IMPACT OF POPULATION PRESSURE ON ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN
KATAGUM REGION, BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA
NASIR MOHAMMED C50F/28781/2014
ATHESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF
ARTS (POPULATION GEOGRAPHY) IN THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND
SOCIAL SCIENCES, KENYATTA UNIVERSITY
OCTOBER, 2019
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DECLARATION
This research thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree or any other award in any university.
Signature………………………… Date………………
Nasir Mohammed
Department of Geography
Kenyatta University, Nairobi
SUPERVISORS
We confirm that the thesis work was carried out by the candidate under our supervision.
Signature………………………. Date…………………
Prof. Leonard M. Kisovi
Department of Geography
Kenyatta University, Nairobi
Signature……………………….. Date…………………….
Dr. Francis O. Onsongo
Department of Geography
Kenyatta University, Nairobi
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DEDICATION
I dedicate my research thesis to my beloved wife Ummi Muhammad, my children Khadija,
Fatima, Amina, Hajara, Al-Amin, and Abubakar. Special dedication to my elder brother
Sulaiman Muhammad Askira and my sister Hauwa’u and my final dedication goes to my Mum
(Amina Muhammad) and my Dad (Muhammad Aliyu)
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ACKNOWLEDMENTS
I wish to thank Almighty Allah for his wisdom to accomplish this task and also wish to acknowledge my supervisor Prof. Leonard M. Kisovi and Dr. Francis Onsongo for theirguidance, support,and encouragement in writing this thesis and my the Chairman Geography Department
Dr. Thomas Kibutu, and also all members of staff in the Department of Geography Kenyatta
University. I also wish to acknowledge my elder brother and his family who have supported me morally and financially in carrying out this research thesis, May Allah reward them with Jannatu
Firdausi.
I also wish to extend my gratitude to Mrs. Helen geography department, Susan, Harriet and Mr.
John graduate school for their advice and guide. My graditute also to Mallam Usman Chilan kori, Jarman Azare and all my friends that include Dahuwa Alhaji Abdullahi, Dr. Kabir Shehu,
Adamu Abdulhamid, Dr. Ali Fakandu, Hashim Ibrahim, members of Majalisar shayi 1and 2. In addition, I wish also to appreciate the prayer from my students in persons of Abubakar Lamido
Jibrin, Ishaka, Jibrin, Aishatu Aliyu G, Jummai Muazu and Zainad Haruna Aliyu, Hussaina Zaki.
Finally, special gratitude goes to my mother Amina Muhammad and my father Muhammad
Aliyu for their prayers, kindness and general support in my studies. May Allah continue to bless and protect them. Amin.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ...... ii
DEDICATION ...... iii
ACKNOWLEDMENTS ...... iv
LIST OF TABLES ...... ix
LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES………………………………………...………………………..x
CONCEPTUAL AND DEFINITION OF TERMS ...... xi
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...... xiii
ABSTRACT...... xiv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...... 1
1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ...... 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ...... 3
1.3 JUSTIFICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ...... 3
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...... 4
1.6 HYPOTHESES ...... 5
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION ...... 5
1.7.1 Scope ...... 5
1.7.2 Limitations...... 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 6
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ...... 6
2.2 POPULATIONS-ENVIRONMENT NEXUS ...... 7
2.3 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO POPULATION GROWTH IN NIGERIA ...... 8
2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION ...... 9
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2.5 BOSERUPIAN VIEW ON POPULATION ...... 10
2.5.1 Boserup View on Sub-Saharan Africa ...... 10 2.6. POPULATION PRESSURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ...... 11
2.6.1 Poverty ...... 12
2.6.2 Lack of opportunities...... 12
2.6.3 Religion influence ...... 12
2.6.4 Lack of education...... 12
2.6.5 Direct impact on agricultural development...... 13
2.6.6 Climate change ...... 13
2.7 METHODS OF COPYING WITH POPULATION PRESSURE ON ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION ...... 14
2.8 MEASURES IN REDUCING POPULATION PRESSURE ON ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION ...... 15
2.9 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ...... 16
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ...... 18
3.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 18
3.2 STUDY AREA ...... 18
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN...... 20
3.4 DATA COLLECTION METHODS ...... 20
3.5 VARIABLES ...... 20
3.6 TARGET POPULATION ...... 21
3.7 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND SAMPLE SIZE ...... 21
3.8 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS ...... 22
3.8.1 Questionnaire ...... 23
3.8.2 Interview schedule ...... 23
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3.8.3 Focus group discussion guide (F GD) ...... 23
3.8.4 Secondary data collection ...... 23
3.9 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES ...... 24
3.11 ETHICAL AND LOGISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS ...... 24
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 25
4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 25
4.2 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ...... 27
4.3 IMPACTS OF POPULATION PRESSURE ON ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN
KATAGUM REGION ...... 29
4.4 COMMUNITY METHODS USED TO COPE WITH POPULATION PRESSURE ON
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN KATAGUM REGION ...... 40
4.4.1 Results and discussion of data on focus group discussion ...... 41
4.4.2 Results and discussion of data on interviews conducted in the field ...... 41
4.5 MEASURES EMPLOYED IN REDUCING POPULATION PRESSURE ON
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN KATAGUM REGION ...... 44
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 48
5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 48
5.2 SUMMARY OF THE MAJOR FINDINGS ...... 48
5.3 CONCLUSION ...... 49
5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 50
5.5 ISSUES FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION ...... 51
REFERENCES ...... 52
APPENDICES ...... 55
Appendix I: Research Questionnaire ...... 55
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Appendix II: Interview Schedule for Communities Member, National Population Commission,
And Academic Staff and Environmental and Health Workers: ...... 58
Appendix III: Focus Group Discussion Guide: The Community Members ...... 59
Appendix IV: Budget ...... 60
Appendix V: Time Table ...... 61
Appendix VI: Chi-Square Analysis on Impact of Population Pressure on Environmental
Degradation in Katagum Region ...... 62
Appendix VII: Progress Report ...... 63
Appendix VIII: Acknowledgement of Research Proposal ...... 64
Appendix IX: Correction of Research Proposal ...... 65
Appendix X: Approval of Research Proposal ...... 66
Appendix XI: Research Authorization ...... 67
Appendix XII: Letter from Katagum Local Government Council ...... 68
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Summary of the Sample Size ...... 22
Table 4.1: Demographic Characteristics of Respondents ...... 25
Table 4.2 Demography data on interview schedule in Azare, Madara and Chinede district ...... 26
Table 4.3 Demography data on focus group discussion in Azare, Madara and Chinede district
...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.4: Assess the Impacts of population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum Region ...... 29
Table 4.5: People opinion base on interview conducted on assess the Impact population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum region ...... 29
Table 4.6: Association between population pressure and environmental degradation in Katagum region ...... 33
Table 4.7: Community methods of copying with population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum region ...... 38
Table 4.8: Focus Group Discussion on Community methods used to cope with population pressure on Environmental degradation in Katagum region ...... 39
Table 4.9: Interviewed schedule on Community methods used to cope with population pressure on Environmental degradation in Katagum region ...... 39
Table 4.10: Questionnaire responses on the Measures of reducing population pressure on
environmental degradation in Katagum region ...... 42
Table 4.11: Focus Group Discussion on Community measures of reducing population pressure on Environmental degradation in Katagum region ...... 43
Table 4.12: Interviewed schedule on Community measures of reducing population pressure on Environmental degradation in Katagum region...... 43
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LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES
Figure 1: The conceptual framework ...... 17
Figure 2: Bauchi State showing Katagum Region ...... 19
Plate4.1: Settlement expansion as a result of population pressure which affect the agricultural land in Azare Town………………………………………………………………………………35
Plate 4.2: Soil erosion in Katagum region as a result of population pressure on environment ..... 35
Plate 4.3: Environment degradation as a result of population pressure in Katagum region ...... 36
Plate 4.4: flooding in Azare town as a result of poor drainage, lack of planting of trees and deforestation through human activities ...... 37
Plate 4.5 Community development in reducing and controlling environment degradation as a result of population pressure in Katagum region ...... 47
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CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
BUILT ENVIRONMENT: It refers to the human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity. Ranging in scale from neighborhoods to cities that can often include their supporting infrastructures, such as water supply or energy network
CARRYING CAPACITY: Is the maximum number of individuals that can be supported sustainably by a given environment or number of people or individuals of a particular place that an environment can support.
ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION: Is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as land, soil, clean air, safe drinking water or any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be harmful or undesirable, by the substantial and increasing human
Population
NEXUS: Is the connection between parts of a system, in this case, the relationship between
Population and environment.
POPULATION PRESSURE: Is the increasing numbers in population that reduce the ability of the environment to support the Population and therefore, tends to result in degradation of the situation.
POVERTY: Is the inability of someone to take care of his family based on the income he earns.
That enormous burden on meagre resources of an individual in a given society. It is also the lower care State of being weak or scarcity of means of subsistence in an individual or community.
FERTILITY: Is the birth rate of a population in an area or the number of live birth per 1000 people per year.
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MORTALITY: Is the death rate of a population per 1000 people per year in Katagum Region
MIGRATION: Is the movement of people from one geographic area to another within a specific period.
POLLUTION: Is the contamination of the environment by human activities.
