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“Luiz De Queiroz” Centro De Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura O Fitop 3 Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura O fitoplâncton na Zona Costeira Amazônica Brasileira: Biodiversidade, distribuição e estrutura no continuum estuário- oceano Caio Brito Lourenço Tese apresentada para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Área de concentração Ecologia Aplicada Piracicaba 2016 3 Caio Brito Lourenço Engenheiro de Pesca O fitoplâncton na Zona Costeira Amazônica Brasileira: Biodiversidade, distribuição e estrutura no continuum estuário-oceano Orientador: Prof. Dr. ALEX VLADIMIR KRUSCHE Tese apresentada para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Área de concentração Ecologia Aplicada Piracicaba 2016 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA - DIBD/ESALQ/USP Lourenço, Caio Brito O fitoplâncton na Zona Costeira Amazônica Brasileira: Biodiversidade, distribuição e estrutura no continuum estuário-oceano / Caio Brito Lourenço. - - Piracicaba, 2016. 149 p. : il. Tese (Doutorado) - - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura. 1. Pluma 2. Plataforma Continental Amazônica 3. Diatomáceas 4. Clorofila 5. Inventário florístico I. Título CDD 589.4 L892f “Permitida a cópia total ou parcial deste documento, desde que citada a fonte – O autor” 3 DEDICATÓRIA Dedico à minha mãe, Ana, e pai, Adalberto A meus irmãos, Débora e Eurico E a minha sobrinha, Julia 4 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho representa o esforço e atenção de dezenas de pessoas que estiveram ao meu lado, dando desde uma palavra amiga até as horas de laboratório, discussões e leituras. Esta tese inseriu-se no âmbito de dois projetos científicos que proporcionaram o suporte financeiro para o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos de campo e de laboratório: Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Ambientes Marinhos Tropicais (INCT-AmbTropic) - Projeto “Ambientes Marinhos Tropicais: Heterogeneidade espaço-temporal e respostas à mudanças climáticas” (CNPq No. 565054/2010-4); e "O papel dos rios no ciclo do carbono na Amazônia" (MCTI/CNPq/FNDCT - Ação Transversal - Programa LBA, Processo No. 457711/2013-2) Agradeço imensamente aos meus pais, Ana e Adalberto, e aos meus irmãos, Débora e Eurico, por todo amor e compreensão! Sempre quando batia o aperto no peito, eram eles que me socorriam apesar dos milhares de km de distância. Obrigado por se fazerem sempre presentes, amo muito vocês! Aos meus tios, Hélio e Elza, que me acolheram no Rio de Janeiro. Agradeço ao meu orientador, Dr. Alex Krusche, que me conduziu ao longo desses anos, compartilhando de seu conhecimento e experiência, principalmente sobre esse complexo ramo da biogeoquímica. Obrigado por permitir que eu tivesse autonomia em conduzir a tese e por me apoiar nos momentos mais difíceis! Ao Dr. Eduardo Paes, mais que um co-orientador, um amigo desde o final da graduação. Gostaria de agradecer seu apoio e confiança ao longo desses 7 anos de percurso pela ciência, ensinando-me muito sobre as análises ecológicas. Espero ter correspondido, minimamente, as suas expectativas. De forma igual, quero agradecer a minha co-orientadora Drª. Denise Tenenbaum, desde o primeiro contato por e-mail, que me levou até o Rio de Janeiro. Quem me permitiu entrar de cabeça nesse mundo microscópico do fitoplâncton! Obrigado pelas horas de discussões e aprendizado, sem dúvida, todos os seus conselhos e incentivos foram decisivos para o meu crescimento pessoal e profissional. A Universidade de São Paulo, sobretudo ao Centro de Energia Nuclear da Agricultura e Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, e a CAPES, pela 6 concessão de quase três anos de bolsa, durante os quais este trabalho foi desenvolvido. Ao Programa Interunidades de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aplicada, a todos os professores e em especial a coordenadora Drª. Maria Victoria Ballester, por ter sido minha primeira orientadora, e a Secretária Mara Casarin, que estiveram sempre disponíveis a me ajudar. A técnica do laboratório Alexandra Ayres por toda a atenção nas análises químicas, pelas palavras de conforto nos momentos mais difíceis, sem você não sei o que seria de mim. Muito obrigado! A Drª. Vania Neu por toda a ajuda na logística das amostras e por ceder os equipamentos para as coletas de campo, sua ajuda foi imprescindível. A toda a tripulação que participaram dos oito cruzeiros oceanográficos, nos guiando por essas águas pouco conhecidas: Beto, Abaeté, Seu Pedro, Pedro, . Aos amigos pesquisadores, que trabalharam incansavelmente a bordo, independente do estado do mar, em alguns momentos não foi fácil, mas tudo deu certo graças a vocês: Rosângela, Leiloca, Danona, Daninha, Caramelo, Djair, Anderson, Guilherme, Jamilly, Paulo, Tulio, Laissa, Marko, Micaela, Rodrigues, Nelson, Yuri, Lucas, Alberto, Thuareag, Marcos, João, Elton e Léo. Nosso Mar amazônico não é para qualquer um! A todos os amigos do Laboratório de Ecologia Marinha e Oceanografia Pesqueira da Amazônia - LEMOPA/UFRA, pelos momentos de discussão e descontração. Aos amigos do Laboratório de Fitoplâncton Marinho - FITOMAR/UFRJ, pela companhia nas horas intermináveis de microscopia. As minhas grandes amigas de Piracicaba: Isabela, Patrícia, Sâmala e Cristiane. Principalmente a Cris, por ter sido minha companheira desde a seleção do doutorado, pelos momentos de diversão e pelas ajudas sem fim. Aos meus amigos de longa data que acompanharam minha trajetória de perto: Caio, Julia, Amanda, Isabella, Erika, Gabriela, Leandro e Rafael. Aos que a minha profissão me permitiram conhecer e compartilhar de momentos especiais: Rafaela, Estevam, Valéria, Djair, Guilherme e Paulo. 7 EPÍGRAFE “Mar sonoro, mar sem fundo, mar sem fim. A tua beleza aumenta quando estamos sós E tão fundo intimamente a tua voz Segue o mais secreto bailar do meu sonho. Que momentos há em que eu suponho Seres um milagre criado só para mim.” Sophia Andresen (1947) 8 9 SUMÁRIO RESUMO................................................................................................................... 11 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... 13 LISTA DE FIGURAS ................................................................................................. 15 LISTA DE TABELAS ................................................................................................. 19 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS .................................................................... 21 1 INTRODUÇÃO ....................................................................................................... 25 1.1 Plataforma Continental Amazônica (PCA)........................................................... 26 1.2 Massas de água .................................................................................................. 26 1.3 Correntes oceânicas ........................................................................................... 27 1.4 Marés .................................................................................................................. 28 1.5 Vazão e pluma do Rio Amazonas ....................................................................... 29 1.6 Climatologia ......................................................................................................... 31 1.7 Direção e intensidade dos ventos ....................................................................... 32 1.8 Objetivos ............................................................................................................. 33 Referências ............................................................................................................... 33 2 BIODIVERSIDADE DO FITOPLÂNCTON NA ZONA COSTEIRA AMAZÔNICA BRASILEIRA: HISTÓRICO E DISTRIBUIÇÃO .......................................................... 43 Resumo ..................................................................................................................... 43 Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 44 2.1 Introdução ........................................................................................................... 44 2.2 Material e métodos .............................................................................................. 46 2.3 Resultados e Discussão ...................................................................................... 47 2.3.1 Categorização das publicações ........................................................................ 47 2.3.2 Biodiversidade do fitoplâncton: Histórico, composição e espécies frequentes . 50 2.3.3 Fatores condicionantes do fitoplâncton ............................................................ 54 2.4 Considerações finais ........................................................................................... 55 Referências ............................................................................................................... 56 3 ESTRUTURA DA COMUNIDADE FITOPLANCTÔNICA E SUA RELAÇÃO COM VARIÁVEIS AMBIENTAIS NO CONTINUUM ESTUÁRIO-OCEANO NA PLATAFORMA CONTINENTAL AMAZÔNICA (2013 - 2015) ................................... 65 Resumo ..................................................................................................................... 65 Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 66 3.1 Introdução ..........................................................................................................
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