the level of the temperature and the temperature sum being only of secondary importance. However after growth initiation there was a close correlation between the increment of earlywood and the temperature sum. From one year to the next, the quantity of earlywood scarcely differed. The time required for its growth differed greatly depending on the temperature conditions. The quantity of earlywood seems to be predetermined. The quantities of latewood differed, but were always less than

179 the quantities of earlywood. The correlation between latewood growth and temperature sum was less stable than the case of earlywood. This, however, hardly influenced the close correlation between temperature sum and the complete ring.

l)Institut fGr Botanik Universitgt Stuttgart-Hohenheim D-7000 Stuttgart 70

~8o Abstract Volume. 9th International PLA-06 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

STRUCTURE AND ABUNDANCE OF AN APHID POPULATION, NEOMYZUS CIRCUMFLEXUS (BUCKTON) FEEDING ON PINE (PINUS KHASYA ROYLE) SEEDLINGS IN RELATION TO VARIOUS ABIOTIC FACTORS IN A PINE PLANTATION ECOSYSTEM

M.V. Reddy 1)

Weekly abundance of an aphid population, Neomyzus circumflexus (Buckton) feeding on two to twelve months old pine seedlings in a pine (PinUs khasFa Royle) plantation ecosystem near Shillong (lat. 25~ ' N; long. 91o56 ' E and altitude 1150 m MSL) was measured in relation to various abiotic factors of the environment such as maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall and relative humidity. The population number ranged from 11 to 48 per ten seedlings. From July, 1976 onwards, the number gradually increased reaching the peak during last week of November, 1976 followed by a decrease, and final to disappearance from the first week of May, 1977 on. The biomass (wet wt.) followed more or less similar fluctuation pattern as that of population. A positive correlation (P

181 Abstract Volume. 9th International PLA-07 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

RELATION BETWEEN LEAF WETNESS AND WETNESS RECORDER FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF A PLANT PATHOLOGIST

J. Richter I)

In general for plant diseases it is of major importance, that the pathogen comes in contact with the host. Both are dependent on environmental factors. Very important are the abiotic factors such as the weather. Continuous data on the weather conditions as rainfall, wetness, temperature, and humidity are needed for the prognoses and the determinations of infection periods. The Mills table (a relation between the temperature and leaf wetness) is an example how one can determine apple scab infection. On the basis of these facts and the use of modern technic it was possible to construct an electronic warning apparatus. However, it is also possible to determine the infection period by using a thermohygrograph and one of the different leaf wetness recorders available on the market. These leaf wetness recorders are supplied with different sensors such as papers and filaments. For the plant pathologist it is important to know whether the apparatus gives a true record of the actual leaf wetness period. Differences in recording may depend on: (1) The type of sensor installed (which depends very much on the material of which the sensor is made). (2) The position on the tree of the leaves compaired with the sensor (e.g. a leaf in the centre will dry slower than at the top of a branch). (3) When the data from a single sensor is linked with leaf behaviour of different kinds of crops. 1)Landesanstalt fGr Pflanzenschutz, Reinsburgstr. 107 D-7000 Stuttgart I, FRG

1.82 Abstract Volume. 9th International PLA-OS-PO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) 0snabrueck 1981

TWO FIELD INSTRUMENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE INFECTION PERIOD OF APPLE SCAB (VENTURIA INAEQUALIS)

J. Richter I)

(I) Electronic Scab Warnin~ Apparatus. This apparatus is based on the Mills table with a slight modification in the base temperature datum, and is equipped with a 6 volt dry battery. With this, the apparatus employing energy saving electronic components (C-Mos) can operate for eight months. Console and sensing unit is installed in the orchard, and measures the duration of leaf wetness, temperature, and humidity. The console processes the data and indicates the onset of infection. Interruptions in a wet phase, dependent on the relative humidity, are also taken into consideration by the apparatus. The stage of infection before and after the actual onset of infection, can be read at any time. (2) Wetness Recorder. In this apparatus the wetness recorder is build into an conventional thermohygrograph. A battery powered electronic circuit senses any wetting every I0 min. At this time a relais engages the writing pen of the recorder. The wetness is registrated by a special sensing unit. The paper of the sensor is placed between the circular electrodes. This paper has to be changed every third week. The sensing unit is connected to the recording system with a cable. With this combined apparatus one can easily determine a possible apple scab infection, as the temperature, humidity, and wetness period are displayed on the same graph paper. l)Landesanstalt f~r Pflanzenschutz, Reinsburgstr. 107 D-7000 Stuttgart I

183 Abstract Volume. 9th International PLA-09 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

PRINCIPLES OF PHENOLOGICAL MAPPING IN CENTRAL EUROPE

K.-F. Schreiber I)

In addition to the phenological observations of the German meteorological service, another paradigm exists in Central Europe. This routine allows a continous and comparable mapping of plant development based on few gauging routes and a set of testplants followed by mapping tours over a close route-network on certain days. These mappings by motor rides, or walks in areas difficult to access, can later be repeated and compared with each other and the gauging-route. The result is a relative graduation of the phenological development which in turn allows a thermal classification of the landscape depending on the altitude and special meso- and local climate conditions. Generalized maps of this kind exist in a scale 1:200,000 for Baden- W~rttemberg, Hessen and Switzerland; the map for Nordrhein- Westfalen is in preparation. This method can also be used for smaller areas and for large scales (for example 1:25,000). It allows the differentiated demarcation of "heat islands" in densely populated areas and the fringe zone of agglomerations, which stand out by retarded phenological development. The effect of thermal loads of water by power stations can also be detected by this procedure. Comparable phenological mapping, using plants as temperature-sensitive indicators, enables us to deduct climatic and related parameters for land use planning in relativly short time.

1)Institut fGr Geographie der WWU, Lehrstuhl Landschafts- 5kologie, Robert-Koch-Str. 26 D-4400 MHnster, FRG

184 Abstract Volume. 9th International PLA-IO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck ]981

BIOMETEOROLOGY OF PLANT DISEASES

H. Schroedter 1) and H. Friesland

Plant protection plays an important role in the increase of profitability of agricultural production and there exists a close relationship between crop yield and the expense of chemical treatments against diseases and pests. But chemical plant protection cannot be enforced increasingly without damaging the agricultural eco-system. On the other hand a sufficient world food production is no longer guaranteed without chemical plant protection. Thus, every effort must be made to control the use of pes- ticides such that perils for man and his environment are reduced to a minimum. An improved knowledge of the biometeorology of plant diseases can contribute a good deal in reaching this aim. The progress made in this field in recent years is described in a review. Problems are portrayed, for which con- tributions to the solution are expected from biometeorology, in order to achieve disease and pest management taking the ecological demands into account. In this connection, questions such as the role of biometeorological relationships in the development of integrated plant protection systems, and their importance for the achievement of a basis for a comparative epidemiology are considered. It will be explained that no further unilateral consideration of the classical disease triangle (host - pathogen - environment) should be undertaken in relation to the further development of models and simulators. It is rather important to consider the epidemiological occurence and its dependence on biometeorological parameters as a partial aspect of the

185 biophysics of plant systems and with it as an element of the complex ecological system.

i)Deutscher Wetterdienst Zentrale Agrarmeteorologische Forschungsstelle Bundesallee 50 D-3300 Braunschweig, FRG

186 Abstract Volume. 9th International PLA-II Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

LEAF TEMPERATURE IN A GLASSHOUSE

F. Wilmers 1) and Petra Wittler

In a shadowed glasshouse the daily variation of leaf temperature of clones which resulted of a cross breed Besonia boweri var. nigramarga x Begonia 'Cleopatra' was measured by an infrared thermometer. The effects of air temperature and physiological conditions were investigated, especially as influenced by different leaf colours and stomatal resistance. The following tables demonstrate the marked effect of temperature differences on Begonia leaves.

Example I: 04.08.78, 8.15-9.00 a.m. leaf temperature below air temperature - HIGH transpiration

leaf- leaf- air- rel.number of colour temperature temperature closed stomata

o C o C %

green 23.0 41 clone I black red 23.0 24.0 43

green 22.8 24.2 16 B.boweri black red 22.9 15

light green 25.0 24 clone 3 brown 23.0 24.0 28 clone 4 unicoloured black 23.4 24.0 14

unicoloured 23.0 24 0 15 clone 5 olive-drab

187 Example 2: 14.08.78, 4.45-5.15 p.m. leaf temperature above air temperature - LOW transpiration

leaf- leaf- air- rel.number of colour temperature temperature closed stomata

o c ~ c %

green 22.9 21.5 44 clone 1 black red 22.9 80

B.boweri green 22.7 21.4 56 black red 22.6

light green 22.8 21.4 99 clone 3 brown 22.9 95

clone 4 unicoloured 23 1 22.0 77 black

unicoloured clone 5 olive-drab 25.2 22.6 81

l)Institut fur Meteorologie und Klimatologie Universit~t Hannover Herrenhguser Str. 2 D-3000 Hannover 21, FRG

188 SECTION 8: SANDBINDING AND DESERT PLANTS

Chairperson: Dr. D.E. Tsuriell

l)State of Israel, Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Hanaziwstr.13 Kyriat Shmuel - Haifa, Israel

189 Abstract Volume. 9th International SAB-O I Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieek,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

ADAPTATIONS OF SPARTINA PATENS (SALT MEADOW CORDGRASS) TO THE MICRO-HABITATS OF UPPER INTERTIDAL AND SUPRATIDAL REGIONS ON A NEW ENGLAND BARRIER BEACH

M. Benedict I) and P.J. Godfrey I)

Microlimatological measurements of two Spartina patens habitats (upper intertidal salt marsh, and supratidal dune edge) show major differences between their environments. Spartina patens is found growing in both habitats, but appears as two distinct ecotypes - in the salt marsh it is decumbent and thinstemmed, while in the dune edge it is up- right and robust. The microclimates of the two habitats are very different, even though they are adjacent. The upper intertidal zone has high salt content in the soil, is frequently wetted by tide waters, is high in nutrients, has lower soil temperatures and less wind, and contains a rich organic substrate. The adjacent supratidal zone has a lower water level (its salinity, ranging from saline to fresh, and height dependent on precipitation), is flooded only during extremely high tides associated with winter storms, is low in nutrients, has higher temperatures and wind, and is very low in organics. Organic matter can be supplied during extremely high tides in the form of drift (wrack). Experi- ments on the two forms show that each is well-adapted to its specific habitat. The marsh form is clearly an intertidal species, survives only shallow sand burials, and produces a very high number of culms when colonizing open sand thus preventing competition from other species. The dune form survives deep burials, produces fewer stems with longer and more robust rhizomes clearly adapted to dune conditions. This study has shown clear differentiation in an

190 important sand binding species which occupies two adaja- cent habitats, and shows how one species can evolve in two very different environments. i)Department of Botany University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA

191 ABstract Volume. 9th International SAB-02 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck |98|

A COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND NATURAL DUNE FORMATION FOLLOWING MAJOR STORM OVERWASH ON A NORTHEASTERN U.S. BARRIER BEACH

P.J. Godfrey 1) and R. Zaremba

A major oceanic storm in February 1978 destroyed dunes and completely overwashed most of Coast Guard Beach, a typical barrier spit in the Northeastern United States. Coast Guard Beach is within Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachu- setts. The 1978 storm produced extensive overwash fans over an area of low dunes and salt marshes. The storm also affected a previously overwashed site that had been under survey since 1972. During the storm more than a meter of sand was deposited on back-barrier sections of the beach, and sand was transported into the lagoon behind the barrier. After the storm, a series of sand fences were erected in an array which allowed for future overwashing, and at the same time, promoted dune growth. The following Spring, the dunes were planted with Ammophila breviligulata with 100% survival. Elevation transects were surveyed soon after the storm in dune construction areas and in adjacent, undisturbed areas. Natural dunes began to form from material in drift lines along the backside of overwash fans. By 1980 these dunes were 0.5 m high and had survived several overwashes. Dunes created by fencing and Ammophila plantings had reached 2 m of elevation during the same time. The experimental dunes were built with two parallel fence lines with overwash passes. Numerous storms flooded through these artificial dunes, yet dune growth and development was not severely hindered. Such an arrangement mimics the natural pattern of dune formation on northern

192 barrier beaches. Continued overwash sand transported to the backside of the barrier provides sediment for further dune building by prevailing northwest and southwest winds. It is hypothesized that overwash is a major feature on retracting northern barrier beaches and dune development is closely linked to overwash supplied sediments. Artificial dune systems should be designed to follow natural patterns and can increase rates of sand stabilization by several years. Rates of natural and artificial dune growth are compared along with other features of the dune environment. Sand dune growth with Ammophila breviligulata remains the most important stabilizing process for barrier beaches of the northeastern N.A. coast. l)Department of Botany University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA

193 Abstract Volume. 9th International SAB-03 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE VARIATIONS ON SAND-PRAIRIE PLANT COMMUNITY DYNAMICS

Mary Lee Plumb-Mentjes I) and D.R. Clark 2)

A simple daily soil moisture model was applied in a study of a sand-prairie plan community in southwestern Wisconsin USA over two growing seasons. The model used daily precipitation and solar radiation to estimate evapotranspiration, runoff, and soil moisture content in the upper root zone. Parameter values were derived from measured bulk soil characteristics and model calibration to intermittent field observations of soil moisture. The continuous soil moisture estimates enabled evaluation of soil moisture impacts on community dynamics and effects of differences in soil characteristics within the study area. A comparison was made of the species composition, life-history strategies, and phenology of areas with two distinct soil types, both sandy, but one having a higher organic-matter and clay content than the other. This comparison revealed that increased soil moisture re- tention by the sand with higher organic and clay content was a significant factor in differentiating life-history strategies and phenological patterns within the same community. When moisture was predictably abundant early in the summer, little difference was observed between areas having different soil types. As moisture became limiting, differences in phenology and life-history strategies of occupying species were observed on the two soil types. The greater differentiation of the abiotic resource base as the growing season progressed was demonstrated by the model.

i94 1)Department of Animal and Range Sciences New Mexico University Las Cruces, N.M. 88003, USA 2)Center for Climate Research University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53706, USA

195 Abstract Volume. 9th International SAB-04 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SYNTHETIC STABILIZERS USED TO PRODUCE A GREENSWARD ON SURFACES LACKING TOPSOIL

K. Reu6 i)

During the years from 1970-1976, erosion protection and soil improvement agents applied on sloping and plane sandy areas at the LeichtweiB Institute test farm were examined by Technical University Braunschweig. These agents are used to facilitate the growing of greenswards on surfaces lacking topsoil. Sowing was done by companies specialising in this field, observation and evaluation of the tests was the re- sponsibility of the institute conducting the tests supported by experts from various branches. In these tests, the effect of the various agents on vegetation, soil and low organisms was observed. Following the tests, statistical evaluations were made with the aid of various mathematical computer programs, e.g. multivariate analysis of variance and covariance supplime- mented by subsequent tests.