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
FGD Focus Group Discussion
ICPD International Conference on Population and Development
KLG Katagum Local Government
NPC National Population Commission
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences
UN/ISDR United Nation/ International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
UNRISD United Nation Research Institute for Social Development
WHO World Health Organization
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ABSTRACT
There exist a significant relationship between population and the environment as the two affect each other under certain circumstances causing effects both positive and negative. In this case, the study examines the impact of population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum Region as there has been a high rate of increase in population as well as a deteriorating environment. The study assesses the impact of population pressure on environmental degradation, investigates the method of coping with the effect of population pressure on the environment and measures employed in reducing population pressure and environmental degradation in Katagum region. Primary data generated through Interview Schedules, Questionnaires, Direct Observations and Focus Group Discussion. Similarly, secondary data was used to obtain from journals, library, books and the internet. These data used in developing literature complement the primary data. The data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, and tables and charts used in presenting results. The results in assessing the impacts of population pressure include deforestation, migration, pollution, soil erosion, and so on. The Chi-Square result showed a connection between population pressure and environmental degradation in the Region. Also, community methods of coping with population pressure influenced by religion and cultural background of communities in the Region. The findings show the methods used in reducing the impact of population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum Region are a delay in marriage, family planning, public awareness creation, free medication and also government/community intervention in the Region. The significance of this study will help the community and Government to know about assessing the impact of population growth on the environment, and methods to be used in coping with the population pressure and also ways in reducing population growth to minimize stress on the situation in Katagum Region. The population considered valuable resources in the development and, it is also a significant source of environmental degradation when it exceeds the carrying capacity of the support system in the Region. The study recommended that the Government should check population pressure through; birth control pills, encourage trees planting by individual household and also give some incentives to people that participate with this desertification would reduce, soil erosion can be control, Government should allocate more funds to the people at a zero interest loan to boost economic activities in the area in order to reduce the rate of poverty, crime and conflict and pollution in the Katagum Region and with this, sustainable development will be achieve. Government should create awareness among the population on methods to use in copying with Population Growth, population movements, and their impact on the natural environment and the built environment in Katagum Region through: use of family planning method, improve economic status of women, alternative source of energy and finally, the community and Government should adopt strategies to provide and promote effective family planning services, sex education in school curriculums, free education for women, jobs for women in terms of those that finished school and those that are permanent house wives, this will reduce the effect of population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum Region..
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
World’s Population is now estimated to be about 7 billion, after doubling in only 40 years.
Mainly, the increase in population happens in less developed regions of the World. While mortality and fertility rates began to decreases in all western areas of the 19th century, however during the 20th century many nations in the developing regions started experiencing significant reduction in their fertility, which gives the population momentum provided by young and youthful age structure, and this shows that Population in many parts of the World especially the Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia countries will continue to grow in many years to come (United Nation Research Institute for Social Development, 2011).
According to South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) (2009), states that the developing world have been experiencing an increase in population growth which leads to worsened environment situation and environmental deterioration in this century. This has contributed to the retardation of social and economic activities of the region.
There is a complicated and change relationship between population pressure and environmental degradation, which are strictly related to one another. This connection that exists in-between population pressure and environmental degradation is linked to political, socio-cultural, economic, and developmental changes, which are vital as it can be modified in one way or the other. For the last century, demographers, environmentalist, biologists, and economist have argue on the impact of population pressure on environmental degradation and what can be the urgent solution to have sustainable environment and development (Hummel,
2009).
According to UNRISD (2011), many research works have shown that population is considered a valuable resource in the development and yet it is also a significant cause of
1 environmental degradation when it exceeds the carrying capacity of the support system. In another view, UNISDR (2015) states that population increase affects the environment through the use of natural resources and the release of wastes. Population pressure on environmental leads to alteration of safe drinking water, increased pressure on arable land, biodiversity, increasing pollution and clean air. Also, according to Dunlap (1993), Population and the environment have become a significant theme in recent research studies globally.
There is increasing population growth in many countries in Africa and Asia such as Nigeria,
China, Pakistan and India which is now worsening and threatening our natural and built environment through the uncontrolled growth of urbanization, intensification of agriculture, and expansion of industrialization, and destruction of natural habitats. Nigeria which referred to as the demographic giant of Africa and fastest-growing Population in (Sub-Sahara Africa) has been growing in such a way that the figure recorded in every census surpasses the figure of the immediate past registration. With a number from 88,992,220 to 140,003,542 in fifteen years from 1991-2006 population and 168,728,600 in 2011 population projection, and also it will double up to a quarter of a billion by sometime in the foreseeable future if a famine, pestilence and war do not decimate us. (Online Nigeria, 2013)
Along the same line, Katagum Region also follows a similar trend, and for instance, there was an increase in population figures from 195,066 in 1991, 293,020 in 2006 and 347,320 in
2011 projection (National Population Commission, 2011). Which cause environmental degradation in the Region, land deterioration is the most significant environmental problem in Katagum Region. Land degradation is the most severe consequence which can strike as a result of human Population in the Katagum Region, as most of the Population relies on agriculture as means of their livelihood (Katagum Local Government 2011). Population in demographic usage refers to the total number of people resident in a particular area at a specific time. While population growth, on the other hand, refers to addition to or subtraction
2 from the existing population through the interaction of the three elements of population change, namely: birth, death and migration.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
According to Botkin and Keller (2012), human population today is the main issue responsible for environmental degradation on the surface of the earth. More specifically, increase in the number of people on the earth surface is the leading cause of environmental degradation.
Because of this state of affairs, there is a need to control the increase in the population so that it can reach the number the earth can sustain. In Katagum Region of Bauchi State Northern
Nigeria, there has been considerable environmental degradation. It has shown that for the last ten years between 2006 and 2015, there has been a substantial increase in the Population of
Katagum Region whereas land and other resources are constant. As a result, there appears to be population pressure, which causes deterioration of physical support such as surface water, erosion, deforestation and human health. Despite the environment worsening in the Katagum region, no study has been undertaken to investigate the nexus between population pressure and environmental degradation. Therefore, this study sought to bridge this knowledge gap on the impact of population pressure on ecological degradation in Katagum Region of Bauchi
State of Northern Nigeria.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study brings into focus the impact of population pressure on the environmental degradation in Katagum Region as it is the largest area in terms of Population within its environs in the Region. Majority of the people engage in agriculture, trade and commerce and migration of people who lost their land and residence as a result of insurgency that happens in their area and now they are permanent residents in the Region. Therefore, there are no systematic researches on the impact of population pressure on environmental degradation that come across the area of my study. Thus, data on population growth and ecological
3 degradation need to be generated in an attempt to minimize the population pressure and environmental degradation. These would hopefully assist in formulating of better policies for the communities, environment, and Non-governmental organizations. The findings could also be for academic purposes.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The general objective of the study is to examine the Impacts of population pressure on the environmental degradation in Katagum Region.
The following are the specific objectives:
i. To assess the impacts of population pressure on environmental degradation in
Katagum Region.
ii. To investigate the method of coping with population pressure on environmental
degradation in Katagum Region. iii. To find out measures which could be employed in reducing population pressure on
environmental degradation in Katagum Region.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This research endeavored to answer the following questions:
i. What are the Impacts of population pressure on environmental degradation in
Katagum Region?
ii. What are the methods employed by communities to cope with population pressure on
environmental degradation in Katagum Region? iii. What are the ways of reducing population pressure on environmental degradation in
Katagum Region?
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1.6 HYPOTHESES
This study based on these hypotheses below:
i. There is no significant association between population pressure and environmental
degradation in Katagum Region.
ii. There is no significant association between the methods of coping with population
pressure and environmental degradation in Katagum region. iii. There is no significant relationship between measures employed in reducing
population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum region.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
1.7.1 Scope
The study was conducted in Katagum Region, which has three districts, namely Azare,
Madara, and Chinede within Bauchi State in Nigeria. Therefore, the study examined long term changes in population growth and environmental degradation. The study was carried out in Katagum Region. Hence, the study aimed solely deal with Katagum as it is one of the regions in Nigeria affected by environment degradation.
1.7.2 Limitations
Some of the government officials and community leaders were not willing to respond to our questions; however, upon being assured that their information confidentiality will be ensured, they agreed to be interviewed. The study measures the impacts of population pressure on environmental degradation that is a human person and the environment.
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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The Population is the sum of many individuals living in a given geographical area. The relationship that exists between Population and environment has a long history. According to
Malthus, the growing population cause pressure on the environment, primarily agricultural land, poor land quality, and making agrarian production more miserable. Some studies suggest that growing Population increases the demand for natural resources, which in the long run, become depleted; hence, cannot sustain human life in less developed regions.
Furthermore, Cropper and Griffiths (2010) also argue that overpopulation results in demand for agricultural land, as it encourages the conversion of forests to agricultural land through deforestation, which eventually leads to desertification, soil erosion and poor soil fertility resulting to the shortage of food thus, food insecurity- a threat to humanity.
People living in rural areas depend almost entirely on agriculture as a primary means of livelihood. Cleaver and Schreiber (2009) observe that there is a fall in the number of food products; natural resources. According to them, population increase leads to poor soil quality that cannot sustain Population owing to poor farm produce. Similarly, Meadow et al., (1994) conclude that with the continued growth in global Population today, pollution, decrease in natural resources, industrialization, and food production will continue, and then the outcome would be an uncontrolled decrease in industrial capacity and Population. In another study, an increase in Population is the primary factor contributing to environmental degradation and global problems in both developing and developed countries (Ehrlic and Holden, 1971). In another contribution made by Thomes (2009), population pressure leads to deforestation, desertification, drought, and soil erosion both indirectly and directly.
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2.2 POPULATIONS-ENVIRONMENT NEXUS
According to (Khan et al., 2011), the “population-environment connection” has become a global concern in today’s researches on sustainable development and growth. Many researches has been carried out on the impact of population on environment at a particular point in time. Studies show that rapid growing population does not only increase pressure causing soil erosion, overgrazing, flooding, increasing the use of fertilizers, pesticides but also causes water and air pollution.
According to Malthus, 1798; Allen and Barness, 1995; Repetto and Holmes, 1983; Rudel,
1989; and Ehlich and Holdren, 1971, increase in population growth is a major problem affecting human as it causes environmental harms while Boserup (1965) expresses how increased innovation boost advanced agriculture which in turn leads to increased food production eventually resulting in population increase. Trainer (1999) argues that developing nations suffer as a result of rapid population increase, leading to a decline in forests, natural resources, water and air pollution, damage to the coastal ecosystem. That is to say, population pressure becomes a severe issue to the environment and its resources to produce food, which, in the end, affect the environment.
