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The Roots of Middle-Earth: William Morris's Influence Upon J. R. R. Tolkien
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2007 The Roots of Middle-Earth: William Morris's Influence upon J. R. R. Tolkien Kelvin Lee Massey University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Literature in English, British Isles Commons Recommended Citation Massey, Kelvin Lee, "The Roots of Middle-Earth: William Morris's Influence upon J. R. R. olkien.T " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2007. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/238 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Kelvin Lee Massey entitled "The Roots of Middle-Earth: William Morris's Influence upon J. R. R. olkien.T " I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in English. David F. Goslee, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Thomas Heffernan, Michael Lofaro, Robert Bast Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Kelvin Lee Massey entitled “The Roots of Middle-earth: William Morris’s Influence upon J. -
Beowulf and Typological Symbolism
~1F AND TYPOLOGICAL SYMBOLISM BEO~LF AND TYPOLOGICAL SY~rnOLISM By WILLEM HELDER A Thesis· Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Ar.ts McMaster University November 1971. MASTER OF ARTS (1971) McMASTER UNIVERSITY (English) - Hamilton~ Ontario ~ and Typological Symbolism AUTHOR, Willem Helder~ BoAe (McMaster University) SUPERVISORt" Dro AQ Ao Lee NUMBER OF PAGESg v~ 100 ii PREFACE In view of the prevalence of Christianity in England throughout what we can consider the age of the f3e.o~ poet, an exploration of the influence o·f typological symbolism would seem to be especially useful in the study of ~f. In the Old English period any Christian influence on a poem would perforce be of a patristic and typological nature. I propose to give evidence that this statement applies also to 13Eio'!llJ..J,=:(, and to bring this information to bear particularly on the inter pretation of the two dominant symbols r Reorot and the dragon's hoardo To date, no attempt has been made to look at the poem as a whole in a purely typological perspectivec. According to the typological exegesis of Scripture, the realities of the Old Testament prefigure those of the new dis~ pensation. The Hebrew prophets and also the New Testament apostles consciously made reference to "types" or II figures II , but it was left for the Fathers of the Church to develop typology as a science. They did so to prove to such h.eretics as the lYIani~ chean8 that both Testaments form a unity, and to convince the J"ews that the Old was fulfilled in the New. -
Introduction the Waste-Ern Literary Canon in the Waste-Ern Tradition
Notes Introduction The Waste-ern Literary Canon in the Waste-ern Tradition 1 . Zygmunt Bauman, Wasted Lives: Modernity and Its Outcasts (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004), 26. 2 . M a r y D o u g las, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London: Routledge, 1966/2002), 2, 44. 3 . S usan Signe Morrison, E xcrement in the Late Middle Ages: Sacred Filth and Chaucer’s Fecopoeticss (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 153–158. The book enacts what Dana Phillips labels “excremental ecocriticism.” “Excremental Ecocriticism and the Global Sanitation Crisis,” in M aterial Ecocriticism , ed. Serenella Iovino and Serpil Oppermann (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014), 184. 4 . M o r r i s o n , Excrementt , 123. 5 . Dana Phillips and Heather I. Sullivan, “Material Ecocriticism: Dirt, Waste, Bodies, Food, and Other Matter,” Interdisci plinary Studies in Literature and Environment 19.3 (Summer 2012): 447. “Our trash is not ‘away’ in landfills but generating lively streams of chemicals and volatile winds of methane as we speak.” Jane Bennett, Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010), vii. 6 . B e n n e t t , Vibrant Matterr , viii. 7 . I b i d . , vii. 8 . S e e F i gures 1 and 2 in Vincent B. Leitch, Literary Criticism in the 21st Century: Theory Renaissancee (London: Bloomsbury, 2014). 9 . Pippa Marland and John Parham, “Remaindering: The Material Ecology of Junk and Composting,” Green Letters: Studies in Ecocriticism 18.1 (2014): 1. 1 0 . S c o t t S lovic, “Editor’s Note,” Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 20.3 (2013): 456. -
