40173 Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized Research Highlights 2005: Publications of the Development Research Group Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Most outputs of the Development Research Group Policy are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org/research. .

Research Highlights 2005: Publications of the Development Research Group

The World Bank

Contents

A Note from the Director ...... i

Research Highlights...... 1

Director’s Office ...... 1 Finance ...... 3 Growth and Investment ...... 5 Human Development and Public Services ...... 7 Infrastructure and Environment ...... 9 Poverty ...... 11 Rural Development ...... 13 Trade and International Integration ...... 15

Publications for 2005 ...... 17

Directory of Researchers ...... 71

Websites ...... 73 A Note from the Director

his report resumes the practice of report- results to reach wider audiences, and it is part ing annually on the research activity of of this output on which this report focuses. T the World Bank’s principal research unit—now the Development Research Group Making ideas, data, and research results (DECRG) within the Development Economics available to a wide audience stimulates action Vice-Presidency (DEC). It offers a brief account and thinking not only among policymakers but of the activities of the Group during 2005, a also within the broader research and develop- few highlights to illustrate the scope and nature ment communities, the general public and, via of our research, and a full list of our publica- the education sector, future leaders. For a tions and new data sets from 2005. “knowledge bank” such outreach is an important output per se, both informing people about DECRG undertakes and stimulates high- development and development policy, and quality research with the aim of generating facilitating further research and analysis new knowledge on the process of development worldwide. It occurs through final publications and policies to enhance it. The group’s work and the circulation of preliminary results in includes country-specific and sector-specific working papers—the subjects of this Report— analysis, but its ultimate focus is on generaliz- and also through seminars, conferences and able results and the economywide perspective. briefings, and through outreach activities such Some research concerns World Bank-specific as DECRG’s new Research webpage (http:// issues such as on debt relief, and much is econ.worldbank.org/research). DEC is certainly conducted in conjunction with Bank Opera- not the only part of the World Bank Group that tions, but overall our mission is to understand publishes ideas and information, but it is one of and promote development in the large. Thus, the most sought after. besides addressing Senior Management and our colleagues in Bank Operations, DECRG seeks Publishing also plays another important audiences among national policymakers, other role within DECRG: it is as an input into the researchers, the broader development commu- production of high-quality research and a nity, and the general public. partial measure of its quality. Publishing requires the clear and open disclosure of the DECRG researchers generate new data elements on which research findings, and and software, engage in public debate and help ultimately policy advice, are based. This is a in policymaking. The last is frequently in the good discipline for researchers under any form of cross support to Bank Operations. circumstances, but more importantly it opens Every researcher is expected to spend 13 weeks our work to scrutiny and challenge by all. per year working with Operations, which not Several centuries of scientific progress have only disseminates research findings to places suggested that such scrutiny and debate are the where they can be most effective, but also gives surest ways of distinguishing genuine know- researchers insight into the problems and ledge from fads and dogma and of stimulating challenges of development in client countries. further advance. DECRG is organized inter- The knowledge delivered through cross support nally to encourage and facilitate the production is critical to DECRG’s mission, but it is gener- of high-quality research, but the peer review of ally limited to its direct recipients and is fre- published material and the resulting public quently tacit in nature. Thus the Group also debates are essential further elements of the has to rely on the more formal publication of process. It is precisely because DECRG re- i search meets these standards that it is credible, on the judgment of the researchers and their and precisely because it is credible that it is managers and partly on input from others. influential in development policymaking and Colleagues in Bank Operations suggest topics, helps the Bank to fulfill its mandate. and research often grows out of our cross- support work with them. DECRG managers While many of the outlets through which frequently meet their counterparts in Opera- work is released are academic—one of our tions, for example, to discuss specific research more important peer groups—Bank research is or operational projects or in formal meetings not the same as academic research. Its agenda- such as Network Councils and Sector Boards. setting is dominated by relevance, the main In the summer of 2005 senior management in criterion for work being whether it is likely to DEC met every Regional and Network produce convincing solutions to development management team to discuss research priori- questions that, in turn, are likely to influence ties. Senior management periodically requests policy and outcomes. Not all research concerns research, and interactions with policymakers the immediate levers of policy but there is an and researchers outside the Bank are a con- overriding awareness that policy is the channel stant source of stimulus. Finally, we rely through which research contributes to develop- heavily on the guidance of François ment. One consequence of this—evident in the Bourguignon, the Senior Vice President and list of over 700 outputs—is that most of our Chief Economist, and his advisers. work is empirical: it is concerned with results on the ground, not just theory or methodology. One of the challenges is to anticipate topics sufficiently early to have research ready All knowledge is a public good in the sense to address them when it is required. Some- that one person’s use of it does not prevent times this is straightforward as with our another’s. But DECRG’s multiregional and research on the Doha Development Round multisectoral character also steers it toward that was released in the run-up to the World public goods in a more real sense: topics of Trade Organization’s Hong Kong Ministerial broad relevance that might not receive suffi- Meeting in December 2005. Mostly, however, cient weight in purely regional priority lists— it is difficult and risky and one of the require- that is, research on global public goods such as ments of research management is to create climate change, infectious disease, the interna- space for researchers to explore “blue skies” tional trading system and international finance. issues before any demand for them has been This focus is evident in the work program evinced. descriptions, research highlights, and outputs that follow. I hope that this report will interest readers and also allow them to locate research and DECRG aims to set its research agenda to researchers that will enhance their own effective- reflect the needs and priorities of both Bank ness in meeting the challenges of development. Operations and the development community at large. Identifying those needs and the L. Alan Winters, Director research necessary to meet them relies partly April 2006

ii Research Highlights

The Development Research Group comprises the equivalent of about 80 full-time staff researchers and 15 other long-term researchers. They are grouped into seven teams plus the Director’s Office: Finance; Growth and Investment; Human Development and Public Services; Infrastruc- ture and Environment; Poverty; Rural Development; and Trade and International Integration. While much of the work takes place within teams, researchers also frequently work across teams and collaborate with researchers in other parts of the Bank, as well as working with colleagues in universities and research institutions. This section briefly describes the mandates, themes, and research highlights for each team in calendar year 2005.

Director’s Office

Research in the Director’s Office comprises a Research Highlights major program on East Asia’s Future Prospects plus the research activity of the Director. Chinese Industrial Restructuring China’s state-owned enterprise reform process Themes which commenced in the 1980s is still incom- plete. To ensure financial stability, efficiency in The East Asia Prospects study undertook the allocation of resources and the competitive- three major activities during 2005: first, an ness of firms, it is crucial to implement the analysis of the impact of ownership restruc- remaining reform agenda. Based on data from turing on Chinese state-owned enterprises; 736 firms and experience from Eastern Europe second, research on urban developments and and Russia, we conclude that a too-careful on policies responsible for the growth of screening of the options should not be allowed producer services and of innovative and to delay the privatization of manufacturing design-intensive, high-tech industries. This enterprises. The medium—and longer—run study is based on firm surveys conducted in gains from privatization far outweigh costs of Beijing, Shanghai, Singapore, Seoul, adjustment and the precise mechanics of Bangkok, and Tokyo [1, 12, 19, 20, 21, 24, privatization may have little effect on outcomes 25].1 The third activity was on University- [8, 27]. Industry Linkages, building on earlier research which highlighted the role of research University-Industry Linkages oriented–universities and research institutes Asian universities are still in the traditional in promoting innovation, the entry of firms, mode and at a considerable distance from the and local urban development. leading edge of the U.S. model of University- Other research in this office included Industry Linkages (UILs). This conclusion is detailed modeling of the likely effects of the based on a series of 24 commissioned papers, a Doha Development Round on poverty, contin- selection of which will appear in a special issue ued research on very small economies [3, 4, of World Development. While in Japan and 10, 17, 18, 29], an empirical test of the ag- Taiwan (China), the university sector is con- glomeration effects of trade shocks [7], and tributing modestly to the growth and commer- estimates of the benefits of international cialization of technology, in China, Korea, and migration [6, 28]. Singapore, the leading universities have been 1 geared toward training and have only recently China—and their poor—would make immedi- begun shifting to research and its commercializa- ate gains. Others, such as Bangladesh and tion. In other countries, universities struggle even Mozambique, would need time and, possibly, to provide adequate training and the UILs are help to achieve the projected long-term poverty limited to consulting and small-scale contract reductions that a trade deal offers them. research. In some countries, a limited application Bangladesh, for example, might face a short- of the U.S. model might be worth the gamble term rise in poverty by 1.1 percent with full although the cost will undoubtedly be high. In liberalization, but its long-run gains would be a others, adherence to the traditional model could poverty decline of over 4.6 percent. This re- be a better bet for the foreseeable future. search suggests a strong case for aid-for-trade, both to support vulnerable countries and The Doha Round and Poverty groups during the initial risk period and to help The Doha Development Agenda will have them exploit the opportunities for longer-run mixed effects on poverty. A multicountry study gains in the future. It also suggests that if the [5, 9] combined global modeling with national, Doha Round contained a larger dose of trade regional, and even individual household data to liberalization by developing countries, it would calculate the distributional consequences of be more poverty reducing. trade reform in greater detail than has been possible previously. It finds that an “ambitious” Notes agreement in the Doha Round would reduce 1 Numbers in square brackets refer to num- poverty. Some countries such as Brazil and bered reference list starting on page 18.

L. Alan Winters, Director Kaoru Nabeshima Shahid Yusuf

2 Finance

Financial sector research at the Bank focuses and papers at http://econ.worldbank.org/ on understanding how an effective financial programs/finance under events.] system contributes to economic development and poverty reduction, and identifying which Bank Privatization policies work best to improve the effectiveness, Controversial though it may be, bank stability, and reach of the financial system in privatization usually improves bank efficiency developing countries. Both are important to the and profitability. Gains are greater when the achievement of the Millennium Development government relinquishes full control, when Goals. banks are privatized to strategic investors (as opposed to privatization via share issues), when Themes foreign banks are allowed to participate in the privatizations process, and when government Much work has gone into investigating how does not restrict banking sector competition. best to regulate and supervise the financial These results come from a research project sector in a changing environment character- evaluating the success of bank privatization in ized by privatization and globalization. These 12 countries using bank-level panel data. The are important issues in improving the risk special issue on bank privatization in which management capacity of financial institutions. these results appear is the single most compre- The finance research program continues to hensive source of policy advice on when and emphasize growth-promoting financial policies how to privatize banks in developing countries by focusing on access to finance, which is a [77]. It has been influential in convincing crucial part of the investment climate facing many governments to speed up divestiture, firms and households. The work program also including in Egypt, Turkey, and Tanzania. emphasizes issues concerning finance for the poor, because these directly relate to the em- Small and Medium-Size Enterprises powerment of the poor and the perpetuation of A large SME sector may not be an engine of inequality. The two themes of strengthening growth. To the contrary it may reflect a poor institutions for enhanced risk management and business environment which prevents small ensuring broader access to a wide range of and medium enterprises from growing. Under- financial services closely reflect the priorities standing SME constraints and their contribu- emphasized in the Bankwide Financial Sector tion to growth is important, as the World Bank Strategy (2006). has spent over $10 billion on SME-related projects, and access to finance for SMEs is a Research Highlights constant theme in discussions with policymakers in developing countries. The first Publications this year include a special issue on paper from this project [33] shows a positive bank privatization, new papers coming out of relationship between the share of SMEs in a research projects on small and medium enter- country’s manufacturing sector and gross prises and access to finance. Most of this work domestic product (GDP) per capita growth, but also produced databases. The Finance Team no causal relationship. While SMEs face higher organized a conference on Firm Entry and growth obstacles then larger firms and are Entrepreneurship (January 10-11, 2005) and affected to a greater extent by them, financial another conference on Globalization of Finan- development benefits small firms more, relax- cial Services (June 20-21, 2005). [See agendas ing their financing constraints [34]. Moreover, 3 restrictions and market imperfections reduce In Albania, there are four bank loans per 1,000 firm entry, dampen competition and slow firm people, while in Poland there are 774. Data from growth and may lead to a larger SME sector, bank regulators around the world were used to further shedding light on why a large SME create the first cross-country database [98] and sector is unlikely to be associated with faster analysis [111] on access to and use of banking growth [72]. These results emphasize the services. Firms in countries with greater finan- importance of strengthening the overall busi- cial outreach report facing lower financing ness environment and leveling the playing field obstacles, suggesting that reach matters inde- for all firms, particularly in the financial sector, pendently of depth. This research figures promi- which benefits small firms the most, instead of nently in the website on the International Year focusing on and subsidizing SME activities. A of MicroCredit of 2005 [Retrieved on March 23, special issue with the remainder of the project 2006 from http://www.yearofmicro credit.org/] papers is under preparation and a database for and has been cited in the Economist. Additional SMEs is not available [99]. ongoing efforts in the area of access to finance include developing indicators of barriers to Access to Finance banking services through bank-level surveys, In Ethiopia there is less than one bank branch and conducting household surveys focusing on per 100,000 people, while in Spain there are 96. access to financial services.

Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Research Manager Thorsten Beck Leora Klapper Robert Cull Luc Laeven Xavier Gine Inessa Love Patrick Honohan Maria Soledad Martinez Peria

4 Growth and Investment

Growth is essential for lasting poverty reduc- from the specifics of conflict termination to the tion, and achieving sustained rapid growth is efforts to improve public service delivery—that therefore a key ingredient of the Bank’s strat- determine whether the final outcome is conflict egy to speed up development. The research re-emergence or sustainable peace. A workshop program aims to improve our ability to design held in Oxford resulted in a two-volume book policies and reform strategies conducive to collecting previous research on civil conflict sustained growth and understand the factors [182]. Research on security and development, behind the diversity in aggregate economic focusing on the causes and developmental performance across countries, as well as their consequences of terrorism and drug trafficking, heterogeneous response to policy and institu- is also under way. tional changes. Key components of the growth research program are developed in close collaboration Themes with the Bank’s operational departments, and in some cases with their direct support, in order The growth and investment research program to address strategic issues specifically identified focused on growth, macroeconomic and finan- by the regions, or also to lay the analytical cial issues, and governance. New research on groundwork for follow-up operational activities the microeconomic foundations of growth at the region or country level. This has been the expands on earlier work on the contribution of case, for example, of much of the recent macro various policy ingredients (infrastructure and microeconomic research on growth deter- services, property rights, finance availability) to minants, and work on the growth impact of firm performance, but also stresses the effect of fiscal policies. microeconomic distortions and constraints on aggregate growth, and highlights the comple- Research Highlights mentarity among reforms. To be successful, specific reforms often demand accompanying Inequality and Discrimination measures in other economic areas; for ex- The adverse effects of discrimination and high ample, reaping the benefits of trade liberaliza- inequality may persist even when their proxi- tion requires an efficiency-enhancing realloca- mate causes have been removed. Innovative tion of resources that cannot be achieved experimental research in Indian villages exam- without sufficient flexibility in factor markets ine the mechanisms by which inequality and [209]. societal discrimination affect individual New research on the macro-financial achievement and hence may also hamper impact of debt relief concludes that, on the village democratization and governance [162]. whole, effects on aggregate growth are hard to The evidence shows that a history of social detect in the data, and are therefore unlikely to and legal disabilities may have persistent effects be large. A related line of research looks for on a group’s earnings through its impact on sources of poverty traps, which hold back individuals’ expectations. In this way, the growth in poor countries—one of the key effects of past discrimination may endure once arguments offered for scaling up aid from the legal barriers are removed. In the main experi- growth perspective [217]. ment, young subjects drawn from the extreme The continuing governance research on ends of the caste hierarchy were asked to solve civil conflict and post-conflict recovery focuses mazes under a piece rate incentive. In an on institutional and economic factors—ranging anonymous context there was no difference in 5 performance between the low-caste and high- reduce growth and raise aggregate volatility, cast subjects; but when caste identity was even after accounting for the potential publicly revealed in a mixed-caste group, a endogeneity of regulation. significant caste gap emerged: the average Informality is one major channel through number of mazes solved by the low caste which regulation is believed to affect aggregate declined by 20 percent. The study shows that performance, and the research documents the making the social identity of an individual negative association between informality and public can change that individual’s behavior long-term growth and explores the effect of even when that information is irrelevant to regulation on the relative size of the informal payoffs. Dismantling discrimination against a sector. An increase in either product-market or historically oppressed social group is no guar- labor regulation leads to an expansion of infor- antee that the group will forge ahead. mality, even after controlling for the level of per capita income. But the institutional framework Regulation, Institutions, and Growth makes a big difference. Better institutions help Three papers explore the links between mitigate, and even eliminate, the adverse impact microeconomic regulation and macroeconomic of regulation on informality, macroeconomic performance [223, 224, 228]. This work builds volatility and growth, presumably by improving synthetic indicators of regulation covering a the quality of regulation. These findings stress broad array of dimensions relevant to firms’ the interdependence between deregulation and economic activity, and shows that developing governance improvement in any reform strat- countries possess the harshest regulatory egy. Improving governance acquires a special environments, with the exception of taxes. priority in a highly regulated environment. These regulation patterns are systematically Equally, in a framework of weak governance, related to aggregate economic performance: reducing regulation should also be at the top of product and labor market regulation tend to the agenda.

Luis Serven, Research Manager Rita Almeida Stuti Khemani George Clarke Aart Kraay Ibrahim Elbadawi Norman Loayza Ana Fernandes David McKenzie Roberta Gatti Taye Mengistae Mary Hallward-Driemeier Claudio Raddatz Karla Hoff Sergio Schmukler Giuseppe Iarossi Anqing Shi Philip Keefer Shuilin Wang Ioannis Kessides L. Colin Xu

6 Human Development and Public Services

Human development and the delivery of basic econ.worldbank.org/projects/service_delivery services are at the core of the Bank’s strategy of _surveys.] investing in people. The team’s research pro- Studies have also investigated the impact of gram aims to deepen understanding of the governance structures such as electoral rules, factors affecting human development in devel- the nature and extent of political participation, oping countries, improve the analysis of service and a country’s larger political context. Other delivery and related political and economic studies have focused on new funding structures institutions, and examine the effectiveness of that imply different accountability mechanisms aid in developing countries. and examined the impact of such reforms as intergovernmental transfers on fiscal discipline, Themes and service delivery by local governments and nongovernmental organizations. Using household survey data, research continued to document patterns in human devel- Research Highlights opment in a wide range of countries and population groups. Efforts have focused on Teacher and Health Worker Absenteeism developing measures of harder-to-quantify More resources do not necessarily improve dimensions of human development such as services when service workers such as teachers learning, good health, and vulnerability. and health workers are missing in action. Until Survey data were used to examine a variety this study, there was no systematic cross- of factors that explain demand for services, country evidence on the extent of worker outcome indicators, dimensions of service absenteeism. Instead of relying on official quality, and the sources of vulnerability for records, researchers used an innovative method different people. Research has evaluated the of unannounced visits to primary schools and impact of programs and reforms on demand health clinics in Bangladesh, Ecuador, India, and outcomes using a variety of evaluation Indonesia, Peru, Uganda, and Zambia to methods. measure absenteeism [308, 267]. They found Broad improvements in human develop- that 19 percent of teachers and 35 percent of ment require more affordable and better ser- health workers, on average, were absent from vices, especially for poor people. A study docu- their facilities, and that within countries, mented the high provider absenteeism in six absenteeism is higher in poorer areas than in countries, and another developed an innova- wealthier areas. These findings made news tive technique for measuring the quality of headlines in the countries and elicited strong health care. Program evaluations provide reactions from government officials who lessons about how services can be improved at seemed surprised by the findings. Follow-up the points of delivery, such as how service research is exploring ways to reduce absence, personnel respond to changes in incentives such as better infrastructure quality, higher and to better accountability tools. The team pay, and more frequent monitoring. In Zambia has continued to conduct surveys to assess where the HIV/AIDS epidemic has severely health and education services. Survey data- affected the health of service workers and of bases now exist for 18 countries in four re- their families, the solution may lie in creating gions, most undertaken in collaboration with excess worker capacity in facilities to substitute operational staff. [See http:// for absent workers [317].

7 Quality of Health Care and cognitive and socio-emotional develop- The quality of health care is notoriously diffi- ment that have both immediate and lifelong cult to assess but recent research in India has consequences for them and contribute to the revealed some alarming shortcomings: maybe intergenerational transmission of poverty one-half of New Delhi’s doctors seem not to and inequity. recognize some common life-threatening dis- Several studies have provided evidence eases. We use a unique approach to evaluate on this [229, 275, 244, 325]. Young children what doctors know (“competence”) and what are among the most vulnerable to food and doctors do (“effort” or “practice”) [231, 305]. It income shocks [275, 230, 244]: an increase uses vignettes (or medical cases) to determine in crop damage in Ethiopia is associated how a doctor would evaluate the presented with reduced child growth, especially among symptoms in terms of history, examination, and children below the age of two [230]. treatment, and observed about 4,000 doctor- Peru’s late-1980’s economic crisis in- patient interactions for a sample of doctors in creased infant mortality, an effect partly of India. declines in health service availability, re- Besides India, similar studies are under- sources, and use [244]. Moderate income way in Indonesia, Mexico, Paraguay, and growth that increases household incomes Tanzania. Studies in all five countries found a and improves diets, however, does not seem significant gap between “competence” and enough to eradicate malnutrition in poor “practice” [305]. But while all doctors do less in countries [275, 313]. Food aid has been practice than they say they would do when effective in protecting child growth from faced with the same patient, the effort that droughts and income shocks, but its impact doctors make does increase with their level of is larger if it is targeted according to need competence. Doctors who know more ask [230, 313]. patients more questions in practice, so greater Research results indicate that a combi- competence also leads to better practice. The nation of income growth and nutrition gap between competence and practice responds programs for young children is most effec- to incentives: Doctors in the public sector spend tive. They also suggest caution in rushing to less time per patient and conduct only 60 conclusions about scaling up, because im- percent as many examinations than their pact differs by household characteristics private sector counterparts. such as the education level of parents [243], and while some countries have seen gains Child Growth, Income Shocks, and from supplementary feeding programs, the Government Programs evidence is still limited about such programs Young children in poor countries suffer when implemented on a large scale [236, from profound deficits in nutrition, health, 247].

Elizabeth King, Research Manager Harold Alderman Mead Over Jishnu Das F. Halsey Rogers Monica Das Gupta Norbert Schady Damien de Walque Jakob Svensson Deon Filmer Dominique van de Walle Varun Gauri Adam Wagstaff Stephen Knack Waly Wane Stuti Khemani Heng-Fu Zou

8 Infrastructure and Environment

The team’s research focuses on the design, type of transport network (such as roads) implementation and evaluation of policies and versus another (such as rail) locking in motor- institutions that are intended to reduce envi- ization-related externalities, or undermining ronmental damage, improve regional strategies the viability of public transport and the welfare for sustainable development, and enhance the of the poor. contribution of urban development to poverty Spatial relationships are understudied but reduction. The environmental work program central to the design and assessment of insti- addresses climate change, reduction of tutions that can allocate resources efficiently biodiversity loss, global environmental gover- in the presence of positive and negative nance, and health damage from urban and spillovers and externalities. Spatial asymme- rural pollution. The regional and urban work tries underlie the uneven distributions of programs focus on sustainable investments in environmental damage, natural resource transport, energy, and communications infra- depletion, and urban agglomerations. Related structure that will contribute significantly to issues include urban development and pov- the welfare of the poor. erty; agglomeration economies; formal and informal sector linkages; motorization-related Themes externalities; public transport and the welfare of the poor; and public participation in urban The team’s research continued to focus on development affecting the ability to pick up three critical development issues highlighted by signals and coordinate responses to address a World Development Report 2003: Sustainable large range of externalities. Development in a Dynamic World: Trans- forming Institutions, Growth, and Quality of Research Highlights Life: irreversibility, path dependency, and the importance of spatial relationships. Indoor Air Pollution Irreversibility characterizes environmental Acute respiratory infections from indoor air problems in which the cost of restoration or pollution (IAP)—produced by burning wood, creation of alternatives is far greater (even if animal dung and other biofuels—are estimated technically feasible) than the cost of maintain- to kill a million children in developing countries ing current stocks at sustainable levels. Ex- every year. IAP inflicts a particularly heavy toll amples include carbon emissions and climate on poor families in South Asia and accounts for change, and deforestation. 42 percent of deaths worldwide. [WHO Global Path dependency arising from infrastruc- and Regional Burden of Disease Report, 2004, ture investment lock-ins or increasing returns http://www.who.int/publications/ cra/en.] has a similar limiting effect on options for Research on indoor air pollution (using development of urban and regional systems. the latest air monitoring technology and a Issues related to path dependency include the national household survey) in Bangladesh spatial linkages of infrastructure, environment confirmed prior findings that fuel choice sig- and poverty; instruments for stimulating nificantly affects indoor pollution levels, and economic activities in lagging regions; road that natural gas and kerosene are significantly network investments; and spatial aspects of cleaner than biomass fuels. However, the poverty alleviation agglomeration economies in research also found that fuel-switching was too existing centers limiting the potential of lagging expensive for many poor families. Improved regions, or infrastructure investments in one stoves have been tried, but most poor families 9 have not accepted them. Fortunately, the http://www.who.int/topics/global_burden_ research identified another much more promis- of_disease/en/.] ing option: varying certain household charac- Research on patterns of traffic fatalities and teristics—construction materials, space configu- their implications for developing countries rations, cooking locations, and ventilation indicates that the road traffic death rate in- through doors and windows—has produced creases with per capita income up to $8,600 large differences in the quality of indoor air, (1985 international prices) [338] and falls and are affordable and acceptable to poor thereafter [373]. This pattern reflects the fact families. These findings and recommendations that vehicles-per-person rises faster at initial have been adopted by the Bank’s Bangladesh stages of development than fatalities-per-vehicle Country Director as major elements in a pro- falls. The research is based on a unique panel posal to the Bangladesh government for a data set assembled for 88 countries from 1963 to national action plan to reduce health damage 1999. Forecasts based on the model suggest that from indoor air pollution and are also being the global road death toll will grow by approxi- incorporated into a program of Non-Lending mately 66 percent between 2000 and 2020 Technical Assistance to help the Government of (World Bank-WHO Report on Road Traffic Bangladesh reduce the impact of this major Injury Prevention). This reflects a decline in health risk [364]. fatalities of about 28 percent in high-income countries versus an increase in fatalities of Traffic Fatalities and Economic Growth almost 92 percent in China and 147 percent in Among the 15 most significant sources of India. These findings have been used by the death, primarily in developing countries, traffic Bank’s Road Safety Advisor to set road safety fatalities ranked 9th worldwide in 1990 and they targets, and widely quoted by Bank officials in are expected to rank 3rd in 2020. [WHO’s the Transport Unit and Human Development Global and Regional Burden of Diseases, Network.

