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Performance of Powdered and Granular Sugarcane Bagasse Activated Carbon in Removing Pollutants of Car Wash Wastewater

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Performance of Powdered and Granular Sugarcane Bagasse Activated Carbon in Removing Pollutants of Car Wash Wastewater View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UTHM Institutional Repository PERFORMANCE OF POWDERED AND GRANULAR SUGARCANE BAGASSE ACTIVATED CARBON IN REMOVING POLLUTANTS OF CAR WASH WASTEWATER NADZIRAH BINTI ZAYADI UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA PERFORMANCE OF POWDERED AND GRANULAR SUGARCANE BAGASSE ACTIVATED CARBON IN REMOVING POLLUTANTS OF CAR WASH WASTEWATER NADZIRAH BINTI ZAYADI A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Master of Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia MARCH 2017 iii DEDICATION Every challenging work needs self efforts as well as guidance of elders especially those who were very close to our heart. My humble efforts I dedicate to my loving PARENTS Whose affection, love, encouragement and prays make me able to get such success and honor, Along with hardworking and respected supervisors ASSOC. PROF. DR. Nor Haslina Binti Hashim ASSOC. PROF. Prof Dr. Rafidah Binti Hamdan ASSOC. PROF. Dr. Aeslina Binti Abd Kadir iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah, The Most Gracious and Merciful, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nor Haslina Binti Hashim, my co supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr Rafidah Hamdan and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aeslina Abd Kadir for the support given through out the duration for this research. The cooperation given by the Faculty of Civil and Environment Engineering at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia is also highly appreciated. Appreciation also goes to everyone involved directly or indirectly towards the compilation of this thesis. v ABSTRACT Water pollution is a challenge due to non source point of car wash wastewater, carries toxicity with little water quality treatment. Among various technologies of membrane application, oil separator and else, activated carbon is more promising. Research have been focused towards converting the agricultural wastes of sugarcane bagasse or Saccharum Officinarum into valuable product of activated carbon, due to adsorption properties. The objectives of this study are to characterize the car wash wastewater, optimized the activated carbon preparation and determine the optimum conditions for powdered and granular sugarcane bagasse activated carbon of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. In achieving the objectives, from wastewater characterization, an average value of chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil and grease (O&G), and surfactant as methylene blue absorbing substances (MBAS) were 461 ± 3 mg/L, 83 ± 5 mg/L, and 78 ± 47 mg/L respectively. Activated carbon prepared through chemical activation using phosphoric acid with different process parameters such as impregnation, carbonization temperature, and time. The optimum conditions achieved (20 % impregnation, 500 °C temperature for 2 hours) with 52 % and 41 % of COD and O&G removal, and constitutes microporous structure with iodine number of 749 mg/g and ash content of 12 %. About 81 % of carbon, 17 % oxide, and 95 % ethylene comprising of aromatics, hydroxyls and alcohol groups responsible to adsorb pollutants. The optimized conditions on pH, adsorbent dosage, size and contact time analysed between powdered and granular forms. The powdered size of 0.063 mm, attained maximum removal of COD, O&G and MBAS with 95 %, 94 % and 100 % at pH 8, dosage of 2 g/150 ml, for 3 hours contact. While, granular of 1.18 mm size have similar optimized conditions with 93 %, 85 %, and 90 % for COD, O&G and MBAS removal. The adsorption isotherm of Langmuir best fitted for powdered adsorbent, with maximum qmax of 0.031 mg/g and 0.006 mg/g for COD and O&G. This study highlighted the sugarcane bagasse activated carbon as an alternative adsorbent in removing pollutants of COD, O&G and MBAS of car wash wastewater. vi ABSTRAK Pencemaran air merupakan suatu cabaran untuk air dari sisa cucian kenderaan, kerana merupakan sumber pencemaran bukan titik, yang membawa sisa toksik tanpa rawatan. Selain daripada penggunaan membrane, separator minyak dan sebagainya, karbon aktif adalah contoh teknologi yang sesuai. Kajian telah dilakukan terhadap penukaran sisa agrikultur dari hampas tebu atau Saccharum Officinarum kepada karbon aktif, berdasarkan ciri-ciri penjerapan. Objektif kajian adalah, mengelaskan air sisa cucian kenderaan, pengoptimuman dalam penyediaan karbon aktif hampas tebu, dan pengoptimuman kondisi antara serbuk dan bentuk granular bersama Langmuir dan Freundlich isoterm. Untuk mencapai objektif tersebut, berdasarkan pengkelasan air, keperluan oksigen kimia (COD), minyak dan gris (O&G), dan surfaktan