According to Cropper and Griffiths et al. (2010), population growth, by increasing the demand for food, arable land, encourages the change of forests to agriculture land and residents for settlement expansion. Meadow et al. (1994) conclude that what is currently happening in the world population growth, increase in food production, resources depletion, industrialization, and pollutions will continue and, the major result will be a serious decline in both environment and Population.
According to Ehrlic et al. (1971), increase in Population is the primary factor in increasing pollution and other environmental problems in both developed and developing nations. Rudel
7 et al. (1998) contribute that population pressure brings about a high rate of deforestation both indirectly and directly.
Similar problems have been observed by some researchers globally in developed countries, as observed by Kafka et al., (2013); that human activities such as industrialization on the environment influence our lives on Earth. Therefore, human behaviour causes an increase in
Population and environmental degradation. Again, they point out that the relationship between population pressure, urbanization, environmental degradation, and natural hazards is dynamic in nature and does not yield simple, straightforward solution as to how, when and where this can result into harmful effects.
2.3 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO POPULATION GROWTH
Factors leading to population growth as examined by Chavis (2010) include; low mortality rate, lack of family planning, religious beliefs, poverty, illiteracy, engaging many women and financial incentives. According to some researchers, increasing Population is determined by the changes of three main demographic processes; fertility rate, mortality rate and migration rate. This study also agrees with Tasin (2010), who say that Nigeria has the highest population growth rate with an average of 2.54% population compared to other countries of the World. The other factors may include early marriage, religious influence especially in the northern part of Nigeria which are dominantly Muslims, culture of the said community, number of immigrants that migrate from neighboring countries into Nigeria such as Chad,
Niger and Cameroun, and low death rate as there is improvement unsanitary conditions, and medical facilities and also low natural calamities in the form of earthquake, flooding, and other man-made calamities in the country.
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2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION
Curbing environmental deterioration is an essential goal of any development policy as it helps to improve the quality of human life, which is always marked up with the quality of the environment. Since the United Nation Conference on Environment and Development at Rio de Janeiro on June 1992, it has become clear that problems of the environment cannot be fully addressed without first considering population-development linkages. Population dimension of these concerns stressed in the final document of the United Nations
International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo on September
1994. Environmental degradation is today a global issue.
In many developing countries, high population growth is a great problem to environment and development. Many researchers claim that population growth is a significant cause of environmental degradation, but people’s perception of environmental degradation and their choice of family size are simultaneously essential to analyze, in this considering the concepts as interrelated since people’s perception of environmental degradation may influence practices on use of contraception, abortion, and family size in determining the declining and increasing of Population. The unequal distribution of resources and limited opportunities cause push and pull factor for people living below the poverty line that in turn overburden the environment as it gets manipulated by manifolds.
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2.5 BOSERUPIAN VIEW ON POPULATION
According to (United Nation 1993), reports on earth summit in 1992 where population researchers contribute on Agenda 21 on issues of “population, environment, and development nexus”. Similarly, according to (Cleaver et al., 2009) examines that, research on population and environment dynamics, theoretical frameworks are limited and which need to improve as many scholars on Population and environment within the humanities, and social sciences have, drastically reduce.
According to Malthusian theory (1798 and 1803, republished 1960), the increase in
Population will outstrip the production which the land can sustain. The results are that resources influence the change in population growth and size through, famine and increased mortality (positive checks) or postponement of marriage and limitation of family size
(preventative checks) are for reducing the population growth.
According to Boserupian theory (1965, 1976, and 1981) focuses on the relationships between
Population, environment and technology. Her idea of `population`, in contrast to Malthus, encompasses population density as well as absolute size and growth like Malthus, her idea of environment refers mainly to land resources and related factors such as climate and soil quality.
2.5.1 Boserup View on Sub-Saharan Africa
Boserup (1965) formulated the theory of change in population growth and technological change in agriculture on the study in Europe; she uses it in knowing the patterns of development in contemporary developing countries. She assesses that compared to developing countries, “neo-Malthusian theories are misleading because they tend to neglect the evidence we have of growing populations, which managed to change their methods of production in such a way as to preserve, and improve the fertility of land”.
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Boserup also viewed Sub-Saharan Africa as a region which is historically sparsely populated compared to other areas of the World. As such, subsistence agriculture and low-technology knowhow, fallow systems dominate the Region. She also counters the views of Malthusian on images of overpopulation, that Sub-Saharan Africa cultivates only a small percentage of land whereas large tracts of land remain furrow as permanent pasture, forest or grassland. So, the Boserupian theory did not look at deforestation, which turns to soil erosion, and the land turns into the desert where agriculture is poor as the soil fertility declines. These refer to a shortage of food since technological knowhow is limited in Sub-Saharan Africa and particularly Katagum Region.
2.6. POPULATION PRESSURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
Globally, the increase in Population is an important source of development; however, population pressure is a major source of environmental degradation when it outweighs the carrying capacity of the support systems. The relationship between the increase in Population and what can sustain it can stabilize, howsoever, innovation is not likely to yield some desired results. According to Botkin et al. (2012), human Population is the underlying issue of concern of the environment because most current environmental damages result from overpopulation; ultimately researchers cannot expect to solve the problems of environmental degradation without first limiting the number of people on Earth, to the level the Earth can sustain.
Population impacts on the environment primarily through the use of natural resources and production of wastes and are associated with environmental stresses like loss of biodiversity, air and water pollution and increased pressure on arable land. Human population issues are significant when it comes to our way of life and our future on this planet. Botkin expresses some factors of population pressure, which could lead to environmental degradation and base on the objective one of the study.
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2.6.1 Poverty
The relationship that exists between poverty and environment is a complicated phenomenon.
Differences among individuals may increase unsustainability among the poor, as they rely on natural resources more than the rich, and this affects the natural resources rapidly. Therefore, the degraded environment can accelerate the process of impoverishment, again because the poor depend directly on natural assets.
2.6.2 Lack of opportunities.
Absence of good jobs in the villages and ecological stresses are the leading factors of ever- increasing movement of people to towns and cities. While large cities emerge, urban slums are expanding, and population pressure exits in the environment. Therefore, such rapid and unplanned expansion of cities as a result of population pressure has resulted in the degradation of urban environment. It has widened the gap between demand and supply of infrastructural services, such as good health, housing, transport, energy, communication, education, water supply, sewerage and recreational amenities, thus, depleting the environmental resource in the cities. These causes deterioration of air and water quality, the proliferation of slums, generation of wastes and undesirable land-use changes, all of which contribute to urban poverty.
2.6.3 Religion influence
Islamic religion in Nigeria influence people to have large families with the encouragement of the polygamous family system as tech by faith. The Christian religion, in turn, prohibits the most are anti-abortion and most effective forms of contraception.
2.6.4 Lack of education
Lack of education, especially women, to be educated as related to population education and sex education, and this would lower the birth rates and create a sustainable environment.
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2.6.5 Direct impact on agricultural development.
Population pressure on the environment arises from farming activities which contribute to deforestation, soil erosion, drought, land salination and loss of nutrients. The spread of green revolution has accompanied by overexploitation of water and land resources, and the use of pesticides and fertilizer have increased many yields. Shifting cultivation has also been a significant cause of land degradation and environmental imbalance. Absorbing from extensive use of chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers are a vital source of contamination of water bodies and polluting the environment. Intensive agriculture and irrigation contribute to land degradation, particularly salination, alkalization, and waterlogging to the land. Therefore, environmental degradation is a result of the dynamic changes of socioeconomic, institutional and technological activities. Environmental changes may drive by many factors including population growth, economic growth, urbanization, intensification of agriculture, rising energy use and transportation. Poverty remains a problem at the root of several environmental issues. So, Population pressure and environmental problems have been increased in a developing nation, more specifically, Katagum Region.
Therefore, there is a need to examine, analyze and evaluate the population pressure and environmental degradation relationship and to find out the changing relationship exists.
2.6.6 Climate change
Nigeria population resulting in to fast increasing energy use and plays an essential role in global warming. Global warming has significant physical, socioeconomic and environmental problems, which can either be positive and negative. The estimation of these impacts is complicated and marked with uncertainties. Climate change would make an impact on forestry, agriculture and natural ecosystems like fisheries and wetlands. Also, climate change is as a result of the global Population that would be more vulnerable to health problems,
13 causing disruptions in settlement patterns and large-scale migration. All these would have significant socioeconomic consequences (Compendium of environment statistics, 2000).
2.7 METHODS OF COPYING WITH POPULATION PRESSURE ON
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
Also, according to (Tame 2014) environmental problem is the major issue of human population growth on Earth. Therefore, any attempt to solve this problem must start by addressing the issue of rapid population growth in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Thus, the following are methods of coping with population pressure on environmental degradation:
i. The most effective ways to deal with population growth in Arunachal Pradesh is to
delay the age of the first childbearing. Women should be encouraged to educate; this
will make the delay to occur naturally.
ii. Family planning is another effective means of regulating birth. An awareness
campaign should intensify in the State (Family Care International 1994; Population
Report 2002). National policy on Population can also be reviewed to assign a
particular number of children to a couple and not just to a woman. iii. Improving the economic status of women will lead to improving financial standing,
which could allow them to have fewer children as they are engaged in some
socioeconomic activities (WHO, 1998). iv. Another methods to cope with population growth on environmental degradation, it is
suggested that an alternative source of energy should be developed to reduce the risk
posed by the use of hydrocarbon as fuel.
v. Environmental education should be encouraged from primary school up to tertiary
institution curriculum. These can achieve through media publication and other means
of creating awareness. Therefore, people need to think about how to use resources of
the environment without causing damage to the environment.
14 vi. Finally, the Government need to invest more in Population, and environmental system
as the current level of investment is low.