Zmarak Shalizi, Research Manager Piet Buys Uwe Deichmann Kenneth Chomitz Somik Lall Maureen Cropper A. Mead Over Susmita Dasgupta Hua Wang Franck Lecocq David Wheeler

10 Poverty

The Poverty Team’s research program has two supported at least in part by operational activi- main objectives. The first is to improve current ties; for example, this is almost always the case data and methods of poverty and inequality in the group’s impact evaluation work. Yet analysis. This has included producing new other projects are by-products of past opera- household-level data (notably through the tional work, or responses to issues first raised in group’s Living Standards Measurement Study), the regions or networks. The concern about monitoring poverty and inequality using understanding rising inequality as an impedi- household-level data (including the global ment to pro-poor growth is an example of a poverty monitoring task, which produces the research question that arose this way. Bank’s official “$1 a day” poverty counts) and developing more reliable “poverty maps,” which Research Highlights combine sample survey data with census data. The second objective is to improve data and Lessons from China’s Progress against existing data sources to better understand the Poverty economic and social processes determining the China’s overall success at reducing poverty extent of poverty and inequality and to assess since the late 1970s is well-known, but critical the effectiveness of specific policies in reducing scrutiny of the data reveals some surprises, and poverty. some lessons both for China and for other developing countries hoping to emulate China’s Themes success [425, 439, 473]. Progress was highly uneven over time and across provinces. Rural The central research question addressed by the areas accounted for the bulk of the gains to the team over the last two years has been what poor, although migration to urban areas makes economic growth “pro-poor”: why do helped. Some policies helped more than others. some growth processes have more impact on Taxation of farmers and inflation hurt the poverty than others? This has included cross- poor; local government spending helped them country and individual country studies of in absolute terms; and external trade had little growth and poverty reduction over time as well short-term impact [424]. An important finding as research on the evaluation of the impacts of is that high and rising inequality is likely to specific public programs that affect the extent impede prospects for future poverty reduction. of poverty and inequality. Much of this has This research has had already considerable involved developing and applying new methods influence on both the Bank’s Poverty Assess- of measuring poverty. While the research ment for China (currently underway) and has methods have mainly drawn on economics and attracted considerable attention in China, both econometrics, an important strand of the work in the media and the highest policy circles. has included cultural and social factors imped- ing poverty reduction, drawing on insights Inequality from sociology and anthropology. In the most comprehensive empirical analysis The links to operational work come in to date of inequality among all citizens of the various forms. Some of the specific tasks are world, a new book used several hundred house- supported directly by Bank operations; for hold surveys from some 120 countries to example, that is the case for all LSMS surveys measure global inequality among individuals, and the poverty maps for specific countries. and show that inequality is shaped by complex Some of the specific research projects are also forces often working in different directions 11 [432]. The book explores the main approaches Impact Evaluation of Antipoverty to the problem of measuring inequality among Programs countries and individuals, and discusses the There is growing demand for rigorous im- relevant policies of developed countries and pact evaluations of World Bank lending international organizations. operations that aim to reduce poverty. Turning to inequality within countries, Meeting this demand has presented impor- rising returns to education, experience and tant research challenges in developing unobserved skills have been associated with methodologies that are both rigorous and substantial increases in inequality in Latin applicable to the constraints routinely faced America and East Asia. Using counterfactual in operational work [459]. An example is the income distributions to decompose changes in fact that in many instances, pre-interven- poverty and inequality over time a new book tion baseline data are unavailable. Safety- provides the most detailed investigation yet into net interventions often have to be set up the dynamics of income distributions in the quickly in response to a macroeconomic or developing world [429]. The book presents case weather-related crisis. A newly published studies for Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Indone- paper shows that it is nonetheless possible to sia, Malaysia, Mexico, and Taiwan (China). The identify impacts by following up ex-partici- decompositions shed light on the respective pants over time [405]. The paper spells out contributions of changes in prices; in the distri- the conditions under which the average bution of education; in labor force structure; gains to current participants can be identi- and in demographics to the evolving income fied in such settings and provides an applica- distribution [448]. The approach provides tion to a safety-net program in Argentina. policymakers with detailed information on the The results show sizable income losses from forces shaping poverty and inequality, and has leaving the program when it is cut, but with been influential both inside and outside the Bank partial recovery over time. The tools devel- (see, for example, [430]). Applications are oped will open up new opportunities for emerging in Bank poverty assessments, flagship rigorous nonexperimental evaluations of reports, and outside the Bank. World Bank social protection operations.

Martin Ravallion, Research Manager Kathleen Beegle Ghazala Mansuri Calogero Carletto Branko Milanovic Shaohua Chen Johan Mistiaen Quy-Toan Do Berk Ozler Francisco Ferreira Vijayendra Rao Jed Friedman Prem Sangraula Emanuela Galasso Kinnon Scott Peter Lanjouw Diane Steele Michael Woolcock Michael Lokshin

12 Rural Development

Seven out of ten poor people in the world live wasted. Furthermore, increasing water scarcity in rural areas. Reducing global poverty there- focuses attention on the allocation of water fore requires a thorough understanding of the across sectors. Presently, allocation is made factors and institutions that generate and mostly through nonmarket mechanisms, and perpetuate rural poverty, and an assessment often implies major inefficiencies. The ameliora- of policies and interventions designed to tion of this unsatisfactory situation will require support poor people in rural areas in improv- far-reaching changes in water institutions— ing their lives. The Rural Development pro- policy (formal and informal), legal, and admin- gram aims to provide guidance for istrative entities—and needs to be informed policymaking and intervention design in areas about the tradeoffs entailed in reallocations. relevant to rural development. Research on water resources management has completed the first phase of an ambitious Themes effort to model the interaction between water- using agricultural activities and the larger The research program has an empirical orien- economy, where other water using sectors are tation, with a focus on policies and investments competing with agriculture on access to scarce undertaken by governments and supported by water resources. A case study of Morocco [505, development agencies. The program focuses on 511] demonstrates how a detailed macro-micro the themes selected in close consultation with computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Bank’s rural network board, reflecting both this type can facilitate policy analysis of highly corporate and regional units’ priorities: land relevant current issues, such as the implications policy, community driven development, rural of preferred access to European Union agricul- investment climate, rural finance, water re- tural markets in an economy with limited water sources management, and agricultural exten- resources and a growing urban economy. The sion. While much of the work relies on house- approach facilitates a clear assessment of the hold surveys in rural areas that are designed tradeoffs between different political and eco- and carried out in collaboration with local nomic objectives, and suggests that water- partners, the rural development research trading could increase agricultural output by 8 program employs also computable general percent. The innovativeness of this research is in equilibrium models and analysis of aggregate the linkage of a detailed agricultural sector time series at the country level. Several of the model to an equilibrium model of the whole studies entail evaluation of the impact of World economy. Earlier works had limited utility due Bank–supported interventions. Many of the to reliance on overly aggregate models or partial studies in the Rural Development research equilibrium specifications. The draft research program are carried out in close collaboration report has already engendered interest from the with Bank operational units and Network staff, Bank’s Operations’ staff (and their local country and are contributing directly to the work partners) in constructing similar models for programs of these units. Mexico and a region in China, in the form of Economic and Sector Work (ESW) studies Research Highlights managed by team members.

Water Resources Management China’s Liberalized Land Markets Nearly 70 percent of the water utilized in the Even in some of China’s poorest regions, world is used for irrigation, yet much of it is market-based land transfers (essentially 13 through rental transactions) induce significant markets. The debate so far has been ham- efficiency gains. This is because they facilitate pered by lack of reliable information on the participation in nonfarm labor markets which, magnitudes of the impacts of liberalized for segments of the farm population, have policies, and lack of knowledge on their higher payoffs than farming [503]. Since those relevance in poor regions where land markets renting-in land generally have higher produc- were thought to be inactive. Bank researchers tivity than those renting out, there is an overall had access to detailed household data, unlike gain in efficiency. The study also indicates that earlier research using more aggregate and further reduction in rental transaction costs less reliable data, thus enabling more reliable will provide significant productivity benefits. analysis. The implications of this research are These results pertain to a key policy issue relevant to countries that are moving away in China, and could influence the discussion from a highly restrictive land rights system on further liberalization of China’s land such as Vietnam.

Gershon Feder, Research Manager Ariel Dinar Peter Lanjouw Monica Das Gupta Donald Larson Klaus Deininger Ghazala Mansuri Hanan Jacoby Tore Olsen Songqing Jin Forhad Shilpi Shahidur Khandker

14 Trade and International Integration

Integration into the world economy has proven which is now a major input into the annual a powerful means for countries to promote World Bank/IMF Global Monitoring Report. economic growth, development, and poverty Much of the research in this area—both coun- reduction. Over the past 20 years, the growth try-specific and multi-country or global—is of world trade has averaged 6 percent per year, executed in collaboration with the Poverty twice as fast as world output. Research on Reduction and Economic Management Net- international integration seeks to better under- work and regional departments of the World stand the role of trade in goods, services, and Bank, and responds to priorities that have been factors of production—specifically foreign direct identified by client countries, partners, as well as investment (FDI) and workers—in economic senior management. development, and to analyze and devise policies to enhance the gains from integration. Research Highlights

Themes Bolstering the Case for Agricultural Trade Reforms The research program contains several related Agricultural trade—which would account for strands of work: analysis of the relationship almost two-thirds of the estimated global between trade, trade reforms, and poverty, using welfare gains from merchandise trade and simulation techniques and statistical analysis subsidy reform—has emerged as the key to the based on household surveys and community- Doha Development Agenda. In contrast to and firm-level information; the determinants, most existing studies which are based on magnitude and effects of international and aggregated data and miss the fine details behind-the-border trade costs; the productivity needed to capture the effects of proposed poli- effects of trade and FDI; the effects of services cies on developing countries, Bank research liberalization on efficiency, trade and economic collected in two volumes [575, 576] incorporate growth; the economics of migration; the politi- these critical details. This work identifies the cal economy of trade-related policies; and the overwhelming importance of improved market “architecture” of the global trading system. access which would be responsible for some 90 Work in the last-named area spans research on percent of the potential gains from global the design of international cooperation on trade agricultural reform; the need for deep cuts to and investment policies; impact of bilateral, the levels of agricultural tariff bindings and regional and global trade agreements; the effects domestic subsidy commitments in the WTO; of nonreciprocal trade preferences on developing the fact that excluding even a few percent of countries; and options for using trade agree- “sensitive” and “special” agricultural tariff lines ments to mobilize development assistance to could eviscerate the gains from the Doha enhance trade capacity and deal with adjust- Round; and the importance of reforms by ment costs (“aid for trade”). The research pro- developing countries as well as OECD mem- gram also encompasses efforts to develop data- bers. Intense dissemination of these results—in bases on policies affecting trade in goods and close collaboration with the Bank’s Interna- services, including global databases on anti- tional Trade and External Affairs Depart- dumping, trade and production, dispute settlements—had an important influence on policy ment cases in the World Trade Organization debate and negotiating positions taken in the (WTO) [649], as well as estimation of an overall Doha Round in 2005 in the run-up to the Hong trade restrictiveness index for all countries [650], Kong Ministerial Meeting in December. 15 Migration: Brain Drains and Round will have a limited effect overall, al- Brain Gains though they may be significant for a few Some 180 million people live in countries in countries and products [527, 529, 613, 646, which they were not born. Many are highly 671]. In these cases “aid-for-trade” to assist skilled. Although migrants transfer more than adjustment may be warranted. This research $200 billion per year through remittances to also demonstrated that developing countries their home countries, the increasing mobility of that are removed from the Generalized System skilled workers (the so-called brain drain) has of Preferences have more liberal trade policies many policymakers worried. Many small and than those that remain eligible. This suggests isolated countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and the that the interests of developing countries may Caribbean suffer from massive migration of be better served by full integration into the educated workers. For example, 89 percent of trade regime and the adoption of nondiscrimi- Guyanese with degrees live outside their birth natory trade policies by rich countries than by country, as do 85 percent of Jamaicans and 56 unilateral preferences. percent of Mauritians. These data come from the most comprehensive and rigorous database Services Matter for Trade in Goods on brain drain to date [581]. The book not only International variations in communication provides bilateral measures of migration by skill costs have a significant influence on trade level from 195 countries to individual Organiza- patterns [541], especially in differentiated tion for Economic Co-operation and Develop- products. Thus, the state of telecommunica- ment (OECD) countries but also presents evi- tions can affect a country’s “competitiveness” dence on the positive and negative development as well as its pattern of comparative advantage. impacts of migration and remittances. In this study the authors compiled detailed data on bilateral communication costs and esti- Trade Preference Programs May Not mated the impact of these costs on the compo- Have the Desired Effects sition of trade. They find that such costs have a The erosion of preferences following trade disproportionately greater effect on trade of liberalization in OECD countries is of great higher-value differentiated goods, implying concern to recipient countries, but in most that inefficient or high cost international cases is of minor significance. Working in communications can be a serious constraint to collaboration with the Latin American and export diversification away from lower value Caribbean region and the International Trade added commodities. This study is part of a Department, a series of studies have focused on broader program of research that investigates quantifying the overall gains to countries the “downstream effects” of services policies receiving trade preferences. This research and reform, an area that was highlighted in the suggests such gains are limited so that the recent Independent Evaluation Group report erosion of preferences resulting from the Doha on the Bank’s trade activities as a priority. Bernard Hoekman, Research Manager Richard Adams Jr. Francis Ng Mohammad Amin Alessandro Nicita Kym Anderson Yoko Niimi Jens Arnold Marcelo Olarreaga Caroline Freund Caglar Ozden Thomas Hertel Aaditya Mattoo Maros Ivanic Guido Porto Beata Smarzynska Javorcik Maurice Schiff Hiau Looi Kee Oleksandr Shepotylo Daniel Lederman David Tarr William Martin Ernesto Valenzuela Ileana Cristina Neagu John S. Wilson 16 Publications for 2005

Director’s Office ...... 18 Finance...... 21 Growth and Investment ...... 28 Human Development and Public Services ...... 35 Infrastructure and Environment ...... 43 Poverty ...... 47 Rural Development ...... 55 Trade and International Integration ...... 58

Works published in 2005 or forthcoming as of December 2005. Outputs are numbered consecutively in order of first appearance, but may appear in two lists if joint authors are in different teams. Names in bold type-face indicate Development Research Group staff. Names with an asterisk (*) denote an author who is a staff member elsewhere in the Bank.

