Consumer Perception 3.1 Introduction
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Marketing of Subliminal Perception
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1985 Marketing of subliminal perception John F. O'Brien The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation O'Brien, John F., "Marketing of subliminal perception" (1985). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 4907. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4907 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th is is an unpublished manuscript in which copyright sub s i s t s . Any further r e p r in t in g of it s contents must be approved BY THE AUTHOR, Ma n sf ie l d L ibrary U n iv e r s it y of Montana D ate : ^ ^ J L J L S l S __ The Marketing of Subliminal Perception by John F. O'Brien B.S., University of Montana, 1979 Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters in Business Administration UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1985 Approved by: Otiy-urvu Q . Chairman, Board of Examiners De£n, Graduate Scfnool __ / UMI Number: EP40371 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. -
How I Taught Law and Economics
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics Australasian Journal of Economics Education Vol. 2. Numbers 1 & 2, 2005 1 HOW I TAUGHT LAW AND ECONOMICS Warren J. Samuels Professor Emeritus Michigan State University, USA EDITOR’S NOTE:∗ Introduction I taught graduate law and economics for some years at Michigan State University. Technically it was listed either under Public Finance, in which field I had taught graduate and undergraduate Public Expenditure Theory for some years, or as a free-standing course (not within a field). The actual title of the course, Economics 819, was Economic Role of Government. The catalog description of the course read: Analysis of fundamentals of economic role of government with focus on social control and social change; legal basis of economic institutions; applications to specialized problems and institutions. The specific objectives of the course were three: 1. Insight into the “fundamentals of the economic role of government” beyond spending and taxing per se. 2. Insight into the problems of studying the fundamentals of the economic role of government: sources and conceptual, ideological and substantive materials. 3. Identification and mastery of several alternative approaches to the economic role of government, or to “law and economics.” I taught the course once a year for over ten years, sometimes during the regular academic year and sometimes during the summer. After technically retiring I taught the course each Fall for several years. 1. INTRODUCTORY LECTURES The specific approaches comprising the course are (1) Neoclassical, which has two strands, Pigovian and Paretian; (2) Institutional; (3) Critical Legal Studies; and (4) Marxian; these were briefly elaborated upon. -
Is There an Effect of Subliminal Messages in Music on Choice Behavior?
Subliminal messages in music? 29 Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis Vol. 4, No. 2 Copyright 2006 by Reysen Group. 1539-8714 www.jasnh.com Is there an effect of subliminal messages in music on choice behavior? Hauke Egermann, Reinhard Kopiez Hanover University of Music and Drama, Institute for Research in Music Education, Germany Christoph Reuter Institute for Applied Musicology and Psychology, Cologne, Germany The present study examines the effects of subliminal text messages in music on choice behavior. Subliminal messages are assumed to function as auditory primers. The results of two experiments will be presented: In Experiment 1, the authors tried to manipulate choice behavior of adult students (N = 66; age: 19-30 years) using subliminally presented words in two pop music pieces. In two blinded, non-directed listening tasks, subjects had (a) to choose one word out of ten from a list of words (condition wordlist), and (b) to indicate which drink they would like by putting a plastic chip into a box standing in front of four labeled bottles of water (condition choice of drink). Musical examples without subliminal messages were used as a control condition. No significant differences were found between experimental and control conditions. In Experiment 2, children (N = 82; age: 7-11 years) served as subjects. Regardless of the task and age group, no effects of subliminal messages on choice behavior could be observed. The paper concludes with a general discussion about the lack of theories that could explain any observed effects of subliminal manipulation. 30 Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis. -
Selective Perception