2.8 MEASURES IN REDUCING POPULATION PRESSURE ON
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
According to (Pankaj 2017) states, some measures to be taken in reducing population pressure on environmental degradation are:
i. Mortality rate must be reduced because of the increase in early death, makes people
born more child.
ii. People should be encouraged to use a condom, and this will reduce unwanted
pregnancy in society. iii. Women empowerment should be encouraged because many parents in India
desperately want a child, and this brings about gender equality. iv. Awareness campaign to the people about the consequences of high population growth
on environmental degradation.
v. In another view by (positive news 2017) make some possible solution to population
pressure: vi. Women empowerment: Women should have access to reproductive health services,
and also find it easier to break out of poverty, while those who work in Government
or engaging some socioeconomic activities are more likely to use birth control. vii. Promote family planning: Educating men and women about the use of contraception
can have a substantial impact. Rwanda saw a threefold increase in contraception
usage in just five years. A similar effort in Iran when it introduced family planning
programmed in 1989, its fertility rate decline from 5.6 births per women to 2.6 in a
decade.
15 viii. Make education entertaining: In Ethiopia, 63 per cent of women find reproductive
health services reported tuning in. The US-base population media center gets creative
to reach women, which features culturally specific stories about reproductive issues.
In this study, efforts were made to empirically find out the more connection exists between
population pressure and environmental degradation in Katagum Region.
2.9 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual framework for this study was adopted and modified, as shown in figure 1:
Relate the impact of population pressure on environmental degradation. According to Awang,
(2012), if there is an increase in population growth it will lead to an increase in activities,
more resource utilization, and if the population growth rate increases rapidly as a result of
high birth rate, migration, good medical health, settlement expansion, then there is going to
be pressure on land and other resources, poverty level will be high, conflict rate will be high,
deforestation, soil erosion, pollution and high mortality rate will also increase. Some critical
theories view the relationship that exists between population growth, and environmental
degradation can be traced during the Malthusian model of Population, development and
resources (Malthus, 1879) and the ‘classical’ debate that followed.
Malthus thought that the population increase would ultimately be limited through subsistence.
Population growth exponentially the increase in the means of livelihood but sooner or later in
the future, it is arrested due to the operation of the principle of diminishing returns to capital
and labour. Therefore, output declines and the land resource are impoverished. Land
degradation could thus implicitly seen as a result of extreme levels of population pressure
exits in the World. At a later stage, Malthus incorporated Ricardo’s view that increasing
Population will necessarily cultivate on the extensive margin, incorporating more distant and
16
more impoverished quality land, on the intensive margin, resulting in lower returns to labour
and capital (Boserup, 1990; Tiffen et al., 1994).
Therefore, when there is an increase in population growth, environmental problems tend to
occur, and the researcher will like to examine the changes period in the Population increase
on environmental degradation in Katagum Region as awareness campaign should include
community members participation in enlightening the people on ways of coping and reducing
population pressure on the environmental degradation in Katagum Region. Also, women
should be given more priority in community development campaigns, and population-
environmental education is limited in literature where knowledge with both formal and
informal learning is essential to every community.
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT VARIABLES VARIABLES ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION POPULATION PRESSURE
Improved medical Deforestation health Soil erosion Migration High birth rate High mortality and Nutrition diet mobility rate Growth in Poverty and hunger infrastructure and transport Increase in diseases Settlement expansion Desertification Growth in energy and resources demand High crime rate Overgrazing Poor Agricultural lands Climate change
INTERVENING VARIABLES
Figure 1: The conceptual framework Adapted from (Awang). 2012
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CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes how the research thesis conducted as well as suggested ways through which the desired information gathered. It attained the research design, target population, sampling techniques and sample size, research instrument, and data analysis procedures.
3.2 STUDY AREA
Katagum is a Region and a traditional emirate in Bauchi State of Northern Nigeria.
Geographically the region is located on the Northern bank of the Jama’ are River, which is a tributary of the Hadejia river. It is located between the latitude 11o 42” and 11o 40” and also longitude 10o 31” and 10o 11” east and it has an area of 1,436 km2, the density of 241.87 inh.km2 and a population of 195,066 in 1991, 293,020 as at 2006 Census and 347,320 population projection 2011. The Azare town, which is the administrative Centre has 69,035 population in 2006 and 110,452 in 2011. It is the largest growing town in the State and
Region. National Population Commission (NPC 2011)
The area has Sahel savannah type of vegetation, also known as semi-desert vegetation, which comprises of isolated stands of thorny shrubs. The vegetation types define the climatic factors of the Region which, determine the amount of rainfall received in the area, with 700 mm per annum, as a result of progressive dryness in the north part of the State, with hot, dry and dusty weather in the Region (Gidd 2008).
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BAUCHI STATE
N
Figure 2: Bauchi State showing KatagumRegion Source: Natural Earth Data, 2015
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3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN
The study was carried out using descriptive research design. Yin, (2003), argues that research design gives more accurate research result by enabling the researcher to gather data from a large population of the study area. This design enabled the researcher to have an in-depth data collection since it allows respondents to express their views, opinions, and attitudes towards the problem at hand.
3.4 DATA COLLECTION METHODS
Data were collected using questionnaires, interview guides and Focus Group Discussions guide (FGD) from the respondents and were analyzed. Therefore, the presentation of the results was through frequency tables and charts.
3.5 VARIABLES
The two variables are population pressure (independent variable) and environmental degradation (dependent variable). The independent variables are the population as the total number of people resident in a particular area at a specific time. As the total number of people started to increase gradually through an increase in birth rate and migration, growth in infrastructure and transport, growth in energy and resources demand, climate change, improved in medical health and settlement expansion, and where the environment cannot sustain it, which the intervening variables then population growth begins to grow as support system can sustain the carrying capacity which is called dependent variables.
Therefore, rapidly population growth which pressures the environment which is the dependent variable, then this result toenvironmental degradation, such as; deforestation, soil erosion, desertification, high mortality and increase in diseases, poverty and hunger, and high rate of crime and insecurity. Thus, population pressure has positives impact on environmental degradation in Katagum Region
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3.6 TARGET POPULATION
The target population comprised the whole population of 293,020, and the respondents were selected randomly from both male and females aged 18 years and above as they were believed to know about the study topic. The respondents were selected from each district for questionnaires, focus group discussions, and interviews. Among the target population were respondents who represented the National population commission staff, academic staff, environmental and health workers from the Region.
3.7 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND SAMPLE SIZE
The research was carried out in Katagum Region on Impact of Population Pressure on
Environmental Degradation in Azare, Madara and Chinede districts of Katagum Region.
These study employed stratified random sampling methods, sample of some areas made for pretesting which used for actual research such as; Chinede with twenty respondents interviewed, and twelve respondents for focus group discussion (FGD), Madara with twenty respondents obtained interview and twelve for focus group discussion (FGD) held, and Azare with twenty respondents have been interview, and also twelve for focus group discussion
(FGD). The purposive sampling method used in selecting ten academic staff for administering the questionnaire, ten environmental and health workers for questionnaire administration. Also, ten national population commission staff checked items in the survey.
Yamane(1967:886) cited in (Glenn, 1992) that sample population was calculated using the formula below.
Formula where N was the total number ofPopulation
Where n is the sample size
N is the population size
E is the margin of errors term
21
293020 N= 1+293020 (0.1)2
293020 N= 2931.2 n = 99.97
Therefore, the researchers used 10% of the population in the study area that is 100 respondents were selected randomly for the questionnaire from each household that participated in the research in Katagum region at 95% confidence level. The sample size was distributed proportionally to the selected district, as shown in the table below, and 60 respondents interviewed and also 36 randomly selected for focus group discussion.
Table 3.1: Summary of the Sample Size Sn Districts Questionnaire Interview FGD Guide Schedule 1 Azare 50 20 12 2 Madara 25 20 12 3 Chinede 25 20 12 4 Total 100 60 36 Source: Field work 2017
3.8 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
The research instruments used in the study were questionnaires, and interview schedules which, were administered to the respondents, as outlined in table 3.1. Questionnaires and interviews used for collecting data from academicians, national commission staff, environmentalists and health workers. Similarly, FGDs and interview schedules used for collecting data from ordinary citizens. Information from the libraries was used to validate the data from the study. Direct observation was used to identify the environmental degradation that exists as a result of population pressure in Katagum Region.
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3.8.1 Questionnaire
The researcher used both closed, and open-ended questions on one hundred respondents to fill the questionnaires, things to be asked in the questionnaire were developed based on the objectives of the study. The questionnaire used bio-data, cultural factors, religious factors, socioeconomic factors, institutional and government factors that determine the impact of population pressure on the environment. Therefore, the questionnaire was finalized and was out in the field first for pretesting to a selected sample. It was revised based on pretest results which have used as the revised questionnaire was then administered on the actual sample.
3.8.2 Interview schedule
These involve the face-to-face encounter, to obtain accurate information from sixty respondents. Therefore, the researcher in this study used unstructured interviews which are sometimes called interview guides to have a general plan which the interviewer follows. A tape recorder was used to generate information from the respondents, which helped the researcher to have a correct response that suits the research objectives.
3.8.3 Focus group discussion guide (F GD)
FGD guide was developed to have information which could not be generated through face-to- face interview or questionnaire. In this study, the researcher had a group of communities’ members of both males and females and were group into 12 peoples each. Topics in the form of the questions had prepared which members discussed openly. During the discussions, the researcher explored valuable information which helped in achieving the objectives of the study.
3.8.4 Secondary data collection
Secondary data were also used to supplement primary data collected from articles; books that provided information on similar studies done elsewhere. Population data from the National
23
Population Commission, socioe-conomic data from Katagum Local Government library and environmental data from the Department of environmental and health.
3.9 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
The researcher used both quantitative and qualitative techniques in analyzing data. Objective one, two and three, was analyzed using descriptive statistics. According to (Yin, 2003), research analyses are taking through a dominant response that cut across the majority of the respondents. Quantitative data used in analyzed objective two and three through, statistical techniques, such as average, percentage and Chi-Square in determined the impact of population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum Region and tested the hypothesis. The study used Chi-Square, tables, charts and diagrams to present and analyze the objectives of the study.
3.10 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE STUDY
The study has used the pretesting result to revise data collection in improving the instruments for validity and reliability. These research work scrutinized by professional experts and academicians who analyzed it and gave observation and comments where necessary and there incorporated in the research work and the write-up.