1)Fachbereich Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturtechnik Herbert-Meyer-Str. 7 D-5113 Suderburg bei 01zen, FRG

196 Abstract Volume. 9th International SAB-05 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

DEW FALL IN SAND DUNE AREAS OF INDIA

A.R. Subramaniam~ ) and A.V.R. Kesava Rao 1)

One of the challenges of Rajasthan desert is the moving sand and sand dunes (Fig. 1). Moisture is an important factor in stabilization of sand dunes and significance of dew as a moisture factor in arid zones cannot be overlooked. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the significance of dew in the sand dune areas of India. Dew data recorded at three India Meteorological Department stations (Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Ganganagar) with dew recorded at four different heights (i.e., 5 cm, 25 cm, 50 cm and 100 cm above the ground) from 1973 to 1976 is taken for analysis. Dew.was recorded by Duvdevani dew gauge which consists of a rectangular wooden block, coated with special red paint, exposed at sunset at specified heights above the ground. The size~ form and distribution of the drops of dew on the upper surface of the block next morning are compared with a series of photographs of the surface when covered with a known weight of dew. Mean monthly dew amount per night for the three stations at all the four heights is presented (Fig. 2) and discussed. Variation of the mean seasonal (September to April) dew amount at a given height is also presented Fig.3). It is found that higher amounts of dew-fall occur during the three months i.e., December to February. Further, at Bikaner and Jaisalmer the maximum amount of dew is registered at 100 cm height, whereas at Ganganagar it is noted at 50 cm height above ground. The data for the year having maximum dew fall (1975-76) are taken and analysed in terms of actual seasonal rainfall and normal seasonal

197 60 + ?J" 7b" 80' 8,," 811" 93 + tl~" E

.z P -x. 3: .] "X. N INDIA .:3 r j..J + + ]SAND UNE AREAS, OF RAJASTHAN DESERT ~.~ C+-," 3" i t.

z s, . 2-71":/.~~+:"":~' ~~,, +-+,~~ r e./ -~,"I- zo

"~iil~J++..Ei"~ ~-: ",.-,.+, ). "- ..... +" :+"

~:-+:i+::,y-+.~ -~ L ~+ "+-~. [ .++%. _~ . z+*+' -.... At I ,+',+ (.. ~.++ ,,..J _ z+ I"%...... j../ C" TroP; of Cle=lr .e i-f--'t- 4 ...... n ~ "" ...... ~---" ++" "i I

??.~ " ~'6" ' 8o" e,," Be" +Z'E

I,+r

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too L Ila

4c 4= Z FIG.2 -- ! E i...... - I'.4+M~=H OF DE.W IN E ,co BIKANER ,~""i ..... $ cm ? ,,o ~ ", ~-- -- ZScm THE SAND DUNE AREAS =' .," '"...~ 50 cm '~ / " , '- 100 cm OF INDIA. '

s o ~ ,o J ~ i~I Months 198 Tab le 1

The role of dew in the seasonal (December to February) Moisture balance

Total Precipitation Dew/Precipi- P.E. Dew/P.E. seasonal mm ration (%) mm % Station dew amount (Thornthwaite) mm Normal 1975-76 Normal 1975-76 Normal 1975-76 Normal 1975-76

Ganganagar 8.145 30.6 22 27 37 46 60 18 14

Bikaner 1.370 15.2 10 9 14 53 62 3 2

Jaisalmer 0.910 5.5 13 17 7 89 80 1

P.E. : Potential Evapotranspiration - ~ ! /

I ~ so f~

FIG.3 VARIATION OF DEW WITH HEIGHT

, , L L J. IN ME SAND DUNE AREAS OF INDIA.

Nean Dew Amounl xl@ -3 mm /Night rainfall, and actual potential evapotranspiration and normal potential evapotranspiration using Thornthwaite formula, during the season. (Ganganagar shows highest percentage of dew-fall in 1975-76 when compared to actual seasonal rainfall (57%) and normal seasonal rainfall (27%); which is about 14% of the actual potential evapotranspiration and 18% of the normal potential evapotranspiration (Table I). Techniques sflandardised for afforesting shifting sand dunes are (I) fixing barrier strips in parallel or chess board design, (2) afforestation by direct seeding and planting, and (3) protection against biotic interference. Senia (Crotolaria burhia), Kheemp (Leptadenia ~yFotechnica), Bordi (Zizyphus ' numularia); Phog (Calligonu9 polygqnoides), and Murat (Panicum turgidum) have proved to be economical and useful for erecting such barriers or for mulching, as these are locally available. The indigeneous and exotic tree species which have proved successful are Kumat (Acacia senegal), Siris (Albizzia lebbeck), Israeli babul (Acacia tortilis), Khejri (Prosop cineraria), Sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo), Ardu (Ailanthus excelsa) etc. Sand binding by afforestation through above methods has proved successful in the Indian desert region. l)Department of Meteorology & Oceanography, Andhra University Waltair, A.P., India

200 Abstract Volume. 9th International SAB-06 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueek 1981

IMPACT OF LOW AIR HUMIDITY ON DESERT PLANTS

D.S. Tsuriell I)

Low air humidity is one of the climatic factors which limits plant life in the desert. For this reason, an assessment has been undertaken to test the impact of low air humidity on transpiration rates, since these rates may represent the physiological activity of the plant at minimum values of air humidity. Methods European Beach Grass - Ammophila arenaria, growing in Israel one mile from the sea-coast, was chosen for this research. The relative air humidity was measured near the plant, once per each hour by a whirling hygrometer throughout the day, once per month during one year. For this purpose, days of low air humidity were chosen (days of Chamssin, the arabic word for days of dry, desert winds. From 07.00 h until 17.00 h, the transpiration rates of the plant were measured continuously by rapid weighing of cut leaves with the TORSION-BALANCE. The amount of evaporated water from the plant was determined by the weight loss of the cut leaf after 5 minutes of exposure in the microclimatic environment of the plant. At the same time, evaporation rates were measured near the plant by Piche-Eva- porimeter and registered once per hour. Air temperatures were registered at the same time. Results of measurements (a) Climatic measurements Air humidity oscillated from 66% in the morning to 33% (minimum) at 14.00 h and to 45% at 17.00 h, Piche-values from 0.7 cm3/h at 07.00 h to 0.5 cm3/h at 10.00 h

201 to 0.9 cm3/h (maximum) at 11.30 h and again to 0.7 cm31h at 17.00 h. Air temperatures oscillated from 18~ at 07.00 h to 21.5~ at 14.00 h and to 20~ at 17.00 h. (b) Transpiration measurements At 07.00 h the transpiration rate was 300 mg/g/h (mg of water loss per each gram of fresh weight of leaf per hour). At 10.30 h, transpiration reached a maximum: 350 mg/g/h, then fell to a minimum of 250 mg/g/h at 11.30 h, then again increased to 350 mg/g/h at 12.30 h and then decreased to 180 mg/g/h at 17.00 h. Discussion and conclusions (1) Transpiration rates oscillate around the value of 300 mg/g/h, slightly above it until 14.00 h and slightly below it after 14.00 h. (2) The peak in the evaporation curve coincides with an obvious fall in the transpiration curve. This coincidence shows that the plant reacts with a closure of the stomata system, in order to avoid too high transpiration rates and water losses. The actual evaporation in the air seems to have more impact on transpiration than the relative air humidity. (3) The minimum in the air humidity curve (35%) coincides with a transpiration rate of 300 mg/g/h. This value, being characteristic throughout the whole year, indicates that even at minimum air humidity, the plant keeps transpiration at its usual level, in order not to decrease its gas-exchanges, which include the photosynthetic activity. Summary The tendency of the plant to keep a balanced transpiration system in spite of unfavourable climatic factors, seems to ensure its survival even at low air humidity.

1)State of Israel, Ministry of Agriculture Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center Hanaziwstr. 13 Kyriat Shmuel - Haifa, Israel

202 SECTION 9: BIOMASS FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION

Chairpersons: Dr. J. Grace 1) Dr. G. Esser 2)

l)Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, The Uni- versity of Edingburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, U.K. 2)University OsnabrGck, FB 5, P.O. Box 4469, Albrecht- str. 16, D-4500 OsnabrGck, FRG

203 Abstract Volume. 9th International BMS-OI Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

ABIOTIC PREMISES FOR ENERGY FORESTRY IN SWEDEN

K. Perttu I)

In order to grow energy forests in Sweden efficiently, knowledge of the local bioclimate and its influence on biomass production is essential. Selection of a suitable area for energy forestry must be accompanied by a determination of the main climate variables. Generally, the most limiting factor for energy-forest growth in Sweden is temperature, because of the northern latitudes (55-69 ~ N). The conclusions to be drawn so far from the abiotic investigations concerning energy forestry can be summarized in the following way: - Radiation or light is not more limiting in northern than in southern parts of Sweden during the growing season, which, however, is much shorter in the northern areas. The introduced energy-forest clones must be chosen with regard to their adaption to the region concerned. - The heat sum influences the biomass production. The growth is, therefore, lower in the north compared to the south of Sweden. This can at least partly be compensated by selecting suitable clones for the northern regions. - Frost during the growing season is generally not a big problem, but the local variations can be very large. Many areas intended for energy forests are known frost pockets, but with suitable soil preparation and management much of the frost risk can be minimized, since the frost during spring and autumn is mostly of the radiation type. Still the problem of low frost-resistance of many clones must be taken into account both during the summer and winter. - Precipitation is rather often a limiting factor in the

204 southeast region and the Lake M~laren district. Irrigation with simultaneous fertilization in these regions is cost- effective.

- Energy forests seem to show increased evapotranspiration compared to other vegetation. This diminishes runoff and might, therefore, reduce the water available for other purposes.

- There seems to be a relatively good climate for growing energy forests in Sweden, at least south of the 900 day- degree line. It is, however, worthwhile making a detailed study of the climate even north of this line, especially as large areas there might be used in the future.

1)Department of Ecology and Environmental Research Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden

205 S E C T I 0 N 10: ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN BIOMETEOROLOGY

Chairpersons: Dr. F. Wilmers I) Dipl. Met. G. Jendritzky 2)

l)Institut fHr Meteorologie und Klimatologie, Universitgt Hannover, Herrenh~user Str. 2, D-3000 Hannover 2i, FRG 2)Deutscher Wetterdienst, Zentral~ Medizin-Meteorolo- gische Forschungsstelle, Stefan-Meier-Str. 4 D-7800 Freiburg i. Br., FRG

207 Abstract Volume. 9th International ARC-Of Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

THE MODEL OF STUTTGART: AN EXAMPLE OF A GOOD INTEGRATION OF MUNICIPAL SPECIALISTS (CLIMATOLOGISTS) INT0 CITY- PLANNING

J. BaumGller 1) U. Hoffmann I) and U. Eeuter 2)

A number of years ago Stuttgart began to involve municipal climatologists in urban planning and their views are given practical consideration in the planning process where- ever possible. This cooperation between urban planners and climatologists has made possible a more intense battle against air pollution than has generally been the case else- where. At present 5 meteorologists, I physicist, 1 engineer and 5 engineering associates are working in the "climato- logische Abteilung" of the Chemical Investigation Office of Stuttgart. Stuttgart's practices can very well serve as a model for in the Federal Republic of Germany, too; this type of awareness of climatological needs is the exception rather than the rule.

1)Chemisches Untersuchungsamt der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, Klimatologische Abteilung Stafflenbergstr. 81 D-7000 Stuttgart 1, FRG 2)Schemppstr. 54 D-7OOO Stuttgart 75, FRG

208 Abstract Volume. 9th International ARC-02 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE AIRBORNE INFRARED-THERMOMETRY IN APPLICATION TO QUESTIONS OF URBAN CLIMATES AND URBAN PLANNING

U. Hoffmann i), J. BaumGller I) and U. Reuter 2)

Special problems of the urban climate of Stuttgart result from its topography, characterized by basins and val- leys. This weakens the wind-velocity, which in the southwest region of Germany is low anyway. That in turn results in difficulties for the ventilation of the downtown area and other basin-located parts of Stuttgart. The lack of wind- force and the topographical structure are the basic requirement for the generation of local, thermal-induced wind systems. The existence of cool fallwinds, coming from the rural surroundings during calm radiation nights contributes to the air-exchange and the improvement of the pollution- situation. The knowledge of favorable pathways of local air- exchange is an essential basis for efficient urban planning. In order to obtain details about the development of local wind systems, the distribution of surface temperatures was radiometrically determined from an airplane. Maps representing the nightly cooling of the city will be discussed with special consideration of the interaction between vegetation, topography and build up areas with conclusions for the urban planning in the city of Stuttgart.

l)Chemisches Untersuchungsamt der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart Abteilung Klimatologie Stafflenbergstr. 81 D-7OOO Stuttgart I, FRG 2)Schemppstr. 34 D-7000 Stuttgart 75, ~RG

209 Abstract Volume. 9th International ARC-03 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieek,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE EFFECT OF FORESTS NEAR CITIES ON RECREATION

H. Mayer I)

Nowadays wooded areas still have to give way to the need of areas for buildings which are judged as absolutely necessary by competent authorities. This procedure can frequently be observed at forests within conurbations, although it has been qualitatively known for a long time that these very forests are of great importance when seen seen from a bioclimatological view. The aim of this study therefore is to quantify the bioclimatological effects of forests near cities on recreation. Thereby the priority is placed less on the effects of grillsites, trim-paths, or bridle-paths also located within these forests, but more upon the complexes of bioclimatological effects which are exerted by the forest atmosphere compared to the urban atmosphere. These include the human heat balance and the derived thermal loads, the chemical properties of the forest atmosphere, and the acoustic and optical properties of forests as a whole. Fi- nally it is investigated how far these so-called welfare effects of forests extent both in horizontal and vertical directions.

1)Lehrstuhl fdr Bioklimatologie und Angewandte Meteorologie der Universit~t MGnchen, Amalienstr. 52 D-8000 MGnchen 40, FRG

210 Abstract Volume. 9th International ARC-04 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck ]98!

MODELLING THE BIOCLIMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND OF FREIBURG I.BR.