17 Director’s Office

Journal Articles

1. Yusuf, Shahid, and Kaoru Nabeshima. 2005. “Creative Industries in East Asia.” Cities 22: 109–122. 2. Winters, L. Alan. 2005. “The European Agricultural Trade Policies and Poverty.” Euro- pean Review of Agricultural Economics 32(2): 319–346. 3. Winters, L. Alan. 2005. “Small Economies in a Globalising World: The Policy Chal- lenges Ahead.” Pacific Economic Bulletin 20(3): 94–102. 4. Winters, L. Alan, and Michael Gasiorek. 2005. “What Role for the EPAs in the Carib- bean?” World Economy 27: 1335–1362. 5. Winters, L. Alan, and Thomas W. Hertel. 2005. “Estimating the Poverty Impacts of a Prospective Doha Development Agenda.” World Economy 28(8): 1057–1071. 6. Winters, L. Alan, and Terrie Walmsley. 2005. “Relaxing the Restrictions on the Tempo- rary Movement of Natural Persons: A Simulation Analysis.” Journal of Economic Inte- gration 20: 688–726. 7. Winters, L. Alan, and Henry G. Overman. 2005. “The Port Geography of UK Interna- tional Trade.” Environment and Planning A 37(10, October): 1751–1768.

Books/Journal Special Issues

8. Yusuf, Shahid, Kaoru Nabeshima, and Dwight H. Perkins. 2005. Under New Owner- ship: Privatizing China’s State-Owned Enterprises. Stanford, Calif. and Washington, D.C.: A copublication of Stanford University Press and the World Bank. 9. Winters, L. Alan, and Thomas W. Hertel. 2005. Poverty and the WTO: Impacts of the Doha Development Agenda. New York and Washington, D.C.: A copublication of Palgrave Macmillan and the World Bank. 10. Winters, L. Alan, and Pedro M. G. Martins. 2005. Beautiful but Costly: Business Costs in Small Remote Economies. Economic Paper 67. London: Commonwealth Secretariat Publications.

Forthcoming

11. Yusuf, Shahid, and Kaoru Nabeshima. China’s Development Priorities. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 12. Yusuf, Shahid, and Kaoru Nabeshima. Post-Industrial East Asian Cities. Stanford University Press.

Chapters in Books

13. Niimi, Yoko, P. Vasudeva-Dutta, and L. Alan Winters. 2005. “Linking Trade Liberalisation and Poverty: an Illustration from Vietnam in the 1990s.” In Maurizio 18 Bussolo* and J. I. Round, eds., Globalisation and Poverty: Channels and Policy Re- sponses. London: Routledge. 14. Winters, L. Alan, and Thomas W. Hertel. 2005. “Poverty Impacts of a WTO Agree- ment: Synthesis and Overview.” In L. Alan Winters and Thomas W. Hertel, eds., Poverty and the WTO: Impacts of the Doha Development Agenda. New York and Wash- ington, D.C.: A copublication of Palgrave Macmillan and the World Bank. 15. Winters, L. Alan. 2005. “Developing Country Proposals for the Liberalization of Move- ments of Natural Services Suppliers.” In Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, ed., Reforming the World Trading System: Legitimacy, Efficiency and Democratic Governance. Oxford University Press. 16. Winters, L. Alan. 2005. “Developing Country Proposals for the Liberalization of Move- ments of Natural Services Suppliers.” In Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, ed., Developing Coun- tries in the Doha Round: WTO Decisions-making Procedures and Negotiations on Trade in Agriculture and Services. Florence, Italy: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Stud- ies, European University Institute. 17. Winters, L. Alan. 2005. “Policy Challenges for Small Economies in a Globalizing World.” In Satish Chand, ed., Pacific Islands Regional Integration and Governance. Canberra: The Australian National University E Press.

Outreach

18. Winters, L. Alan. 2005. “Small Isn’t Beautiful: The Cost Disadvantages of Small Remote Economies.” Center Piece 10: 24–28.

Working Papers

19. Fujita, Kuniko, and Richard Child Hill. 2005. “Innovative Tokyo.” Policy Research Work- ing Paper 3507. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 20. Tan, Kim-Song, and Sock-Yong Phang. 2005. “From Efficiency-Driven to Innovation- Driven Economic Growth: Perspectives from Singapore.” Policy Research Working Paper 3569. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 21. Wang, Jici, and Tong Xin. 2005. “Sustaining Urban Growth Through Innovative Capac- ity: Beijing and Shanghai in Comparison.” Policy Research Working Paper 3545. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 22. Winters, L. Alan, and Bernard Hoekman. 2005. “Trade and Employment: Stylized Facts and Research Findings.” Policy Research Working Paper 3676. World Bank, Wash- ington, D.C. 23. Winters, L. Alan, and Thomas W. Hertel. 2005. “Poverty Impacts of a WTO Agreement: Synthesis and Overview.” Policy Research Working Paper 3757. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 24. Wong , Poh-Kam, Yuen Ping Ho, and Annette Singh. 2005. “Singapore as an Innovative City in East Asia: An Explorative Study of the Perspectives of Innovative Industries.” Policy Research Working Paper 3568. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 25. Wu, Weiping. 2005. “Dynamic Cities and Creative Clusters.” Policy Research Working Paper 3509. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 26. Yusuf, Shahid, and Kaoru Nabeshima. 2005. “Japan’s Changing Industrial Land- scape.” Policy Research Working Paper 3758. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

19 27. Yusuf, Shahid, and Kaoru Nabeshima. 2005. “Two Decades of Reform: The Chang- ing Organization Dynamics of Chinese Industrial Firms.” Policy Research Working Paper 3806. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Conference Papers

28. Winters, L. Alan. “Demographic Evolutions, Migration and Remittances.” Paper presented at G-20 Workshop on Demographic Challenges and Migration, August 27-28, 2005, Reserve Bank of Australia, Sydney. 29. Winters, L. Alan. “Comment on ‘Preference Erosion: The Case of Fiji Sugar’ by Satish Chand.” Paper presented at International Workshop on Pacific Integration and Regional Governance, June 8-9, 2005, The Australia National University.

20 Finance

Journal Articles

30. Beck, Thorsten, Juan Miguel Crivelli*, and William Summerhill. 2005. “State Bank Transformation in Brazil—Choices and Consequences.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8–9): 2223–2257. 31. Beck, Thorsten, Robert Cull, and Afeikhena Jerome. 2005. “Bank Privatization and Performance: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8– 9): 2355–2379. 32. Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, and Ross Levine. 2005. “Law and Firms’ Access to Finance.” American Law and Economics Review 7(1): 211–252. 33. Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, and Ross Levine. 2005. “SMEs, Growth and Poverty: Cross-Country Evidence.” Journal of Economic Growth 10: 197–227. 34. Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, and Vojislav Maksimovic. 2005. “Financial and Legal Constraints to Firm Growth: Does Firm Size Matter?” Journal of Finance 60(1): 137–177. 35. Berger, Allen, George Clarke, Robert Cull, Leora Klapper, and Gregory Udell. 2005. “Corporate Governance and Bank Performance: A Joint Analysis of the Static, Selection, and Dynamic Effects of Domestic, Foreign, and State Ownership.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8–9): 2179–2221. 36. Boehmer, Ekkehart, Robert C. Nash, and Jeffrey Netter. 2005. “Bank Privatization in Developing and Developed Countries: Cross-Sectional Evidence on the Impact of Eco- nomic and Political Factors.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8–9): 1981–2013. 37. Bonaccorsi di Patti, Emilia, and Daniel Hardy. 2005. “Financial Sector Liberalization, Bank Privatization, and Efficiency: Evidence from Pakistan.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8–9): 2381–2406. 38. Bonin, John, Iftekhar Hasan, and Paul Wachtel. 2005. “Privatization Matters: Bank Efficiency in Transition Countries.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8–9): 2155–2178. 39. Boubakri, Narjess, Jean-Claude Cosset, Klaus Fischer, and Omrane Guedhami. 2005. “Privatization and Bank Performance in Developing Countries.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8–9): 2015–2041. 40. Chen, Zhian, Donghui Li, and Fariborz Moshirian. 2005. “China’s Financial Services Industry: The Intra-Industry Effects of Privatization of the Bank of China Hong Kong.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8–9): 2291–2324. 41. Claessens, Stijn*, and Leora Klapper. 2005. “Bankruptcy around the World: Explana- tions of Its Relative Use.” American Law and Economics Review 7: 253–283. 42. Claessens, Stijn*, and Luc Laeven. 2005. “Financial Sector Competition, Financial Dependence, and Growth.” Journal of the European Economic Association 3(1): 179–207. 43. Clarke, George, Juan Miguel Crivelli*, and Robert J. Cull. 2005. “The Impact of Bank Privatization and Foreign Entry on Access to Credit in Argentina’s Provinces.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(1): 5–29. 21 44. Clarke, George, and Robert Cull. 2005. “Bank Privatization in Argentina: A Model of Political Constraints and Differential Outcomes.” Journal of Development Economics 78(1): 133–155. 45. Clarke, George, Robert Cull, Maria Soledad Martinez Peria, and Susana M. Sanchez. 2005. “Bank Lending to Small Businesses in Latin America: Does Bank Origin Matter?” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 37: 83–118. 46. Clarke, George, Robert Cull, and Mary Shirley. 2005. “Bank Privatization in Develop- ing Countries: A Summary of Lessons and Findings.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8–9): 1905–1930. 47. Cull, Robert, Lemma W. Senbet, and Marco Sorge. 2005. “Deposit Insurance and Financial Development.” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 37: 43–82. 48. Cull, Robert, and L. Colin Xu. 2005. “Institutions, Ownership, and Finance: The Determinants of Profit Reinvestment among Chinese Firms.” Journal of Financial Eco- nomics 77(1, July): 117–146. 49. De Nicolo, Gianni, Patrick Honohan, and Alain Ize. 2005. “Dollarization of Bank Deposits: Causes and Consequences.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(7): 1697–1727. 50. Djankov, Simeon*, Jan Jindra and Leora F. Klapper. 2005. “Corporate Valuation and the Resolution of Bank Insolvency in East Asia.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8– 9): 2095–2118. 51. Gleason, Kimberly, James McNulty, and Anita Pennathur. 2005. “Returns to Acquirers of Privatizing Financial Services Firms: An International Examination.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8–9): 2043–2065. 52. Haber, Stephen. 2005. “Mexico’s Experiments with Bank Privatization and Liberalization, 1991–2003.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8–9): 2325–2353. 53. Laeven, Luc, and Giovanni Majnoni*. 2005. “Does Judicial Efficiency Lower the Cost of Credit?” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(7): 1791–1812. 54. Megginson,William. 2005. “The Economics of Bank Privatization.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8–9): 1931–1980. 55. Nakane, Márcio, and Daniela Weintraub. 2005. “Bank Privatization and Productivity: Evidence for Brazil.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8–9): 2259–2289. 56. Otchere, Isaac. 2005. “Do Privatized Banks in Middle- and Low-Income Countries Per- form Better Than Rival Banks? An Intra-Industry Analysis of Bank Privatization.” Jour- nal of Banking and Finance 29(8–9): 2067–2093. 57. Williams, Jonathan, and Nghia Nguyen. 2005. “Financial Liberalisation, Crisis, and Restructuring: A Comparative Study of Bank Performance and Bank Governance in South East Asia.” Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8–9): 2119–2154.

Forthcoming

58. Aggarwal, Reena, Sandeep Dahiya, and Leora Klapper. “American Depository Receipts (ADR) Holdings of U.S. Based Emerging Market Funds.” Journal of Banking and Finance. 59. Aggarwal, Reena, Leora Klapper and Peter Wysocki. “Portfolio Preferences of Foreign Institutional Investors.” Journal of Banking and Finance. 60. Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, and Ross Levine. “Bank Supervision and Cor- ruption in Lending.” Journal of Monetary Economics.

