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Volume 23 No. 4. October 1992 ^Journal of Gemmology THE GEMMOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION AND GEM TESTING LABORATORY OF GREAT BRITAIN OFFICERS AND COUNCIL Past Presidents: Sir Henry Miers, MA, D.Sc, FRS Sir William Bragg, OM, KBE, FRS Dr. G.F. Herbert Smith, CBE, MA, D.Sc. Sir Lawrence Bragg, CH, OBE, MC, B.Sc, FRS Sir Frank Claringbull, Ph.D., F.Inst.P., FGS Vice-President: R. K. Mitchell, FGA Council of Management D.J. Callaghan, FGA CR. Cavey, FGA E.A. Jobbins, B.Sc, C.Eng., FIMM, FGA I. Thomson, FGA V.P. Watson, FGA K. Scarratt, FGA R.R. Harding, B.Sc., D.Phil., FGA, C. Geol. Members' Council A. J. Allnutt, M.Sc, G.H. Jones, B.Sc, Ph.D., FGA P. G. Read, C.Eng., Ph.D., FGA H. Levy, M.Sc, BA, FGA MIEE, MIERE, FGA P. J. E. Daly, B.Sc, FGA J. Kessler I. Roberts, FGA T. Davidson, FGA G. Monnickendam E.A. Thomson, R. Fuller, FGA L. Music Hon. FGA D. Inkersole, FGA J.B. Nelson, Ph.D., FGS, R. Velden B. Jackson, FGA F. Inst. P., C.Phys., FGA D. Warren CH. Winter, FGA Branch Chairmen: Midlands Branch: D.M. Larcher, FBHI, FGA North-West Branch: I. Knight, FGA Examiners: A. J. Allnutt, M.Sc, Ph.D., FGA G. H. Jones, B.Sc, Ph.D., FGA L. Bartlett, B.Sc, M.Phil., FGA D. G. Kent, FGA E. M. Bruton, FGA R. D. Ross, B.Sc, FGA C. R. Çavey, FGA P. Sadler, B.Sc, FGS, FGA S. Coelho, B.Sc, FGA E. Stern, FGA A.T. Collins, B.Sc, Ph.D Prof. I.Sunagawa,D.Sc B. Jackson, FGA M. Virkkunen, M.Phil., FGA E. A. Jobbins, B.Sc, C Eng., FIMM, FGA C Woodward, B.Sc, FGA Editor: E. A. Jobbins, B.Sc, C.Eng., FIMM, FGA Editorial Assistant: Mary A. Burland Curator: C R. Cavey, FGA The Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain 27 GrevUle Street, London EON 8SU Telephone: 071-404 3334 Fax: 071-404 8843 ^Journal of Gemmology VOLUME 23 NUMBER FOUR OCTOBER 1992 Cover Picture A 146-faced 'sphere' formed by the combination of the cube, octahedron, rhombdodecahedron, trisoctahedron, hexoctahedron, icositetrahedron and tetrahexahedron. (See 'Symmetrical polyhedrafor gemstones'on p.207 ). ISSN: 0022-1252 194 J. Gemm, 1992,23,4 FORTHCOMING MEETINGS 1992 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND PRESENTATION OF AWARDS The second GAGTL Annual Conference is to be held on Sunday 8 and Monday 9 November at the Great Western Royal Hotel, Paddington, London. Dr K. Nassau will deliver the keynote lecture on treatments in a full programme dealing with coloured stones, diamonds, valuation procedures and the Duchess of Windsor's jewellery. The Conference will be followed on the evening of Monday 9 November by the Presentation of Awards which will take place at Goldsmiths' Hall, Foster Lane, London EC2. This year the awards will be presented by Dr K. Nassau. MEMBERS' MEETINGS London On 24 November 1992 at the City Conference Centre, Mark Lane, London EC3R 7JN, lectures will be given on the gemstone deposits of Africa and the trade associated with them. Admission by ticket only, at a cost of £5.00 for GAGTL members, £10.00 a member and a guest, and £8.00 for non-members. For further details and tickets contact the GAGTL. Midlands Branch Meetings will be held at Dr Johnson House, Bull Street, Birmingham. Further details from Gwyn Green on 021-440 1428 or 021-445 5359. 25 September 1992 Open Forum. Any questions to our panel. 30 October 1992 Bring and Buy. Specimens, books, equipment - 10% to Branch funds. 1 November 1992 Annual Practical Gemmology Seminar, to be held at the Cobden Hotel, Birmingham. Tickets £18.00 from David Larcher, Midlands Branch Chairman, c/o GAGTL. 27 November 1992 Nigel Dunn. 'Jewellery through the ages'. 5 December 1992 Fortieth Anniversary Dinner. 27 January 1993 Edgar Taylor. 'Fossicking in Wales'. 26 February 1993 Robert Campbell-Legg. 'The art of the engraver'. 26 March 1993 Peggy Stock. 'Crystal healing'. 30 April 1993 AGM and filmshow. North West Branch Meeting to be held at Church House, Hanover Street, Liverpool 1. Further details from Irene Knight on 051-924 3103. 21 October 1992 Dr Jamie Nelson. 'Optical attributes of a diamond'. 