sebagai bahan penjerap methylene biru (MBAS) adalah 461 ± 3 mg/L, 83 ± 5 mg/L, and 78 ± 47 mg/L. Karbon aktif disediakan melalui proses aktivasi kimia menggunakan asid fosforik berdasarkan parameter penjerapan, suhu dan masa pembakaran. Nilai optimum penjerap adalah pada (20 % penyerapan, 500 °C dan 2 jam pembakaran) dengan 52 % dan 41 % nilai penyingkiran COD dan O&G, struktur mikropora dan nilai iodin sebanyak 749 mg/g dan kandungan debu 12 %. Sebanyak 81 % kandungan karbon, 17 % oksida, dan 95 % ethylene mempunyai kumpulan aromatik, hidroksil, dan alkohol. Kajian optimum terhadap sampel digunakan untuk mencari kadar dos penjerap, saiz, dan masa antara serbuk dan bentuk granular. Karbon aktif serbuk pada saiz 0.063 mm adalah maksimum 95 %, 94 % and 100 % pada COD, O&G dan MBAS pada pH 8, dos 2 g/150 ml pada 3 jam. Sementara itu, granular dengan saiz 1.18 mm mempunyai nilai optimum yang sama seperti bentuk serbuk dengan 93 %, 85 %, dan 90 % untuk COD, O&G dan MBAS. Penjerapan isoterm Langmuir adalah baik pada bentuk serbuk karbon aktif, dengan nilai maksimum qmax of 0.031 mg/g dan 0.006 mg/g untuk COD dan O&G. Kajian ini membincangkan karbon aktif hampas tebu sebagai salah satu alternatif untuk menyingkirkan COD, O&G and MBAS dari air sisa cucian kenderaaan. CONTENTS STATUS CONFIRMATION FOR MASTER’S THESIS TITLE i DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES xiv LIST OF FIGURES xvi LIST OF EQUATIONS xx LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xxi LIST OF APPENDICES xxiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study 1 1.2 Problems statement 2 1.3 Objectives of study 4 1.4 Scope of study 4 1.5 Significance of the study 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 7 viii 2.2 Management of car wash industry in 8 Malaysia 2.3 Characteristic of car wash wastewater 9 2.4 Effect of car wash wastewater towards 11 environment 2.5 Water consuming in car washing 13 2.6 Legislation standards of car wash wastewater 14 2.7 Overview of car wash wastewater treatment 16 2.8 Production and Properties of Activated Carbon 19 2.8.1 Production of Activated Carbon 19 2.8.2 Physicochemical Properties of 23 Activated Carbon 2.8.2.1 Iodine number of activated 23 carbon 2.8.2.2 Ash content of activated 24 carbon 2.8.3 Factors affecting production of activated 25 carbon 2.8.3.1 Impregnating agent 25 2.8.3.2 Carbonization temperature 27 2.8.3.3 Carbonization time 28 2.8.4 Optimization parameter of activated 29 carbon 2.8.4.1 pH 29 2.8.4.2 Adsorbent sizes 30 2.8.4.3 Adsorbent dosage 31 2.8.4.4 Contact time 32 2.9 Adsorption of activated carbon from local 33 agricultural wastes 2.10 Criterias of sugarcane bagasse as an activated 37 carbon 2.11 Adsorption Equilibrium Study 43 2.11.1 Langmuir Isotherm 43 ix 2.11.2 Freundlich Isotherm 44 2.12 Recycling of Spent Activated Carbon 45 2.13 Concluding remarks 46 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Sampling location 49 3.2 Sampling method 52 3.3 Materials and apparatus 54 3.3.1 Materials 54 3.3.2 Chemicals 54 3.3.3 Equipments 56 3.4 Characterization of car wash wastewater 57 3.5 Analytical Method 57 3.5.1 Determination of pH 58 3.5.2 Determination of chemical oxygen 59 demand 3.5.3 Determination of oil and grease 59 3.5.4 Determination of surfactant as 60 methylene blue absorbing substances 3.5.5 Determination of heavy metals 63 3.5.6 Determination of anion molecules 63 3.5.7 Determination of total carbon 64 3.5.8 Determination of alkalinity 64 3.6 Preparation of synthetic car wash wastewater 65 3.7 Characterization of sugarcane bagasse 68 activated carbon 3.7.1 Element composition analysis 68 3.7.2 Surface chemistry analysis 68 3.7.3 Microscopy analysis 69 3.7.4 Particle distribution size analysis 70 3.8 Adsorption test of sugarcane bagasse 70 activated carbon x 3.8.1 Determination of iodine number 70 3.8.2 Determination of ash content 71 3.9 Preparation of sugarcane bagasse activated 72 carbon 3.10 Batch studies on effect of impregnating 74 percentage with phosphoric acid, temperature and time of carbonization 3.10.1 Effect of impregnating percentage 76 with phosphoric acid in removal of chemical oxygen demand and oil and grease 3.10.2 Effect of carbonization temperature 76 in removal of chemical oxygen demand and oil and grease 3.10.3 Effect of carbonization time in 76 removal of chemical oxygen demand and oil and grease 3.11 Optimization studies of sugarcane bagasse 77 activated carbon 3.11.1 Determination of optimum pH 77 3.11.2 Determination of optimum adsorbent 78 dosage 3.11.3 Determination of optimum adsorbent 79 size 3.11.4 Determination of optimum contact 79 time 3.12 Adsorption experiments 80 3.13 Concluding remarks 82 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Characterization of car wash wastewater 83 xi 4.3 Characterization of sugarcane bagasse 86 activated carbon as adsorbent 4.3.1 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis 86 4.3.2 Field Electroscopy Scanning 88 Electron
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