Zanesville & Western: a Creative Dissertation
ZANESVILLE & WESTERN: A CREATIVE DISSERTATION by Mark Allen Jenkins APPROVED BY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: _________________________________________ Dr. Frederick Turner, Co-Chair _________________________________________ Dr. Charles Hatfield, Co-Chair _________________________________________ Dr. Matt Bondurant _________________________________________ Dr. Nils Roemer Copyright 2017 Mark Allen Jenkins All Rights Reserved ZANESVILLE & WESTERN A CREATIVE DISSERTATION by MARK ALLEN JENKINS, BA, MFA DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The University of Texas at Dallas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HUMANITIES – AESTHETIC STUDIES THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS May 2017 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are several significant people to thank in the development, creation, and refining of this dissertation, Zanesville & Western: A Creative Dissertation. Dr. Charles Hatfield supported me throughout the dissertation. His expertise on theoretical framing helped me develop an approach to my topic through a range of texts and disciplines. Dr. Frederick Turner encouraged me to continue and develop narrative elements in my poetry and took a particular interest when I began writing poems about southeastern Ohio. He encouraged me to get to the essence of specific poems through multiple drafts. Dr. Rainer Schulte, Dr. Richard Brettell, and Dr. Nils Roemer were my introduction to The University of Texas at Dallas. Dr. Schulte’s “Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Arts and Humanities” highlighted many of the strengths of our program, and “Crafting Poetry” provided useful insight into my own poetry as well as a thorough introduction international poetry. Dr. Brettell’s “Art and Anarchy” course expounded the idea that poets could be political in their lives and work, both overtly and implicitly. -
Dating Beowulf
2 Community, joy, and the intimacy of narrative in Beowulf Benjamin A. Saltzman 1a. to make internal 1b. to make (person) intimate with (another) 2. to make known, intimate, explain, or communicate Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, s.v. intimare1 All great storytellers have in common the freedom with which they move up and down the rungs of their experiences as on a ladder. A ladder extending downward to the interior of the earth and disap- pearing into the clouds is the image for a collective experience to which even the deepest shock of every individual experience, death, constitutes no impediment or barrier. Walter Benjamin2 Intimacy is etymologically bound to the medieval Latin word intimare, which denotes primarily a movement inwards, but also a mode of verbal communication, of making known, of announcing, of explana- tion. Today, these two senses are divided between, for instance, the adjective (‘intimate’) and the verb (‘to intimate’), and when juxtaposed they seem to represent two radically antithetical phenomena. The one tends to imply internalized private reticence; the other, external- ized public expression. But in Beowulf, these two senses of intimacy powerfully converge at moments when stories are shared and recited: moments in which knowledge is communicated through narrative and community is inwardly synthesized. It is in these moments of convergence between narrative and communal intimacy that a profound experience of joy tends to materialize in the poem. The first such communal experience of joy is short-lived, destroyed almost as quickly as it is created. Set in motion by the construction of Heorot, the hall Grendel would eventually attack, that ‘healærna mæst’ (greatest of hall buildings) (78a), a space for community quickly opens up within its walls: ‘ond þær on innan eall gedælan / geongum ond ealdum swylc him God sealde’ (and Benjamin A. -
Cain's Kin and Abel's Blood: Beowulf 1361-4