SELECTIVE PERCEPTION THOMAS A. RUSSMAN Catholic University ofAmerica N THE YEARS SINCE THE PUBLICATION of Wittgenstein's Philo I sophical Investigations, two developments in fields not strictly philosophical have taken the momentum from positivism: discovery (1), in the history of science, the increasing realization that the scientific enterprise is largely governed by what Thomas Kuhn called "paradigms"; discovery (2), in the neurosciences, the increasing understanding of the high degree of selectivity involved in, for example, the physiological process of visual perception. The purpose of this paper is to examine some implications of these two developments and estimate to what extent they push us toward Wittgensteinian or neo-Kantian views. My contention will be that they push us in these directions less than at first might appear and that their chief thrust is in another direction entirely. Discovery (1) was a fatal blow to the Baconian conception that science begins with neutral observations, is ruled by nothing but what is given, and proceeds thence to permanent conclusions via an assured method of induction. Rather, scientific observation is guided by theory; out of the infinite possibilities of all that could be observed, a given theory makes some of these observables "in teresting" by predicting their connection with a larger body of knowledge about the world. Interesting observations, designed to verify the theory in hand, are the ones sought by scientists, who characteristically require elaborate and exact apparatus to conduct these observations. What is even more scandalous from the view point of the positivist scientific mythology, the hold of a current theory is sometimes so strong as to cause the dismissal of ex perimental discoveries that are vindicated later. -
Subliminal Number Priming Within and Across the Visual and Auditory Modalities
Subliminal Number Priming Within and Across the Visual and Auditory Modalities Sid Kouider1,2 and Stanislas Dehaene2,3 1Laboratoire des Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, EHESS/CNRS/ENS-DEC, Paris, France 2Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, NeuroSpin Center, INSERM/CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France 3Collège de France, Paris, France Abstract. Whether masked number priming involves a low-level sensorimotor route or an amodal semantic level of processing remains highly debated. Several alternative interpretations have been put forward, proposing either that masked number priming is solely a byproduct of practice with numbers, or that stimulus awareness was underestimated. In a series of four experiments, we studied whether repetition and congruity priming for numbers reliably extend to novel (i.e., unpracticed) stimuli and whether priming transfers from a visual prime to an auditory target, even when carefully controlling for stimulus awareness. While we consistently observed cross-modal priming, the generalization to novel stimuli was weaker and reached significance only when considering the whole set of experiments. We conclude that number priming does involve an amodal, semantic level of processing, but is also modulated by task settings. Keywords: subliminal, priming, cross-modal, numerosity What is the depth of processing of subliminal stimuli? While experimental artifacts, and awareness underestimation there is now little disagreement regarding the existence of issues, two independent studies provided several methodo- unconscious perceptual processes, the participation of higher logical improvements allowing for an unequivocal demon- levels remains somewhat controversial (see Kouider & stration of subliminal influences (Dehaene et al., 1998; Dehaene, 2007, for an extensive review). More specifically, Greenwald, Draine, & Abrams, 1996). Greenwald and whether subliminal perception conveys semantic informa- colleagues used an affective evaluation task where subjects tion has not yet been fully resolved. -
1 Prevailing Theories of Consciousness Are Challenged by Novel Cross
1 Prevailing theories of consciousness are challenged by novel cross-modal associations acquired between subliminal stimuli. Ryan B. Scott13, Jason Samaha4, Ron Chrisley23, Zoltan Dienes13 1 School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, BN1 9RH 2 School of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, BN1 9RH 3 Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, BN1 9RH 4Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, 1202 West Johnson St, Madison, WI 53706- 1611, USA Corresponding author: Ryan Scott, School of Psychology, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH. Email: [email protected], Tel: 01273 678304 In press, Cognition 2 Abstract While theories of consciousness differ substantially, the ‘conscious access hypothesis’, which aligns consciousness with the global accessibility of information across cortical regions, is present in many of the prevailing frameworks. This account holds that consciousness is necessary to integrate information arising from independent functions such as the specialist processing required by different senses. We directly tested this account by evaluating the potential for associative learning between novel pairs of subliminal stimuli presented in different sensory modalities. First, pairs of subliminal stimuli were presented and then their association assessed by examining the ability of the first stimulus to prime classification of the second. In Experiments 1-4 the stimuli were word-pairs consisting of a male name preceding either a creative or uncreative profession. Participants were subliminally exposed to two name-profession pairs where one name was paired with a creative profession and the other an uncreative profession. A supraliminal task followed requiring the timed classification of one of those two professions. -
Do Subliminal Stimuli Affect Dream Content? Methodological Issues and Empirical Data