W. Nuebler I) and G. Jendritzky 2)

Traditional heat island studies are unsuitable in investigating the physiological significance of urban modification of the boundary layer climate. In order to describe the urban thermal environment of man in relevant terms FANGER's (1970) heat balance equation was adapted to outdoor conditions by parameterizing the radiant fluxes. In this way a model was established combining the metabolic heat production with meteorological data and with realistic assumptions on the insulating effect of clothing. The applicability of the model in an urban environment was tested for Freiburg i.Br. where detailed thermal data were available. A major difficulty in the modelling was the appropriate consideration of the variability of the radiant properties in widely differing settlement structures. In classifying these structures, demographic data and thermal images (airborne infrared scanner data) were used: The combination of population- and employment-density values - used by planners as the nearest equivalent to building density - proved unsatisfactory. Thermal images covering the city were equally unsatisfactory as the patterns of surface temperature are not only governed by building density but also by other factors e.g. building material, local wind systems etc. Therefore, in a third attempt, the radiation properties of selected settlement structures were examined in simulating the geometrical conditions. Several experiments showed

211 that apart from the extreme land-use types 'forest' and 'open areas', only two other land-use types within the built-up area are sufficient for an adequate representation. The most significant variations in thermal comfort within the city occur on the assumption that the direction of the sun is normal to that of the streets - an in- dication of the strong influence of direct beam radiation. Another important factor causing intra-urban comfort variations is the influence of a local wind system.

1)Geographisches Institut I, Universit~t Freiburg i.Br. Werderring 4 D-7800 Freiburg i.Br., FRG 2)Deutscher Wetterdienst-Zentrale Medizinmeteorologische Forschungsstelle Stefan-Meier-Str. 4 D-7800 Freiburg i.Br., FRG

212 Abstract Volume. 9th International ARC-05 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

A BIOCLIMATIC INDEX FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION

W.E. Reifsnyder I)

Outdoor recreationists are affected by weather primarily in terms of comfort and safety. The major climatic elements are effective temperature and precipitation. A climatic diagram is constructed utilizing monthly mean temperature and precipitation. This representation of outdoor climate can be interpreted in bioclimatic terms with certain simplifying assumptions concerning relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed. Thus a useful clima- tography can be constructed for backcountry recreation areas where few climatic observations are available (normally only air temperature and precipitation). If wind speed data are available, windchill temperature can be calculated and substituted for air temperature and can be interpreted in terms of clothing requirements for safe outdoor activity in winter. Extension of the methodo- logy to include joint frequency distributions of wind speed and temperature can be used to assess bioclimatic risk in outdoor environments. l)School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University 360 Prospect St. New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA

2S3 Abstract Volume. 9th International ARC-06 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

AIR TURBULENCE ABOVE URBAN AREAS AND VERTICAL S02-PROFILES DURING WINTER MONTHS

U. Reuter 1), J. BaumGller 2) and U. Hoffmann 2)

The results of SO2-measurements at 4 different eleva- tions, 245m, 320 m, 515 m and 625 m above sea level in Stuttgart during the winter months 1979 to 1981 are presented. Simultaneously the vertical structure of the atmosphere, especially the height and thickness of possible inversion layers was determined by radiosondes. The two types of measurements allow conclusions about the vertical turbulence above an urban area. Long lasting inversion layers markedly reduce the mixability of the cities' atmosphere. This leads to an increase in SO 2 levels in the urban area. The daily maximum of SO 2 concentration occurs on the higher elevated margins of the city of Stuttgart about one hour later than in the lower situated downtown area. At 625 m elevation the maximum concentration occurs on the average in the afternoon hours, because then the inversion boundary reaches that height. At the same time minimum SO 2 levels are measured near the ground of the lower situated downtown areas.

1)Schemppstr. 34 D-7000 Stuttgart 75 2)Chemisches Untersuchungsamt der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart Abteilung Klimatologie Stafflenbergstr. 81 D-7OO0 Stuttgart 1, FRG

214 Abstract Volume. 9th International ARC-07 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieek,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS ON DUSTFALL IN RECREATION AREAS

E. Schultz I)

Since 1959 the German Weather Service maintains a growing number of temporary networks in order to measure dustfall conditions in recreation areas as a bioclimatological factor. The measurements are carried out for one year in communities requesting the offical admission as a health resort. The admission is only given to those communities which do not exceed distinct gravimetric thresholds. *) The dustfoils used for these measurements are exposed weekly to ambient air at least at three sites in each community. The evaluation of the foils includes the weighing and microscopic counting of the deposited particles where- by soot-particles are evaluated separatly. Dustfall shows a significant annual variation with a maximum in spring and a minimum in late summer and early autumn. A different lapse is shown by the soot-particles which already increase in early winter to an anthropogenic influenced maximum. An annual variation similar to that of dustfall values is shown by the diffusion conditions. For an investigation of this relation the one-week sampling periods were classified by characteristic diffusion classes determined by the method of KLUG**)/ MANIER***) from synoptic weather data. The evaluation shows a typical increase of the particle number in periods with reduced vertical and horizontal diffusion rates while the dust weight values are not influenced significantly. Fac- tor analysis was used to investigate the correlation of

215 dustfall to further meteorological parameters. An important influence on dustfall is given by wind and precipitation. This agrees well with density and x-ray diffraction data of the particles which proves crustal material as main source for the collected matter. Assuming spherical shape and a density of 2.5 a computed equivalent particle- diameter ranges between I0 and 50 micrometers. These values were confirmed by microscopic methods. In opposite to gravimetric dustfall-values especially the microscopically determined soot-particle number gives rather valuable information about air quality conditions in health resorts. An improvement in aerosol measurements of the German Wea- ther Service is in progress by giving more emphasis to microscopic methods. Additionally it is planned to improve sampling methods to get more information about the inha- lable aerosol fractions.

*)NEUWIRTH, R. (1965): Z. biol. Aerosolforschung 11:287 **)KLUG, W. (1969): Staub-Reinhaltung Luft 29:143 ***)MANIER, G. (1975): Met. Rdsch. 28:6

l)Deutscher Wetterdienst Zentrale Medizinmeteorologische Forschungsstelle Stefan-Meier-Str. 4-6 D-7800 Freiburg i.Br., FRG

216 Abstract Volume. 9th Internatlonal ARC-08 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) 0snabrueck 1981

SMALL SCALE THERMAL"EFFECTS" OF "GREEN AREAS" AND "SHADE" IN URBAN SURROUNDINGS AND THE IMPACT ON MAN

F. Wilmers I)

The phenomenon of the city heat island is very important for human welfare. Hence in the city of Hannover at the "Passerelle" and a neighboured green area the diurnal march of temperature and moisture on hot summer days were investigated. The difference in bright sunshine, the situation in two flats and the effect of green areas and fountains result in different diurnal variances and extremes of air temperature. The results of the different areas were evaluated by the bioclimatic chart of OLGYAY. The shifting of the comfort zone by the shaded areas as by the green areas is indicated. From mean and extreme values of Hannover and Kassel the normal deviation from comfort conditions is shown through the displacement of comfort zones by different human metabolisms during work and movement compared with rest. l)Institut fGr Meteorologie und Klimatologie Universit~t Hannover Herrenh~user Str. 2 D-3000 Hannover 21, FRG

217 Abstract Volume. 9th International ARC-09 Congress of Biometorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

ABOUT THE EVALUATION OF URBAN AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS AND ITS CONSISTENCY FOR URBAN PLANNING

J. BaumGller 1), U. Hoffmann I) and U. Reuter 2)

Only a consequent statistical evaluation of air pollution measurements is qualified for use in urban planning. It will be reported not only about means, deviations and distributions of accumulation but also about the peculiari- ty of annual, weekly and daily variations in air pollution measurements. The analysis of horizontal air movements in connection with air pollution measurements is a good help to find sources of air pollution. The possibility of air pollution control by laws and urban planning will also be discussed.

1)Chemisches Untersuchungsamt der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart Abteilung Klimatologie Stafflenbergstr. 81 D-7000 Stuttgart I, FRG 2)Schemppstr. 34 D-7000 Stuttgart 75, FRG

21_.8 SECTION II: AEROSOLS

Chairperson: Prof. W.L. Decker i)

l)University of Missouri, 701 Hitt Street Columbia, MO 65211, USA

219 Abstract Volume. 9th International AE R-O I Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

RESULTS FROM THE APPLICATION OF PYROTECHNICALLY GENERATED AEROSOLS

B. Georgil ) and W. KGhn I)

Until now the distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere has been determined after actual emissions and by theoretical investigations. Possible emissions as a result of accidents and the connected distribution of pollutants, which have to be considered in savety reports, are based on actually observed emissions and the depositions are calculated. The application of pyrotechnically generated aerosols provides the simulation of airborne pollutants without further pollution. After an appropriate emission the distributions and concentrations of the aerosols are determined under various meteorological (wind speed humidity, temperature) and topographical conditions. Also the deposition velocity of the aerosols in the atmosphere is measured. The changes of the aerosol spectra caused by higher plants is detected. These changes are influenced by the type of the plant as well as of their height and vegetation density. The deposition and the remobilization of the generated aerosols on the plant surfaces are analyzed under field and laboratory conditions. The experiments are performed with different generator types and combinations of them. The results of the experiments can be considered in distribution calculations and aerosol sedimentation.

1)Institut fGr Angewandte Physik, Abteilung fGr ~kolo- gische Physik der Gesellschaft fGr Strahlen- und Um- weltforschung, Herrenh~user Str. 2 D-3000 Hannover 21, FRG

220 Abstract Volume. 9th International AE R-O 2 Consress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198l

ON THE ORIGIN OF THE ARCTIC AEROSOL: A STATISTICAL APPROACH

N.Z. Heidam i)

Aerosol samples have been collected through two winter periods in Greenland. They were analyzed subsequently for elemental compositon, and the data have been subjected to factor analysis. We found that 80-85% of the total variance can be explained in terms of three factors, which split the aerosol composition into three corresponding types: crustal, marine and anthropogenic. The temporal variation of the factors is calculated and the implication for the coupling to synoptic meteorology is pointed out.

1)National Agency of Environmental Protection Air Pollution Laboratory Ris4 National Laboratory DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark

221 Abstract Volume. 9th International AER-03 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

UBER DIE AUSBREITUNG VON LUFTKEIMEN AUS TIERSTXLLEN

H. K~hme i)

Zur ZwangsbelGftung von modernen Tierproduktionsanla- gen ist ein intensiver Luftaustausch zwischen dem Stall und seiner Umgebung erforderlich. Mit Hilfe eines einfachen Modells, wie es Gberlicherweise zur Berechnung und Ab- sch~tzung der Ausbreitung atmosph~rischer Spurenstoffe Ver- wendung findet, wird die Verteilung von luftgetragenen Keimen (Bakterien und Viren) fGr die Gebiete leeseits des Stalles berechnet. Derartige Diffusionsmodelle beschreiben die Verteilung luftfremder Beimengungen Gber einer ebenen unbebauten Fl~che. Es werden dabei verschiedene meteorologische Situationen berdcksichtigt, wie sie in der Aus- breitungsklassen-Einteilung yon KLUG (1) wiedergegeben sind. Als HGhe der Keimquelle fdr die AuSenluft werden 3 m und I0 m Gber dem Erdboden angenommen, als Immissionsh8he wird 1,5 m gew~hlt. Da die angesprochenen Mikroorganismen in der Stalluft bevorzugt zu Clustern aggregiert bzw. an gr8Sere Staubteilchen angelagert sind, unterliegen sie w~hrend der turbulenten Verfrachtung im Windfeld einer Sinkgeschwindigkeit. Diese wird bei den Untersuchungen berGcksichtigt. Ebenso ist der Tatsache Eechnung getra- gen, da5 die Keime im luftgetragenen Zustand eine begrenz- te biologische Lebensf~higkeit haben. Das Ergebnis der Untersuchungen zeigt, dab der in der Praxis eingehaltene Mindestabstand zwischen benachbarten Tierproduktionsanla- gen zu einer deutlichen Verminderung des Infektionsrisikos beitr~gt.

222 Literatur KLUG, W. (1969): Ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Ausbrei- tungsbedingungen aus synoptischen Beobachtungen Staub-Reinhalt. Luft 29(4):143-147 MULLER, W., P. WIESER, H. KOHME (1978): Zur Frage der Ausbreitung von Luftkeimen aus Tierst~llen. Zbl. Vet. Med. B, 25:216-224

1)Institut fGr Physik der Universit~t Hohenheim Garbenstr. 30 D-7OO0 Stuttgart 70, FRG

223 Abstract Volume. 9th International AER-04 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

APPLICATION OF PYROTECHNICALLY GENERATED AND LABELLED AEROSOLS IN THE ATMOSPHERE

W. KGhn I) and B. Georgi I)

The best modelling of emissions from combustion processes is the use of pyrotechnically generated aerosols. From an exothermal reaction Dy C13- nuclei are emitted and saturated with H20 molecules under atmospheric conditions. The formation of the aerosol particles depends on the humidity and can be controlled by the combination of the reaction compounds as well as the reaction temperature. The generated particle distributions can be described by power functions. The generation itself can be performed in pulse, point or line shaped emissions at different heights and durations. The labelled aerosols are collected at appropriate positions with cascade impactors and an aerosol centri- fuge recording the aerosol particle spectra. The quantitative distributions and concentrations are determined with the help of activation analysis providing a resolution of 10-12g dysprosium. Furthermore, the tracer (dysprosium) has a very low background in the environment and is easily removed because of the high solubility in H20. The practical application of pyrotechnical aerosol-generators concerns the distribution, deposition and release of pollutants affected by topography and surface roughness under field and laboratory conditions.

l)Institut f~r Angewandte Physik, Abteilung fGr ~kolo- gische Physik der Gesellschaft fGr Strahlen- und Um- weltforschung, Herrenh~user Str. 2 D-3000 Hannover 21, FRG

224 Abstract Volume. 9th International AER-05 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J,Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

INFLUENCE OF INVERSION LAYERS ON POLLEN CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR AND ATTACKS OF POLLINOSIS

Ruth M. Leuschner I) and G. B8hm 2)

It is well known that weather conditions influence the concentration and the flight of pollen and fungal spores. No systematic investigation has until now been carried out about the influence of inversion layers on pollen, spores of fungi and the attacks of allergic patients. Temperature inversions layers are due to cool masses of air covered by warmer masses. This hinders the dispersion of particles by way of convection. Therefore inversions may lead to an increase of the concentration of aerosols which can have a bad influence on the health of patients as for instance the former 'London smog' and the smog in Madrid in December 1979. Fortunately in the vicinity of Basel, where airborne pollen are counted daily with the 'Burkard' pollen-and-spore trap an acoustic sounder has been installed. This is the only one in Switzerland at the moment and is used for continuous registration of inversion in the atmosphere. The results of these measurements have been integrated in our pollen research program, together with the registration of the pollinosis attacks of the patients. On many days we have found a clear correlation between inversion, pollen count and pollinosis. l)Kantonsspital, Dept. Forschung Abt..Dermatologie/Allergie Hebelstr. 20 CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland 2)Herrengrabenweg 51 CH-4054 Basel, Switzerland

225 Abstract Volume. 9th International AER-06 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) 0snabrueck 1981

BIOMETEOROLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE AEROSOL MEASUREMENT IN A DISSIPATING FOG ON THE SEASHORE

