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Cryo-Compressed Hydrogen Storage Cryogenic Cluster Day, Oxford, September 28, 2012 Bmw Hydrogen Storage Development BMW EfficientDynamics Less emissions. More driving pleasure. Dr. Klaas Kunze, Dr. Oliver Kircher CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE CRYOGENIC CLUSTER DAY, OXFORD, SEPTEMBER 28, 2012 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE DEVELOPMENT. AGENDA. BMW Hydrogen Storage Strategy Cryocompressed Hydrogen Storage Development Refueling technology Compatibility with infrastructure Conclusion BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 2 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE DEVELOPMENT. AGENDA. BMW Hydrogen Storage Strategy Cryocompressed Hydrogen Storage Development Refueling technology Compatibility with infrastructure Conclusion BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 3 BMW EFFICIENT DYNAMICS. 4 STEPS TOWARDS EMISSION-FREE MOBILITY. BMW EfficientDynamics Less emissions. More Driving Pleasure. Hydrogen BMW i Long Range ZEV Mobility ActiveHybrid Battery Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Optimizing: ActiveHybrid X6 and Active • Efficiency Hybrid7 • Aerodynamics • Lightweight • Energy Management • Road Resistance BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 4 BMW HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY. ADVANCEMENT OF KEY COMPONENTS. Hydrogen 7 small series Advanced key components Next vehicle & infrastructure Technology leap storage & drive train Advancement Storage & Drive train Efficient long-range mobility: H2-Storage LH2 Storage Zero Emission. Capacity Focus on medium & large CGH CcH2 LH2 Safety 2 vehicles with high energy Boil-off loss demand. Pressure supply Range > 500 km (6-8 kg H2) Complexity Source: Quantum Source: BMW Source: BMW Fast refueling (< 4 min / 6 kg) Infrastructure Optimized safety oriented H2 Drive train vehicle package & component V12 PFI engine integration Power density Loss-free operation for all Dynamics relevant use cases FCHV FC-EREV Durability & cost H HEV EREV H2ICE 2 Compatibility to upcoming Efficiency Electrification infrastructure standard BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 5 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE. 5 SERIES GT CCH2-FC-HYBRID CONCEPT CAR. High voltage Customer benefits of battery ~1KWh usable CcH2-storage in Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle 500 km customer real life, PEM Fuel Cell Range ~90 kW electrical power > 800 km test cycle Refueling time < 5 min Refueling for 500 km possible Potentially lower fuel cost due Electrical rear wheel Operating drive to lower investment and costs ~200/ 80 kW operating costs at the station. H2 Cryo-compressed central tunnel storage Additional cooling from CcH2- max. 7,2 kg usable storage enables better fuel cell Performance power train performance in critical driving situations. BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 6 HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES. ONLY PHYSICAL STORAGE VALIDATED FOR USE IN PASSENGER VEHICLES. Physical Storage Solid storage Compressed Cryo-compressed Liquid Hydrides Adsorption CGH * CcH * LH * 2 2 2 „activated „metallic“ carbon“ Source: Quantum Source: BMW Source: BMW „chemical“ „MOFs“ Single or Super-insulated Super-insulated multi- pressure cryogenic low-pressure „Zeolith“ vessel pressure vessel cryotank 700 (350) bar 350 bar „organic“ Small Series level, Prototype level Demonstration Mainstream level Research level! *) CGH2 := Compressed Gaseous Hydrogen (700bar) CcH2 := Cryo-compressed Hydrogen (10bar - 350bar) LH2 := Liquid/Liquefied Hydrogen (1 bar_a - ca. 10 bar_a) BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 7 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE . CCH2 – CRYOGENIC GAS DENSER THAN LH2. 100 LH2 Liquid Hydrogen 90 CcH2 Cryo-compressed Hydrogen 80 80 g/L CGH2 Compressed Gaseous Hydrogen LH2 – 1 CcH2 – 300 bar / 38 K bara 70 +27% 63 g/L x2 60 LH2 – 4 bara 50 [g/L] CGH2 – 700 bar / 288 K 40 40g/L Dichte [g/l] Dichte LH2 Density 30 CGH2 – 350 bar / 288 K 20 10 CcH2 CGH2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 33 K Temperature [K] -40°C Temperatur [K] BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 8 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE. CCH2 – OPERATING REGIME. 100 LH2 Liquid Hydrogen 90 CcH2 Cryo-compressed Hydrogen Highest possible storage 80 pressure at cryo. conditions CGH2 Compressed Gaseous Hydrogen 70 Refueling (300K, 38K) 60 50 [g/L] 40 Highest possible storage Dichte [g/l] Dichte LH2 pressure at warm conditions (in CGH2 mode) Density 30 20 Extraction to lowest pressure 10 CcH2 CGH2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 33 K Temperature [K] -40°C Temperatur [K] BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 9 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE DEVELOPMENT. AGENDA. BMW Hydrogen Storage Strategy Cryocompressed Hydrogen Storage Development Refueling technology Compatibility with infrastructure Conclusion BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 10 CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE. SYSTEM