Do Subliminal Stimuli Affect Dream Content? Methodological Issues and Empirical Data Michael Schredl, Ph.D., Christian Dombrowe, Ph.D., Axel Bozzer, Ph.D., Monika Morlock, Ph.D. The present paper shortly reviews the literature on subliminal stimuli and dreaming. Points of criticism are the lack of formal analysis in some studies and the inadequate stimulus technique. The present study could not replicate the findings of Leuschner et al. (1994) regarding the influence of formal stimulus characteristics but support the view that subliminal stimuli affect thematic content of dreams. (Sleep and Hypnosis 1999;1:181-185) Key words: subliminal perception, dreaming, masking procedure INTRODUCTION dreams, and often very broad definitions of stimulus incorporation were applied (e. g. transformations were n 1917, P tzl has investigated the effect of subliminal allowed). Several controlled studies (4,5,6) also found an I presented stimuli on dreams (1). The process of effect of subliminal stimuli on dreams, but Johnson and subliminal perception is paradoxical: on the one hand, the Eriksen (7) were not able to replicate these findings. person is not aware of the stimulus (or at least of some Recently, Leuschner and Hau (8) have shown that features of the stimulus) during the perception process, on subliminal presented pictures affect drawings after free the other hand, the stimuli should affect thoughts, feelings imagination periods and drawings of dreams and support or behavior in some way in order to verify that perception the P tzl effect (see also 9). Although, they utilized a formal has taken place. Some authors (2) suggested the term analysis of the drawings (similar to dream content analysis) implicit perception similar to the phenomenon implicit and introduced a control condition (blank slide), several memory . -
Brain Sciences
Brain Sci. 2012, 2, 1-21; doi:10.3390/brainsci2010001 OPEN ACCESS brain sciences ISSN 2076-3425 www.mdpi.com/journal/brainsci/ Review Why the Brain Knows More than We Do: Non-Conscious Representations and Their Role in the Construction of Conscious Experience Birgitta Dresp-Langley Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5508, Université Montpellier, Montpellier 34095, France; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-(0)4-67-14-45-33; Fax: +33-(0)4-67-14-45-55 Received: 16 November 2011; in revised form: 12 December 2011 / Accepted: 20 December 2011 / Published: 27 December 2011 Abstract: Scientific studies have shown that non-conscious stimuli and representations influence information processing during conscious experience. In the light of such evidence, questions about potential functional links between non-conscious brain representations and conscious experience arise. This article discusses neural model capable of explaining how statistical learning mechanisms in dedicated resonant circuits could generate specific temporal activity traces of non-conscious representations in the brain. How reentrant signaling, top-down matching, and statistical coincidence of such activity traces may lead to the progressive consolidation of temporal patterns that constitute the neural signatures of conscious experience in networks extending across large distances beyond functionally specialized brain regions is then explained. Keywords: non-conscious representation; temporal brain activity patterns; top-down matching; reentrant signaling; resonance; conscious experience 1. Introduction During early childhood, our brain learns to perceive and represent the physical world. Such knowledge is generated progressively over the first years of our lives and a long time before we become phenomenally conscious of the Self and its immediate or distant environment [1]. -
Perception.Pdf
148 PERCEPTION: A DETERMINANT FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION By Lanre 0/aodu Amodu Through whic~ To whom? Abstract With what effe Communication may be the process whereby a source encodes a message and sends it through a medium to a receiver. It may even involve the sending of a From feedback by the receiver to the source; however, effective communication goes far communicatio1 beyond this level. It has been observed that the fact that a receiver receives the originator and actual message does not guarantee that he interprets it in the way intended by the the receiver is source. Any message received is interpreted in the light of the perception of the In an< receiver. This study therefore examines the relevance and significance of other sal ient perception to communication. It also examines what communication is, and how the Communicatio process is mediated by the perceptual process. A Perceptual Communication automatically Model is proposed in the study to explain the relationship between communication communicatior and perception. The study concludes by suggesting that communicators should correspondenc design messages in terms of their receivers' perceptual inclination rather than feedback from focusing entirely on the elements of the communication. by the source, In a fL Introduction by psych ologi ~ Gamble and Gamble (2005) describe communication as being located in the core of our communicatio1 "humanness." This can be considered to be an apt description since our lives truly depend on neither a beg i communication. Communication forms the centre of human existence because it is the means by receiver who ~ which human beings relate with their environment. -
Selective Perceptions and Group Brainstorming: an Investigation of Auditors’ Fraud Risk Assessment