J. Podzimek I) and W.L. Decker 2)

A peculiar behavior of the atmospheric aerosol and electric field in a fog - and namely in a dissipating fog - was reported several times in the literature. During the field measurement at South Padre Island (South Texas) Aitken nuclei (AN - with radii smaller than 0.1 wm) counts in a deep homogeneous seashore fog were very low (around 500 AN cm -3) whereas strong AN concentration fluctuations featured a temporary dissipating fog. The strong fluctuations between AN concentration 500 and 2,500 cm -3 had a period of approximately 40 sec and were related to the passage of patches of fog over the sampling site and to the change in solar radiation. The variability of the concentration of large aerosol particles did not parallel the behavior of AN in a dissipating fog. Because the observed phenomena could not be explained by simulating the seashore AN sampling by the specific instrument in the laboratory, a plausible assumption is made that they are caused by photochemical monomer generation, by a subsequent cluster formation, activation at high humidity and particle deposition on fog elements. Results of a simple numerical model of aerosol size and concentration changes in a fog are presented together with the comparison with the measurement and interpretation of the data for the use in human biometeorology and agrometeorology. l)Graduate Center for Cloud Physics Research University of Missouri - Rolla Rolla, Mo. 65401, USA 2)Department of Atmospheric Science University of Missouri - Columbia Columbia, Mo. 65211, USA

226 S E C T I 0 N 12: BIOMETEOROLOGICAL MODELLING AND SYSTEMS ANALYSIS Chairperson: Prof. E. Box 1)

i)University of Georgia, Geography Department Athens/Georgia 30602, USA

227 Abstract Volume. 9th International MOD-O 1 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

CLIMATIC CONTROL OF VEGETATION TYPE

E.O. Box 1)

Vegetation-environment studies traditionally employ taxonomic and formational-vegetation units. More useful ecologically would be a component approach involving basic ecological types (life forms), i.e. groups of taxa with similar ecological requirements due to similar form-based water and energy budgets. Analysis of life form-environment relations would more closely treat actual mechanisms of environmental limitation. This approach also permits greater resolution of vegetation types, treatment of compositional continua, and succession modeling based on relative advan- tages of particular forms. Macroclimate should control vegetation type, composition, structure and diversity on sites free of overriding non-climatic complications. In order to test this, a model was developed which relates 90 geographically important ecophysiognomic forms to ecoclimatic determinants by means of climatic envelopes. The model also includes measures of vegetation cover and relative life-form "fitness" and dominance. The model was applied by means of a program ECOSIEVE to 1225 sites worldwide and to 74 independent validation sites, with results displayed as computer-maps. Actual dominant forms were predicted at 90% of the validation sites and the exact combination of dominants at 50%. The results suggest that the basic features of plant form and vegetation structure are determined primarily by general levels and mean seasonal patterns of temperature and the climatic water balance. Life-form composition (the

228 basic structural and functional framework of ecosystems) appears to vary much less with climate than does species compositon. The climatic basis permits vegetation prediction under altered climates. Coupling with functional models may suggest general rules of ecosystem assembly. l)University of Georgia Geography Department Athens/Georgia 30602, USA

~29 Abstract Volume. 9th International MOD-02 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

CLIMATIC CONTROL OF PHYTOMASS ACCUMULATION IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS

E.O. Box I)

Functional vegetation phenomena, such as production and decomposition rates, can now be predicted from macroclimatic conditions in most climax or near-climax terrestrial situations. Structural phenomena, on the other hand, such as total standing phytomass or dominant plant types, represent balances among several main functional processes and interactions, making them at once more complex and difficult to model. It is hypothesized that the amount of standing phytomass at climatic climax in terrestrial ecosystems is determined primarily by the balance between cli- matically controlled production and respiration rates. In order to test this hypothesis, a systems model was constructed which simulates plant production and respiration by months until increasing phytomass and consequent respiration cause accumulation to cease. The model provides monthly and final estimates of gross and net production, respiration, standing phytomass and leaf phytomass. The time required to reach equilibrium can be interpreted as the period required for vegetation recovery (secondary succession) under prevailing climatic conditions and in the absence of overriding non-climatic constraints. The model was applied to climatic data for 1225 sites worldwide, with results displayed as world computer-maps. The generally good prediction of the geographical pattern and quantitative levels of actual standing phytomass suggests that macroclimatic conditions do represent the fundamental

230 control on phytomass accumulation. Fire, nutrient dynamics, and the mix of particular plant types represent secondary controls which can be superimposed on the climatic model in order to improve results.

1)University of Georgia Geography Department Athens/Georgia 30602, USA

231 Abstract Volume. 9th International MOD-03 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Ls Osnabrueck 1981

A MICROMETEOROLOGICAL MODEL OF ENERGY- AND WATERBUDGET OF CROPS

H. Braden I)

A dynamic model is presented, which calculates the budgets of energy and water of a one-dimensional soil-plant- atmosphere-system on the basis of physical processes. Be- sides the determination of evaporation and transpiration this SPA-model especially yields an instrument for studying the influences of changes in soil-physical and plant parameters on the accompanying processes. The model works with several horizontal layers in the canopy and the soil and is designed for a typical period of one day. As upper boundary conditions, wind velocity, air temperature and humidity as well as global radiation, atmospheric longwave radiation and photosynthetically active radiation have to be given. For the determination of the radiation absorbed by the different canopy layers, a method based on GOUDRIAAN (1977) has been developed so that any distribution of leaf-inclinations can be considered as well as different optical properties for both sides of the leaves, and reflection and absorption of the stems. The exchange coefficients for the transport of sensible and latent heat and CO 2 between the canopy layers are calculated by a method presented by PERRIER (1976). Photosyn- thesis and stomatal resistance are determined according to de WIT, et al. (1979). The water-supply from the soil through the plant is controlled by the differences of the water-potentials.

1)Zentrale Agrarmeteorologische Forschungsstelle Bundesallee 50, D-3300 Braunschweig, FRG

232 Abstract Volume. 9th International MOD-04 Congress os Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H,Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

CLIMATIC CONTROL OF LITTER PRODUCTION, DECOMPOSITION AND SURFACE ACCUMULATION

V. Meentemeyer i)

Data on leaf and total litter production, litter decomposition rates (k), and steady-state litter accumulations were Collected from the literature for many sites and ecosystems worldwide. At each measurement site climatic water balance variables plus solar radiation were estimated. The climatic variables (average annual values) were then correlated and fitted with the measured litter production and decomposition rates. Consistently the site's annual latent heat flux (LE) proved to be the best single predictor of annual leaf litter production (r 2 = 0.79) and total litter production (r 2 = 0.77) as well as litter decomposition rate (r 2 = 0.96). By combining the litter production equations with the litter decomposition equations it is possible to produce a model of surface litter accumulation based only on the effective climate. The resulting equations were coupled with a computer mapping program and a world climatic data-base of 1225 stations to create world maps of predicted litter production, decomposition and surface litter accumulations. The resulting computer- generated maps were then quantified by computer planimetry to yield world totals. Annual leaf and total litter production for the world are estimated by these climatic models to be 35.1 x 109 and 54.8 x 109 metric tons respectively. Surface accumulation at equilibrium is estimated to be 75 x 109 tons, which suggests that the world's surface litter has an average residence time of only 1.4 years. 1)University of Georgia, Geography Department Athens/Georgia 30602, USA

233 Abstract Volume. 9th International MOD-05 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO GLOBAL CROP-WEATHER ASSESSMENTS

R.P. Motha i) and N.D. Strommen

The Joint Agricultural Weather Facility (JAWF) is run cooperatively by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's World Food and Agricultural Outlook and Situation Board (USDA/ WFAOSB) and the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Ocea- nic and Atmospheric Administration (USDOC/NOAA). The Facili- ty's primary function is to monitor world weather conditions and evaluate their impacts on crop and livestock production. The crop weather assessments are based on current meteorological data, climatological studies and relationships between weather and plant growth at various stages of development. The data are received via synoptic weather reports, satellite imagery, climatological publications and studies, crop specialists and agricultural research reports. A systematic program of crop weather assessments has been developed and implemented by JAWF to provide more time- ly and accurate interpretations of weather events as they influence agricultural activities. The approach is to utilize readily available real-time meteorological data in conjunction with long-term climatological records to pro#fde crop-weather impact assessments on an operational basis to Governmental officials and farmers as an aid in their deci- sion-making processes. A summary of the JAWF program, describing the systematic procedure for crop weather assessments and specific tools used in the analysis, will be presented.

1)Agricultural Meteorology World Food Board USDA-South Bldg., Room 3519 Washington D.C., 20250, USA

234 Abstract Volume. 9th International MOD-06 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

ECOLOGICAL TOLERANCE CHART AND MODEL OF BOTANICAL SURVEY CONCERNING ANNOTATED SPECIES OF GENUS EUCALYPTUS BASED ON BIOCLIMATIC CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IN ARGENTINE

E.O. Videla Pilasi i)

Irrational handling, on one side and intensive cropping, on the other, hide the pristine features of sites, which are necessary for the determination of research work for integrated units. Thus, we find insurmountable difficulties when defining the level of biocoenotic stability of site conditions under exploitation. To reach a solution, the author undertakes a unified system of meteorological data and ecological approaches. The system can best be advanced by using local expertise and experience. The writer has included a classification intended to stimulate new endeavours in attaining coherent knowledge of bioecological behaviour. The presentation deals with three topics: (I) An ecological tolerance chart of the genus Eucalyptus species studied; (2) Application of Taylor's method to rainfall observing stations in Argen- tine according to their mapping; (3) Coding of interspeci- fic botanical affinities for their correlation to the ecological tolerance chart. Results under each heading are provided, supplemented by a brief discussion. The value and practicality of this system is indicated by the following conclusion: The sites or geographical area possessing the same Taylor nomogram may or may not reflect the same ecological features. Any plant species with fixed requirement, as shown by the ecological tolerance chart described, will be cropped with success in sites with similar nomogram.

235 This coincidence is extremely important in the establishment of forestry stands. For agricultural purposes, the system could be adapted using the same criteria.

+ +

~ ~J-~ ~ ~ O O

~ h0 ~ O ~ ~.~ ~ m ~

EUCALYPS Spp. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 !0 I1 12 13 i. Adaptable X X

2. Variety of soils X 5. Poor soils X 4. Shallow soils 5. Shallow alluvial soils 6. Red soils 7. Alluvial soils 8. Acid soils or sandstone 9. Light soils X I0. Heavy soils X X X ii Laterite soils 12 Calcareous soils 13 Saline soils Basaltic soils X 15 Granitic soils 16 Volcanic soils ~7 Igneous soils 18 Granite slopes X 19 Slopes 20. Rocky hillsides X 2!. Hillsides X 22. Quarzite ridges 25. Alpine regions

236 !0 U 12 13 24 Humid zones Ix 25 Moist well drainel X iX

26 Swamps X X 27 Waterlogged alluvials X 28 Occasional floodings X

29 Moist loams X 30 Salt water streams 31 Streams X 32 Edges of rivers X 33 Bank of rivers X X 34 Arid zones 35. Withstand of dryness X K

36. Withstand in cool climates )f X X 37. Withstand in temperate clima climates

38. Loams or sandy loams X K 59. Gravelly loams

40. Heavy clay subsoil K 41. Iron stone gravell )C 42. Poor sandstones 45. Poor sand 44. Silurian format ions

45. Rainfall area X

46. Frost resistant K K X X

47. Drought resistant K K 48. Sheltered sites 49. Tolerant of shade

50. Altitude from sea level K X ~ X

+)with tanin content l)Chair Ecology and Phytogeography; Climatology and Forest Fhenology, Forest Sciences Faculty Misiones National Univ. P.O. Box 293 3382-Eldorado, Misiones, Argentina

237 Abstract Volume. 9th International HOD-07 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

A SIMULATION MODEL FOR THE EVAPOTRANSIRATION OF A BEECH FOREST

R.R. van der Ploe~ I) and T.M. Schlichter

Field studies about the hydrologic behavior of a beech forest were carried out between 1968 and 1975. With use of the collected data a deterministic model for the water budget of the forest was developed. Simulations with the model were carried out for the growing season of 1971. For simulation purposes the geometry of the stand was simplified. It was assumed that the trees were all of the same size and equally distributed. One such tree, in the middle of a circular area, was considered as a representative hydrological unit to characterize the entire stand. The model consists of 3 submodels: evapotranspiration, soil water flow, and root water uptake. Input parameters for the model are the net radiation and the air temperature above the canopy, the hydraulic properties of the layered soil, the root distribution of the stand, and the occurrence and intensity of precipitation. As output the model provides the daily amount of e vapotranspiration, the soil suction distribution in and below the root zone, and the daily amount of deep seepage. To evaluate the model performance, simulation results were compared with measured field data. In general, good agreement was observed. Sensitivity tests showed the effect of some model parameters on evapotranspiration and deep seepage.

l)Institut fGr Bodenkunde und Waldern~hrung der Universit~t G~ttingen D-34OO G~ttingen, FRG

238 Abstract Volume. 9th International MOD-08 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(ads.) Osnabrueck 1981

COMPARISON OF TWO SIMULATION MODELS FOR THE BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF WINTER WHEAT BASED ON EXPERIMENTS CARRIED OUT IN DIFFERENT CLIMATIC REGIONS

H.-W. Dannecker i)

Between 1972-~976 an experiment with wheat was carried out by the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology of WMO at 11 experimental sites in different climatic regions. The meteorological data and yield data obtained have served to test the validity of two simulation models of the biomass production. One of the models was relatively simple, published by T. HODGES and E.T. KANEMASU in Agron. J. Vol. 69, No. 6, 1977, and the other one, a more sophisticated simulation procedure, followed closely the method given in "Simulation of Assimilation, Respiration and Transpiration of Crops" by de WIT et al.