3.11 ETHICAL AND LOGISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Before embarking on the fieldwork for data collection, the researcher sought a permit from
Kenyatta University and authorization latter were given to conduct the research. The research permit then presented to Nigeria’s relevant authorities who also permitted the researcher to carry out the study. In the field, the respondents assured that their privacy and their anonymity was guaranteed.
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CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The data generated from Katagum region was presented according to the following objectives of the study: to assess the impact of population pressure on environmental degradation, to investigate methods of copying with population pressure on environmental degradation and to find out measures to be employed in reducing population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum Region. Therefore, questionnaires, interview guide and focus group discussion (FGD) are the instruments used for data collection and analysis from the respondents. The demographic characteristics of respondents were discussions from the data collected in the field in Katagum region.
Table 4.1: Demographic Characteristics of Respondents 2 Variables Percentage (%) LGA Azare 50 Chinade 25 Madara 25 Total 100 Sex Male 80 Female 20 Total 100 Age (Years) 18 – 27 14 28 – 40 45 41 – 55 23 56 - and above 18 Total 100 Marital status Single 22 Married 75 Divorced 2 Widowed 1 Total 100 Number of Children 0 – 4 25 5 – 8 55 9 and above 20 Total 100 Average Monthly Income Below N10,000 5 N11,000 – 15 N20,000 N21,000 – 30 N40,000 Above N40,000 50 Total 100
25
Educational Qualification Qur’anic/ 10 Christianity Primary 10 Secondary 20 Tertiary 60 Total 100 Residence Permanent 90 Temporary 10 Total 100
Years Spent in Residence 0 – 5 5 6 – 10 10 11 - 15 10 16 - 20 30 21 and above 45 Total 100 Source: field work, 2017 Table 4.2 Demography data on interview schedule in Azare, Madara and Chinede districts3
Sex Male 75 Female 25 Total 100 Number of Children 0 – 4 20 5 – 8 55 9 and above 25 Total 100 Sex Male 100 Female 0 Total 100 Number of Children 0 – 4 15 5 – 8 65 9 and above 20 Total 100 Sex Male 100 Female 0 Total 100 Number of Children 0 – 4 20 5 – 8 55 9 and above 25 Total 100
Source: Field Work 2017
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4.2 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
The respondents in this research work were Academic staffs from geography department, health education department, social studies department, vocational education, environmental and health workers, National population commission, household and collective group of people in Katagum region were presented in Table 4.1. The Table showed the demographic characteristics of respondents whose data collected in the field, where 50% of them were from Azare district. They responded to 50% of the questionnaires, oral interviews 60% and
Focus group discussions 36%. Azare district is the largest city centre among the other districts in the communities where administrative activities take place, and the population rapidly increases. Therefore, 80% of the respondents were males from the questionnaire and
20% are females, 75% from the interview are also males, and 25% are females, and 100% from the focus group discussion are males, this shows that there was a wider proportion of males to females in the sample as a result of the culture, religious background in the area. In this research study, an accurate representation of the population as a stratified random method of sampling used in the study. In terms of age distribution from 18-27 years representing 14% of the respondents, 28-40 years who are active age represent 45%, and this clearly shows that more active age participate in the sample of this study, 41-55 years are 23% responses in term of age distribution, and finally 56 and above years only 18% representing the sample of the data presented.
The marital status in the data presented shows that single who are not married is 22% which means that youth in the study have no family and this has an impact on population pressure on the environmental degradation in Katagum region, the married respondents are 75%, and the respondents represent in the data presented on Divorced are 2% and Widowed 1%. It has also shown that the number of children which respondents have from 0-4 children is 25%
27 thismeans that population growth is an increase in Katagum region, 5-8 children have 55% of the respondents while 9 and above have 20 %.
Based on the interview and focus group discussion in Katagum region for the interviewers, 0-
4 children have 20%, 5-8 have 55% response that they have 5-8 children and nine children and above have 25% in Azare district. The interviewer’s answers in Madara district shows that children from 0-4 have 15%, 5-8 have 65% and nine above have 20% respondents. In
Chinede district the train almost the same as from 0-4 children 20%, 5-8 have 55% and nine above we have we have 25% of the respondents. Therefore, the majority of respondents in
Katagum region base on the interview conducted have 5-8 children’s.
The focus group discussion in Katagum region had its data generated based on numbers on the grouping of 12 respondents from each district. From the data presented on the numbers of children which each respondent has in questionnaire generated and interview, it has been shown that there is an increase in population growth as most of the respondents have 5-8, 9 and above number of children have 75%, 75%, 70%, and for interview, 55%, 85%, 50% agreed.
Furthermore, the average monthly income of the respondent’s shows that 50% earns above
40,000 Naira compares to 30% of those earning 21,000-40,000 Naira, 15% also makes between 11,000-20,000 Naira and 5% which is below 10,000 Naira. The results also show that 60% of the respondents acquired tertiary institution certificate, this means that majority in this study obtain a certificate in tertiary institution, those obtain secondary school certificate is 20%, the primary is 10% and qur`anic school are 10% respondents in the data presidents under discussion. Most of the residence in the data presented under discussion are permanent as it has been shown that 90% while, only 10% stays temporary and also the years spent in the residence shows that 75% stay from 21 years and above this mean that, majority of the respondents reside in Katagum region. The results also show that from 0-5, have 5%,
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6-10, 11-15 years have 10% each for their staying in Katagum region, and this is mostly people that migrate as a result of killing by Boko haram, hunger, high mortality as a result of unknown diseases spread by environment, and 16-20 years have 10% of respondents.
4.3 IMPACTS OF POPULATION PRESSURE ON ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN KATAGUM REGION
Table 4.4: Assessment of the Impacts of population pressure on environmental
degradation in Katagum Region 4 Impact % Deforestation 80 Soil Erosion 85 High Mortality and 75 Morbidity Poverty and Hunger 75 Diseases 80 Desertification 85 High Conflicts Rate 70 Environmental 86 Pollution Migration 85 Source: Field data,2017
Table 4.5: Peoples opinion base on interview conducted on assess the Impact population
pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum region 5 Item Response Percentage (%) Relationship between Agree 83.3 population pressure and Disagree 13.3 environmental degradation in Katagum Region Undecided 3.3 Total 100 How increase in Through poor 16.7 population pressure standard of living affect the community Lands dispute 33.3 Spread of diseases 25 migration 25 Total 100 What are the major High birth rate 50 population pressure and Unemployment 25 environmental andmigration challenges faced by the people in Katagum Region Soil erosion 8.3 Spread of diseases 16.7 Total 100 What are the Shortage of food 50
29
environmental impact of Climate change 25 selling out agricultural Deforestation 25 lands in your community? Total 100
What are the Poor agricultural 33.3 environmental output and lands consequences dispute associated to population Soil erosion and 25 pressure in your deforestation community? Drought and 25 desertification Existence of different 16.7 diseases Total 100 Source: field data, 2017 In this research study, one of the objectives was to assess the impacts of population pressure
on environmental degradation in Katagum region. The results presented in Table 4.4 above
shows that the respondents in National population commission, academic staffs from relevant
area and environmental and health workers in Katagum region agreed that, deforestation
which occur as a result of human activities to the environment for his own personal gain or
interest which about 80% of the respondents agreed that as, the population increase in area
the demand for food, shelter, will also going to increase, therefore, people cut or burn down
the trees for either to sell, use the land to build house or for agriculture and this has effect on
the population and the environment.
As found in another study by Cropper and Griffiths et al. (2010), population growth increases
the demand for arable land, encourages the conversion of forests to agriculture through
deforestation, which at the end lead to desertification, soil erosion, shortage of food and
hunger at the end. Since the people living in rural areas who are dependent on agriculture as a
livelihood, one would expect deforestation to increase with rapid population density as well
as rising demand for wood used for both timber and fuelwood.
From the study, soil erosion got 85% responses in agreement that, population pressure on the
environment that causes the erosion as shown in plate 4.4 and desertification had 80% of
30 respondents agreeing that the increase in population growth deteriorates the environment, and also poverty and hunger have 75% agreeing that increase in population has an impact on poverty as the demand for employment is always increasing and the job available is limited, and hunger will increase in both rural and urban settlement as many lands which before were used for agriculture are now left for industrialization and some are now for residential or settlement expansion. With this, high conflict rate will increase as 70% of respondents agreed that population pressure might lead to conflict in our society as the majority of people are moving from the rural area to urban are jobless.
The respondents also agreed that the level of environmental pollution is as high as 86%, and that this has led to the spread of diseases in the region as, 85% agreed that the impact of population pressure on environmental degradation causes diseases such as malaria fever, water-borne diseases, cancer and skin diseases as a result of ultra-violet rays coming direct from the sun as human activities toward the environment are unlimited such as deforestation, air pollution and climate change. From the findings, 75% of the respondents cited that environmental degradation leads to high mortality and morbidity in the area. They further asserted that poverty limited people from accessing quality medical care. 68% of the respondents agreed that migration of people from rural to rural, rural to urban, urban to urban and international migration is partly caused by population pressure on the environment as people are forced to migrate from one place to another for a better living.
During the interview session with some members of the community in Katagum region, the respondents had similar responses to those of the respondents who filled in the questionnaire of Table 4.4 above, the researcher interviewed about the relationship between population pressure and environmental degradation in the study area and 83.3% respondents agreed that there is a connection between population pressure and environmental degradation due to over-crowding in the area, expansion of settlement as agricultural lands are turning to
31 residential areas while, 13.3% disagreed that the relationship between population pressure and environmental degradation does not exist as they believe that population growth and environmental degradation is a natural phenomenon whereas 3.3% neither support nor reject. Table 4.5 above illustrates the above discussion.
