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Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service V.62

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Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service V.62 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Stewart L. Udall, Secretary FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, Clarence F. Pautzke, Commissioner BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, Donald L. McKernan, Director DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF LARVAL AND JUVENILE FISHES OF THE FAMILY MULLIDAE OF THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC By MELBA C. CALDWELL FISHERY BULLETIN 213 From Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service VOLUME 62 PUBLISHED BY UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE· WASHINGTON. 1962 PRINTED BY UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D.C·. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. Price 40 cents Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior-America's Department of Natural Resources-is concerned with the. management, conservation, und development of t.he Nation's water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park and recreat.ional resources. It. also has major responsibilit.ies for Indian and terri­ torial affairs. As the Nation's principal conservat.ion agency, the Department works to assure that nonrenewable resources are developed 3.nd used wisely, that pa.rk and recreational resources are conserved for t.he. fut.ure, and that renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security of the United States-now and in the future. II CONTENTS Page Introduction _ 403 ~ethods _ 403 Abbreyiations and terminology _ 405 Key to Mullidae of the western North Atlantic _ 405 Comparison ofspecies _ 406 Ecology of the ~ullidae " _ 406 P8eudupeneu8 m.aculatu8 (Bloch) _ 407 DistributioIl ._ 407 Ecology _ 409 Growth and developrnent _ 414 Body proportions _ 414 Pigmentation _ 416 Fins _ 423 Gill rakers _ Teeth _ 426 427 430 ScalesBarbels --------------------------------------------- _ 431 Operculum ~ _ 431 Cleithrum ~ _ 431 Spawning ~ __ ~ _ 431 Sexual dimorphism _ 431 Mullu8 auratu8 Jordan and Gilbert .: _ 431 Distribution _ Ecology _ 432 432 Growth and development- . _ 436 Body proportions _ 436 Pigmentation ._ 437 Fins__ • • _ 438 Gill rakers _ 439 Teeth_. _ Scales _ 439 441 Barbe~ _ 441 OperculuDl _ 442 Cleithrum _ 442 Spawnlng . _ 443 Upeneu8 parvu8 Poey _ 443 Distribution _ 443 Ecology _ 443 Growth and developnlent _ 444 Body proportions _ 446 Pigmentation _ Fins _ 446 448 Gill rakers _ 448 Teeth _ Scales _ 450 Barbels _ 450 450 Operculurn _ 450 Cleithrunl ~ _ 450 Spawning _ 450 III IV CONTENTS Page MulloidichthY8 1Jl.artiniw8 (Cuvier) ____________________________________________ 451 Distrihution .. ________________ 451 Ecology_______________________________________________________________ 451 Gruwth and developnlent 0 451 Body pruportions .. ____________________ 452 Pigmentation_ ______________________________________________________ 452 Fins_______________________________________________________________ 452 Gill rakers . 454 Teeth ._ ________________________________ 455 Scales_____________________________________________________________ 455 Barbels ~ 455 Operculum ._ ____________________________ 455 Cleithrum_____ _______ ___ _____ __________________ __ 455 Acknowledgments. ._ ________________________________________ 455 Literature cited ------ --- ---- __ -- ----_ ____ 455 ABSTRACT The young of the four species at goatfish (Mullidae) of the western North Atlantic are discussed morphologically, meristlically, and ecologica'l:ly, and developmental changes arl" described and i1Jlustrated. P8eudupenewJ maculattt8 (smallest, 18.5 mm.) is shown to have an early olfshore pelagic stage which dilfers in appearance from the adult inshore bottom-dwelling stagl". The data Indicate that, within limits, the change in habitat initiatl"S the metamorphosis, rather than metamorphosis occu.rrl.ng at a specific size. More limited data for Mullu8 auratU8 (smallest, 8.2 mm.) and Upell.e1t8 parVIl8 (smaH~ 20.8 mm.) suggest a slmrlar life cycle. Nothing is known at MltUoidichth1l8 m.artmictt8 below 82.5 mm. The range of U. parvu8 ,is extended northward to North Carolina and south­ ward to Vitoria. Brazil. M. 100rtiniCU8 (possibly market-procured) from as far south as Salvador, Brazil, were examined. Mullu8 auratu8, previously descrIbed 8S having no teeth in the upper jaw. are shown to have teeth as juven:lles, which become obsoletE.