1)Deutscher Wetterdienst, Wetteramt Frankfurt Frankfurter Str. 135 D-6050 Offenbach, FRG

239 S E C T I 0 N 13: BIOMETEOROLOGICAL FACTORS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Chairperson: Prof. J. Steinbach I)

1)Fachgebiet fGr Nutztier8kQlogie, Universit~t GieSen Ludwigstr. 21, D-6300 Gie~en, FRG

241 Abstract Volume. 9th International DEV-O 1 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,E.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED AND NATIVE SUDANESE CATTLE

H.S. Adam 1) M.K. Yousef 2) and M.E. Mohamed

Dairy production in tropical Africa lags behind production in temperate zones. Cross-breeding of two Sudanese cattle breeds (Kenana and Butana) with Holstein was undertaken to improve milk production. Thermal balance and some economic traits were studied in six groups of Kenana, Bu- tana and their crosses: F 1 and F 2. Groups included calves of 6-8 months as well as of 1 year and 2 years of age, also lactating and non-lactating cows. Thermal balance was tested by measuring rectal and skin temperatures on animals kept in shade (32~ + 2~ and then suddenly exposed

to sun (42~ m+ 1~ for four hours. Cross-breeding decreased ages at first service and calving from 36.8 and 46.1 months to 18.4 and 27.4 months, respectively. Body weight at birth, first lactation period and production were increased from 22.7 to 25.6 kg, from 233 to 315 days and from 1,272 to 2,429 kg, respectively. Exposure to heat increased skin temperatures in all animals, but the rate of increase was greater in cows than in calves. Changes in rectal temperature did not exceed a rise of 0.5~ in calves, non-lactating cows (native and crosses) and lactating Kenana and Butana. In lactating cross-bred cows however, an average rise of O.~~ in rectal temperature was observed. The data indicated that the F 1 cross-bred animals are similar to native breeds in their ability to maintain a thermal equilibrium during the hot summer. 1:)Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University os Gezira Wad Medani, P.O.Box 20, Sudan 2)Desert Biol. Res. Center, University of Nevada Las Vegas, NE 89154, USA

242 Abstract Volume. 9th International DEV -02 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

CLIMATIC FLUCTUATIONS AND RICE PRODUCTION IN THAILAND

W.L. Decker I) and J. Kreasuwun

Rice forms a major component of the diet of the people of Thailand and provides a primary source of the nation's export trade. Thus, variations in the productivity of rice impacts on the nutrition and economy of the country. Annu- al production of rice in Thailand varies by plus or minus 50% of the average production. To determine the role of climatic factors in this variability of production, an assessment was made of the phenological periods of the moat important rice varieties in the main production areas in Thailand. In general, the climate of the early reproductive stage of panicle initiation is very important in determining the abundance of harvest for all the rice production area~ of Thailand. The climate of the transplanting period is of particular importance for the production of upland rice, whereas in regions where mainly paddy rice is grown the climate of the vegetative periods becomes more important. Using the relationships developed by this study, the total rice production for Thailand was simulated for a nineteen year period. The estimates from this simulation of the total production in Thailand were within 5% of the actual production for all of the nineteen years. For additional three test years, not included in the development of the regression statistics, the simulated total product was within 8% of the official production values. 1)University of Missouri 701 Hitt Street Columbia, MO 65211, USA

243 Abstract Volume. 9th International DEV-03 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE RELATIVE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON CUTANEOUS FUNCTION IN BOS INDICUS AND BOS TAURUS ~MALES

~.N. Egbunike I), A.L. Ogunmola and S.F. Amakiri 2)

The relative importance of the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures on cutaneous functions in ~gs indicus and Bos taurus females under humid tropical climatic conditions was evaluated. The parameters investigated were sweating rates and skin temperature while the species utilised were zebu White Fulani (Bos indicus) and German Brown and Ger- man Black and White (Bos taurus). The sweating rate, irrespective of breed, differed with the site of sampling and was more influenced by the dry- bulb temperature (55-66%). Although the skin temperature was not as dependent on the dry-bulb temperature as the sweating rate, it was also affected by the site of sampling. However, the response of the zebu cattle, as indicated by the skin temperature, was not as influenced by the dry-bulb temperature as that of the Bos taurus breeds. It is concluded that the response of the animals, with respect to sweating, was similar, but the efficiency of this sweating, judged from the lower dependence of the skin-temperature on the dry-bulb temperature in the zebu, was higher in the Bos indicus than in the Bos taurus. This, in part, may explain the higher degree of comfort demonstrated by the Bos indicus under tropical conditions.

1)Department of Animal Science, University of IDadan Ibadan, Nigeria 2)Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria

244 Abstract Volume. 9th International DEV-04 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

BIOCLIMATIC CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION

E.R. Ha~ek 1) and I. Garcla

The mediterranean-type climate dominates a great part of the Chilean landscape, with rainfall in the cool season and a variable period of dryness in the warmer months, and it is graded in different subtypes from per-arid to per- humid in a southward progression. Although a static zonifi- cation has some validity, from a biological viewpoint it is more meaningful to examine the variations of hydric and thermic conditions as a function of time. The objective of this study was to explore the application of some bioclimatic criteria for determining the extreme limits of the shift of some climatic elements in combination and to rank the different localities under the aspect of their environmental deterioration. At the same time human impact was analyzed, as it may interact with climate to further produce increased aridity. For the study, data from the different subtypes of the mediterranean climate of Chile were used, and by means of the index of EMBERGER and its graphical representation, its evolution along time was analyzed. Some cases for Califor- nia are also presented. Main results are referred to the degree of between- years variability of climatic elements and the shift of regions. This shift is analyzed along an alternating sequence of cold, warm, humid and dry years and an evaluation of its impact on the natural environment is made. It is concluded that the bioclimatic analysis is a valuable tool for further understanding the environmental de- gradation. l)Departamento de Biologla Ambiental y de Poblaciones Instituto de Ciencias Biol6gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat61ica de Chile, Casilla 114-D. Santiago, Chile 245 Abstract Volume. 9th International DEV-05 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198]

HUMAN BIOMETEOROLOGY IN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

L.B. Hsia 1)'2)

Biometeorology is just developing in People's Repub- lic of China. In 1971 on the proposal of the late Chinese Premier CHOU EN-LAI, China began the systematic research on human biometeorolgy. Two thousand years ago, our predecessors had found that health was closely interrelated with weather and climate. In the literature of ancient Chinese traditional medicine, there are many descriptions concerning the correlation between natural phenomena and illness. These natural phenomena were discovered by ancient Chinese physi- cians before their western colleagues. The author reviews the ancient literature under three aspects, these are climate and human physiological activities, climate and diseases, climate and therapy. The recent research on human biometeorology in China began in the sixties of twentieth century, Dr. WIE of Kweiyang Medical College used weather type and fronts as the meteorological parameters in study of heart diseases, influenza, and cerebral vascular attack. In 1973, the National Medical Biometerology Research Associated Group was set up. Prof. CHANG of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences is in charge of the group. This group undertakes cooperative research on upper respiratory infections, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary heart diseases and medical meteorological forecasting in Peking, Shanghai and Kwang- tung, Szechwan, Heilungkiang, Hebei and Kansu Provinces. Symposia on these topics were held in 1973 in Shanghai, 1974 in Harbin, 1977 in Kansu. Dr. L.B. HSIA was put in

246 charge from 1978. Currently the research work is expanding. Many provinces such as Chekiang, Kwangsi, Shensi cooperate in this field. The research work f~ not only on respiratory diseases, but also heart diseases, schizophrenia and arthritis .... The research work on the biological effects of charged ions, electromagnetic fields, sunspots and eclipse is just beginning. Now there are six medical col- leges, three institutes engaged in this topics. In 1975 Dr. HSIA gave a lecture on human biometeorology in Meteo- rogical Department of Nanking University for meteorologists who came from all over the country. This was the first lecture on human biometeorology in China. The first national symposium of human biometeorology was held in Shanghai Nov. 1980, meantime, a society will be inaugurated. The author will mention the research workers and their topics, and the recent publications and their projects in People's Re- public of China. The problems of human biometeorology in People's Repub- lic of China is briefly discussed in the final section. The search on human biometeorology in China has lagged behind that in developed countries for more than 20 years. The effect of weather and climate on some diseases and the associated medical meteorological forecasting have produced preliminary results, but there is still much to do. For further development in this field, a special organization and special training classes should be established in university.and college. The author sets out, in detail, the design for an institute. l)In charge of National Medical Biometeorology Research Associated Group, P.R.C. 2)Medical Clinic, Shanghai Tobacco Industrial Machine Factory, 445 Liu Gia zui Lu, Shanghai, P.R.C.

247 Abstract Volume. 9th International DEV-06 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

FROST HAZARDS TO TEA CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTION IN TROPICAL ASIA

H.J. von Lengerke 1)

From its original habitat in the India-China-Burma triangle, the evergreen tea plant (Camellia sinensis) has, during the past 150 years, been introduced as a plantation crop into various parts of tropical Asia where it thrives within a wide range of climatic conditions, from sea-level (in Sri Lanka) to almost 2700 m altitude (in New Guinea). Besides drought stress under monsoonal, seasonally dry weather, regular frost also sets an environmental limit to tea cultivation. In order to meet the growing demand for tea ever since it became a popular beverage in some Euro- pean countries, tea planting was profitably expanded into areas where growth retardation and periodic loss of crop due to rainfall deficiency and/or low temperature could be offset by the high quality (flavour) of the produce. Re- cent market and production cost trends, however, suggest a redefinition of agrometeorological marginality of tea cultivation. This paper presents a survey of the areas in tropical Asia where tea is grown commercially and the occurrence of nocturnal frost impedes its cultivation and productivity. The meteorological and topographical conditions responsible for frost formation, its horizontal, altitudinal and temporal range, its impact on the tea plant, including different varieties (jats), the types of damage and the amount of crop loss for selected planting areas are discussed, with particular reference to South India where frost poses a major problem in tea-growing districts be-

248 tween 1800 and 2400 m elevation. Frost protection measures, their merits and drawbacksunder ecological and economic considerations, are also briefly reviewed.

%:~ ..:-.i~<~:~ ...... ::!~i...... :~.:~:~.~:~.~3~:.~.~:~:::~:~'~:~:~/~?.~.~.~:~i:~:~:~`~.:~:~:~:::~:i~?~i~:~::~:~.i:::<~J:~:~" :.: ":":"':'.': :~:~:::~:.'.": : ;:': ":::::::: I" ": ' '" i"~.:~~::;;i::.... " Oari"(i;;~ '~ :;::i~::::: ~:;-~::~:~:~;~`!~i~:~:~:~:~;~!~!:~:~i::~ GROWING ":: "" ) g Assnm if: .:. ".. :F:'"".: "".. ":.: " ..'?" COHHERCAL TEA I Sylhet oo : ::::i'~:~:::::::i:i'::~::"::~:::~:~:~:=J:::'~AREAS IN TROPICAL ASIA ~/~ /.~ripura ii!iii~iiiiiiii:::::ii!!/..~.S ,i/wa~n with frost -20~ / / y .....:!i::iiiiii!i(. <~ t'~ owithout frost k t J ~ "~ ~1 ~/ iiii~iiiii!::: Extra-tropic,I ' (" 1 ~ -~.,~e ~!i!!i!i!iiii~!!~i:~acc. to C.TROLL

Htghl-I',~h RangeR~K~ ~'j I.\\ Central. , •k...C.ameron,ameron, ~ - - ~~" .f~".,~ H~ghlands " o Hightoands o~ "..)" of Ceylon (~ Papua - Eq. .... Q , ~, ~ New Guinea-

0 , ,o0okm Pengalengan ~~:=:~ ~:~' -10 ~ Highlands (Java) so. 100~ 120o ~ 1~io"A I I I

References CARR, M.K.V. (1972): The Climatic Requirements of the Tea Plant: A Review. Expl. Agric., 8:1-14. EDEN, T. (1958): Tea. London. SCHWEINFURTH-Marby, H. (1978): Ober Verbreitung und klima- tische Voraussetzungen des Teeanbaues im austral- asiatischen Raum und auf den Inseln des Indischen Ozeans. Erdwiss.Forsch., I!:415-438.

l)south Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg Department of Geography, P.O. Box 10 30 66 D-6900 Heidelberg, FRG

249 Abstract Volume. 9th International DEV-O7 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198l

LES EFFETS DUVENT DANS LA DESERTIFICATION DU SAHEL NIGERO-VOLTAIQUE

Monique Mainguet i)

Dans les r~gions semi-arides chaudes du Globe, avec des pr@cipitations de 150 ~ 500 mm/an, les couvertures sab- leuses constituent les meilleurs terres exploitables par les syst@mes d'~levage et d'agriculture traditionnels. Ce sont des milieux fragiles dont les sols sableux et le tapis v~g@tal exigent pour leur protection une meilleure connaissance des m~canismes de d~sertification qui les me- nacent. De nombreux travaux ont ~h~ consacr~s aux causes de la d~sertification, class~es en deux categories: - naturelles, c'est-~-dire les fluctuations climatiques, - humaines, autrement dit la surexploitation des terres. Les consequences ont aussi ~t@ abondamment d~crites: destruction du couvert v~g@tal, de la structure du sol, salinisation, alcalinisation, exc~s de substances toxiques. Par contre, nous pensons que les m@canismes de la d~- sertification n'ont pas ~t~ suffisamment analys~s, notam- merit l'@rosion hydrique et l'~rosion ~olienne. Travaillant depuis plus de dix arts sur la dynamique ~olienne, nous pensons qu'avec l'abaissement des nappes aquif@res les actions @oliennes constituent le m~canisme majeur de la d~sertification, point de vue qui rallie de plus en plus de suffrages. Les actions de d~gradation dues au vent, objet de cette analyse, peuvent ~tre class~es en deux rubriques: - l'exc@s d'apport sableux, responsable de l'ennoyage d'oasis au milieu du d~sert ou de villages et de terres

250 cultivables dans les r~gions sah~liennes ou semi-arides des marges du d~sert; - l'exportation ~olienne de la mati~re organique et des particules les plus fines qui participent ~ la structure du sol. Nous analyserons tous ces symptomes physiques de d~gradation engendr~e par le vent, leur comprehension ~tant un outil indispensable pour tout am~nageur soucieux de prot~- get, dans ces r@gions o3 les terres cultivables sont rares, ce pr~cieux capital.

1)Laboratoire de G~ographie Physique Zonale Universit@ de Reims 57 rue Pierre Taittinger F-51100 Reims, France

251 Abstract Volume. 9th International DEV - 0 8 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE USE OF THE AGRICULTURAL RAINFALL INDEX IN MALAYSIA

S. Nieuwolt i) and Z. Ghazalli I)

The Agricultural Rainfall Index, introduced in an earlier paper, was developed to estimate the agricultural potential in various areas of Peninsular Malaysia. It has been applied successfully to a number of crops in different parts of the country. The occurrence of dry spells, which were not shown by, the commonly used mean rainfall figures, helped to explain the seasonality of some fruits. Yields of various crops also show a good correlation with the Agricultural Rain- fall Index. The method has, however, some limitations. These are mainly in relation to the prediction of seasonalrainfall in areas where the dry seasons are not pronounced. Never- theless, some very helpful conclusions can be drawn, which are of interest in agricultural development planning. l)Agrometeorological Unit M.A.R.D.I. Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

252 Abstract Volume. 9th International DEV-09 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198|

CLIMATE PHYSIOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS IN TROPICAL VENEZUELA

N. Pereira I~,~ A. Gonz~lez Delfino, C. de Protal and J. P@rez Buriel

Observations were made with 96 laying hens (Gallus domesticus L.) in five localities: E1 Laurel, Jusepin, Mara- caibo, Maracay and San Nicolas, being representative of the five actual and potential regions of commercial egg production in Venezuela. The object of the trial was to observe the effect of climatic factors such as: light hours, dry air temperature and water vapor pressure upon integrated results of physioclimatic adaptation of laying hens such as: body weight, egg production, average egg weight, feed consumption, feed conversion and egg quality (expressed as Haugh Units, shell thickness, percent shell and shell weight). Liveweight was not significantly affected, while production was higher in two stations (Jusepin and Maracay) than in the remaining three. Similarly, egg size, feed in- take and feed efficiency, and egg quality differed among stations, while shell parameters were similar throughout the country. In conclusion, there were no apparent impediments to physioclimatic adaptation to commercial egg production in the regions studied.