Furthermore, the respondent’s response on whether or not increase in population affect their community and 16.7% agreed that it affects them since people experience poor standard of living such as poor sanitation and hygiene, reduced agricultural output that is caused by soil infertility, lack of fertilizer or manure, which leads to eventual food insecurity. This is shown in Table 4.5 above. Also, 33.3% of the respondents agreed that population pressure affects the community through a land dispute between one community and another, between the elite and the poor. This land dispute becomes a severe problem to the extent that some people were killed, houses torched. 25% of the respondents said that an increase in population pressure affects the community through the spread of diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, malaria fever, yellow fever, hepatitis B etc. People mostly cause these diseases as the population of an area is increasing, and the carrying capacity cannot sustain it, then deterioration of an environment occur.
On the same note, 25% of the respondents show that there is unemployment in the region as the population growth is high and job opportunities are scarce. Hence, many people migrate from rural area to Azare town with hope to get jobs, but in the end, they become unemployed and pressure on the resources in the city. Table 4.5 above also shows that the significant population pressure and environmental degradation faced by the people in Katagum region during the interview. 25% responded that high birth rate and migration contribute to population pressure as rural-urban migration is high as well as urban-urban migration.
32
Furthermore, 50% of the respondents show that unemployment and conflicts are also major population pressures faced by the people in Katagum region, as the population is increasing and the carrying capacity cannot sustain the population, since many will be left out without paid job, and this causes conflict and high crime rate in the study area. Therefore, 25% of the respondents were of the view that soil erosion is a major environmental challenge faced by the people in Katagum region as a result of population pressure as it is shown in plate 4.1,
4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 below. Meanwhile, 8.3% shows that the spread of different types of diseases such as malaria fever, cholera, typhoid fever and many more in the study area are as a result of population pressure on the environmental.
In view of the above discussion, the responses from the respondents have shown that the objectives of this research study have been achieved as shown in data presented in Table 4.4 and 4.5 using the SPSS software and the Chi-Square test result in Table 4.6 below.
Table 4.6: Association between population pressure and environmental degradation in
Katagum region 6 Chi-Square Tests Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 14.141a 8 .078 Likelihood Ratio 14.310 8 .074 N of Valid Cases 225 a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 5.44.
Because of the above Table 4.6, the association between population pressure and environmental degradation in Katagum region as shown in the Pearson Chi-Square test result shows that the null hypothesis is rejected, which states that there is no significant relationship between population pressures on environmental degradation in Katagum region. Therefore, an alternative hypothesis is accepted which says that there is significant relationship between population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum region, as the expected count is less than 5 while, the minimum expected count is 5.44 which is indicated by relevant research done by (Carla et al. 2001) in Ethiopia on the impact of population growth on
33 environmental degradation , and the findings show that there is a relationship between population pressure and environmental degradation as The first and most active component describing the relationship between population and environment constitutes two contrasting environmental-demographic variable groups. As it regards the environmental variables, two of them which are highly linked to the climate (the maximum and minimum temperature) seem to be exclusive, dominant and, at some extent, antagonistic to any possible interrelationship with the stable human settlement.
Plate 4.1: Settlement expansion as a result of population pressure which affect the agricultural land Azare Town
34
.
Plate 4.2: Field data, 2017 Effects population pressure on soil erosion in Katagum region
35
Plate 4.3: Field data, 2017. Environmental degradation as a result of population pressure in Katagum region
36
Plate 4.4: Field data, 2017. Flooding in Azare town as a result of poor drainage, lack of planting of trees and deforestation through human activities
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Table 4.7: Community methods of copying with population pressure on environmental
degradation in Katagum region 7 Item Response Percentage (%) Religion Influence on Yes 92 population No 8 Total 100 Specifications of Islamic and 60 religion influence Christianity Cultural Influence 15 Polygamy 15 None 10 Total 100 Community Yes 90 Population Increase No 10 Total 100 Rating of Population High 80 increase Moderate 15 Low 5 Total 100 Peoples’ reaction on Planting of trees 30 how to cope with Practicing irrigation 30 population pressure farming on environmental Engaging in 20 degradation business Land degradation 20 Total 100 Source: Field Work, 2017
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Table 4.8: Focus Group Discussion on Community methods used to cope with
population pressure on Environmental degradation in Katagum region 8 Item Response Percentage (%) Is population increase Yes 83.3 in your area No 16.7 Total 100 Do you think that Yes 83.3 decrease in No 16.7 agricultural output is as a result of increase in population in the region Total 100 In what ways do you Inheritance 33.3 acquire agricultural Buying 50 lands Hiring 16.7 Total 100 How does land Lack of farm 58.3 acquisition affect your maintenance agricultural Very small scale 8.3 productivity and Family 16.7 family size consumption Source of income 16.7 Total 100
Source: Field, 2017
Table 4.9: Interviewed schedule on Community methods used to cope with population
pressure on Environmental degradation in Katagum region 9 Item Response Percentage (%) What role do culture play Discourage use of family planning 16.7 in influencing birth Encourage to have more children 33.3 control in Katagum Use of traditional method of 25 Region? spacing Undecided 25 Total 100 What are the Engaging the woman in school 50 contributions made by and business the community in Encourage sex education toward 33.3 copying with population family planning pressure in Katagum Community awareness campaign 16.7 Region? Total 100 Source: Field 2017
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4.4 COMMUNITY METHODS USED TO COPE WITH POPULATION PRESSURE
ON ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN KATAGUM REGION
Another objective of this study was to investigate how community method of copying with population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum region, as the result presented under discussion in Table 4.7 above; 92% of the respondents agreed that religion play a significant role in influencing people in birth control as 15% agreed that polygamy which dominant in the community was influenced by their religion as 60% agreed on the Holy
Quràn and Hadith as a specification of religion influence. In terms of whether the communities agree that there is an increase in population in the study area, the findings show that 80% of the respondents agreed that yes there is an increase in population in Katagum region as the figure shows in 1991 as 195,066, 2006 as 293,020 and the projection of 2011 is
347,320.
Similarly, the study established that population growth in Katagum has grown since 80% of respondents agreed there is rapid population growth, and 15% agreed that there is moderate increase in population growth and 5% respondents’ view on studded population growth.
Furthermore, the people`s reaction to how to cope with population pressure on environmental degradation is 30% planting of trees for the environment to become green and control the degradation, 30% encourage practising irrigation farming, 20% of respondents stated that engaging in business will cope with population pressure on environmental degradation in
Katagum region, and another 20% of respondents indicate that migration of people should be checkmate. Therefore, the null hypothesis 2 has been rejected, which state that there is no significant relationship between methods of coping with population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum region as findings from respondents show that different copying methods are used by the respondents in controlling population pressure.
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4.4.1 Results and discussion of data on focus group discussion
Based on the data generated and presented under review in focus group discussion is similar to the response generated from questionnaire respondent in Table 4.8 above. Therefore,
83.3% of respondents agree that there is an increase in population in Katagum region as a result of expansion and growth of settlement in the region, early marriages, high birth rate, migration of people from rural to urban and, some migrate because of crises in their area such as Boko haram, religious conflicts, tribal and even boundary conflicts while, 16.7% said No, contending that there is not. The study shows that 83.3% respondents agree with Yes that there is a decrease in agricultural output as a result of the impact of population pressure on the environment in the region while 16.7% disagree that No there is not. The response from the respondents on how and ways they acquire agricultural lands shows that 50% buy property, 33.3% inherit the land while, 16.7% lease land. That means most of the farmland in the region has been sold out, especially to the elite who acquire most of the areas that are not cultivated. Similarly, 58.3% of the respondent’s assert that land acquisition affects their agricultural productivity and family size through lack of farm maintenance, 16.7% through family consumptions and another 16.7% agreed that as their source of income while, 8.3% have small scale of land and this affects their agricultural productivity and family size as what they cultivate cannot sustain them and hunger and starvation become order of the day.
4.4.2 Results and discussion of data on interviews conducted in the field
From the interview conducted in the area, data was generated based on objective two of the study which is to investigate how the community method of copying with population pressure in Katagum region. Table 4.9 shows that 16.7% of the respondents discourage the use of family planning so as the population of their community would increase while, 33.3% encourage them to have more children as each community wanted to have more population than the other so that more output would be yielded in the farm, for security, and pride. Also,
41
25% of the responses claim that that they used the traditional method in child spacing, and
25% have not decided on any way of coping with population pressure in Katagum region.
Similarly, 50% of the respondents agreed that in order to cope with the population pressure in
Katagum region women should be engaged in doing business that is buying and selling of goods by so doing this they would not be idle and more should be enroll in school this would limit or delay their time to get married in a society. And 33.3% responded that sex education should be taught in schools from primary up to tertiary institutions as this would help the community in Katagum region to cope with population pressure. Finally, 16.7% agreed that to cope with population pressure in Katagum region community awareness campaign should be conducted in the region, and this would help reduce pressure on the environment and sustainable development.
Table 4.10: Questionnaire responses on the Measures of reducing population pressure
on environmental degradation in Katagum region 10 Item Response Percentage (%) Peoples’ use of population pressure Yes 60 reducing methods No 40 Total 100 Specifications of peoples’ ways of Delay marriage 30 reducing population pressure Family planning 30 Traditional method 10 Public enlightenment 20 None 10 Total 100 Government support in controlling Yes 65 population No 35 Total 100 Specification of government support No government support 30 in reducing population pressure on Free medication 20 environmental degradation No funds to establish business 25 and agriculture activities for people None 25
Total 100 Government/Community Yes 65 organization awareness campaign conduct No 35 Total 100
42
Specification of Public enlightenment on the 55 government/community organization Impact of population pressure awareness campaign conduct on environmental degradation Enlightenment on child 35 spacing None 10
Total 100 Source: Field, 2017.