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AHMEDABAD INDIA Research and Publications Selective Perceptions and Group Brainstorming: An Investigation of Auditors’ Fraud Risk Assessment Naman Desai Vishal Gupta W.P. No.2015-03-14 March 2015 The main objective of the working paper series of the IIMA is to help faculty members, research staff and doctoral students to speedily share their research findings with professional colleagues and test their research findings at the pre-publication stage. IIMA is committed to maintain academic freedom. The opinion(s), view(s) and conclusion(s) expressed in the working paper are those of the authors and not that of IIMA. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AHMEDABAD-380 015 INDIA IIMA INDIA Research and Publications Selective Perceptions and Group Brainstorming: An Investigation of Auditors’ Fraud Risk Assessment Naman Desai Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad [email protected] Vishal Gupta Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad [email protected] Abstract Individuals in an organizational context are routinely faced with complex problems that are not well defined and that challenge their cognitive capacities. To deal with such complex issues, decision-makers construct “belief-structures” which in turn create selective perceptions about information and events that prevent them from being overwhelmed by the amount and complexity of information. This study examines the impact of two important contextual variables; pressures and opportunities on auditors‟ selective perceptions and fraud risk assessments. Research suggests that a situation relevant concept, norm, perspective, or cognitive process that is shared by a majority of the group members, will be exaggerated in a group setting where groups are trying to accomplish a task that does not have a normatively/demonstrably correct answer. -
Mind Perception Daniel R. Ames Malia F. Mason Columbia
Mind Perception Daniel R. Ames Malia F. Mason Columbia University To appear in The Sage Handbook of Social Cognition, S. Fiske and N. Macrae (Eds.) Please do not cite or circulate without permission Contact: Daniel Ames Columbia Business School 707 Uris Hall 3022 Broadway New York, NY 10027 [email protected] 2 What will they think of next? The contemporary colloquial meaning of this phrase often stems from wonder over some new technological marvel, but we use it here in a wholly literal sense as our starting point. For millions of years, members of our evolving species have gazed at one another and wondered: what are they thinking right now … and what will they think of next? The interest people take in each other’s minds is more than idle curiosity. Two of the defining features of our species are our behavioral flexibility—an enormously wide repertoire of actions with an exquisitely complicated and sometimes non-obvious connection to immediate contexts— and our tendency to live together. As a result, people spend a terrific amount of time in close company with conspecifics doing potentially surprising and bewildering things. Most of us resist giving up on human society and embracing the life of a hermit. Instead, most perceivers proceed quite happily to explain and predict others’ actions by invoking invisible qualities such as beliefs, desires, intentions, and feelings and ascribing them without conclusive proof to others. People cannot read one another’s minds. And yet somehow, many times each day, most people encounter other individuals and “go mental,” as it were, adopting what is sometimes called an intentional stance, treating the individuals around them as if they were guided by unseen and unseeable mental states (Dennett, 1987). -
Perception, Fairness, Psychological Traps, and Emotions
CHAPTER 3 Perception, Fairness, Psychological Traps, and Emotions From JAY FOLBERG, DWIGHT GOLANN, THOMAS STIPANOWICH & LISA KLOPPENBERG, RESOLVING DISPUTES: THEORY, PRACTICE & LAW (2d ed. 2010) A. The Role of Perceptions The key to understanding and mastering negotiation is to be aware that those in conflict and who want something from one another see the situation differently. It is these differences that give root to conflict and to the need to negotiate, as well as to the possibility of agreement. We assess conflict and evaluate a case or the worth of an item differently because of differing perceptions. Our individual perceptions determine how we view ourselves, others, and the world. No two views are exactly the same. For example, we may selectively perceive or differ in our perceptions of the following: • facts • abilities • people • available resources • interests • scarcity • history • timing • fairness • costs • priorities • applicable law or rules • relative power • likely outcomes Our view of each of these elements, as well as our perceptions of other variables, shape how we see the world and how we form differences. It is because of such differences in perceptions that people bet on horse races, wage war, and pursue lawsuits. A classic Japanese story, on which the film Rashomon is based, illustrates the role of perceptions and how the truth through one person’s eyes may be very different from another’s, as seen through the prism of the individuals’ own perceptions. Through divergent narratives, the story and the film explore how perceptions distort or enhance different people’s memories of a single event, in this case, the death of a Samurai warrior.