18 November 1992 Annual General Meeting. J].. Gemm.Gemm.,, 19921992,, 2323,, 4 191955 OxidatioOxidationn treatmentreatmentt ooff ththee sapphiresapphiress frofromm ShandonShandongg ProvinceProvince,, ChinChinaa Wang Chuanfu, Chuanfu, Yang Yang Yaoshan Yaoshan and andLi Guoxun Li Guoxun 3030fLab,1 Lab, GeneraGenerall ResearcResearchh InstitutInstitutee foforr Non-FerrouNon-Ferrouss MetalMetalss BeijinBeijingg 100088100088,, P.RP.R.. ChinChinaa AbstracAbstractt weighweightt anandd ththee A1Al22003 conten contentt shoulshouldd bbee helheldd aatt neanearr IItt iiss nonoww welwelll knowknownn thathatt a larglargee numbenumberr ooff dardarkk blubluee ththee saturatiosaturationn solubilitsolubilityy (10-(1O-11wt%).1 lwt%). TheThe saltssalts werewere sapphiresapphiress araree founfoundd iinn ShandonShandongg ProvinceProvince,, ChinaChina.. IInn mixemixedd anandd placeplacedd intintoo ththee carbocarbonn cruciblcruciblee insidinsidee a ordeorderr ttoo improvimprovee ththee gradgradee ooff thesthesee sapphiressapphires,, ththee temperature-controlletemperature-controlledd furnacefurnace.. AAss showshownn iinn FiFi­­ traditionaltraditional heating treatment was used at the tempera­temperature gurguree 11,, PPtt (platinum(platinum)) wirwiree was useusedd aass ththee anodanodee andand ture ooff 1700°C1700°C.. HoweveHoweverr ththee blubluee huhuee ooff sapphirsapphiree wawass ththee sapphirsapphiree samplsamplee was alsalsoo coilecoiledd bbyy ththee platinumplatinum almost lost and became a grey colour. Instead, a new almost lost and became a grey colour. Instead, a new wirewire.. ThThee carbocarbonn cruciblcruciblee wawass useusedd aass ththee cathode.cathode. methomethodd wawass applieappliedd ttoo enhancenhancee ththee claritclarityy ooff ththee sapphiresapphire ssoo aass ttoo improvimprovee ititss qualityquality.. IInn thithiss methomethodd ththee AAtt ththee cathodecathode,, aluminiualuminiumm metametall containincontainingg a littlelittle electrolysielectrolysiss techniqutechniquee usinusingg moltemoltenn saltssalts wawass useusedd ttoo titaniutitaniumm wawass produceproducedd anandd depositedepositedd oonn ththee bot­bot­ producproducee a ververyy vigorouvigorouss oxidatiooxidationn ooff ththee corundum.corundum. totomm ooff ththee cruciblecrucible.. OncOncee ththee electrolytelectrolytee was 2+ ThThee Fe2 + containecontainedd iinn ththee sapphirsapphiree wawass partlypartly oxidized;oxidized; moltenmolten,, ththee anodanodee anandd samplesample werweree immersedimmersed aass a resultresult thethe samplessamples treatedtreated byby electrolysis electrolysis show show a a very very togethetogetherr intintoo ththee batbathh anandd electrolysielectrolysiss was con­con­ beautifubeautifull coloucolourr witwithh a lighlightt blubluee huehue.. ThThee absorptionabsorption ducteductedd aatt a celcelll voltagvoltagee ooff 3.3.00 voltvoltss foforr 30-430-455 spectrspectraa ooff ththee specimensspecimens alsalsoo confirconfirmm thathatt ththee sapphiresapphire minutesminutes,, thethenn ththee anodanodee anandd samplsamplee werweree taketakenn outout colour was improved.improved. ooff ththee batbathh anandd coolecooledd aatt ththee ratratee ooff 9°Clmin.9°C/min. IntroductioIntroductionn RecentlyRecently,, larglargee naturanaturall corunducorundumm resourceresourcess havhavee beenbeen foundfound inin ShandongShandong Province,Province, China.China. HoweverHowever / therethere areare onlyonly a fewfew gem-gradegem-grade sapphiressapphires amongamong 1 thesethese corundumscorundums andand manymany ofof themthem showshow anan especiallyespecially distinctdistinct pleochroismpleochroism.. TheseThese sapphiressapphires showshow bluish-violebluish-violett colourscolours perpendicularperpendicular toto thethe c-axisc-axis ofof thethe crystal,crystal, andand greengreen oror greenish-yellowgreenish-yellow colourscolours parallelparallel toto thethe c-axis.c-axis. TheseThese stonesstones cannotcannot bebe usedused asas gemstonesgemstones butbut thetheyy mightmight possiblpossiblyy convertconvert toto gem-gradegem-grade sapphiressapphires afterafter treatment.treatment. UsuallyUsually 6 thesethese sapphiressapphires araree heatedheated atat differentdifferent temperaturestemperatures inin thethe rangerange ofof 1400-1S50°C1400-1850°C forfor varyinvaryingg periodperiodss ofof time.time. ThisThis maymay enhanceenhance thethe clarityclarity ofof thesethese sapsap­­ phires,phires, butbut treatedtreated samplessamples showedshowed bluish-greybluish-grey oror greygrey colours.colours. TheThe sapphiressapphires whichwhich showshow greygrey colourscolours wouldwould notnot sell.sell. InIn