Table 4.11: Focus Group Discussion on Community measures of reducing population
pressure on Environmental degradation in Katagum region 11
Item Response Percentage % Does the community adopt any Family planning 50 measure in controlling and Public enlightens 25 reducing population pressure in Educating the 25 order to have sustainable women development Total 100
Source: Field, 2017
Table 4.12: Interviewed schedule on Community measures of reducing population
pressure on Environmental degradation in Katagum region 12 Item Response Percentage (%) Is there any contribution Public enlightenment 25 made by the government campaign agencies in reducing Family planning drugs 33.3 population pressure and No any contribution 16.7 controlling environmental Site for dumping refuse 25 degradation Total 100 Identify ways used by the Through free education for 25 community in reducing women and employment for population pressure on women environmental Encourage agricultural 25 degradation activities and trees planting Engaging men in industrial 25 and business Use of birth control drugs 16.7 Undecided 8.3 Total 100 Source: Field 2017
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4.5 MEASURES EMPLOYED IN REDUCING POPULATION PRESSURE ON ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN KATAGUM REGION
In this study, the researcher analyses methods employed in reducing population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum Region based on the responses from the respondents in Katagum region. Table 4.10 presented above shows 60% agreed that “Yes” there are ways in reducing population pressure on the environment while, 40% said No that, people should continue giving birth for as long as they can. Furthermore, 30% of the responses show that family planning is a way of reducing or controlling population growth and reducing pressure on the environment, 30% also shows that delay in marriage can reduce population pressure as women can delay their age of getting married through engaging in trading, school, and office work.
Similarly, 10% agreed on traditional method in reducing population, 20% also agreed on public enlightenment and 10% disagree with any reducing method to control population increase, 65% of the respondents response Yes that, the government support the community in Katagum region in reducing population while, 35% said No any support comes from the government as 30% also shows that No specification of government support given to the study area in controlling population pressure, 20% indicates that free medication is given to the community in the region in other to reduce population pressure on the environment, 20% agreed that no funds support business and agriculture activities in the region, so also 20% disagree with any support from the government .
Therefore, 35% also show that there is enlightenment on child spacing in the region. 65% of the respondents response that yes, there is government and community organization awareness campaign conducted in Katagum region while, 35% response that no awareness campaign conducted in the study area and as a results of lack of awareness people give birth to many children as much as they can and at the end there is high population growth and
44 which leads to pressure on the environment as the carrying capacity cannot sustain the population and death rate have increased in the region as the environment become deteriorating for the people. In this research study, the discussion above on the data presented shows that many methods used in reducing population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum region.
Furthermore, in Table 4.10 above another similar response from the respondents in Focus group discussion with the questionnaire response in Table 5.2 above shows that 50% agreed family planning is a measure in controlling and reducing population pressure on the environment as many developed world use this method in controlling and reducing their population. Then 25% responded that the use of public awareness is an important means of communication to the people as community will be taught about how and if they have a high population in their environment what would then happen to them and how they can control it, this is what will happen to the people and the environment and another 25% shows that government legislatures should provide a law and policy which will help in controlling and reducing population pressure and environmental degradation in order to have sustainable development.
From Table 4.12 above on the interview conducted in Katagum region on community method of reducing population pressure, it shows that 25% responded that, public enlightenment campaign is provided by the government in the region as a means of put into practice and continuous use will reduce population pressure in the region, while 33.3% also responded that dumping site for refuse are available in the region as this will reduce the rate of water and air pollution and also spreading of diseases such as malaria, cholera, typhoid fever etc.
About 16.7% of the respondents show that there are no any contributions made by the government to reduce population pressure on environmental in the region as the majority of the people handle most of their problems by themselves such as providing dumpsite for
45 refuse, family planning, reducing rate of disease etc. While 25% of the respondents show that they are neither in support of the respondents that said public enlighten campaign and refuse dump site neither are available in the region nor, on the respondents that said no any contribution is made by the government in Katagum region. This clearly shows that from the respondents’ views, the government gives less attention to the impact of population pressure in the region and this contributes to the increase in population growth in Katagum.
Correspondingly, some respondent also identified ways employed by the community in controlling and reducing population pressure and environmental degradation in Katagum region such as through free medication as 25%, and 25% encourage agricultural activities and trees planting and the use of birth control drugs have 16.7% as ways employed by the community in controlling and reducing population pressure and environmental degradation in
Katagum region. While 8.3% neither agree nor disagree that community use any measures in reducing and controlling population pressure and environmental degradation in the region, as shown in Plate 4.4 below.
Null hypothesis 3 has been rejected which states that there is no significant relationship between measures of reducing population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum region and the findings show there is a relationship between measures of reducing population pressure on environmental degradation in the region.
46
Plate 4.5: Field data, 2017. Community development in reducing and controlling environmental degradation as a result of population pressure in Katagum region
47
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter the researcher summarizes the significant findings and presents the study conclusions, and recommendation as well as actions to be taking and contribution to filling the gap in knowledge with other related issues for further investigation in this study.
5.2 SUMMARY OF THE MAJOR FINDINGS
The demographic data of the respondents from the communities and government agencies showed that the sex and age features in this research were mostly males with 80% response in the questionnaire in Azare town, 80% oral interviewees and 80% focus group discussion responses in Katagum region and the majority of the respondents were between the ages of
28-40 years are those that responded to the research questions in Katagum Region. 88% are those that were not married while, 68% have 0-4 children and base on the interviews conducted 75% and 55% of the respondents had 5-8 children as per household.
Besides, 64% earns above 40,000 Naira as there average monthly income in the region.
Therefore, table 4.4 clearly shows that respondents agreed that there are impacts of population pressure in Katagum regions such as deforestation, soil erosion, desertification, high fertility rate, high mortality rate and morbidity, poverty and hunger, diseases, high conflict rate, environmental pollution and migration exist as a result of increasing population in the region. In that case, based on the respondents opinion, they agreed that population pressure has an impact on environmental degradation in Katagum region, while table 4.6 decided that, there are associations between population pressure and environmental degradation in the area as the Chi-Square result reject the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant relationship between population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum region.
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Thus, table 4.7 the respondents agreed on how community methods to cope with the population pressure in Katagum region, as 92% agreed that, religion influence plays a vital role in the community which, led people to marry more than one wife, as 52% agreed on polygamy and as a result of this high population exist in the region, and this clearly indicates that, population pressure has impact on environmental degradation in Katagum region.
Meanwhile, table 4.8 and 4.9 for FGD and interview has the same response from the respondents on how a community copes with population pressure in Katagum region.
Finally, the table 4.10 for questionnaire, 4.11 for focus group discussion and 4.12 for the interviewed respondents agreed that many methods used in reducing population pressure on environmental in the region as 76% used family planning pills, 60% agreed that government support in controlling population pressure. Also,56% agreed that awareness campaign is conducted by the community/non-governmental agencies in reducing and controlling population pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum region, and with this sustainable development can be actualized.
5.3 CONCLUSION
Finally, it has been concluded that null hypothesis in objective one has been rejecting which states that, there is no significant relationship between population pressures on environmental degradation in Katagum region, as the alternative hypothesis is accepted which says that, there is a significant relationship between population pressures on environmental degradation in Katagum region. Therefore, Katagum Region has been experiencing a series of environmental degradation incidents as a result of population pressure such as increase in deforestation, soil erosion, low output of agricultural products as a result of infertility in the soil, high birth rate as most people practise polygamy marriages, migration of people from neighboring villages, towns and cities for the purpose of employment, medical services, social amenities and for their safety especially places like Potiskum in Yobe State. Such
49 places have experienced a series of attacks from the Boko Haram, and this has led to people leaving their homes for safety and security, and this also increased the population of the host place- Katagum Region.
The findings have shown that there are impacts of population pressure in Katagum region and the assessment, method of coping and method of controlling or reducing the effects of population pressure on environmental degradation can be actualized if put into practice by the government and community in the region.
5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS
The study recommended the followings based on the objectives of the research and the results starting with:
1. The government should assess, address and check the level of population pressure,
through; birth control pills, encourage trees planting by individual household and also
give some incentives to people that participate with this desertification would be
reduced, soil erosion can be control.
2. The government should allocate more funds to the people at a zero-interest loan to
boost economic activities in the area in other to reduce the rate of poverty, crime and
conflict rate and pollution in the Katagum region and with this, sustainable
development will be achieved.
3. The government should create awareness among the population on methods to be
used in copying with Population Growth, population movements, and their impact on
the natural environment and the built environment in Katagum Region through use of
family planning method, improve the economic status of women, alternative source of
energy.
50
4. The community and government should adopt strategies to provide and promote
effective family planning services, sex education in school curriculums, free
education for women, jobs for women in terms of those that finished school and those
that are permanent housewives, and this would reduce the impact of population
pressure on environmental degradation in Katagum Region.
5.5 ISSUES FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION
The following are the suggestion for further research and investigations.
1. To examine how community/government responses to the impact of population
pressure on environmental degradation with a focus on deforestation, high birth rate,
migration, and soil erosion in Katagum region.
2. To examine the impact of copying methods with population pressure on
environmental degradation in Katagum region.
3. To consider how measures of controlling and reducing population pressure on
environmental degradation have any impact in Katagum region.
51
REFERENCES
Allen, J.C., and Barness, D.F. (1995). The Causes of Deforestation in Developed Countries, Annals of the Association of American Geographer, 75 (2):163-184. Awang, Z. (2012). Environmental Values as a Predictor of Recycling Behaviour in Urban Areas. A Comparative Study. Penerbit University Tecnologi MARA Press Malaysian Boserup, E. (1965). The Condutions of Agricultural Growth. Chicago: Aldine. Boserup, E. (1981). Population and Technological Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Boserup, E., (1990). Economic and Demographic Relationship in Development: Essays Selected and Introduce by T. Paul Shultz, Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press. Botkin, D.B. and Keller, E.A. (2012). Environmental Science: Earth as a living planet. John Willey and Sons, Inc., New York. 51:91. Caldwell, J.W. (2010). The Theory of Fertility Decline London: Academic press. Carla, B. Gezu, B. Amare, I. Arianna, Q (2001). Population Growth and Environment in Ethiopian. Institute for Population Research- National Research Council (Irp-Cnp) Rome Italy. Cairo. (1994). International Conference on Population and Development 1994. On 5-13 September 1994, Cairo, Egypt. Central Statistical Organization. 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2002. "Compendium of Environment Statistics", Department of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and Programme Implementation, Government of India, New Delhi. Chavis, J. (2010) Factors that causes Population Growth. Retrieved on 19th January, 2013, from http://www.ehow.com/about_4780514_factors-that-cause-population- growth.html. Time 9:30 am. Cleaver, and Schreiber (2009). Reversing the Spiral: The Population, Agricultural and Environmental Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Cropper, M. and Griffiths, C. (2010). The Interaction between Population Growth and Environmental Quality, American Economics Review 84:250-254. Dasgupta, P. Levin, S. and Lubchenco, J. (2000). Economic Pathways to Ecological Sustainability, Bioscience, issue 50:339-45. Dunlap, R.E. (2016). Health of the planet. Princeton, NJ: George Gallup International Institute. Ehrlich, P.R., and Holden, J.P (1971). The Impact of Population Growth, Science, 171:[issue]1212-1217. Family Care International (1994). Action for the 21st century Reproductive Health & Right for All. International Conference on Population and Development (1994) ICPD Programme of Action 16.1.