22 61. Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, and Ross Levine. “Bank Concentration, Compe- tition, and Crises: First Results.” Journal of Banking and Finance. 62. Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Luc Laeven, and Vojislav Maksimovic. “The Determinants of Financing Obstacles.” Journal of International Money and Finance. 63. Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, and Vojislav Maksimovic. “The Influence of Financial and Legal Institutions on Firm Size.” Journal of Banking and Finance. 64. Beck, Thorsten, Mattias Lundberg*, and Giovanni Majnoni*. “Financial Intermediary Development and Growth Volatility: Do Intermediaries Dampen or Magnify Shocks?” Journal of International Money and Finance. 65. Berger, Allen, and Gregory Udell. “A More Complete Conceptual Framework for Financ- ing of Small and Medium Enterprises.” Journal of Banking and Finance. 66. Biggs, Tyler, and Kedia Shah. “African SMEs, Networks, and Manufacturing Perfor- mance.” Journal of Banking and Finance. 67. Cull, Robert, Lance E. Davis, Naomi Lamoreaux, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal. “Histori- cal Financing of Small and Medium-Size Enterprises.” Journal of Banking and Finance. 68. Demirguc-Kunt, Asli, Enrica Detragiache, and Poonam Gupta. “Inside the Crisis: An Empirical Analysis of Banking Systems in Distress.” Journal of International Money and Finance. 69. Demirguc-Kunt, Asli, Inessa Love, and Vojislav Maksimovic. “Business Environment and the Incorporation Decision.” Journal of Banking and Finance. 70. Klapper, Leora. “The Role of Factoring for Financing Small and Medium Enterprises.” Journal of Banking and Finance. 71. Klapper, Leora, Luc Laeven, and Inessa Love. “Corporate Governance Provisions and Firm Ownership: Firm-Level Evidence from Eastern Europe.” Journal of Interna- tional Money and Finance. 72. Klapper, Leora, Luc Laeven, and Raghuram Rajan. “Entry Regulation as a Barrier to Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Financial Economics. 73. Laeven, Luc, and Ross Levine. “Is There a Diversification Discount in Financial Con- glomerates?” Journal of Financial Economics. 74. Love, Inessa, Lorenzo A. Preve, and Virginia Sarria-Allende. “Trade Credit and Bank Credit: Evidence from Recent Financial Crises.” Journal of Financial Economics. 75. Love, Inessa, and Lea Zicchino. “Financial Development and Dynamic Investment Behavior: Evidence from Panel VAR.” The Quarterly Review of Economics and Fi- nance. 76. Martinez Peria, Maria Soledad, Andrew Powell, and Ivanna Vladkova-Hollar. “Bank- ing on Foreigners: The Behavior of International Bank Lending to Latin America.” Inter- national Monetary Fund Staff Papers.

Books/Journal Special Issues

77. Clarke, George, Robert Cull, and William Megginson, eds. 2005. Special Issue on Bank Privatization, Journal of Banking and Finance 29(8–9): 1903–2406. 78. Honohan, Patrick, and Luc Laeven, eds. 2005. Systemic Financial Distress: Contain- ment and Resolution. New York: Cambridge University Press.

23 Forthcoming

79. Barth, James, Gerard Caprio*, and Ross Levine, eds. 2006. Rethinking Bank Regulation. Cambridge University Press.

Chapters in Books

80. Beck, Thorsten, and Ross Levine. 2005. “Legal Institutions and Financial Develop- ment.” In Claude Menard and Mary Shirley, eds. Handbook of New Institutional Eco- nomics. Dordrecht: Springer/Kluwer Academic Publisher. 81. Calomiris, Charles, Luc Laeven, and Daniela Klingebiel.* 2005. “Financial Crisis Policies and Resolution Mechanisms: A Taxonomy from Cross-Country Experience.” In Patrick Honohan and Luc Laeven, eds., Systemic Financial Distress: Containment and Resolu- tion. New York: Cambridge University Press. 82. Caprio, Gerard*, and Patrick Honohan. 2005. “Starting Over Safely: Rebuilding Bank- ing Systems.” In Gerard Caprio*, James A. Hanson, and Robert Litan, eds., The Financial Sector Post-Crisis: Challenges and Vulnerabilities. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institu- tion. 83. Claessens, Stijn*, Daniela Klingebiel*, and Luc Laeven. 2005. “Crisis Resolution, Policies, and Institutions: Empirical Evidence” In Patrick Honohan and Luc Laeven, eds., Systemic Financial Distress: Containment and Resolution. New York: Cambridge University Press. 84. Demirguc-Kunt, Asli. 2005. “Financial Crises.” In the proceedings of Financial Stability and Implications of Basel II Conference, Istanbul, May 16-18. Central Bank of Turkey, Ankara. 85. Honohan, Patrick. 2005. “Fiscal, Monetary, and Incentive Implications of Bank Re- capitalization.” In Patrick Honohan and Luc Laeven, eds., Systemic Financial Dis- tress: Containment and Resolution. New York: Cambridge University Press. 86. Honohan, Patrick, and Luc Laeven. 2005. “Introduction and Overview.” In Patrick Honohan and Luc Laeven, eds., Systemic Financial Distress: Containment and Resolu- tion. New York: Cambridge University Press. 87. Lindgren, Carl-Johan. 2005. “Pitfalls in Managing Closures of Financial Institutions.” In Patrick Honohan and Luc Laeven, eds., Systemic Financial Distress: Containment and Resolution. New York: Cambridge University Press. 88. Peek, Joe, and Eric Rosengren. 2005. “Crisis Resolution and Credit Allocation: The Case of Japan.” In Patrick Honohan and Luc Laeven, eds., Systemic Financial Distress: Containment and Resolution. New York: Cambridge University Press. 89. Repullo, Rafael. 2005. “Policies for Banking Crises: A Theoretical Framework.” In Patrick Honohan and Luc Laeven, eds., Systemic Financial Distress: Containment and Resolution. New York: Cambridge University Press. 90. Smith, David, and Per Strömberg. 2005. “Maximizing the Value of Distressed Assets: Bankruptcy Law and the Efficient Reorganization of Firms.” In Patrick Honohan and Luc Laeven, eds., Systemic Financial Distress: Containment and Resolution. New York: Cambridge University Press. 91. Tschoegl, Adrian. 2005. “Financial Crises and the Presence of Foreign Banks.” In Patrick Honohan and Luc Laeven, eds., Systemic Financial Distress: Containment and Resolu- tion. New York: Cambridge University Press.

24 Forthcoming

92. Beck, Thorsten, and Asli Demirguc-Kunt. “Financing of Small and Medium Enter- prises.” Special Issue on Financing of SMEs, Journal of Banking and Finance. 93. Demirguc-Kunt, Asli, and Vojislav Maksimovic. “Law, Finance, and Firm Growth.” In Kevin Keasey, Steve Thompson, and Mike Wright, eds., Corporate Governance in the New Global Economy. Purdue University Press. 94. Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt and Ross Levine. “Bank Concentration and Fragility: Impact and Mechanics.” In Rene Stulz and Mark Carey, eds., The Risks of Financial Institutions. National Bureau of Economic Research. 95. Demirguc-Kunt, Asli. “Designing a Bank Safety Net: Regulatory Challenges for Cross-Border Banking.” In the proceedings of the International Conference on Cross- Border Banking: Regulatory Challenges. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and the World Bank. 96. Demirguc-Kunt, Asli, and Enrica Detragiache. “Cross-Country Empirical Studies of Systemic Bank Distress: A Survey.” In Philip Davis, ed., Financial Instability, Asset Prices, and Credit. National Institute Economic Review. 97. Gine, Xavier, and Robert M. Townsend. “Evaluation of Financial Liberalization.” In Ashok Mody and Catherine Pattillo, eds., Macroeconomic Policies and Poverty Reduction. London: Routledge.

Data Sets

98. Reaching out: Access to and use of banking services across countries Cross-country database which includes indicators of banking sector outreach, collected through surveys of bank regulators. 99. Small and Medium Enterprises: Overcoming Growth Constraints Cross-country, time-series database which includes size indicators of the SME sector in manufacturing. 100. Deposit Insurance Around the World Cross-country, time-series database includes deposit insurance design features for those with explicit deposit insurance systems. 101. A New Database on Financial Development and Structure Cross-country, time-series database of indicators of financial development and structure across countries which includes a range of indicators that measure the size, activity, and efficiency of financial intermediaries and markets. 102. Bank Regulation and Supervision Database Cross-country, time-series database of indicators of financial regulation and supervision.

Working Papers

103. Aggarwal, Reena, Sandeep Dahiya, and Leora Klapper. 2005. “American Depository Receipts (ADR) Holdings of U.S. Based Emerging Market Funds.” Policy Research Work- ing Paper 3538. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

25 104. Allayanis, George, Gregory Brown, and Leora Klapper. 2005. “Legal Effectiveness and External Capital: The Role of Foreign Debt.” Policy Research Working Paper 3530. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 105. Ayyagari, Meghana, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, and Vojislav Maksimovic. 2005. “How Well Do Institutional Theories Explain Firms’ Perceptions of Property Rights?” Policy Research Working Paper 3709. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 106. Beck, Thorsten, Juan Miguel Crivelli*, and William Summerhill. 2005. “State Bank Transformation in Brazil—Choices and Consequences.” Policy Research Working Paper 3619. World Bank, Washington, D.C.. 107. Beck, Thorsten, Robert Cull, Afeikena Jerome. 2005. “Bank Privatization and Perfor- mance: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria. “Policy Research Working Paper 3511. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 108. Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, and Ross Levine. 2005. “Bank Concentration and Fragility: Impact and Mechanics.” NBER Working Paper 11500. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass. 109. Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, and Ross Levine. 2005. “Bank Supervision and Corruption in Lending.” NBER Working Paper 11498. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass. 110. Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, and Ross Levine. 2005. “SMEs, Growth and Poverty.” NBER Working Paper 11224. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cam- bridge, Mass. 111. Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, and Maria Soledad Martinez Peria. 2005. “Reaching Out: Access To and Use of Banking Services across Countries.” Policy Research Working Paper 3754. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 112. Beck, Thorsten, and Luc Laeven. 2005. “Institution Building and Growth in Transi- tion Economies.” Policy Research Working Paper 3657. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 113. Berger, Allen, George Clarke, Robert Cull, Leora Klapper, and Gregory F. Udell. 2005. “Corporate Governance and Bank Performance: A Joint Analysis of the Static, Selection, and Dynamic Effects of Domestic, Foreign, and State Ownership.” Policy Re- search Working Paper 3632. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 114. Cerutti, Eugenio, Giovanni Dell’Ariccia, and Maria Soledad Martinez Peria. 2005 “How Banks Go Abroad: Branches or Subsidiaries?” Policy Research Working Paper 3753. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 115. Cull, Robert, and Laurie Effron. 2005. “World Bank Lending and Financial Sector Development.” Policy Research Working Paper 3656. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 116. Demirguc-Kunt, Asli, and Enrica Detragiache. 2005. “Cross-Country Empirical Studies of Systemic Bank Distress: A Survey.” Policy Research Working Paper 3719. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 117. Demirguc-Kunt, Asli, Baybars Karacaovali, and Luc Laeven. 2005. “Deposit Insur- ance around the World: A Comprehensive Database.” Policy Research Working Paper 3628. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 118. Garcia Herrero, Alicia, and Maria Soledad Martinez Peria. 2005. “The Mix of Inter- national Banks’ Foreign Claims: Determinants and Implications.” Policy Research Work- ing Paper 3755. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 119. Gine, Xavier. 2005. “Access to Capital in Rural Thailand: An Estimated Model of Formal versus Informal Credit.” Policy Research Working Paper 3502. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

26 120. Gine, Xavier, and Stefan Klonner. 2005. “Cultivate or Rent Out? Land Security in Rural Thailand.” Policy Research Working Paper 3734. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 121. Gine, Xavier, and Stefan Klonner. 2005. “Credit Constraints as a Barrier to Technology Adoption by the Poor: Lessons from South-Indian Small-Scale Fishery.” Policy Research Working Paper 3665. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 122. Honohan, Patrick. 2005. “Banking Sector Crises and Inequality.” Policy Research Working Paper 3659. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 123. Honohan, Patrick. 2005. “Measuring Microfinance Access: Building on Existing Cross- Country Data.” Policy Research Working Paper 3606. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 124. Klapper, Leora, Luc Laeven, and Inessa Love. 2005. “What Drives Corporate Gov- ernance Reform? Firm-Level Evidence from Eastern Europe.” Policy Research Working Paper 3600. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 125. Klapper, Leora. 2005. “The Role of Factoring for Financing Small and Medium Enter- prises.” Policy Research Working Paper 3593. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 126. Love, Inessa, Lorenzo A. Preve, and Virginia Sarria-Allende. 2005. “Trade Credit and Bank Credit: Evidence from Recent Financial Crises.” Policy Research Working Paper 3716. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 127. Love, Inessa. 2005. “Finances of Egyptian Listed Firms.” Policy Research Working Paper 3639. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 128. Love, Inessa, and Maria Soledad Martinez Peria. 2005. “Firm Financing in India: Recent Trends and Patterns.” Policy Research Working Paper 3476. World Bank, Wash- ington, D.C.

