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Sanitation Options for Managing Oak Wood Infested with the Invasive Goldspotted Oak Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Southern California Author(S): Michael I

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Sanitation Options for Managing Oak Wood Infested with the Invasive Goldspotted Oak Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Southern California Author(S): Michael I Sanitation Options for Managing Oak Wood Infested with the Invasive Goldspotted Oak Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Southern California Author(s): Michael I. Jones , Tom W. Coleman , Andrew D. Graves , Mary Louise Flint , and Steven J. Seybold Source: Journal of Economic Entomology, 106(1):235-246. 2013. Published By: Entomological Society of America URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/EC12177 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. FOREST ENTOMOLOGY Sanitation Options for Managing Oak Wood Infested With the Invasive Goldspotted Oak Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Southern California MICHAEL I. JONES,1 TOM W. COLEMAN,2 ANDREW D. GRAVES,3 MARY LOUISE FLINT,4 5 AND STEVEN J. SEYBOLD J. Econ. Entomol. 106(1): 235Ð246 (2013); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC12177 ABSTRACT Movement of invasive wood-boring insects in wood products presents a threat to forest health and a management challenge for public and private land managers. The goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is a new pest in San Diego and Riverside Cos., CA, believed to have been introduced on Þrewood. This beetle has caused elevated levels of oak mortality since 2002. From 2009Ð2011, we tested several sanitation methods, applicable to large and small land parcels, to reduce or prevent goldspotted oak borer emergence from infested oak wood. In most experiments, emergence of goldspotted oak borer adults from the positive controls demon- strated that the beetle could complete development in Þrewood-sized pieces of cut oak wood. In 2009, adult emergence from sun-exposed oak wood began and peaked 2- to 4-wks earlier at a low elevation site than at a high elevation site (late May to late June). However, there were no signiÞcant effects of elevation or host species on the emergence response of goldspotted oak borer by solarization treatment in this study. Solarization of infested wood with thick (6 mil) and thin (1 mil) plastic tarpaulins (tarps) did not signiÞcantly reduce emergence of adults despite recordings of greater mean and maximum daily temperatures in both tarped treatments and greater relative humidity in the thick-tarped treatment (all compared with nontarped controls). Grinding wood with a 3“-minus screen (Յ7.6 cm) signiÞcantly reduced goldspotted oak borer emergence compared with control treatments, and this was the best method for reducing adult emergence among those tested. In a separate grinding study, no adults emerged when wood was ground to 9“-minus (22.9 cm), 2“-minus (5.1 cm), or 1“-minus (2.5 cm) screen sizes, but a low level of adult emergence from the positive controls limited any inferences from this experiment. Debarking cut wood pieces eliminated gold- spotted oak borer emergence from the wood fraction, but adults emerged from the shaved bark and phloem. KEY WORDS debarking, Þrewood, grinding, oak mortality, solarization Invasive species represent a signiÞcant threat to for- Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), demonstrate ests in North America and the introduction of exotic the potential ecological and economic damage posed forest pests has increased with the growth of interna- by wood-boring species (Poland and McCullough tional commerce (Haack 2006, Moser et al. 2009). Two 2006, Dodds and Orwig 2011). Slowing the spread of recent invaders in the northeastern and midwestern exotic forest insects is imperative for sustaining long- United States, the Asian longhorn beetle, Anoplophora term forest health. glabripennis Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Cerambyci- Invading species are often dispersed through move- dae), and the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis ment of wood products, nursery stock, and Þrewood (Yates et al. 1981, Galford 1984, Haack et al. 2010, Jacobi et al. 2012). In California, wood borers (Bu- 1 University of California, Davis, Department of Entomology, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616. prestidae and Cerambycidae) in cut wood account for 2 Corresponding author: USDA Forest Service-Forest Health Pro- the majority of insects detected at regulatory border tection, 602 S. Tippecanoe Ave., San Bernardino, CA 92408 (e-mail: stations (Bokach et al. 2011). Treatment of wood [email protected]). products, federal and state quarantines, and outreach/ 3 USDA Forest Service-Forest Health Protection , 333 Broadway Blvd. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87102. education have been suggested as management strat- 4 University of California, Davis., Department of Entomology and egies for slowing and reducing the spread of popula- Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program, One Shields Ave., tions of invasive woodborers (Haack and Acciavatti Davis, CA 95616. 1992, MayÞeld 2007, USDA Animal and Plant Health 5 USDA Forest Service-PaciÞc Southwest Research Station, Chem- ical Ecology of Forest Insects, HDH 001 Orchard Park Dr., Room 116, Inspection Service [APHIS] 2010). However, regu- Davis, CA 95616. lating the movement of wood, especially the small 236 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 106, no. 1 quantities transported as Þrewood, can be difÞcult to season (October to May). Pupation occurs in early enforce and monitor. Eliciting and obtaining public May in southern California. The quiescent, mature, interest and involvement have proved to be additional and relatively resistant life stages in the outer phloem hurdles. make the movement of cut wood a signiÞcant threat Firewood movement was likely responsible for the for spreading this new pest species. introduction of the goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus au- After several years of extensive and repeated bouts roguttatus Schaeffer, into San Diego Co., CA, from its of larval feeding, tree health declines and trees even- native region of southeastern Arizona or northern tually succumb (Coleman and Seybold 2008a, Cole- Mexico (Coleman and Seybold 2011, Coleman et al. man et al. 2011). The area of oak mortality has con- 2012a). First described in 1905 from specimens col- tinued to expand from the hypothetical point of origin lected in Arizona, goldspotted oak borer was never in eastern San Diego Co. (Coleman et al. 2012b) and considered a threat to forest health or an economically is impacting a wide variety of land ownerships. The important pest in its native region. It was absent from distributions of goldspotted oak borerÕs preferred a major compendium on forest insects of the western hosts extend north from northern Baja California United States (Furniss and Carolin 1977), and no life Norte, Mexico through California up to southern Or- history information was known for goldspotted oak egon. The spread of the goldspotted oak borer into borer until 2008, when it was Þrst linked to tree mor- residential communities portends the potential for a tality in California (Coleman and Seybold 2008a,b). signiÞcant increase in expenditures for prophylactic The goldspotted oak borer was Þrst collected in 2004 treatments and the management of dead trees by local in California and is considered to be invasive to this governments and private landowners. For example, region (Coleman and Seybold 2011, Coleman et al. the Resource Conservation District of Greater San 2012b). Diego Co. (2010) received three million dollars to Since its introduction, the goldspotted oak borer has mitigate hazard trees in communities near the heart of killed tens of thousands of oak trees in and adjacent to the goldspotted oak borer infestation. The high prob- the Descanso Ranger District, Cleveland National ability of continued range expansion through ßight Forest (CNF), Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, and sev- dispersal or human-assisted dispersal via infested cut eral communities in San Diego Co. (Coleman and wood represents a signiÞcant threat to forest health Seybold 2008a,b; Coleman et al. 2012b). Elevated lev- throughout California and southern Oregon. els of oak mortality have continued since 2002, cov- Oak Þrewood is a valuable commodity in southern ering an estimated 213,000 ha (USDA Forest Health California and no quarantines currently restrict the Monitoring [FHM] 2011). The zone of infestation and movement of this wood from the goldspotted oak tree mortality is located primarily in eastern San Diego borer zone of infestation. Therefore, preventing the Co. However, two known satellite infestation were movement of goldspotted oak borer-infested wood detected in 2009 in urban San Diego and 2012 in can be a challenge. Additionally, the California Board Riverside Co., CA which are hypothesized to have of Forestry does not regulate timber management in resulted from the movement of infested cut wood oak woodlands. These features, coupled with the ab- (Coleman and Seybold 2011). Several native species
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