Opticon1826, Issue 9, Autumn 2010 CAIN’S KIN AND ABEL’S BLOOD: BEOWULF 1361-4 By Michael D.J. Bintley Amongst the various texts which are thought to have influenced the depiction of Grendel’s mere in Beowulf, the possibility has not yet been considered that the poet also drew upon a tradition associated with Grendel’s descent from Cain, also to be found in the composite Genesis poem of the Junius manuscript (Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Junius 11, SC 5123), and Aldhelm’s Carmen de virginitate. This connection only becomes apparent upon closer examination of the woodland grove overhanging the refuge in Grendel’s fens. Of the many trees that appear in Old English literature, few can be as sinister as these. These trees contribute memorably to Hrothgar’s description of the mere: Nis þæt feor heonon milgemearces þæt se mere standeð; ofer þæm hongiað hrinde bearwas, wudu wyrtum fæst wæter oferhelmað. It is not far hence in a measure of miles that the mere stands; over it hang frosty trees, a wood fast in its roots overshadows the water. (Beowulf 1361-4)1 These trees appear once again in the description of the journey to the mere following the attack by Grendel’s mother: Ofereode þa æþelinga bearn steap stanhliðo, stige nearwe, enge anpaðas, uncuð gelad, neowle næssas, nicorhusa fela; he feara sum beforan gengde wisra monna wong sceawian, oþ þæt he færinga fyrgenbeamas ofer harne stan helonian funde wynleasne wudu; wæter under stod dreorig on gedrefed. Then went those sons of nobles over steep and stony slopes, thin ascending paths, narrow single tracks, unknown ways, precipitous cliffs, many dwellings of water-monsters. -
The Textin the Community
The in the Text Community Essays on Medieval Works, Manuscripts, Authors, and Readers edited by jill mann & maura nolan University of Notre Dame Press Q Notre Dame, Indiana Copyright © 2006 by University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 www.undpress.nd.edu All Rights Reserved Designed by Jane Oslislo Set in 9.9/13.8 Janson by Four Star Books Printed in Hong Kong by Kings Time Printing Press, Ltd. Library of Congress Cataloging in-Publication Data The text in the community : essays on medieval works, manuscripts, authors, and readers / edited by Jill Mann and Maura Nolan. p. cm. Includes index. isbn 0-268-03495-8 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn 0-268-03496-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Literature, Medieval—History and criticism. 2. Manuscripts, Medieval—History. I. Mann, Jill. II. Nolan, Maura. pn671.t38 2006 809'.02—dc22 2005035128 ∞This book is printed on acid-free paper. contents List of Illustrations vii List of Contributors xi Abbreviations List xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 maura nolan 1 Versifying the Bible in the Middle Ages 11 michael lapidge 2 “He Knew Nat Catoun”: Medieval School-Texts and Middle English Literature 41 jill mann 3 Computing Cynewulf: The Judith-Connection 75 andy orchard Q vi R Contents 4 The Contexts of Notre Dame 67 107 a.s.g. edwards 5 The Haunted Text: Ghostly Reflections in A Mirror to Devout People 129 vincent gillespie 6 The Visual Environment of Carthusian Texts: Decoration and Illustration in Notre Dame 67 173 jessica brantley 7 The Knight and the Rose: French Manuscripts in the Notre Dame Library 217 maureen boulton 8 The Meditations on the Life of Christ: An Illuminated Fourteenth-Century Italian Manuscript at the University of Notre Dame 237 dianne phillips Index of Manuscripts 283 General Index 287 list of illustrations plate 1. -
The Intertextuality of Beowulf, Cynewulf and Andreas1
The departure of the hero in a ship: The intertextuality of Beowulf , Cynewulf and Andreas 1 Francis Leneghan University of Oxford This article identifies a new Old English poetic motif, ‘The Departure of the Hero in a Ship’, and discusses the implications of its presence in Beowulf , the signed poems of Cynewulf and Andreas , a group of texts already linked by shared lexis, imagery and themes. It argues that the Beowulf -poet used this motif to frame his work, foregrounding the question of royal succession. Cynewulf and the Andreas -poet then adapted this Beowulfian motif in a knowing and allusive manner for a new purpose: to glorify the