27 Growth and Investment

Journal Articles

129. Bao, Shuming, Jack Hou, and Anqing Shi. 2005. “Analysis of the Spatial Changing Patterns of Migration in China.” China Population Science (Zhongguo Renkou Kexue) 5. 35. Berger, Allen, George Clarke, Robert Cull, Leora Klapper, and Gregory Udell. 2005. “Corporate Governance and Bank Performance: A Joint Analysis of the Static, Selection, and Dynamic Effects of Domestic, Foreign, and State Ownership.” Journal of Banking & Finance 29: 2179–2221. 130. Chong-En, Bai, and L. Colin Xu. 2005. “The System of Incentives for Managers with Multitasks: Theory and Evidence from Chinese State-Owned Enterprises.” Journal of Comparative Economics 33: 517–539. 43. Clarke, George, Juan Miguel Crivelli, and Robert J. Cull. 2005. “The Impact of Bank Privatization and Foreign Entry on Access to Credit in Argentina’s Provinces.” Journal of Banking & Finance 29: 5–29. 44. Clarke, George, and Robert Cull. 2005. “Bank Privatization in Argentina: A Model of Politi- cal Constraints and Differential Outcomes.” Journal of Development Economics 78: 133–155. 45. Clarke, George, Robert Cull, Maria Soledad Martinez Peria, and Susana M. Sanchez*. 2005. “Bank Lending to Small Businesses in Latin America: Does Bank Origin Matter?” Journal of Money Credit and Banking 37: 83–118. 46. Clarke, George, Robert Cull, and Mary Shirley. 2005. “Bank Privatization in Develop- ing Countries: A Summary of Lessons and Findings.” Journal of Banking & Finance 29: 1905–1930. 48. Cull, Robert, and L. Colin Xu. 2005. “Institutions, Ownership, and Finance: The Determinants of Investment among Chinese Firms.” Journal of Financial Economics 77(July): 117–146. 131. Elbadawi, Ibrahim. 2005. “Reviving Growth in the Arab World.” Economic Develop- ment and Cultural Change 53: 293–326. 132. Gatti, Roberta. 2005. “Family Altruism and Incentives.” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 107: 67–81. 133. de la Torre, Augusto*, and Sergio Schmukler. 2005. “Coping with Risks Through Mis- matches: Domestic and International Financial Contracts for Emerging Economies.” International Finance 7(3): 1–42. 134. Dehejia, Rajeev, and Roberta Gatti. 2005. “Child Labor: The Role of Income Variability and Access to Credit across Countries.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 53(4): 913–932. 135. Dollar, David*, Mary Hallward-Driemeier, and Taye Mengistae. 2005. “Investment Climate and Firm Performance in Developing Economies.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 51: 1–31. 136. Dollar, David*, Lifu Guan, Weizhong Meng, Shuilin Wang, L. Colin Xu, and Shujin Yu. 2005. “Improving the Investment Climate in Liaoning Province: Examinations of 14

28 Cities in Liaoning.” Journal of Comparative Economic and Social Systems (Chinese): 1– 12. 137. Hoff, Karla. 2005. “Opportunity is Not Everything: How Belief Systems and Mistrust Shape Responses to Economic Incentives.” Economics of Transition 13: 445–472. 138. Hoff, Karla. 2005. “Comment on Development Policy through the Lens of Psychology, by Sendhil Mullainathan.” Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics 2005. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 139. Hoff, Karla. 2005. “Homeownership, Community Interactions, and Segregation.” American Economic Review 95: 1167–1189. 140. Huang, Haizhou, and Shuilin Wang. 2005. “The Reform the RMB Exchange Rate Regime and Its Implications for Other Policies in China.” International Economic Review 5: 15–18. 141. Kawai, Hiro*, Richard Newfarmer*, and Sergio Schmukler. 2005. “Financial Crises: Nine Lessons from East Asia.” Eastern Economic Journal 31: 185–207. 142. Keefer, Philip, and Stuti Khemani. 2005. “Democracy, Public Expenditures, and the Poor.” World Bank Research Observer 20: 1–27. 143. Kessides, Ioannis N. 2005. “Infrastructure Privatization and Regulation: Promises and Perils.” World Bank Research Observer 20: 81–108. 144. Kraay, Aart, Norman Loayza, Luis Serven, and Jaume Ventura. 2005. “Country Portfolios.” Journal of the European Economic Association 3: 914–945. 145. Loayza, Norman, Daniel Lederman*, and Rodrigo R. Soares. 2005. “Accountability and Corruption: Political Institutions Matter.” Economic and Politics 17: 1–35. 146. Loayza, Norman, Luis Serven, and R. Albuquerque. 2005. “World Market Integration through the Lens of Foreign Direct Investors.” Journal of International Economics 66: 267–295. 147. McKenzie, David. 2005. “Measuring Inequality with Asset Indicators.” Journal of Population Economics 18(2): 229–260. 148. McKenzie, David. 2005. “Review of ‘Indonesian Living Standards after the Financial Crisis’ by John Strauss et al.” Journal of Economic Literature, (September): 852–854. 149. Mehrez, Gil, Daniel Kaufmann*, and Sergio Schmukler. 2005. “Predicting Currency Fluctuations and Crises: Do Resident Firms Have an Informational Advantage?” Journal of International Money and Finance 24: 1012–1029. 150. Serven, Luis, and Daniel Lederman*. 2005. “Tracking NAFTA’s Shadow Ten Years On.” World Bank Economic Review 19: 335–344. 151. Xu, L. Colin, and Wei Li. 2005. “Deregulating the Telecom Sector in Developing Coun- tries: The Role of Democracy and Interest Groups.” World Development 33: 1307–1324. 152. Xu, L. Colin, and M. Jiang. 2005. “Medals in Transition: Explaining Medal Perfor- mance and Inequality of Chinese Provinces.” Journal of Comparative Economics 33: 158–172. 153. Xu, L. Colin, T. Zhu, and Y. Lin. 2005. “Politician Control, Agency Problems, and Own- ership Reform: Evidence from China.” Economics of Transition 13: 1–24.

Forthcoming

154. Beegle, Kathleen, Rajeev Dehejia, and Roberta Gatti. “Child Labor and Agricultural Shocks.” Journal of Development Economics.

29 155. Claessens, Stijn*, Daniela Klingebiel*, and Sergio Schmukler. “Stock Market Develop- ment and Internationalization: Do Economic Fundamentals Spur Both Similarly?” Jour- nal of Empirical Finance. 156. Clarke, George, and Scott Wallsten. “Has the Internet Increased Trade? Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries.” Economic Inquiry. 157. Didier, Tatiana, Paolo Mauro, and Sergio Schmukler. “Vanishing Contagion?” IMF Policy Discussion Paper Series. 158. Dollar, David*, Mary Hallward-Driemeier, and Taye Mengistae. “Investment Cli- mate and International Integration.” World Development. 159. Elbadawi, Ibrahim. “Institutions, Trade and Geography: Implications for Long-term Development of the Arab World.” Journal of Development and Economic Policy. 160. Gibson, John, David McKenzie and Halahingano Rohorua. “How Cost Elastic Are Remit- tances? Evidence from Tongan Migrants in New Zealand.” Pacific Economic Bulletin. 161. Hildebrandt, Nicole, and David McKenzie. “The Effects of Migration on Child Health in Mexico.” Economia. 162. Hoff, Karla, and Priyanka Pandey. “Discrimination, Social Identity, and Durable In- equalities.” American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 96(May). 163. Keefer, Philip, and Stephen Knack. “Boondoggles, Rent-Seeking and Political Checks and Balances: Public Investment under Unaccountable Governments.” Review of Eco- nomics and Statistics. 164. Kraay, Aart. “When Is Growth Pro-Poor? Cross-Country Evidence.” Journal of Develop- ment Economics. 165. Levine, Ross and Sergio Schmukler. “Internationalization and Stock Market Liquidity.” Review of Finance-Journal of the European Finance Association. 166. Loayza, Norman, and Romain Ranciere. “Financial Development, Financial Fragility, and Growth.” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking. 167. McKenzie, David. “Disentangling Age, Cohort and Time Effects in the Additive Model.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 168. McKenzie, David. “Precautionary Saving and Consumption Growth in Taiwan.” China Economic Review. 169. Mengistae, Taye. “Competition and Entrepreneurial Human Capital in Small Business Longevity and Growth.” Journal of Development Studies. 170. Raddatz, Claudio. “Liquidity Needs and Vulnerability to Financial Development.” Journal of Financial Economics. 171. Schmukler, Sergio, and Esteban Vesperoni. “Financial Globalization and Debt Maturity in Emerging Economies.” Journal of Development Economics 79(1): 183–207, 2006. 172. Xu, L. Colin, George Clarke, and Heng-fu Zou. “Finance and Income Inequality: What do the Data Tell Us?” Southern Economic Journal 72(3): 578–596, 2006.

Books/Journal Special Issues

77. Clarke, George, Robert Cull, and William Megginson. 2005. “Special Issue on Bank Privatization.” Journal of Banking and Finance 28(8-9). 173. Loayza, Norman, Pablo Fajnzylber, and César Calderón*. 2005. Economic Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 30 174. Serven, Luis, D. Lederman* and W. Maloney*. 2005. Lessons from NAFTA. Stanford University Press. 175. Serven, Luis, J. de Melo and D. Lederman*, eds. 2005. Symposium Issue: Ten Years of NAFTA. World Bank Economic Review19(3). 176. Dollar, David*, Anqing Shi, Shuilin Wang, and Lixin Colin Xu. 2005. Improving City Competitiveness through the Investment Climate (in Chinese). Chinese Finance and Economics Press.

Forthcoming

177. Bowles, Samuel, Steven Durlauf, and Karla Hoff, eds., Poverty Traps. Princeton Univer- sity Press, March 2006. 178. Iarossi, Giuseppe. The Power of Survey Design: A User’s Guide for Managing Surveys, Interpreting Results, and Influencing Respondents.” Washington, D.C.: World Bank, January 2006.

Chapters in Books

179. Barja, Gover, David McKenzie, and Miguel Urquiola. 2005. “Capitalization and Privatization in Bolivia: An Approximation to an Evaluation.” In John Nellis and Nancy Birdsall, eds., Reality Check: The Distributional Impact of Privatization in Developing Countries. Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development. 180. Elbadawi, Ibrahim, and A. G. Ali. 2005. “Prospects for Sustainable Peace and Post- Conflict Economic Growth in the Sudan.” In Augustin Kwasi Fosu and Paul Collier, eds., Post-Conflict Economies in Africa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan in association with International Economic Association. 181. Elbadawi, Ibrahim, and Njuguna Ndung’u. 2005. “The Economics of Conflicts and Post- Conflict Recovery.” Augustin Kwasi Fosu and Paul Collier, eds., Post-Conflict Economies in Africa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan in association with International Economic Association. 182. Elbadawi, Ibrahim, Ali A. G. Al, and A. El-Batahani. 2005. “The Sudan’s Civil War: Why has it prevailed for so long?” In Paul Collier and Nicholas Sambanis, eds., Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis, Volume I: Africa. Washington D.C.: World Bank. 183. Elbadawi, Ibrahim, Abda Al Mahdi, Hassan Taha, and Lual Deng. 2005. “Economic Policy and Management.” In Sudan Joint Assessment Mission. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 184. Hoff, Karla. 2005. “The Extended Family System and Market Interactions.” In Christo- pher Barrett, ed., The Social Economics of Poverty: On Identities, Groups, Communities, and Networks. New York: Routledge. 185. Keefer, Philip, and Steve Knack. 2005. “Social Capital, Social Norms and the New Institutional Economics.” In Claude Menard and Mary Shirley, eds., Handbook of New Institutional Economics. Dordrecht: Springer/Kluwer Academic Publisher. 186. Loayza, Norman, and Raimundo Soto. 2005. “On the Measurement of Market- Oriented Reforms.” In José María Fanelli and Gary McMahon eds., Understanding Mar- ket Reforms. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 187. Loayza, Norman, and Viktoria Hnatkovska. 2005. “Volatility, Income Distribution, and Poverty.” In Joshua Aizenmann and Brian Pinto, eds., Managing Economic Volatility and Crises: A Practitioner’s Guide. New York: Cambridge University Press. 31 188. McKenzie, David. 2005. “Beyond Remittances: The Effects of Migration on Mexican Households.” In Calgar Özden and Maurice Schiff, eds., International Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 189. Serven, Luis, and G. Perry*. 2005. “Argentina’s Macroeconomic Collapse: Causes and Lessons.” In Joshua Aizenmann and Brian Pinto, eds., Managing Economic Volatility and Crises: A Practitioner’s Guide. New York: Cambridge University Press. 190. Serven, Luis, and P. Montiel. 2005. “Macroeconomic Stability: The More, the Better?” In Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 191. Serven, Luis, K. Schmidt-Hebbel, and F. Gallego. 2005. “General Equilibrium Dy- namics of Foreign Shocks and Policy Changes in Chile.” Rómulo Chumacero and Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel, eds., General Equilibrium Models for the Chilean Economy. Santiago, Chile: Central Bank of Chile. 192. Shi, Anqing, Shuming Bao, and Jack Hou. 2005. “Migration and Regional Development of China.” In Shuming Bao, Shuanglin Lin, Changwen Zhao, eds., Chinese Economy after WTO Accession. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

Forthcoming

193. Calderón, César*, Norman Loayza, and Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel. “External Conditions and Growth Performance.” In Ricardo Caballero, César Calderón*, and Luis Felipe Céspedes, eds., External Financial Vulnerability and Preventive Policies. Series on Central Banking, Analysis, and Economic Policies. 194. Elbadawi, Ibrahim, and Gary Milante*. “Growth, Income Inequality and Poverty in Africa.” In M. Martin, ed., Growth, Poverty and Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa. The African Economic Research Consortium. 195. Fisman, Ray, and Roberta Gatti. “Bargaining for Bribes: The Role of Institutions.” In Susan Rose-Ackerman, ed., Handbook of Economic Corruption. 196. Hoff, Karla. “The Kin System as a Poverty Trap?” In Samuel Bowles, Steven Durlauf, and Karla Hoff, eds., Poverty Traps. Princeton University Press. 197. Kaufmann, Daniel*, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi*. “Measuring Governance Using Perceptions Data.” In Susan Rose-Ackerman, ed., Handbook of Economic Corruption. 198. Serven, Luis, Norman Loayza, and A. Oviedo. “The Impact of Regulation on Growth and the Informal Sector: Cross-Country Evidence.” In B. Guha-Khasnobis, ed., Unlocking Human Potential: Linking the Formal and Informal Sectors. EGDI- WIDER.