> with maturity. Two keys are given, the first for Spl"ciml"DS 10.0 through 82.5 mm., the second for larger specimens. DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF LARVAL AND JUVENILE FISHES OF THE FAMILY MULLIDAE OF THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC By MELBA C. CALDWELL, Fishery Research Biologist BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES From February 10, 1953, to De.c.ember 12, 1954, METHODS the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service made nine exploratory cruises with the motor vessel Tlt.eoa.o'l'e Ernest A. Lachner is presently engaged in a. N. Oill into the waters off the south Atltlntic coast revision of the family Mullidae, and I have given of the United St.ates. These cruises were the only as much attention to the adults as is necessary initial phase of a study of biological, ehemical, to trace development.. Briggs (1958) has been and physical oceanographic conditions between followed in nomenclature.. Cape Hatte'ra.s and the Florida St.rl1.its. Several Lachner (1!)51) has been followed ill regard to slUall specimens of goatfishes, family Mullida.e, counts of fin rays, gill rakers, and scales. All gill were collected. As existing keys to the group raker rudiments were counted as gill ra.kers. proved inadequat,e for t·he identification of the Photomicrographic methods of Caldwell and young, developmental ~tudies were undertaken for Carlin 1 we.re used for photographing specimens the -two spedes abundant. in t.he a.rea: M'I1ll'/l.~ a-ura­ below 19 mm. Stttining met.hods of Hollister tU8 Jordan liil(l Gilbert. and Pst!udupe:ne-u8 mOffldo­ (1934)' and Evans (1948) were followed. tU8 (Bloch). Two additional spedes, [Tpene'l18 pa,l'1'1lS Poe.y and llIlflloidich-thys l1w.l'tiniffl(S Pectoral rays were c.ounted on the right side unless (Cuvier), were included in the study since it was the right pectoral was injured, curled, or bent anticipate.d that t.hey occurred in the waters en­ forward. Measurements were made with either a compassed by the survey. l11ic.rol11eter eyepiece or dial e-alipers, and were Mat.erial from other than Gill collections has taken at the positions indicated in figure 1. been.examined. The cruises of t.he U.S. Fish and Measurements of selected body parts less than Wildlife Service vessels Sil1,e-r Bu.y and Oregon 100 mm. are recorded to t.he ne.arest 0.1 mm., and have cont.ributed many Mullidae to the collections of the Bureau of Commerc.ial Fisheries Biological above this size, to the nearest 0.5 mm. Measure- Laboratory, Brunswick, Ga..(BLBG) . I Caldwell, David K., and Charll'8 R .. Carlin. A photomlcro· Approved for pubUcntlon November 28, 1961. FI",h!'ry Bull!'tin graphic a.dapter f()r. sreromleroscopes useful in photograpM.ng fish 213. larvae. Copela, No.2, 1962, p. 445-446. TABLE I.-Comparison of selected characters of the four species of Mullidae of the western North Atlantic [Applicable only to speeimens of P8eudUpt1lfUB mOfUla/u8, Alm/a8 aura/u8, and Upmfu8 pam" over 50 mm.• and to Mtt/laidieMIIV8 marlinicu8 over 82.0 mm. Specimen size at whicl1 development of each character occurs Is discussed in the text] Species Character P. macula/u8 AI. aura/tt8 U. paTVUI M. martlnicUl Spinous dorsal fin. ~ _ 8 (first spine mlnnte).•__ • ._._ 8 (first spine mlnute) ..•..•_. 7 .._. ._.__ • __ 8 (first spine usually embedded In tissue and not visible). 1,8__ .. •__ . 1,8 • __ 1,8 ._. ._. __ Soft dorsal fin •• . : __ • ~ 8. Anal fin • .• I, I, 6 • .. ._. J, I, 6 • • .._. I, I, 6 .._._. _ I, I, 6. Pectoral ftn ••• . 13-16__ •.• •••__ ••_. 15-17 ._._••• _ 14-16_ •• •• •_ 1,0 ._ 15-17. Pelvic fin•••• _ 1,0.. .. __ ...__ • __ . 1,0 ._. .._. I, o. Caudal fln __ • • 1,7+6, '- __ ..... .. •• 1,7+6, L. ._. _ 1,7+6, L. __ 1,7+6,1. Gill rakers: ·TotaL • .• 26-32_. •_••• •• __ • 18-2L • _. _. 24-27. •• __ • .._. 26-33. Lower IImb. __ • ._ 111-24 ••• _. 12-10 .___ __ 17-19. •_••_"" •• 111-23. Ceratobranehlal bone_ ••. 12-10 ._.___ 11-11. __ ~ •• __ ____ 11-12 •. .. 12-16 (usually 14-16). Teeth: Upper jaw__ • .... _ Single row of canines below 100 Absent or not vlslble Irregular rows of small ca- Single row of small canines be­ mm.; additional large canlIles nines. coming Irr!'gularly biserial anterolateral to them In larger anteriorly. specimens. Lower jaw .. Irregnlar row of small canines_._ Bingle rOw of small canln!'s Irregular rOWS of small ca· Single row of small canines be· bellO.mlng Irregularly bi- nines. coming Irregularly biserial • serial anteriorly. anteriorly. Vomer _ Absent..__ .. • __ • .... Pegllke teethon fused palalo· PegUke. ._ Absent. vom!'rlne bone. Palatlne ._ Absent . _. •. _. .._•._•. _ PegUke teeth at 54 mm. Ahsent. 36-38and larg!'r. _ Lateral line scales __ 27--3L_. ._••__ ._.•• _ 29-35. _.. _ 34-39. Opercular splne _ Present•.. • _ Absent. .. _ Absent_. _. _ Present. Upper wing of clelthl'um _ Serrated .•._• ._ Smooth . Smooth .._. _. _ 3 .. _ Smooth. Branchlostegals_ • __ •. 3 • •• _ 3._. _ 3. Color pattern of metamar- Usually retain tIlre!' blaek I'ftle yellow. _ Three or foul' black bars 011 Pale y!'lIow. phosOO. spe('\mens after pres­ blotches on sid!'. ventral lobe 01 eaudaliln. ervation. 403 404 FISHERY BULLETIN OF THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE A B c DE F 'G HI I ----- ------ J K L M NO p Figure 1.-Paeu!tupeneuB macuZa-tuB, 48-mm. (UF uncataloguedj Dickinson collection, Bahamas.) Letters indicate points at measurements. mEmts of standard length to show size range of A-M.-Snout to anal. Tip of snout to base of specimens captured are indicated to the nearest first spine of anal fin.
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