church and to condemn its enemies. Investigation of this motif provides further evidence for the intertextuality of these works. Keywords : Old English poetry; Beowulf , Cynewulf; Andreas ; Anglo-Saxon literature 1. Introduction Scholars have identified a number of ‘motifs’, ‘themes’ or ‘type scenes’ in Old English poetry. Two of the best-known such motifs are ‘the beasts of battle’, typically featuring the carrion eagle, wolf and raven, anticipating or rejoicing in slaughter (Magoun 1955, Bonjour 1957, Griffith 1993), and ‘the hero on the beach’, wherein a hero is depicted with his retainers in the presence of a flashing light, as a sea-journey is completed (or begun), usually at dawn 1 I would like to thank Daniel Anlezark, Hugh Magennis, Richard North, Andy Orchard, Rafael Pascual and Daniel Thomas for their helpful comments on earlier versions of this article. Francis Leneghan, Selim24 (2019): 105 –132. ISSN 1132-631X / DOI https://doi.org/10.17811/selim.24.2019.105-134 106 Francis Leneghan (Crowne 1960: 368; Fry 1966, 1971).2 Broadening the focus to consider both Old English verse and prose, Mercedes Salvador Bello identified the ‘leitmotif’ of ‘the arrival of the hero in a ship’ in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Beowulf , featuring “a recurrent thematic pattern which presents the story of the heroes (or the hero) who arrive from northern lands in a boat and become the ancestors of Anglo-Saxon dynasties” (1998: 214). -
Inconceivable Beasts: E Wonders of the East in the Beowulf Manuscript
Inconceivable Beasts: !e Wonders of the East in the Beowulf Manuscript Mittman.indb 1 1/31/13 4:43:26 PM MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE TEXTS AND STUDIES VOLUME 433 Mittman.indb 2 1/31/13 4:43:26 PM Inconceivable Beasts: !e Wonders of the East in the Beowulf Manuscript Asa Simon Mittman Department of Art and Art History, California State University, Chico and Susan M. Kim Department of English, Illinois State University Tempe, Arizona 2013 Mittman.indb 3 1/31/13 4:43:26 PM Published by ACMRS (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies), Tempe, Arizona. ©2013 Arizona Board of Regents for Arizona State University. All Rights Reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Publication of this book has been aided by a grant from the Millard Meiss Publication Fund of the College Art Association ∞ This book is made to last. It is set in Adobe Caslon Pro, smyth-sewn and printed on acid-free paper to library specifications. Printed in the United States of America Mittman.indb 4 1/31/13 4:43:26 PM To Christina von Nolcken and Suzanne Lewis: Thank you for teaching and inspiring us. Mittman.indb 5 1/31/13 4:43:26 PM Mittman.indb 6 1/31/13 4:43:26 PM T C List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xiii 1. Introduction: Conceiving of the Inconceivable 1 2. The Wonders of the East 25 Unworthy Bodies: Editing the Female Wonders of the East Foliation Chart Facsimile Transcription and Literal Translation Translation 3. The Dittology of the Tripled Double Men 73 4. -
CUH Was Seemg More Tourist Traffic Than Usual. Harlingen Is a on The
The Frisians in 'Beowulf' Bremmer Jr., Rolf H.; Conde Silvestre J.C, Vázquez Gonzáles N. Citation Bremmer Jr., R. H. (2004). The Frisians in 'Beowulf'. In V. G. N. Conde Silvestre J.C (Ed.), Medieval English Literary and Cultural Studies (pp. 3-31). Murcia: SELIM. doi:•Lei fgw 1020 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/20833 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). THE FRISIANS IN BEOWULF- BEOWULF IN FRISIA: THE VICISSITUDES TIME ABSTRACT One of the remarkable aspects is that the scene of the main plot is set, not in but in Scandinavia. Equa!l)' remarkable is that the Frisian~ are the only West Germanic tribe to a considerable role in tvvo o{the epic's sub-plots: the Finnsburg Episode raid on Frisia. In this article, I willjirst discuss the significance of the Frisians in the North Sea area in early medieval times (trade), why they appear in Beowul{ (to add prestige), and what significance their presence may have on dating (the decline ajter 800) The of the article deals with the reception of the editio princeps of Beovvulf 1 881) in Frisia in ha!fofth!:' ninete?nth century. summer 1 1, winding between Iiarlingen and HU.<~CUH was seemg more tourist traffic than usual. Harlingen is a on the coast the province of Friesland/Fryslan, 1 \Vijnaldum an insignificant hamlet not far north from Harlingen. Surely, the tourists have enjoyed the sight of lush pastures leisurely grazed Friesian cattle whose fame dates back to Roman times. -