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Gidd, C. (2008). Can back Global Income Distribution Database. Can back Dangel. Archived from the Original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-8-20. Glen, G. (1992). The Number.com. Retrieved April 7.2017. Hummel, D., Lux, A. Sherbinin, A. and Adamo, S, B. (2009). Theoretical and Methodological Issue in the Analysis of Population Dynamics and Supply Systems, PERN Background paper on PE Theory & Methods Kafka, A.L., Frapper, A.E. and Synder, N.P. (2013). Natural Hazards, Environmental Degradation, and the Urbanization of Planet Earth, Proceedings of the International Conference on Ethics and Sustainability of the Earth, Boston College, February 26-28 2013. Khan, H. Inamullah, E. and Shams, K. (2011). Population, Environment and Poverty in Pakistan: Linkages and Empirical Evidence, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 11: 375-392. KTG, (2011). Katagum Local Government Bulletin. Printed and Published by Katagum Local Government Printers, Azare. KLGP 2011. Malthus, T.R. (1798). First Essay on Population. Reprinted. London: Macmillan. Malthus, T.R., 1798. An Essay on the Principles of Population, the Version Published in 1803, with Variation of 1806, 1807, 1817 and 1826. Ed. Patricia James. Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L and Behrens, W.W.(1994) The limit to Growth: A Report for the Club of Romes project on the Predicament of Mankind 2nd ed. New York: Universe Book. NPC (2011). National Population Commission Census Bulletin. Abuja by Federal Government of Nigeria Printers, Abuja 2011. O’Nell, B.C; Mackeller, F.L.; and Lutz, W. (2001). Population and Climate Change. Cambridge, 2001 UK. Online Nigeria (2013) Population: Size and Growth Rate. Retrieved on 18th January, 2013, Pankaj, B. (2017). http://www.quora.com/population. Mar 16, 2017 Population Reports (2002). Birth Spacing: Issues in World Health, Series L, No.13. Positive news. (2017). http://www.positiveNews.com/population. July 10, 2017 11:44 AM Repetto, R., and Holmes, T. (1983). The Role of Population in Resource Depletion in Developing Countries, Population and Development Review, 9 (4): 609-632. Rudel,T.K. (1989). Population Development and Tropical Deforestation, Rural Sociology, 54 (3): 327-38. SAARC, (2009). Fifth Meeting of SAARC Technical Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development. SAARC/TCARD. 5/INF.6, Dhaka, August, 5-6, 2009. Tasin, M. (2010). http://www.onlinenigeria.com/population/?blurb=132. Time 9:40 am. Tiffen, M., Mortimore, M. and Gichuki, F. 1994. More people, less Erosion: Environmental Recovery in Kenya, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX I: RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
KENYATTA UNIVERSITY, NAIROBI
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
I Nasir Mohammed a student of Geography Department of the above named institution,
undertaking a study on “The Impact of Population Pressure on Environmental
Degradation in Katagum Region, Bauchi State”. You are kindly request to assist by
filling this questionnaire. I am assure you that the information given will be kept and
treated confidential and used for the purpose of this research only.
THANK YOU
55
QUESTIONNAIRE TARGETTING ACADEMIC STAFFS IN THE RELAVANT AREA, NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION STAFFS AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH WORKERS IN THE STUDY AREA SECTION A: BACKGROUND INFORMATION
a) Local Government Area……………………………………………………
b) Community………………………………………………………………….
c) Gender: Male ( ) Female ( )
d) Age: i) 18-27 ( ) ii) 28-40 ( ) iii) 40-55 ( ) iv) 56-above ( )
e) Marital status: married ( ) single ( ) divorced ( ) widowed ( )
f) Number of children? i) 0-4 ii) 5-8 iii) 9-above
g) Average monthly income in naira? i) below #10,000 ( ) ii) #11,000-20,000 ( ) iii)
#21,000-40,000 ( ) iv) above #40,000( )
h) Educational qualification? i) Qur`anic ( ) ii) Primary ( ) iii) Secondary ( ) iv) Tertiary (
) v) Others specify ( )
i) Are you a permanent resident in this community? Yes ( ) No ( )
j) If yes to `g` above, for how long have you been staying in this community? i) 0-5
years ( ) ii) 6-10 years ( ) iii) 11-15 years ( ) iv) 16-20 years( ) v) 21 years - above ( )
SECTION B: COMMUNITY ATTITUDE TOWARD ENVIRONMENT
1. Indicate your opinion on the Impactofpopulation pressure on environmental
degradation in Katagum region?
Factors Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Deforestation Soil erosion High mortality and morbidity Poverty and hunger Diseases
56
Desertification High conflict rate Environmental pollution Migration
2. Does religion influence population increase in your community? i) Yes ( ) ii) No ( )
3. If yes in `2`above specify……………………………………………………..
4. Is there population increase in your area? i) Yes ( ) ii) No ( )
5. If yes to `4` what will be the rate of the population increase? i) High ii) Moderate
iii) Low
6. What is the people reaction to poor agricultural land in your
community?......
......
......
......
7. Is there method to be used in reducing population growth? i) Yes ( ) ii) No ( )
8. And if yes to `7` above specify……………………......
9. Do government support the community in controlling population growth? i) Yes ( )
ii) No ( )
10. If yes to `9`above in what form……………………………………………………..
11. Is there Government and Community organization awareness campaign about
impact of population pressure on the environment? i) Yes( ) ii) No( )
12. If yes to `11`above how......
57
APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR COMMUNITIES MEMBER,
NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION, AND ACADEMIC STAFF AND
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH WORKERS:
1 Is their relationship between population growth and environmental degradation in
Katagum Region?
2 How does the increase in population pressure affect your community?
3 What are the environmental impacts of selling out agricultural lands in your
community?
4 What role do culture play in influencing birth control in your community?
5 What are the contributions made by the community in reducing population
pressure to their environment?
6 What are the environmental consequences associated to population pressure in
your community?
7 Is there any contribution made by the government agencies in controlling
population pressure and reducing environmental degradation?
8 What are the major population pressure and environmental challenges faced by
the people in your community?
9 Identify ways employed by your community in handling population pressure and
environmental degradation?
58
APPENDIX III: FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION GUIDE: THE COMMUNITY
MEMBERS
1. Is their population increase in your area?i) Yes ii) No
2. Do you think that decrease in agriculture output is as a result of increase in population
in the region?
3. In what ways do you acquire agricultural lands?
4. How does land acquisition affect your agricultural productivity and family?
5. Does the community adopt any measure in controlling and reducing population
pressure in order to have sustainable developments
59
APPENDIX IV: BUDGET
ITEMS AMOUNT (NAIRA)
Airtime 5,000
Internet 9,000
Printing and Photocopying 15,000
Typing and Binding 25,000
Research Assistant ( 3) 30,000
Stationary 15,000
Transport 15,000
Accommodation 15,000
Data collection & Data Analysis 30,000
Miscellaneous 15,000
Total 174,000
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APPENDIX V: TIME TABLE
TIME ACTIVITIES
September 2015-October 2016 Literature review and Concept writing
November 2016 Concept paper presentation
November 2016 Presentation of the proposal to supervisors and
corrections
December 2016 Proposal Defense
January-February 2017 Data collection
February-March 2017 Data analysis
April 2017 Thesis drafting
May 2017 Submission of final defense
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APPENDIX VI: Chi-Square Analysis on Impact of Population Pressure on Environmental Degradation in Katagum Region Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N Percent N Percent N Percent Impacts of population pressure on environment * Response on 225 100.0% 0 0.0% 225 100.0% impacts of population pressure on environment
Impacts of population pressure on environment * Response on impacts of population pressure on environment Cross tabulation Response on impacts of Total population pressure on environment Agree with Disagree with population population pressure Count 23 2 25 Deforestation Expected Count 19.6 5.4 25.0 Count 22 3 25 Soil Erosion Expected Count 19.6 5.4 25.0 High Count 17 8 25 mortality and Expected Count 19.6 5.4 25.0 morbidity Poverty and Count 21 4 25 Impacts of Hunger Expected Count 19.6 5.4 25.0 population Count 19 6 25 pressure on Diseases Expected Count 19.6 5.4 25.0 environment Desertificatio Count 20 5 25 n Expected Count 19.6 5.4 25.0 High conflicts Count 15 10 25 rate Expected Count 19.6 5.4 25.0 Environmental Count 22 3 25 pollution Expected Count 19.6 5.4 25.0 Count 17 8 25 Migration Expected Count 19.6 5.4 25.0 Count 176 49 225 Total Expected Count 176.0 49.0 225.0 6. Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 14.141a 8 .078 Likelihood Ratio 14.310 8 .074 Linear-by-linear association 3.277 1 .070 N of Valid Cases 1883 a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 5.44.
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APPENDIX VII: PROGRESS REPORT
63
APPENDIX VIII: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL
64
APPENDIX IX: CORRECTION OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL
65
APPENDIX X: APPROVAL OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL
66
APPENDIX XI: RESEARCH AUTHORIZATION
67
APPENDIX XII: LETTER FROM KATAGUM LOCAL GOVERNMENT COUNCIL
68