1)Facultad de Agronomla - UCV Instituto de producci6n Animal Maracay, Venezuela

253 Abstract Volume. 9th International DEV-IO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE PROBLEM OF DAIRY CATTLE IN THE TROPICS: NEEDS FOR AN INTEGRATED VIEW

N. Pereira I)

A theoretical analysis of the homeostatic mechanism for thermoregulation of lactating cows in warm environment is based on the information from tropical Venezuela which includes: (1) Historical note on the problem: How our point of view has been changed from time to time about the milk production in tropical environments. (2) The tropical environment, this is a generalization that can not be made when we discuss animal production: as far as I know the tropical conditions in which we wish to produce milk are different for America, Africa, Asia and Australia. We need to define the specific conditions in each area. (5) The problem of milk production in warm areas must be faced as an integrated approach, including: lactation, changes of weight, reproduction performance, microclimate, feeding and management. The animal must be analyzed as a thermodynamic open system that interchanges energy (as heat, gases and material) to its surroundings. That means that in the tropics we need to move to a more basic integral study of the problem which includes heat loss: energetic feed efficiency, mobilization of fat and tissues, changes of insolation and hormonal pool system. (4.1) The genetic program must include: milk production, weight changes, feeding efficiency and reproduction trait.

254 (4.2) The feeding program must include: changes of form and structure in order to reduce entropy. (4.5) The housing program must include: increase of the span between body temperature and air temperature, air movement and water content of the air. (4.4) Development management with less heat expenditure.

1)Facultad de Agronomia - UCV Instituto de producci6n Animal Maracay, Venezuela

255 Abstract Volume. 9th International DEV-II Congress of Biometeorology H D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck

REAL-TIME AGROMETEOROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 1)

C. Sakamoto 2) L. Steyaert R. Motha 3) A. Ravelo 4) and N. Strommen

The Center for Environmental Assessment/NOAA has been issuing real-time subsistence level crop condition assessment for the Caribbean and for the Sub-Saharan countries of Africa during 1979 and 1980. These assessments are based on agroclimatic indices and climate/crop models and uti- lizes meteorological data from the World Meteorological Organization Global Telecommunication System as well as supplemental estimates from meteorological satellites. The development of this system, problems encountered, (including data limitation), and verification reports as well as communicating the resultant information package to the users will be discussed. The results of the test years as well as additional applications in Southeast Asia, Southern Africa and Latin America show that the cost-effective and simple system is a viable tool that can be used to provide information on food security in developing countries. Sug- gestions are also provided to involve the affected countries through training of the methodologies and discussing the philosophy of associating quantitative and qualitative response of crops to the environment.

1)Project conducted in cooperation with USAID and the University of Missouri 2)Models Branch, Center for Environmental Assessment, NOAA/EDIS, Columbia, Missouri, 65201, USA 5)Agricultural Meteorology World Food Board, USDA Washington D.C., 20250, USA 4)University of Missouri-Columbia, Dep. Atmospheric Science Columbia, Missouri, 65201, USA

256 Abstract Volume. 9th Internatlonal DEV- 12 Congres~s of Biomete0rology D.OverdieckwJ.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) 0snabrueck 1981

ECO-CLIMATE OF RICE CROP IN THE DELTAIC DISTRICTS OF ANDHRA PRADESH

A.R. Subramaniam I) and A. Venkata Rao 2)

Deltaic districts of Andhra Pradesh in Peninsular India - Guntur, Krishna, West and East Codavari - are located in a tropical region between 15~ to 18~ latitude and 79~ to 82~ longitude (Fig. 1+2). In this region,

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Fig. 3 AGRO CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATIONS FiE. 4 MEAN AIR TEMPERATUK~S (~ FOR CROP (I.E.R.I. SCHEME) GROWING PERIOD

258 fall from 40, temperature from 17 stations), from Season Crop reports, Bureau of Economics and Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh, District Hand Book of statistics of each district, crop yield data from Agricultural farms at Kovva- li and Buttaigudem Zonal, in West Godavari District. According to the standards of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Manila, an attempt is made to classify the areas with regard to rainfall distribution and rice growing potential for both Kharif and Rabi (winter crop). The major part of this area except a few taluqs (re- venue sub-districts) such as Tiruvur, Chintalapudi and Pola- varam etc., is not favourable for rainfed cultivation of rice. Tbe temperature (in this region) is not a limiting factor for rice production. The impact of drought on paddy crop in this deltaic region is insignificant, but it is affected by floods to a considerable extent. Hence we suggest the cultivation of new varieties such as deep water rice and time-bound rice instead of season-bound varieties, to avoid damage due to floods. Improvement of the drainage network of cannals is also suggested. In upland areas short duration varieties may be introduced with better results. l)Department of Meteorology and Oceanography Andhra University Waltair, India 2)V.K.R. College, Buddhavaram Krishna District Andhra Pradesh, India

259 Abstract Volume. 9th International DEV-|3 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

CLIMATE AND VEGETATION TYPES OF SAUDI ARABIA

M.A. Zahran I) and H.A. Younes 2)

Saudi Arabia occupies about 2.2 million km 2 and thus it represents 4/5 of the area of the Arabian Peninsula. The climate of the country is generally arid (hot and dry) but the mountanous south-western region of the country is mild and characterized by relatively high rainfall and low temperature. Vegetation types of Saudi Arabia vary and include xerophytes of hot deserts, juniperus trees and shrubs of cold mountainous areas, man,roves of tropical areas and ha- lophytes of the inland and littoral salt marshes. Such variation of vegetation is effected mainly by the differences between the local climates of the different regions of the country. The relationships between the local climate, soil and vegetation types of Saudi Arabia are presented and discussed.

1)Faculty of Meteorology & Environmental Studies King Abdul Aziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 2)Soil and Water Use Lab. National Research Center Dokki Cairo, Egypt

260 S E C T I 0 N 14: AGRICULTURAL BIOMETEOROLOGY

Chairpersons: Prof. Dr. J. van Eimern 1) Dr. J.V. Hoyningen-Huene 2) Dr. R.W. Gloyne 3)

l)Lehrstuhl fGr Bioklimatologie der Universit~t G8ttingen BGsgenweg 5, D-3400 G8ttingen, FRG 2)Deutscher Wetterdienst, ZAMF Braunschweig, Bundesallee 50 D-5500 Braunschweig, FRG 5)124 Pembroke Rd., Clifton, Bristol BS8 3ER, U.K.

261 Abstract Volume. 9th International AGR-OI Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198l

INVESTIGATIONS ON ENERGY BUDGET AND YIELD PRODUCTION OF IRRIGATED CROPS IN SAUDI ARABIA

J. V. Hoyningen-Huene i) and F.C. Brandner 2)

Efficient irrigation (i.e. minimum water application versus minimum yield depression) is possible only when interactions of micrometeorological and plant physiological processes are well known. Intensive investigations on the influence of energy budget and consumptive use were carried out under extremely arid conditions within the framework of large scale irrigation projects in the A1 Hassa Oasis in Saudi Arabia. Radiation proved to be the most important source of energy for evapotranspiration. Additionally, advective energy and the positive sensible heat flux to the canopies cause an increase of evapotranspiration to values of 10 mm/d for maize and up to 15 mm/d for certain grass varieties and alfalfa. But advection also resulted in an overheating of plant leaves, particularly after stomatal closure due to lack of water, low photosynthetic active radiation, plant diseases, and soil salinity. In order to reduce stress conditions, heat balance and yield production under the influence of windbreaks were investigated. The results reveal that the influence of windbreaks on microclimate is much more accentuated in arid than in humid regions. Especially in the summer months stable stratification of air above irrigated crops increased the effects. Reduction of advection reduced leaf temperatures and water consumption and increased yield production favourably. The water use factor (dry matter

262 production per m 3 water consumption) depending upon the distance to the windbreak increased up to I00%.

~)Deutscher Wetterdienst Zentrale Agrarmeteorologische Forschungsstelle Bundesallee 50 D-3300 Braunschweig, FRG 2)Leichtwei~-Institut fGr Wasserbau Technische Universit~t D-3300 Braunschweig, FRG

263 Abstract Volume. 9th International AGR-O2-PO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,~.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

ON THE BIOPHYSICS OF ENERGY AND WATER BUDGET OF DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES

J. V. Hoyningen-Huene I) and A. Bramm 2)

Assimilation of C 3- and C4-plants is described, and the functional connection between energy and water balance of plants versus stomatal regulation is discussed. By the use of statistical methods, the influence of meteorological parameters (photosynthetical active radiation, leaf temperature, soil moisture content, and wind speed) upon stomatal regulation of the C4-plant maize is shown. Daily variations of heat balance components, and transpiration of C 3- and C4-plants , and their different behaviour under arid and humid irrigation conditions are discussed. Water consumption of C4-plants is considerably lowel because-due to lower CO 2 requirement- photosynthetic processes are maintained even with higher stomatal resistances Data collected in Europe and Arabia show that high stomatal resistances of C4-plants even at times of low water demand like in the morning, result in a relatively well balanced water consumption during intervals of stress.

l)Deutscher Wetterdienst Zentrale Agrarmeteorologische Forschungsstelle Bundesallee 50 D-3300 Braunschweig, FRG 2)Bundesforschungsanstalt fGr Landwirtschaft Braunschweig-V8lkenrode (PAL) Institut fGr Pflanzenbau und PflanzenzGchtung D-3300 Braunschweig, FRG

264 Abstract Volume. 9th International AGR-03 Congress of Biomateorology D.0verdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

MICROCLIMATIC INVESTIGATIONS ON WINTER WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)

W. MGller I)

The aim of this study is to quantify the time-dependent contribution of the most important meteorological elements (radiation balance, temperature of the air and the soil, humidity of the air, precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture) to the rates of dry matter increase of winter wheat. The site of this field experiment (running since 1978), and situated westward of Stuttgart (southern part of Germany) was chosen to assure that pre-selected conditions are realized, related to: - crop rotation (alfalfa ~ winter wheat rape, § winter wheat § oat), - depth of ploughing (-20 cm, -40 cm), - constant fertilizer (N), - usual spraying programme (generally once per season), A prevailing influence of all energy-reception characterizing elements and an important deviation of single values are evident. Special measurements concern the influence of radiation to the morphological variations of the plant: leaf development as well as the plant - conditioned "interception" of - light, precipitation, wind penetration into the (height-variable) canopy and the study of wetness-duration at the ground of the wheat-field. The increasing interception rates concern the period of.the 2 nd to 4 th phenophases (about May and June) with rather small standard deviations between the sites.

265 The final purpose of these studies is the monitoring of wheat development using all available field information.

1)Institut fGr Landeskultur und PflanzenGkologie Universit~t Hohenheim D-7000 Stuttgart 70, FRG

266 Abstract Volume. 9th International AGR-O4-PO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES IN AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY

R.R. van der Ploeg I) J. v. Hoyningen-Huene 2) H. Braden 2) and H. Helbig 3)

Of the many applications of remote sensing techniques in agricultural meteorology, measurements of surface temperatures in the infrared range of 9-14 ~m are of special interest. Since it can be shown that the temperature of a crop is closely related to its water and energy budget surface temperatures may be used to evaluate the crop's water and energy status. In the present paper the relation between the surface temperature and its environment will be discussed. Different approaches to derive the evapotranspiration rate of a crop from its temperature will be presented. It will be shown that reliable estimates of the flow resistances of water and vapor in and above the canopy are essential. Furthermore it will be demonstrated how information obtained with remote sensing techniques can be combined with results from classical methods of investigation to arrive at estimates for regional water and energy budgets. As illustration, results from the TELLUS-project (a remote sensing measuring campaign carried out near Han- nover in 1979) will be presented.

1)Institut fGr Bodenkunde und Waldern~hrung Universit~t GGttingen D-3400 GGttingen, FRG 2)Deutscher Wetterdienst, ZAMF Braunschweig Bundesallee 50 D-3300 Braunschweig, FRG 3)Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt fGr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Institut fGr Nachrichtentechnik 0berpfaffenhofen, D-8051 WeSling, FRG

267 Abstract Volume. 9th International AGR-05 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

EFFECT OF DAYLENGTH, TEMPERATURE AND SOIL MOISTURE ON DEVELOPMENT OF SOYBEANS (GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERRILL)

A.C. Ravelo I)

A model for soybean growth stages has been developed which is based on the effects of selected environmental variables. An iterative regression analysis (IRA) relating span days for soybean growth stages to daylength, air temperature and soil moisture was used. The IRA evaluates the simple and interacting contribution to soybean development of these three environmental variables. The phenological input to the model consists of dates of emergence, flowering, pod filling, termination of flowering and physiological maturity from three University of Missouri experimental farms during 1971-1973. Three soybean cultivars from the maturity groups I, II, and IV were considered in the analysis. Daylength is required as well as daily climatological data including maximum and minimum air temperatures and a derived agrometeorological variable such as soil moisture. The statistics obtained from operating the model include a regression coefficient for each input variable, the estimated phenological date by using these coefficients, the coefficient of determination for observed versus estimated phenological dates and the standard error of estimates. The model showed better predictive capability by incorporating the effect of edaphic parameters, such as soil moisture, into the photo-thermal concept. Water stress was found to be a factor in shortening soybean growth stage spans. In order to test the model a number of experiment station-years were withheld from the iterative regression analysis. Comparison of the estimated phenologi-

268 cal dates and those observed from the test data provided encouraging results. These suggest that the proposed model can be a useful tool for soybean growth stage prediction. l)university of Missouri-Columbia Department of Atmospheric Sciences Columbia Missouri, 65211, USA

269 Abstract Volume. 9th International AGR-06 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198l

MICROCLIMATE IN CEREAL STANDS

W.A. S~nchez I)

In a canopy of spring wheat the influence of different plant densities upon temperatures within and at the top of the stands was investigated. The effect of variable leaf shapes, row distances and crop densities upon radiation uptake of the leaves particularly of the important spadix leaf is evaluated.

l)Universidad Nacional, Apdo 456 Agraria - La Molina Lima, Peru

270 Abstract Volume. 9th International AGE-07 Congress ~f Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Hueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

POSSIBILITIES FOR IRRIGATION SCHEDULING ACCORDING TO PLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL CRITERIA

C. Sommer 1) and A. Bramm 1)

Irrigation scheduling today is mainly controlled by soil water content or climatic water balance. By doing so, plant formations are taken into consideration to the extent that under certain conditions the reduction of soil water content is equal to the water consumption of the plants. The success of this controlling method is undis- puted and in any case a controlled sprinkler irrigation is better than an uncontrolled sprinkler irrigation. In the future, agriculture will be obligated to reduce the consumption of the available water reserves, thus rais- ing the question concerning the actual water need of plant formations. Investigations into ways of optimizing the use of water in plant production are being carried out in pots, ly- simeters and portable chambers, respectively. These allow a measurement of evapotranspiration in the fields. In this contribution, the results of pot and field experiments on sugar beets will be discussed. The goal is to develop cor ~ rection factors which will be used to estimate the actual water need of plants. It is possible to estimate the actual water requirements of plant formations, using measurements of the transpiration of plants and of simple evapori- meters as well as the correction factors. The object of this work is to develop quantitative, functional theories about the water requirements of plant formations. These theories shall reliably describe the growth of plants considering the economical partial yields,

271 so that it is possible to make quantitative predictions of the irrigation scheduling of water, even when the reserves are running short.