Outreach

199. de la Torre, Augusto*, and Sergio Schmukler. 2005. “Small Fish, Big Pond.” Finance & Development 42(2): 47–49. 200. Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, and Warrick Smith*, eds. 2005. “A Better Investment Climate for Everyone.” Development Outreach (March); 10 articles covering the impact of specific investment climate interventions. 201. Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, and Warrick Smith*. 2005. “Understanding the Invest- ment Climate.” Finance & Development 42(1, March): 40–43.

32 202. Milanovic, Branko, Karla Hoff, and Shale Horowitz. 2005. “Political Alternation, Regardless of Ideology, Diminishes Influence Buying: Lessons from Transitions in Former Communist States.” Policy Outlook (Carnegie Endowment) January: 1–6.

Working Papers

203. Almeida, Rita. 2005. “Local Economic Structure and Growth.” Policy Research Working Paper 3728. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 204. Antman, Francisca, and David McKenzie. 2005. “Poverty Traps and Nonlinear Income Dynamics with Measurement Error and Individual Heterogeneity.” Policy Research Working Paper 3764. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 205. Antman, Francisca, and David McKenzie. 2005. “Earnings Mobility and Measurement Error: A Pseudo-Panel Approach.” Policy Research Working Paper 3745. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 113. Berger, Allen, Robert Cull, George Clarke, Leora Klapper, and Gregory Udell. 2005. “Corporate Governance and Bank Performance: A Joint Analysis of the Static, Selection, and Dynamic Effects of Domestic, Foreign, and State Ownership.” Policy Research Work- ing Paper 3632. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 206. Braun, Matías, and Claudio Raddatz. 2005. “Trade Liberalization and the Politics of Finan- cial Development.” Policy Research Working Paper 3517. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 207. Calderón, César*, Norman Loayza, and Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel. 2005. “Does Openness Imply Exposure?” Policy Research Working Paper 3733. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 208. Carneiro, Pedro, and Rita Almeida. 2005. “ Enforcement of Labor Regulation, Informal Labor, and Firm Performance.” Policy Research Working Paper 3756. World Bank, Wash- ington, D.C. 209. Chang, Roberto, Norman Loayza, and Linda Kaltani. 2005. “Openess Can Be Good for Growth: The Role of Policy Complementarities.” Policy Research Working Paper 3763. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 210. Dollar, David*, and Aart Kraay. 2005. “Neither a Borrower Nor a Lender: Does China’s Zero Net Foreign Asset Position Make Economic Sense?” Policy Research Working Paper 3801. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 211. Fernandes, Ana Margarida. 2005. “Learning-by-Doing, Learning-by-Exporting, and Productivity: Evidence from Colombia.” Policy Research Working Paper 3544. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 212. Hildebrandt, Nicole, and David McKenzie. 2005. “The Effects of Migration on Child Health in Mexico.” Policy Research Working Paper 3573. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 213. Hoff, Karla, and Joseph Stiglitz. 2005. “The Creation of the Rule of Law and the Legiti- macy of Property Rights: The Political and Economic Consequences of a Corrupt Privatization.” Policy Research Working Paper 3779. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 214. Keefer, Philip. 2005. “Democracy, Credibility and Clientelism.” Policy Research Work- ing Paper 3472. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 215. Keefer, Philip. 2005. “Democratization and Clientelism: Why are Young Democracies Badly Governed?” Policy Research Working Paper 3594. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 216. Kraay, Aart. 2005. “The Dot-Com Bubble, The Bush Deficits, and the U.S. Current Account.” Policy Research Working Paper 3672. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

33 217. Kraay, Aart, and Claudio Raddatz. 2005. “Poverty Traps, Aid, and Growth.” Policy Research Working Paper 3631. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 218. Kraay, Aart, Daniel Kaufmann*, and Massimo Mastruzzi*. 2005. “Governance Matters IV: Governance Indicators for 1996-2004.” Policy Research Working Paper 3630. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 219. Lall, Somik, and Taye Mengistae. 2005. “The Impact of Business Environment and Economic Geography on Plant Level Productivity: An Analysis of Indian Industry.” Policy Research Working Paper 3664. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 220. Lall, Somik, and Taye Mengistae. 2005. “Business Environment, Clustering and Industry Location: Evidence from Indian Cities.” Policy Research Working Paper 3675. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 221. Levine, Ross, and Sergio Schmukler. 2005. “Internationalization and Stock Market Liquidity.” NBER Working Paper 11894. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cam- bridge, Mass. 222. Levine, Ross, and Sergio Schmukler. 2005. “Internationalization and the Evolution of Corporate Valuation.” NBER Working Paper w11023. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass. 223. Loayza, Norman, Ana Maria Oviedo, and Luis Serven. 2005. “Regulation and Macro- economic Performance.” Policy Research Working Paper 3469. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 224. Loayza, Norman, Ana Maria Oviedo, and Luis Serven. 2005. “The Impact of Regula- tion on Growth and Informality: Cross-Country Evidence.” Policy Research Working Paper 3623. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 225. McKenzie, David. 2005. “Paper Walls are Easier to Tear Down: Passport Costs and Legal Barriers to Emigration.” Policy Research Working Paper 3783. World Bank, Wash- ington, D.C. 226. McKenzie, David, and Ernesto Schargrodsky. 2005. “Buying Less, but Shopping More: Changes in Consumption Patterns during a Crisis.” BREAD Working Paper 92. Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 227. Raddatz, Claudio. 2005. “Are External Shocks Responsible for the Instability of Output in Low-Income Countries?” Policy Research Working Paper 3680. World Bank, Washing- ton, D.C. 228. Schiantarelli, Fabio. 2005. “Product Market Regulation and Macroeconomic Performance: a Review of the Cross-Country Evidence.” Policy Research Working Paper 3770. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

34 Human Development and Public Services

Journal Articles

229. Alderman, Harold. 2005. “Linkages between Poverty Reduction Strategies and Child Nutrition: An Asian Perspective.” Economic and Political Weekly 40: 4837–4842. 230. Alderman, Harold, Luc Christiaensen*, and Takashi Yamano. 2005. “Child Growth, Shocks, and Food Aid in Rural Ethiopia.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 87: 273–288. 231. Das, Jishnu, and Jeffrey Hammer*. 2005. “Which Doctor? Combining Vignettes and Item Response to Measure Clinical Competence.” Journal of Development Economics 78: 348–383. 232. Das, Jishnu, Quy-Toan Do, and Berk Ozler. 2005. “Reassessing Conditional Cash Transfer Programs.” World Bank Research Observer 20: 57–80. 233. Das Gupta, Monica, and Peyvand Khaleghian. 2005. “Public Management and the Essential Public Health Functions.” World Development 33(7): 1083–1099. 234. Das Gupta, Monica. 2005. “Explaining Asia’s ‘Missing Women’: A New Look at the Data.” Population and Development Review 31(3): 529–535. 235. Das Gupta, Monica. 2005. “Public Health in India: Dangerous Neglect.” Economic and Political Weekly 40 (9): 5159–5165. 236. Das Gupta, Monica, Michael Lokshin, Michele Gragnolati*, and Oleksiy Ivaschenko*. 2005. “Improving Child Nutrition: The Integrated Child Development Services in India.” Development & Change 36(4): 613–640. 237. de Walque, Damien. 2005. “Selective Mortality during the Khmer Rouge Period in Cambodia.” Population and Development Review 31(2): 351–368. 238. de Walque, Damien, Jessica S. Nakiyingi-Miiro, June Busingye, and Jimmy A. Whitworth. 2005. “Changing Association between Schooling Levels and HIV-1 Infection Over 11 Years in a Rural Population Cohort in South-west Uganda.” Tropical Medicine and International Health 10(10): 993–1001. 239. Filmer, Deon. 2005. “Fever and Its Treatment among the More and Less Poor in Sub- Saharan Africa.” Health Policy and Planning 20(6): 337–346. 240. Filmer, Deon, Elizabeth King, and Dominique van De Walle. 2005. “Testing for Pay and Promotion Bias in an International Organization.” International Journal of Manpower 26(5): 404–420. 241. Gauri, Varun, and Julia Galef. 2005. “NGOs in Bangladesh: Activities, Resources, and Governance.” World Development 33 (12, December): 2045–2065. 242. Gauri, Varun, and Anna Fruttero. 2005. “The Strategic Choices of NGOs: Location Decisions in Rural Bangladesh.” Journal of Development Studies 41(5, July): 759–787. 243. Ghuman, Sharon, Jere Behrman, Judith Borja, Socorro Gultiano, and Elizabeth King. 2005. “Family Background, Service Providers, and Early Childhood Development in the Philippines: Proxies and Interactions.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 54(1, October): 129–164. 35 244. Paxson, Christina, and Norbert Schady. 2005. “Child Health and Economic Crisis in Peru.” World Bank Economic Review 19(2): 203–23. 245. Reinikka, Ritva*, and Jakob Svensson. 2005. “Using Micro Surveys to Measure and Explain Corruption.” World Development 33(1): 359–370. 246. Rogers, F. Halsey, Nazmul Chaudhury*, Jeffrey Hammer*, Michael Kremer, and Karthik Muralidharan. 2005. “Teacher Absence in India: A Snapshot.” Journal of the European Economic Association 3(2–3, April-May): 658–667. 247. Stifel, David, and Harold Alderman. 2005. “Targeting At The Margin: The ‘Glass Of Milk’ Subsidy Program In Peru.” Journal of Development Studies 41(5):839–864. 248. Svensson, Jakob, and Ritva Reinikka*. 2005. “Fighting Corruption to Improve School- ing: Evidence from a Newspaper Campaign in Uganda.” Journal of European Economic Association 3(2–3): 259–267. 249. Svensson, Jakob. 2005. “Eight Questions about Corruption.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19(3): 19–42. 250. Wagstaff, Adam. 2005. “The Bounds of the Concentration Index When the Variable of Interest is Binary, with an Application to Immunization Inequality.” Health Economics 14(4): 429–432. 251. Wagstaff, Adam. 2005. “Inequality Decomposition and Geographic Targeting with Applications to China and Vietnam.” Health Economics 14: 649–663. 252. Zou, Heng-Fu, and Jing Jin. 2005. “Fiscal decentralization, revenue and expenditure assignments, and growth in China.” Journal of Asian Economics 16: 1047–1064.

Forthcoming

253. Alderman, Harold, Hans Hoogeveen*, and Mariacristina Rossi. “Reducing Child Mal- nutrition in Tanzania Combined Effects of Income Growth and Program Interventions.” Economics and Human Biology 4(1):1–23, 2006. 254. Alderman, Harold. “The “Glass of Milk” Subsidy Program and Malnutrition in Peru,” World Bank Economic Review. 255. Alderman, Harold, and Jere Behrman. “Reducing the Incidence of Low Birth Weight In Low-Income Countries Has Substantial Economic Benefits.” World Bank Research Observer, January 2006. 256. Alderman, Harold, and Trina Haque*. “Countercyclical Safety Nets for the Poor and Vulnerable.” Food Policy, August 2006. 257. Alderman, Harold, John Hoddinott, and William Kinsey. “Long Term Consequences of Early Childhood Malnutrition.” Oxford Economic Papers. 258. Andrabi, Tahir, Jishnu Das, Asim I. Khwaja and Tristan Zajonc. “Religious Schooling in Pakistan: A Look at the Data.” Comparative Education Review. 259. Das, Jishnu, and Jeffrey Hammer*. “Money for Nothing: The Dire Straits of Medical Practice in India.” Journal of Development Economics. 260. Das Gupta, Monica, and Manju Rani. “How Well Does India’s Federal Government Perform Its Essential Public Health Functions?” Health Policy. 261. de Walque, Damien. “The Long-Term Legacy of the Khmer Rouge Period in Cambo- dia.” Population Studies, July 2006.

36 262. Filmer, Deon. “If You Build It, Will They Come? School Availability and School Enroll- ment in 21 Poor Countries.” Journal of Development Studies. 263. Filmer, Deon, and Martha Ainsworth*. “Children’s Schooling: AIDS, Orphanhood, Poverty, and Gender.” World Development. 264. Gauri, Varun, Benjamin Loevinsohn*, and Rathavuth Hong. “Will More Inputs Im- prove the Delivery of Health Services? Analysis of District Vaccination Coverage in Paki- stan.” International Journal of Health Planning and Management 21(1), March 2006. 265. Khemani, Stuti. “Local Government Accountability for Health Service Delivery in Nigeria.” Journal of African Economies. 266. Knack, Steve, and Aminur Rahman. “Donor Fragmentation and Bureaucratic Quality in Aid Recipients.” Journal of Development Economics. 163. Knack, Steve, and Phil Keefer. “Boondoggles, Rent-seeking and Political Checks and Balances: Public Investment Under Unaccountable Governments.” Review of Economics and Statistics. 267. Rogers, F. Halsey, Nazmul Chaudhury*, Jeffrey Hammer*, Michael Kremer, and Karthik Muralidharan. “Missing in Action: Teacher and Health Worker Absence in Devel- oping Countries.” Journal of Economic Perspectives. 268. Svensson, Jakob, and Ray Fisman. “Are Corruption and Taxation Really Harmful to Growth? Firm Level Evidence?” Journal of Development Economics. 269. Svensson, Jakob, and Min Shi. “Political Budget Cycles: Do They Differ Across Coun- tries and Why?” Journal of Public Economics. 270. van de Walle, Dominique, and Martin Ravallion. “Land Reallocation in Agrarian Transition.” The Economic Journal, October 2006. 271. Zou, Heng-fu. “Finance and income inequality: Test of alternative theories.” Southern Economic Journal 72(3): 578–596, 2006.