Dance and the Colonial Body: Re-Choreographing Postcolonial Theories of the Body
Université de Montréal Dance and the Colonial Body: Re-choreographing Postcolonial Theories of the Body par Rachid Belghiti Département d’études anglaises Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supèrieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D) en études anglaises Septembre, 2012 © Rachid Belghiti, 2012 Résumé iii Cette dissertation traite la danse comme une catégorie d’analyse permettant de réorienter ou de ré-chorégraphier les théories postcoloniales du corps. Mon étude montre qu’ Edward Said, par exemple, décrit la danse seulement à travers le regard impérial, et que Homi Bhabha et Gayatri Spivak négligent complètement le rôle de la dance dans la construction de la subjectivité postcoloniale. Mon étude explique que Stavros Karayanni récemment explore la danse masculine et féminine comme espaces de résistance contre la domination coloniale. Toutefois, l’analyse de Karayanni met l’accent seulement sur le caractère insaisissable de la danse qui produit une ambigüité et une ambivalence dans le regard du sujet impériale. Contrairement aux approches de Said et de Karayanni, ma dissertation explore la danse comme un espace ou le corps du sujet colonisé chorégraphie son histoire collective que l’amnésie coloniale ne cesse de défigurer au moyen de l’acculturation et de marchandisation. Je soutiens que la danse nous offre la possibilité de concevoir le corps colonisé non seulement dans son ambiguïté, comme le souligne Karayanni, mais aussi dans son potentiel de raconter corporellement sa mémoire collective de l’intérieur de la domination impériale. Ma dissertation soutient que les catégories de l’ambiguïté et de l’insaisissabilité mystifient et fétichisent le corps dansant en le décrivant comme un élément évasif et évanescent. -
Rędende Iudithše: the Heroic, Mythological and Christian Elements in the Old English Poem Judith
University of San Diego Digital USD Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses and Dissertations Fall 12-22-2015 Rædende Iudithðe: The eH roic, Mythological and Christian Elements in the Old English Poem Judith Judith Caywood Follow this and additional works at: https://digital.sandiego.edu/honors_theses Part of the European Languages and Societies Commons, and the Literature in English, British Isles Commons Digital USD Citation Caywood, Judith, "Rædende Iudithðe: The eH roic, Mythological and Christian Elements in the Old English Poem Judith" (2015). Undergraduate Honors Theses. 15. https://digital.sandiego.edu/honors_theses/15 This Undergraduate Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Digital USD. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital USD. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rædende Iudithðe: The Heroic, Mythological and Christian Elements in the Old English Poem Judith ______________________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty and the Honors Program Of the University of San Diego ______________________ By Jude Caywood Interdisciplinary Humanities 2015 Caywood 2 Judith is a character born from the complex multicultural forces that shaped Anglo-Saxon society, existing liminally between the mythological, the heroic and the Christian. Simultaneously Germanic warrior, pagan demi-goddess or supernatural figure, and Christian saint, Judith arbitrates amongst the seemingly incompatible forces that shaped the poet’s world, allowing the poem to serve as an important site for the making of a new Anglo-Saxon identity, one which would eventually come to be the united English identity. She becomes a single figure who is able to reconcile these opposing forces within herself and thereby does important cultural work for the world for which the poem was written.