1)Institut fGr Pflanzenbau und PflanzenzGchtung Bundesallee 50 D-3300 Braunschweig, FRG

272 S E C T I O N 15: CONTRIBUTED PAPERS

Chairperson: N.N.

273 Abstract Volume. 9th International CTR-OI Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

THE DEPENDENCE OF HONEY-BEE BEHAVIOUR ON WEATHER, SHOWN BY THE RESULTS OF WEIGHING BEE-HIVES IN THE PERIOD OF 1969 TO 1979 IN THE REGION OF THE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION OF HANNOVER

J. Gerlach I)

Beekeeping is a part of agriculture which is highly influenced by climatology. The main products of beekeeping, honey and wax, are substances produced or carried by honey- bees for their own use. The quantity of these goods is determined by weather conditions. These results are verified by many years of measurements as described below. For judg- ing the development of honey-bees over the whole year the weight of the hives was controlled using a hive-scale in regular turns. In the region of the Beekeepers Association of Hannover those results of weighing bee-hives were made by 30-35 observers together in the period of 1969 to 1979 including climatic-dates and the numbers of days of flight and collection. The result of the analysis of this data for the whole region of Lower Saxony and for some special parts shows characteristic and typical pictures for the collection in natural and cultural areas which reflect indirectly the climatic and phenologic dependence of honey- bee behaviour. It can also be verified through the results that bee-hives are affected by geographical and climatic conditions in a different way every year. With a pair of scales which register and record the changes of weight 24 hours ~ day the reactions of the honey-bees' dependence on weather conditions can also be demonstrated. The correlation of one species of plant and its dependence on climatic, edaphic and hydrologic factors and the influence of

274 climate on the behaviour of honey-bees is verified by the prime example of lime-trees in summer 1977. The result of this analysis shows that the peaks of collection (the high-point of the daily weight of the hive- scales) fall with the peaks of temperature in the month of July, the days with the greatest period of sunshine and the lowest degree of clouds. Simultaneously, the nectar production was positively influenced by high atmospheric humidity (60-80%). On cloudy days the flight-activity and the efficiency of collection of honey-bees was low. Both the results of the series of observations over 10 years and the results from single yearly and daily measurements verify unquivocally the dependence of the behaviour of honey-bees and phenology on weather.

1)Robinienweg 7 D-4500 OsnabrGck, FRG

275 Abstract Volume. 9th International CTR-02 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleck,J.Hueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198!

CLIMATIC CONTROL OF AGROECOSYSTEMS IN WESTERN INDIA

I) S.C. Pandeya

The climate of western India varies from ARID TO SUB- HUMID. The net water surplus indicates deficiency in moisture over PE of locality. It varies from 300 to above 100 mm. The water status varies from -500 to -3000 mm and is correlative to plant growth. Six ecoclimatic zones have been designed, which over- lap partly. Geology/lithology of the region varies from igneous granite and basalt to metamorphic schist and gneiss complex, sandstone, desert sand and saline patches. Inter- action of climate and soil condition seem to be determi- nant factors, and normalised water content is a more ex- pressive index of available soil water for growth. Dryland farming or rainfed agriculture depending on monsoon rains between June/July to September/October is almost the rule in the region. Irrigated crops during the dry winter months occupy only about I% of the total land surface, of which otherwise 47% are cultivated. Sorghum and pennisetum are the main cereal crops and groundnut the main oilcrop. Sorghum to pennisetum indicate slight aridity. Cotton is a cash crop on semi-arid tracts. Results of the study are that hybrid varieties provide higher yields under irrigation and lower yields than the local varieties under rainfed conditions. The good correlation between the local variety yields and growth rates and the variations of climate explain the better adaptabi- lity of these local varieties. This concept is an improvement over the Meteorological Equivalent concept by AZZI (1956). 1)Department of Biosciences Saurashtra University Rajkot 360 005, I~ia

276 Abstract Volume. 9th International CTR-03 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

A COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF THE TERRESTRIAL MAGNETIC CORRELATES OF JOVIAN-VENUSIAN CRITICAL ANGLES

E.S. Maxey I)

Cdr. John NELSON devised a magnetic storm forecasting system based on "critical angles" which occur between two planets in their respective orbits. A "critical angle" is a heliocentric separation of 0 or 90 or 180 degrees between any one of the inner four planets and a second planet whose orbit lies outside that of the first. Any third planet - when separated from the first by 30, 45, 60, 120, 135 or 150 degrees - is said to be at a "harmonic angle". The NELSON hypothesis predicts magnetic storminess as a correlate of two planets moving into "critical angle" relationships and exaggerated storminess whenever a third planet is positioned at a "harmonic angle" relative to the initial pair. The hypothesis is tested for the period 1868-1980 using twice a day aa indices with Venus and Ju- piter as the critical planets. The computer analysis yields significant results. l)Ocean Boulevard Medical Center 921 East Ocean Boulevard Stuart, Florida 55494, USA

277 Abstract Volume. 9th International CTR-04-PO Congress of Biometeorology H D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

TWELVE SOURCES OF AIR ELECTRICITY AND THEIR IMPACT ON MAN

F.G. Sulman 1)

(I) Positive Ions: Serotonin release (2) Atmospherics (Sferics): Serotonin release (5) Electrofields (Potential gradient): Invigoration (4) Electro-Aerosols: Effect depending on aggregates (5) Sun Radiation: Mixture of electromagnetic waves and other radiation (6) Cosmic Radiation: Extra-terrestrial protons (7) Magnetic Fields: Affect only persons with specific receptors (8) Radar: Affects central nervous system, endocrines, blood system, eye (catarAct), ear and genes (9) Radioactive Fallout: Fatal by a mixture of fission products (10) High Tension: Danger zone at 400,000 V AC (11) Technics: Household electricity, rarely disturbing (12) Waterhole Effects: Air ionization, electromagnetic fields, gamma radiation.

Reference: KOENIG, H.L. (1977): Unsichtbare Umwelt, Techn. Univ., Arcistr. 21, MGnchen, Germany, 208 pp. SULMAN, F.G. (1980): The Effect of Air Ionization, Elec- tric Fields, Atmospherics and Other Electric Phenomena on Man and Animal. Ch. C. Thomas Publ. Springfield Ill. 424 pp.

1)Bioclimatology Unit Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center P.O.B. 12065 Jerusalem, Israel

278 LATE PAPERS

279 Abstract Volume. 9th International LAP -0 i Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

ESTABLISHMENT OF A WORLDWIDE AGROCLIMATIC DATA BANK AS A MULTIDISCIPLINARY BASIS FOR AGROMETEOROLOGICAL STUDIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

D.P-J. Van de Vyvere 1)

In 1976 the Crop Ecology Unit of FAO started to establish a simple agrometeorological data bank on the basis of documentation published by national meteorological services in developing countries. At the present time, data from more than 2500 stations are available, including the calcualtion of monthly potential evapotranspiration according to Penman, an indispensable tool in agrometeorology. The data bank is also fed every year with 10 day current rainfall information for about 20 countries during the cropping season. As well as being a permanent source of information for projects and experts in the field, the data bank has also enabled the following studies to be accomplished: (1) Agroecological zones project is based on climatic and pedological data and makes use of precise ecophysio- logical requirements of crops to pinpoint the remaining land resources in developing countries in order to increase agricultural production. (2) Crop monitorin5 and forecastin5 method is based on the cumulative water balance of rainfed crops and provides an index which, together with other economic and statistical data, allows better planning and can warn the international community of possible food scarcities. (3) The numerous agroclimatolosical surveys (Andean zone, South East Asia, West Africa, highlands of eastern Africa, etc.) are essential for the strategic aspects

280 of long term planning. (4) A joint FAO/UNEP/WMO/UNESCO desertification assessment and mapping project is presently using the agroclimato- logical bank to combine data on rain, temperature, wind, the length of the period outside the growing season.

~)Joint WMO/FAO Agrometeorological Unit AGP Division, FAO Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy

281. Abstract Volume. 9th International LAP-02 Congress of Biometeorology H D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL CRITERIA FOR GLOBAL THERMAL ZONES OF BUILDING DESIGN

A. Auliciems i)

Traditionally, indoor thermal environments reflect two main groups of factors; those relating to immediate thermoregulatory responses, and those relating to previous climatic and cultural experiences. From certain laboratory experiments, however, claims have been made recently that only metabolic rates and clothing amounts are of importance. On the other hand, field studies have repeatedly shown that these factors are not sufficient to explain the more marked variations in comfort standards across the world in real life situations. Demonstrably, prevalent climate conditions provide the most significant explanation for mean group variance. A return to the earlier and broader model incorporating cultural parameters becomes necessary to resolve these contradictions. Given the importance of such 'climato-cultural' experiences, indoor optima (or at least thermal comfort standards for specific activities) may be determined from em- pirical calculations involving simple monthly average temperatures. This is seen to have implications for thermal designs and systems of space heating and cooling. Several maps are produced to show global zones of indoor design criteria depending upon geographical location.

l)Department of Geography University of Queensland St. Lucia 4067, Queensland Australia

282 Abstract Volume. 9th International LAP-03-PO Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck |98;

LOCAL THERMAL ALLIESTHESIAL RESPONSE IN MAN

G. Hildebrandt I) P Engel I) and M. Attia

Both directions of thermoregulatory activity (warming and cooling) alter the (protopathic) comfort/discomfort sensation from local temperature stimuli in a very sensitive way (so-called alliesthesia). Cold stimuli are thus felt as increasingly unpleasant during warming-up phases or under hypothermal conditions and as increasingly pleasant during cooling down phases or under hyperthermal conditions, whereas the opposite applies to warm stimuli. Si- milar results can be objectified when the preference temperature of a local thermal stimulus is freely chosen. On the other hand, the (epicritical) component of temperature perception is virtually independent of the general thermoregulatory situation. A thermal stimulus apparatus is described which allows defined temperature stimuli of between 15 ~ and 40~ to be applied in quick succession by means of a PELTIER thermode, and which enables the relationship between stimulus temperature and subjective comfort/discomfort to be systema- tically investigated. It can also be used as a continuous control of the freely choosen preference temperature. The results obtained by the procedure under various room climatic conditions show that alliesthetic reactions reflect the actual thermoregulatory situation with great sensitivity and that, in healthy subjects, they are independent of the body region to which the test stimuli are applied. The control of the alliesthetic reactions makes it possible to determine the exact point of thermo-indiffer- ence.

283 Several unsolved problems which could be approached by the measurement of local thermal alliesthetic reactions are indicated.

1)Institut fGr Arbeitsphysiologie und Rehabilitations- forschung der Universit~t Marburg/Lahn Ketzerbach 21 1/2 D-3550 Marburg/Lahn, FRG

284 Abstract Volume. 9th International ~LAP-04 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 1981

BIOMASS ENERGY ASPECTS OF AQUATIC PLANTS

C.J. Soeder 1)

Like on land, the productivity of aquatic systems varies over a wide range. In productive natural waters the efficiency of photosynthetic bioconversion of utilizable light energy by submerged . ~lants (including phytoplankton) is in the order of 0.1 to 0.5%. Much higher efficiencies of up to 8% may be attained by emergent macrophytes, e.g. by sugar cane or Papyrus, and by optimized mass cultures of microalgae or of seaweeds. Both of the latter produce under suitable climatic conditions up to 100 t of dry organic matter per hectare and year, corresponding to an energy content of 17 - 23 x 108 kJ. Actual possibilities for technical exploitation of this potential will probably be restricted to certain regions in warmer countries. For example, energy harvesting via the water hyacinth (Eich- hornia crassipes) is a promising option. Microalgae offer the possibility to convert sunlight more or less directly into liquid fuels. l)Institut f~r Biotechnologie, Inst. 3 KFA JHlich GmbH Postfach 1913 D-5170 JGlich i, FRG

285 Abstract Volume. 9th International LAP-05 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdleek,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck ]98]

ENERGY FROM THE BIOMASS- SOME BASIC PHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

R.W. Gloyne 1)

After listing certain of the main physical factors and constraints involved, data are presented giving the possible and actual contribution that biomass can make towards meeting the global energy requirement and those of several areas. The overall spatial and temporal variations of solar energy reaching the earth's surface are briefly described, including the effects of slope and orientation on the solar energy collected. This is followed by data on the uti -~ lization of solar energy by plants for the production of plant material through photosynthesis. The intervention of the photosynthetic stage in the transformation of solar energy to biological material significantly alters the pattern of realizable energy as compared with that of the potential contained in the solar energy reaching the surface.

1)124 Pembroke Rd. Clifton Bristol BS8 3ER, U.K.