thisthis investigationinvestigation suchsuch stones were treated by a new method using an Fig.Fig. I.1. ElectrolysisElectrolysis testtest assemblyassembly stones were treated by a new method using an I1 thermocouple;thermocouple; 22 carboncarbon crucible;crucible; 33 PtPt anodeanode withwith oxidationoxidation techniquetechnique withwith moltenmolten saltssalts atat thethe sample;sample; 4 electrolyte;electrolyte; 55 aluminium; aluminium ;6 6 direct direc tsupply. supply . temperaturetemperature ofof 940°C940°C only.only. TheseThese treatedtreated sapphiressapphires cancan showshow goodgood blueblue hueshues andand betterbetter clarityclarity com­com­ ForFor thethe heatingheating treatmentstreatments thethe sapphiressapphires werewere paredpared withwith thethe sapphiressapphires treatedtreated byby thethe heatingheating placedplaced inin thethe carboncarbon cruciblescrucibles andand heatedheated inin a highhigh method.method. frequencyfrequency furnacefurnace inin air,air, andand
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    ENTRY POLYHEDRA [ENTRY POLYHEDRA] Authors: Oliver Knill: December 2000 Source: Translated into this format from data given in http://netlib.bell-labs.com/netlib tetrahedron The [tetrahedron] is a polyhedron with 4 vertices and 4 faces. The dual polyhedron is called tetrahedron. cube The [cube] is a polyhedron with 8 vertices and 6 faces. The dual polyhedron is called octahedron. hexahedron The [hexahedron] is a polyhedron with 8 vertices and 6 faces. The dual polyhedron is called octahedron. octahedron The [octahedron] is a polyhedron with 6 vertices and 8 faces. The dual polyhedron is called cube. dodecahedron The [dodecahedron] is a polyhedron with 20 vertices and 12 faces. The dual polyhedron is called icosahedron. icosahedron The [icosahedron] is a polyhedron with 12 vertices and 20 faces. The dual polyhedron is called dodecahedron. small stellated dodecahedron The [small stellated dodecahedron] is a polyhedron with 12 vertices and 12 faces. The dual polyhedron is called great dodecahedron. great dodecahedron The [great dodecahedron] is a polyhedron with 12 vertices and 12 faces. The dual polyhedron is called small stellated dodecahedron. great stellated dodecahedron The [great stellated dodecahedron] is a polyhedron with 20 vertices and 12 faces. The dual polyhedron is called great icosahedron. great icosahedron The [great icosahedron] is a polyhedron with 12 vertices and 20 faces. The dual polyhedron is called great stellated dodecahedron. truncated tetrahedron The [truncated tetrahedron] is a polyhedron with 12 vertices and 8 faces. The dual polyhedron is called triakis tetrahedron. cuboctahedron The [cuboctahedron] is a polyhedron with 12 vertices and 14 faces. The dual polyhedron is called rhombic dodecahedron.
  • Review of the Rare Earth Elements and Lithium Mining Sectors

    Review of the Rare Earth Elements and Lithium Mining Sectors

    CHEMINFO Review of the Rare Earth Elements and Lithium Mining Sectors FINAL REPORT March 2012 Prepared for: Environment Canada Mining Section Mining and Processing Division Prepared By: Cheminfo Services Inc. 30 Centurian Drive, Suite 205 Markham, Ontario L3R 8B8 Phone: (905) 944-1160 Fax: (905) 944-1175 CHEMINFO Table of Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 1.2 RARE EARTHS .....................................................................................................1 1.2.1 Presence in Canada ...................................................................................5 1.3 LITHIUM ..............................................................................................................5 1.3.1 Presence in Canada ...................................................................................7 1.4 RARE EARTHS AND LITHIUM MINING AND PROCESSING METHODS .....................7 1.4.1 Rare Earth Mining and Processing Methods.............................................7 1.4.2 Lithium Mining and Processing Methods..................................................8 1.5 SUBSTANCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN IN RARE EARTH AND LITHIUM MINING AND PROCESSING ...............................................................................................8 1.5.1 Substances of Concern for Rare Earths.....................................................9