LAYOUT – BMW PROTOTYPE 2011. Modular Super-insulated Pressure Vessel (Type III) Max. usable CcH : 7.8 kg (260 kWh) 2 + Active tank pressure control capacity CGH2: 2.5 kg (83 kWh) + Load carrying vehicle body integration Operating 350 bar pressure + Engine/fuel cell waste heat recovery Vent pressure ≥ 350 bar MLI insulation COPV (Type III) (in vacuum space) Refueling Refueling CcH : 300 bar 2 line Shut-off valve pressure CGH2: 320 bar Refueling time < 5 min Suspension System volume ~ 235 L System weight Vacuum ~ 145 kg (incl. H ) enclosure 2 Intank heat H -Loss (Leakage| << 3 g/day | exchanger 2 Coolant heat max. loss rate | infr. 3 – 7 g/h (CcH2) | Secondary vacuum Aux. systems driver) < 1% / year exchanger (control valve, regulator, module (shut-off / saftey valves) sensors) BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 11 BMW CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE. STORAGE SYSTEM VOLUME COMPARISON. 1250 0.4 0.6 70 MPa CGH2 kWh/L kWh/L 35 MPa CGH2 [L] 1000 0.8 35 MPa CcH kWh/L 2 volume 750 1.0 kWh/L system 500 Storage Storage 250 0 5 10 15 20 Max. usable storage capacity [kg H2] BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 12 BMW CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE. STORAGE SYSTEM WEIGHT COMPARISON. 500 1.0 1.5 70 MPa CGH2 kWh/kg kWh/kg 35 MPa CGH2 [kg] 400 2.0 35 MPa CcH kWh/kg 2 weight 300 2.5 kWh/kg system 200 Storage Storage 100 0 5 10 15 20 Max. usable storage capacity [kg H2] BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 13 CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE. MAIN FUNCTIONS PERFORMANCE. Refueling densities up to 72 g/L. High CcH2 density after 3-4 refuelings. First cold refueling of ambient storage features 30 g/L hydrogen density, second cold refueling more than 50 g/L. First warm CGH2 refueling of cold storage to 32 MPa results in more than 40 g/L refueling density. BMW CcH2 test refuelings confirm the predicted values. BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Seite 14 CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE. EXTENDED CCH2 OPERATING REGIME - INCREASED PRESSURE VESSEL REQUIREMENTS. 1000 1 Refueling (300 / 57 K) currently required burst pressure (2.25 x 350 bar) Highest possible 800 storage pressure at 2 out-baking and vacuum generation cryogenic conditions (subsequent to CcH2 refueling 600 refueling) CGH 350 bar refueling 2 Extraction to lowest 4 3 pressure (subsequent 400 2 to refueling) pressure [bar] pressure 1 Highest possible 350 bar CGH (extended) CcH operating regime 2 storage pressure at 200 2 operating regime 4 warm conditions (in 3 CGH2 mode) 5 0 Out-baking and 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 5 vacuum generation temperature [K] during production BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 15 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE DEVELOPMENT. AGENDA. BMW Hydrogen Storage Strategy Cryocompressed Hydrogen Storage Development Refueling technology Compatibility with infrastructure Conclusion BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 16 H2 INFRASTRUCTURE – POTENTIAL ROLE OF CCH2. CRYO-PUMP PERFORMANCE. BMW Linde CcH2 pump prototype: 80 g/L at 300 bar 100 kg H2/h (up to 120 kg/h) < 1% LHV compression energy In Operation since 04/2010 H2 delivered (09/2012): ~ 45,000 kg (> 7000 refuelings with subscale and full size tank systems) Proof of Concept: Function, Durability and Efficiency. BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 17 H2-INFRASTRUCTURE. CRYO-COMPRESSED REFUELING. CcH2-filling station in operation since 11/2011. High performance CcH2-quick connector coupling for consecutive refuelings. Direct single-flow refueling to 30 MPa via cryo-pump (no buffers required). Cryopump 100 – 120 kg/h continuous fill rate ( 3 – 3.5 minutes for up to 6 kg). No need for communication between vehicle and dispenser. CcH2-dispenser Test tank-sytem CcH2-coupling BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 18 H2-INFRASTRUCTURE COMPARISON OF HYDROGEN REFUELING COUPLINGS. LH2-coupling: H2-fuel Vehicle side Filling station side BMW/Linde/Opel/Walther Low pressure Cryogenic temperatures Double flow (back-gas to Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) station) 0,4 MPa Ball valves CcH2-coupling: Moderate pressure Cryo-compressed / CcH2 Cryogenic temperatures Compressed Gas Single flow CcH 30 MPa 2 LH 2 Checkvalve on vehicle side ~2 kg H2/min High filling performance. BMW/Linde/Walther Online leakage control Easy to use handling Compressed Gas Fully automated non-com (CGH2) 70 MPa filling procedure. Comparable in size to existing CGH2-couplings. ~2 kg H /min 2 WEH BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 19 BMW HYDROGEN STORAGE DEVELOPMENT. AGENDA. BMW Hydrogen Storage Strategy Cryocompressed Hydrogen Storage Development Refueling technology Compatibility with infrastructure Conclusion BMW Hydrogen Storage, September 28th, 2012 Page 20 H2-INFRASTRUCTURE. HYDROGEN COMPRESSION EFFICIENCY. Energy consumption for compression to CGH2 vs CcH2 at the hydrogen refueling station. 20 GH2 compression (from 20bar) LH2 compression (from 2bar)
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