286 Abstract Volume. 9th International LAP- 06 Congress of Biometeozology D.Overdleck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck 198l

FUEL FROM BRITISH HERBACEOUS PLANTS

G.J. Lawson I) T.V. Callaghan and R. Scott

Recently, several countries have demonstrated the feasibility of converting plants into a variety of fuels. Most biofuel studies concentrate on agricultural crops or short rotation forestry, but it is suggested, for Britain at least, that energy crops of weeds and natural vegetation should be given equal importance to energy crops from trees or agriculture. 40% of rural Britain is covered by natural or semi- natural vegetation, and several species, like heather (Calluna vul~aris) and bracken (Pteridium a~uilinum) could be harvested as 'opportunity energy crops' without disturbing the existing land use. Some introduced alien species, like giant knotweed (Reynoutria sachalensis), appear considerably more productive than conventional agricultural crops, and have potential for planting as 'dedicated energy crops'. The energy content of British vegetation could supply one third of the countries primary energy demand, and bio- fuels may soon have economic application in several circumstances: (a) when high quality transport fuels are required, (b) when growing costs are zero (crop wastes) or very low (opportunity crops), (c) when integration with an existing land use is possible, (d) when providing energy to rural and island communities. This paper considers various scenarios for the utilization, management and conversion to energy of British vegetation. The distribution of this vegetation is assessed, and yields are predicted, using a land classification technique. 1)Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Merlewood Research Station Grange-over-Sands 287 Cu~ria LA11 6JU, U.K. Abstrat Volume. 9th International LAP-07 Congress of Bs D.Overdieck,J.Mueller,H.Lieth(eds.) Osnabrueck |98|

THE POTENTIAL OF FOREST BIOMASS AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY IN BRITAIN AND EUROPE

C.P. Mitchell 1)

The potential of forest biomass as a source of energy within the European Community is discussed. Three existing sources of wood for energy are available; forest residues, early thinnings and utilization of existing coppice. The extent of these sources is given and research programs to develop their use indicated. In the future biomass may be available from short rotation forest energy plantations. These can be of two forms; coppice using fast-growing hardwoods on cutting cycles of up to 5 years and single-stemmed trees grown on rotations of 12 to 20 years. Productivities of 10 to 20 dry tonnes/ ha/ann are expected from coppice and 8 to 12 dry tonnes/ ha/ann from single-stemmed trees. Coppice energy plantations are suited to more fertile lowland sites and single- stemmed trees on less fertile lowland and upland sites. Research programs on growing and harvesting trees for energy within the CEC are described. Consideration is given to the major factor limiting development of energy plantation-availability of land.

1)Forestry Department Aberdeen University S. Machar Drive Aberdeen. AB9 2UU, U.K.

288 Abstract Volume. 9th InternationaI LAP -0 8 Congress of Biometeorology D.Overdieck,J.Hueller,H.Lieth(eds.) - Osnabrueck ]981

L'AGROMETEOROLOGIE, DOMAINE, OBJECTIFS ET MOYENS

N. Gerbier I )

(I) D~finition des domaines de l'agrom~t~orologie: (1.1) L'agrom~t~orologie peut ~tre consid~r6e comme l'ensemble des moyens scientlfiques et techniques permettant, par l'exploita- tlon de donn~es ~ la fols agronomlques et m~t6orologiques, de procurer ~ l'exploitant agrlcole, des &l~ments utiles pour une meilleure gestion de son exploitation. Sa mise en oeuvre comporte deux aspects essentiels: - la prise de conscience par les responsables de l'Agricul- ture ~ tousles nlveaux de l'impact des facteurs climatl- ques sur la production. - l'utillsation rationnelle de la connaissance des facteurs climatiques lors de la prise de d~olsion. C'est grace ~ la recherche et au d~veloppement que le premier aspect pourra ~tre tralt~ alors que le deuxi@me d~- bouche sur les applications pratiques en rue d'une part de minlmiser les effets noclfs du climat ou au contralre d'en accentuer les incidences b~n~fiques et d'autre part d'opti- miser les interventions culturales et les ~quipements. L'actlon de l'agrom~t~orologle s'~tend des couches du sol susceptibles d'influencer le d~veloppement et la croissance des v&g~taux les mieux enracln~s, auxnlveauxmoyens de l'atmosphe~e o3 peuvent ~tre entrain~s les spores, pollens et insectes. (I .2) Protection sanitaire. I1 convient de tenir compte des incidences du climat ~ la fois sur l'hSte et l'agent pathog@ne. Les &qulpements de prevention, la fr6quence des interventions phytosanltaires

289 (1149 Orientation r~ionale de l'agriculture Los donn6es agroclimatiques constituent unfacteur essentiel pour l'estimation de la potentialit6 agricole d'une r6gion en fonction des sites et des types de production (zonage p6- doclimatique). Ces informations peuvent contribuer ~ l'in- troductlon de productions agrlcoles nouvelles, de m6thodes culturales et d'6quipements mleux adapt6s aux circonstances atmosph6riques, en particulier dans le domaine drainage - irrigation Elles peuvent conduire 6galement ~ exprimer des besoins en recherches darts ces domalnes. (1.2.2) Choix d'une orientation technico-6conomique ~ moyen terme pour la communaut6 a~ricole. Comparaison entre le climat et les exigences ~coclimatiques des productions envisageables. Introduction des crite~es du climat dans les mode~les "gestion agricole". (1.2.3) Techniques de production agricole (v6g6tale ou animale) et sylvicole. Adaptation des interventions culturales et des 6quipements aux caract6ristiques physiques de l'environnement, en prenant compte en particulier la fr6quence et la dur6e des 6pisodes favorables ~ ces interventions au cours de l'ann6e agricole: - travail du sol, - 6pandage d'engrais, - interventions culturales,

- r6coltes, fenaison, etc ... Mise en application de ces interventions au moment le plus opportun en tenant compte des observations du temps pass6 r~cent et des pr6visions m~t~orologiques ~ courte ~ch~- anoe (1.2.4)

290 r6sultent en pattie des conditions cllmatlques habituelles, tandis que la d6cision d'intervenir d~pend de la situation atmosph~rique des jours precedents et de la pr6vision pour los heures et le jour ~ venlr: temperatures, vent, pr~ciplta- tions,humidit~. De m~me les informatlcns m6t6crologiques et cllmatlques sont de grande utillt6 darts la phase critique "~table-champs" (senslbillt& auxmaladies). (1.2.5) Gestion des ressources hydri~ues en concertation avec lea autres usagers de l'eau et recherche d'une meilleure valori- sation de l'eau dlsponible. Le choix et le dimensionnenment d'un syst@me d'irrigation, l'implantation d'un lac collinaire, la mise en place d'un r~seau de drainage seront fonction d'une part de la consom- mation en eau des cultures donc de l'insolation, des temperatures, du vent et d'autre part des apports naturels dus a~x pr6cipitations. La conduite de l'irrlgation peut ~tre pilot~e ~ l'alde des mesures cumul~es des param@tres atmosph6riques permettant de suivre l'~volution du bilan hydrique et par consequent des r~serves utiles en eau du so1. (1.2.6) Am6nagement de l'espace rural. Certains am~nagements ruraux tels que la d~forestatlon, l'ara- sement des haies sont susceptibles de modifier le cllmat l'~chelle locale par exemple la fr~quence des gel6es ou le niveau de l'~vapotranspiration. I1 pourra ~tre utile d'~valuer l'amplitude de ces changements et leurs r6percussions sur la production. (1.2.7) Prevention des calamit~s atmosph6riques. Toute implantation de culture sensible au gel, ~ la gr~le, la s~cheresse devrait ~tre pr~c6d6e d'une ~tude permettant de connaltre la fr6quence de ces calamit~s et de d~limiter les zones les moins atteintes en fonction des types de cultures et de la sensibillt6 le leurs stades ph6nologlques. Tenir compte de la d~limination des zones g61ives est bien

291 seuvent la premi#re pr6cautlon ~ prendre pour llmiter les risques des d6g~ts dus au gel. Ces m~mes ~tudes dolvent contribuer aux choix des ~qulpements de prevention les plus rentables. Pour le gel, le cholx entre chaufferettes, aspersion, brassage de l'air d~pend de la nature des gel~es, de leur fr~quence, de la topographie du site etc... Leur mise en oeuvre peut ~tre d~clench~e ~ partir d'avis de gel diffuses par les services agrom~t~orologlques. Los modifications artificielles du temps, reposant sur des donn~es m~t~orologiques et climatiques, doivent ~tre prises en consideration: pluie artificielle, gr~le... (I .3) Pour exploiter au mieux les possibilit~s de l'agrem~t6oro- logie dans chacun des domaines cites, il convient de d~finir et de r~aliser des actions dans quatre domaines: (1.3.1) Analyse technique des besoins exprim~s par les agriculteurs et les responsables r~gionauxet nationaux de la Profession et de l'Administration. D~terminatiQn de projets de recherche. (I .3.2) Pr0grammes de recherches agronomiques et m~t~orologiques concert~s en rue de r~pondre aux besoins exprim~s, non satis- faits ~ l'aide des techniques disponibles. .3.3) Formation des protagonistes de l'agrom~t~orologie. C'est un aspect essentiel car il s'agit de former ~ cSt~ d'agrom6t~o- rologistes ccmp~tents, les enseignants et les conseillers agricoles, ainsi que les agriculteurs eux-m~mes. L'utilisation rationnelle des informations agrom~t~orologiques impllque en effet une participation active de l'usager (relev~ de donn6es, interpretation d'avis ou de conseil) qui exige certaines connaissances de base. Sans une sensibilisation et une formation ~ tousles niveaux, les efforts r~alis~s par quelques sp~cialistes seraient valns. .3.4) Estimation de l'impact ~conomique des programmes agrom~t~o- rologiques envisages; d~termination des priorlt~s.

292 Dans un souci d'efficacit~ on devrait s'attacher en priorit6 la formation de conseillers agricoles et des enseignants. I1 serait souhaitable que dans chaque d~partement un conseil- ler regoive une solide sp6cialisatign agrom~t~orologique dont ll ferait b6n~ficier ses coll@gues.

(2) Modalit~sd'utilisation et impact des informationsagro- m6t~orologiques: (2.1) Modalit6s d,util!sation. Lesinformations agrom~t~orologiques sont ~ prendre en compte chaque ~tape de la gestion des activit6s agricoles. (2.1.1) ~es engagements "strat~giques" ~ 10rig terme devraient 6tre adopt~s en tenant compte des crite~res climatiques exprim~s en termes statistiques obJectifs (fr~quence d'occurence d'6v@nements atmosph~riques cu de franchissement de seuils), associ~s aux donn~es physiques (p~dologiques notamment) et ~conomiques.I1 s'agit en particulier de l'am~nagement de l'espace rural (brise-vent, drainage, suppression du bocage, etc...) du choix des productions et des techniques culturales (irrigation, assolement...), de la nature des ~quipements (syste~me de fanage,...b&timents agricoles, serres,...). (2.1.2) A moyen terme, c'est-~-dire au cours d'une campagne agricole, on ne dispose pas de m~thodes de pr~visions m~t6orologiques efficaces susceptibles de r~pondre aux besoins de l'agriculture, par contre il existe des mode~les de pr~visions dites "agrom~t6orologiques" fournissant, ~ l'~chelon r~gional ou national, une estimation anticip~e satisfaisante ~ quelques semaines ou quelques mois d'~ch~ance du volume (grace aux pr~visions de rendement et ~ condition de connaStre les surfaces concern6es) et de la qualit~ de certaines r~coltes (bl~, betteraves sucri@res, mais, pommes de terre, vigne...). De telles pr~visions, tr@s utiles pour l'organisation et la rationalisation des march~s, sont bas~es essentiellement sur

293 l'utilisation dans des mode~es math~matiques des facteurs atmosph~riques relev~s aux stades pr~coces de d~veloppement des cultures (insolation, temperatures, precipitations, vent, etc...). Sulvant lea m~mes techniques d'analyse, des mode~es de pr~vlsions r~gionales des dates de franchissement de seuils ph6nologiques (date de la floraison, de la maturation, etc...) sent op~rationnels et peuvent guider les agriculteurs dans la d~terminatlon d'un calendrier d'interventions (fagons culturales, engrais, interventions phytosanitaires, r6colte ...) particulie~ement utiles dans le contexte actuel d'~co- nomie d '~nergie. (2.1.3) A court terme les choix tactiques de l'agriculteur peuvent 6tre facilit~s par diverses categories d'informations m~t6- orologiques. (2.1.3.1) Prise en compte de relev~s c~imati~ues r~cents (par exemple cumuls de precipitations, de temperatures) en vue d'estimer objectivement l'~volution biologique du milieu vivant (v~g~- taux, agents pathoge~nes), le bilan hydrique des cultures ou encore l'6tat du sol (r~serve en eau, temperature). C'est ainsi que peuvent ~tre mieux ajust~s des dates de semis ou le d~clenchement d'une campagne d'irrigation. (2.1.3.2) Pr6visions m6t~orolo~iques et avis ~ court terme susceptibles d'orienter les interventions de l'agriculteur: traite- ments phytosanitaires, irrigation , lutte contre le gel, fenaison, etc... (2.1.3.3) ~'emploi de statistiques climatologiques, ~ partir des circonstances climatiques actuelles, peut permettre d'~valuer le risque de subir telle ou telle situation dangereuse ou nocive: par exemple probabilit~ pour qu'un ~tat de s~cheresse se poursuive ou risque de gel6es au printemps apr@s que les temperatures cumul6es, depuis le d~but de l'ann~e, aient d~pass~ un certain seuil.

294 (2.2) Impact des informaticns agrom6t6orologiques. Celul-ci se manlfeste ~ la fois au niveau de l'exploitation agricole et sur le plan r~gional et national, il est ~galement important ~ans les plans de d6veloppement taut au niveau de l'exploitant que du d6partement. (2.2.1) Au niveau de l'exploitation, l'utilisation rationnelle des informations agrom~t~orologiques se traduit par (2.2.1.1) unchoix plus ~udicieux des productions agricoles, des techniques culturales et des ~quipements. (2.2.1.2) une conduite de l'exploitation adapt&e aux caract~ristiques du climat local par exemple avec la connaissance de jours disponibles ou s~quences de jours disponibles pour certains travaux, et une estimation objective des risques climatiques conduisant ~un ccmportement plus rationnel de l'agriculteur vis ~ vis des al6as climatiques. (2.2.1.3) une agriculture plus &conome, grace ~ la limitation des pertes (en production, produits phytosanitaires, engrais, ~nergie, etc...) r~sultant des circonstances atmosph~riques d~favorables ou, au contraire, d'une meilleure utilisation des p~riodes favorables. (2.2.1.4) une amelioration de la productivit6 de l'exploitation ainsi que de la qualit~ des p~oduits. (2.2.1.5) un all@~ement des contraintes de travail de l'agriculteur en ~vitant les interventions inutiles. (2,2.2) Au plan r~gional et national, ces informations doivent contribuer ~: (2.2.2.1) une estimation objective du potentiel agricole de chaque zone p~doclimatique homoge~e.

295 (2.2.2.2) une orientation plus rationnelle des productions agricoles, des am~nagements (irrigation, drainage, brise-vent...), des 6quipements dans chacune de ces zones. (2.2.2.3) la r~ularisation des rendements d~bouchant sur un approvi- sionnement plus r~gulier des march~s et r6duisant ainsi les fluctuations excessives des cours, pr~judiciables tant aux producteurs qu'aux consommateurs. (2.2.2.4) l'approvislonnement plus uniforme des industries agro-ali- mentaires en aval.

IJCOMMISSION~ DE METEOROLOGIE AGRICOLE METEOROLOGIE NATIONALE 2, Avenue Rapp 75340 Paris Cedex 07 France

296