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PHYSICAL FEATURES Water Quality, Lake, Sediment and Soil Issues WETLAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY No.MCUDP/PHRD/03

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PHYSICAL FEATURES Water Quality, Lake, Sediment and Soil Issues WETLAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY No.MCUDP/PHRD/03 Government of Sri Lanka METRO COLOMBO URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (MCUDP) The Consultancy Services for the Preparation of a Management Strategy for Wetlands and Carrying out an Assessment of Water Quality in the Inland Waterways and Lakes within Metro Colombo Area Technical Report 04 PHYSICAL FEATURES Water quality, lake, sediment and soil issues WETLAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY No.MCUDP/PHRD/03 January 2016 WETLAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ‐ Technical Report 04 ‐ PHYSICAL FEATURES_Water quality, lake, sediment and soil issues Metro Colombo Urban Development Project ‐ Consultancy Services for the Preparation of Management Strategy for Wetlands and Carrying out an Assessment of Water Quality in the Inland Waterways and Lakes within Metro Colombo Area TEAM MEMBERS Rob MCINNES ................................................ Team leader Sibila JAKSIC .................................................. Institutions and policy Project manager Rob MCINNES ................................................ Ecosystem services_PRA_Questionnaires Mark EVERARD .............................................. Ecosystem services Anusha BANDARA ......................................... Ecosystem services _Economic valuation Lalith AMARALAL ........................................... Ecosystem services_PRA GREEN MOVEMENT ...................................... Ecosystem services _Questionnaires Devaka WEERAKOON .................................... Biodiversity Gilles MOYNOT .............................................. Biodiversity Guillaume SALMON ....................................... Communication Plan Nicolas BARGIER ........................................ Water and soil quality Ranjana PIYADASA ..................................... Water and soil quality Pierre RIGAUDIERE ........................................ Physical features_Hydrology Anura RANWALA ........................................... Physical features_Hydrology GIS team : Thilina Buddima PALLETHANNE, Anthony ROUÉ, Vu Hai LE, Inakshi KARUNAWARDANA, Olivier PETOT (ASCONIT) and “SAFEGE” GIS team Supportive roles : Missaka HETTIARACHCHI ............................. Institutions and policy Mathieu SOUQUET ....................................... Wetland Management Strategy Keerthi Sri JAYAWARDENA ........................... Hydrology background Indrasiri L.H .................................................. Expert GIS Janaka DHARMASENA .................................. Urban planning issues Emmanuel THIRY .......................................... Advisory on governance issue Field assessment and survey were accomplished with participation of GREEN MOVEMENT staff for ecosystem services assessment and students from Colombo University for water quality and ecological surveys. Page | ii WETLAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ‐ Technical Report 04 ‐ PHYSICAL FEATURES_Water quality, lake, sediment and soil issues Metro Colombo Urban Development Project ‐ Consultancy Services for the Preparation of Management Strategy for Wetlands and Carrying out an Assessment of Water Quality in the Inland Waterways and Lakes within Metro Colombo Area Metro Colombo Wetland Management Strategy was developed as a complementary initiative towards achieving capacity enhancement for flood and drainage management under the World Bank funded Metro Colombo Urban Development Project. The study received grant funding from the Japan Policy and Human Resources Development Fund and was directly supervised by the Wetland Management Division of the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation : Dr. N. S. Wijayarathne ‐ Deputy General Manager L C G Soysa ‐ AGM ‐ Coordinator W D C T Gunasiri ‐ Environmental Scientist ‐ Surface and Ground Water and Soil surveys P D Pindeniya ‐ Ecologist ‐ Biodiversity Field surveys Ranoshi Siripala ‐ Ecologist ‐ Biodiversity Field surveys Kumudu Shirani ‐ Engineer ‐ Ecosystem Service Assessment U Y I L Dharmasoma ‐ Surface and Ground Water surveys Dammika Marasinghe ‐ Administrative Officer ‐ Social Surveys Page | iii WETLAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ‐ Technical Report 04 ‐ PHYSICAL FEATURES_Water quality, lake, sediment and soil issues Metro Colombo Urban Development Project ‐ Consultancy Services for the Preparation of Management Strategy for Wetlands and Carrying out an Assessment of Water Quality in the Inland Waterways and Lakes within Metro Colombo Area CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ___________________________________ 1 2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ________________________________ 4 3 METHODOLOGY AND PROTOCOLS __________________________ 4 3.1. Surface water ____________________________________________________ 4 3.2. Beira lake _______________________________________________________ 10 3.3. Sediment _______________________________________________________ 12 3.4. ground water ____________________________________________________ 15 4 SURFACE WATER FUNCTIONING OF THE WETLAND ___________ 18 4.1. In situ parameters ________________________________________________ 18 4.2. Laboratory parameters ____________________________________________ 22 4.3. Phytoplankton community structure _________________________________ 32 4.4. Historical data ___________________________________________________ 38 4.5. water quality Synthesis ____________________________________________ 43 5 BEIRA LAKE ___________________________________________ 45 5.1. Water __________________________________________________________ 45 5.2. Sediment water __________________________________________________ 49 5.3. Sediment _______________________________________________________ 50 5.4. Beira lake hydrosystem analysis ____________________________________ 53 5.5. Beira lake action plan _____________________________________________ 53 6 SURFACE WATER QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK: A NEW STRATEGY ____________________________________________ 56 6.1. current water quality monitoring assessment in Colombo area ___________ 57 6.2. Formulate effectiveness monitoring program/design: Use new parameters and know how to exploit results ________________________________________ 58 Page | iv WETLAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ‐ Technical Report 04 ‐ PHYSICAL FEATURES_Water quality, lake, sediment and soil issues Metro Colombo Urban Development Project ‐ Consultancy Services for the Preparation of Management Strategy for Wetlands and Carrying out an Assessment of Water Quality in the Inland Waterways and Lakes within Metro Colombo Area 7 WETLAND GROUNDWATER FUNCTIONING __________________ 68 7.1. Introduction _____________________________________________________ 68 7.2. Water levels _____________________________________________________ 68 7.3. groundWater quality ______________________________________________ 69 7.4. Required data for a suitable monitoring ______________________________ 70 8 APPENDICES ___________________________________________ 71 Appendix 1 ‐ Inlets to Beira Lake _________________________________________ 71 Appendix 2 –Water framework directive quality scoring ______________________ 71 Appendix 3 – Historical data _____________________________________________ 71 Appendix 4 – Water quality distribution in Metro Colombo wetlands catchment: Map ___________________________________________________________ 71 Page | v WETLAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ‐ Technical Report 04 ‐ PHYSICAL FEATURES_Water quality, lake, sediment and soil issues Metro Colombo Urban Development Project ‐ Consultancy Services for the Preparation of Management Strategy for Wetlands and Carrying out an Assessment of Water Quality in the Inland Waterways and Lakes within Metro Colombo Area 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Surface water Forty water quality monitoring locations across the surface drainage network system have been selected for investigation. These locations take into account the main objectives of the project and the requirement to understand actual water quality variation across the wetlands of Metropolitan Colombo. The current SLLRDC monitoring network of eight sampling points is included in the project locations in order to verify historical data. The sampling period does not cover an annual cycle, which should be the minimal length of time for accurate and reliable conclusions. Despite that, the relatively stable climate in Colombo allows some strategic lessons to be learnt. Based on this small dataset, and using only the first campaign to assess water quality on the top water layer (water sampling location), we can conclude for the canals with reference to the UE Water Framework Directive (WFD) Scores that: ‐ Very bad quality found in 50% of the network ‐ Bad water quality found in 15% of the network ‐ Medium quality found in 15% of the network ‐ Good quality found in 20% of the network Ammonia, phosphorus and total dissolved solids (TDS) are the main problematic parameters particularly in the western area. Regarding the historical data (from 2004 to 2014), we can conclude: ‐ The historical network shows a bad or very bad quality for 64% of the stations, which concurs with the assessment from this study. ‐ The pollution increase is growing faster from 2010 to now. Eventhough as a result the actual water quality is poor, the anthropogenic pollution sources can be easily identified and reduced with an efficient management plan. At a larger time‐scale, 5‐years pollutions can even been considered as a short time pollution, with a natural ecological potential still remaining on the watershed. ‐ Most parameters that are showing a reduction in quality are due to domestic waste water. For instance: o Turbidity: sharp deterioration since 2010 ; o BOD: deterioration since 2010; o COD: deterioration
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