Books/Journal Special Issues

272. Gwatkin, Davidson*, Abdo Yazbeck*, and Adam Wagstaff, eds. 2005. Reaching the Poor with Health, Nutrition and Population Services: What Works, What Doesn’t, and Why. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 273. Rogers, F. Halsey, Nicholas Stern, and Jean-Jacques Dethier*. 2005. Growth and Empowerment: Making Development Happen. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Chapters in Books

274. Alderman, Harold, and Milla McLachlan*. 2005. “The World Bank’s Nutrition Strat- egy.” In Manfred Schulz and Uwe Kracht, eds., Food and Nutrition Security in the Pro- cess of Globalization and Urbanization. Spektrum 84, Berlin Series on Society, Economy and Politics in Developing Countries. Lit Publisher, Münster. 275. Alderman, Harold, Jere Behrman, and John Hoddinott. 2005. “Nutrition, Malnutrition, and Economic Growth.” In Guillem Lopez-Casasnovas, Berta Rivera, and Luis Currais, eds., Health and Economic Growth: Findings and Policy Implications. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 276. Gauri, Varun. 2005. “Social Rights and Economics: Claims to Health Care and Educa- tion in Developing Countries.” In Philip Alston and Mary Robinson, eds., Human Rights and Development: Towards Mutual Reinforcement. Oxford University Press. 37 277. Gauri, Varun, James Cercone, and Rodrigo Briceño. 2005. “Contracting Primary Health Care Services: The Case of Costa Rica.” In Gerry La Forgia, ed., Health Systems Innova- tion in Central America: Lessons and Impact of New Approaches. World Bank Working Paper 57. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 278. Gauri, Varun. 2005. “Are Incentives Everything? Payment to Health Care Providers.” In Alex Preker and Jack Langenbrunner, eds., Public Ends, Private Means: Strategic Pur- chasing of Health Services. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 279. Gwatkin, Davidson*, Adam Wagstaff, and Abdo Yazbeck*. 2005. “What Did the Reach- ing the Poor Studies Find?” In Davidson Gwatkin, Adam Wagstaff, Abdo Yazbeck, eds., Reaching the Poor with Health, Nutrition and Population Services: What Works, What Doesn’t, and Why. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 280. King, Elizabeth, and Susana Cordeiro-Guerra*. 2005. “Education Reforms in East Asia: Policy, Process and Impact.” In Roland White, eds., East Asia Decentralizes: Making Local Government Work. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 281. Knack, Steve. 2005. “Empowerment as a Positive-Sum Game.” In Deepa Narayan, ed., Measuring Empowerment: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 185. Knack, Steve, and Philip Keefer. 2005. “Social Capital, Social Norms and the New Institutional Economics.” In Claude Menard and Mary Shirley, eds., Handbook of New Institutional Economics. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 282. Miguel, Edward. 2005. “Health, Education, and Economic Development.” In G. Lopez- Casasnovas, B. Rivera, and L. Currais, eds., Health and Economic Growth: Findings and Policy Implications. Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press. 283. Wagstaff, Adam, and Hugh Waters. 2005. “How Were the Reaching the Poor Studies Undertaken?” In Davidson Gwatkin, Adam Wagstaff, and Abdo S. Yazbeck., eds., Reaching the Poor with Health, Nutrition and Population Services: What Works, What Doesn’t, and Why. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 284. Waly Wane. 2005. “The Theory and Practice of Conditionality: A Literature Review.” In Review of World Bank Conditionality. Operations Policy and Country Services. Washing- ton, D.C.: World Bank. 285. Yazbeck, Abdo*, Adam Wagstaff, and Davidson Gwatkin*. 2005. “Why Were the Reaching the Poor Studies Undertaken?” In Davidson Gwatkin, Adam Wagstaff, and Abdo Yazbeck*, eds., Reaching the Poor with Health, Nutrition and Population Services: What Works, What Doesn’t, and Why. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 286. Zou, Heng-Fu. 2005. “Product innovation, capital accumulation, and endogenous growth.” In Yun Kwan and Eden Yu, eds., Critical Issues in China’s Growth and Develop- ment. Ashgate.

Forthcoming

287. Alderman, Harold, Jere Behrman, and John Hoddinott. “Health, Nutrition and Eco- nomic Development.” In A. Dutt, ed., Handbook of Economics, 2006/07. 288. Das, Jishnu, and Jeffrey Hammer*. “Chronic Illnesses in India.” In Kaushik Basu, ed., Oxford Companion to Economics in India. Oxford University Press, 2006. 289. Das, Jishnu, and Jeffrey Hammer*. “The Quality of Medical Care in India.” In Kaushik Basu, ed., Oxford Companion to Economics in India. Oxford University Press, 2006.

38 290. Das Gupta, Monica. “Public Health in India.” In Kaushik Basu, ed., Oxford Companion to Economics in India. Oxford University Press, 2006. 291. Gauri, Varun, Chris Beyrer, and Denise Vaillancourt*. “Human Rights and Health Systems.” In Chris Beyrer, ed., Public Health and Human Rights. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. 292. Gauri, Varun, Deon Filmer, and Elizabeth King. Chapter contributions to the World Development Report 2007: Development and the Next Generation. 293. Khemani, Stuti, Junaid Ahmad*, Shantayanan Devarajan*, and Shekhar Shah*. “De- centralization and Service Delivery.” In Ehtisham Ahmad and Giorgio Brosio, eds., Hand- book of Fiscal Federalism, 2006. 294. Knack, Steve, and Aminur Rahman. “Donor Fragmentation.” In William Easterly, ed., Reinventing Foreign Aid. MIT Press. 295. O’Donnell, Owen Eddy Van Doorslaer, and Adam Wagstaff. “Decomposition of In- equalities in Health and Health Care.” In A. M. Jones, ed., The Elgar Companion to Health Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. 296. Svensson, Jakob, and Ritva Reinikka*. “How Corruption Affects Service Delivery and What Can Be Done About It?” In Susan Rose-Ackerman, ed., Handbook of Corruption. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Data Sets

297. Educational Attainment around the World Provides country-level results on education inequalities based on Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Integrated Household Surveys (such as those from the Living Standards Measurement Study). (Deon Filmer) 298. Nigeria - Decentralized Service Delivery Survey (Health) This public expenditure tracking and quantitative facility survey provides data on 15 local government areas, 100 primary health facilities in Lagos State, and 152 in Kogi State. Data used to assess how budgeted allocations translate into actual service delivery in these two states. (Stuti Khemani) 299. Papua New Guinea - Service Delivery Survey (Education) The survey (April and May 2002) covers 214 primary schools in 19 districts across 8 provinces (out of 20) and combines the school survey with household and other micro surveys to assess service delivery systems in education. (Deon Filmer) 300. Country Reports on health, nutrition, and population (HNP) Illustrates health conditions in 56 low- and middle-income countries based on all 78 DHS surveys undertaken in about 1990–2002; contains also mean values for each wealth quintile and summary statistics of household indicators. (Davidson R. Gwatkin, Shea Rutstein, Kiersten Johnson, Eldaw Abdalla Suliman, and Adam Wagstaff) 301. Teacher and Medical Provider Absence Database Includes survey data from Bangladesh, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Peru, and Uganda; includes more than 40,000 observations of provider absence-presence, and detailed information on each provider and each school or health clinic [Available on request from F. Halsey Rogers] 302. NGOs as Service Providers: Data from Bangladesh. Data collected in 2002 and 2003 includes information on activities, sources and uses of

39 funds, staffing, and network linkages for a random sample of over 300 NGOs. Each NGO data set is linked to a randomly selected focus group of NGO users that evaluates its work. [Available on request from Varun Gauri.]

Outreach

303. Coady, David, Deon Filmer, and Davidson Gwatkin*. 2005. “PROGRESA for Progress: Mexico’s Health, Nutrition, and Education Program.” Development Outreach (WBI, World Bank), May. 304. Das, Jishnu, Piet Buys, and Tara Vishwanath*. 2005. Relief and Information System for Earthquakes Pakistan. The website, www.risepak.com, is the result of a collaborative effort between people from the World Bank, the Government of Pakistan, academic institutions in the United States and Pakistan, as well as private enterprise. Bank web article, October 2005. 305. Das, Jishnu. “A New Look at Quality of Health Care in Low-Income Countries,” DECRG web article, February 2006. 306. Elizabeth King. “Education in Indonesia: Managing the Transition to Decentralization,” Indonesian edition, April 2005. 307. Reinikka, Ritva*. 2005. “Ethics and transparency: challenges for school systems.” Inter- national Institute for Educational Planning Newsletter, October-December 2005 (Vol. XXlll, No. 4), UNESCO. 308. Rogers, F. Halsey. “Missing in Action: Teacher and Medical Provider Absence in Devel- oping Countries,” DECRG web article, October 2005. 309. Schady, Norbert. “Do Macroeconomic Crises Affect Schooling and Child Health? Evi- dence from Peru,” DECRG web article, November 2005. 310. Schady, Norbert. Boxes 2.3 & 2.4 in the 2006 World Development Report Equity and Development provide background note on changes in the world distribution of life expect- ancy and school attainment since 1960; supervised preparation of database based on household surveys from more than 100 countries to calculate changes in the mean and distribution of schooling attainment across birth cohorts. 311. Unauthored, Education Policy Notes. Philippines. 2005. Written by Elizabeth King. Five policy briefs related to educational progress, quality of education, finance, equity, and management; distributed by World Bank Country Office. 312. Unauthored, Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis: Technical Notes. Written by Adam Wagstaff, Eddy van Doorslaer, Owen O’Donnell and Magnus Lindelow*. Twenty technical notes outline, through worked examples with Stata code, the issues that arise in the quantitative analysis of health equity.

Working Papers

313. Alderman, Harold, Hans Hoogeveen*, and Mariacristina Rossi. 2005. “Reducing Child Malnutrition in Tanzania: Combined Effects of Income Growth and Program Interven- tions.” Policy Research Working Paper 3567. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 314. Ahmad, Junaid Kamal*, Shantayanan Devarajan*, Stuti Khemani, and Shekhar Shah*. 2005. “Decentralization and Service Delivery.” Policy Research Working Paper 3603. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

40 315. Andrabi, Tahir, Jishnu Das, Asim Ijaz Khwaja, and Tristan Zajonc. 2005. “Religious School Enrollment in Pakistan: A Look at the Data.” Policy Research Working Paper 3521. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 316. Das, Jishnu, and Jeffrey Hammer*. 2005. “Money for Nothing: The Dire Straits of Medical Practice in Delhi, India.” Policy Research Working Paper 3669. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 317. Das, Jishnu, Stefan Dercon, James Habyarimana, and Pramila Krishnan. 2005. “Teacher Shocks and Student Learning: Evidence from Zambia.” Policy Research Working Paper 3602. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 318. Das Gupta, Monica, Michael Lokshin, Michele Gragnolati*, and Oleksiy Ivaschenko*. 2005. “Improving Child Nutrition Outcomes in India: Can the Integrated Child Develop- ment Services Program Be More Effective?” Policy Research Working Paper 3242. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 319. Das Gupta, Monica. 2005. “Public Health in India: An Overview.” Policy Research Working Paper 3787. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 320. de Walque, Damien. 2005. “Parental Education and Children’s Schooling Outcomes: Is the Effect Nature, Nurture, or Both? Evidence from Recomposed Families in Rwanda.” Policy Research Working Paper 3483. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 321. Filmer, Deon. 2005. “Disability, Poverty, and Schooling in Developing Countries: Results from 11 Household Surveys.” Policy Research Working Paper 3794. World Bank, Wash- ington, D.C. 322. Heckelman, Jac, and Steve Knack. 2005. “Foreign Aid and Market-Liberalizing Reform.” Policy Research Working Paper 3557. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 323. Lindelow, Magnus*, Peter Serneels, and Teigist Lemma. 2005. “The Performance of Health Workers in Ethiopia: Results from Qualitative Research.” Policy Research Working Paper 3558. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 324. Lindelow, Magnus*, and Adam Wagstaff. 2005. “Health Shocks in China: Are the Poor and Uninsured Less Protected?” Policy Research Working Paper 3720. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 325. Paxson, Christina, and Norbert Schady. 2005. “Cognitive Development among Young Children in Ecuador: The Roles of Wealth, Health, and Parenting.” Policy Research Work- ing Paper 3605. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 326. Razakamamantsoa, Lalaniaina. 2005. “L’efficience et l’equite des formations sanitaires Malgaces: resultats d’une enquete.” Africa Region Human Development Working Paper 76. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 327. Serneels, Pieter, Magnus Lindelow*, Jose Garcia-Montalvo, and Abigail Barr. 2005. “For Public Service or Money: Understanding Geographical Imbalances in the Health Workforce.” Policy Research Working Paper 3686. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 328. van de Walle, Dominique, and Dorothy Cratty. 2005. “Do Donors Get What They Pay for? Micro Evidence on the Fungibility of Development Project Aid.” Policy Research Working Paper 3542. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 329. van de Walle, Dominique. 2005. “Do Services and Transfers Reach Morocco’s Poor? Evidence from Poverty and Spending Maps.” Policy Research Working Paper 3478. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

41 330. Wagstaff, Adam. 2005. “Decomposing Changes in Income Inequality into Vertical and Horizontal Redistribution, and Reranking, with Applications to China and Vietnam.” Policy Research Working Paper 3559. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 331. Wagstaff, Adam. 2005. “The Economic Consequences of Health Shocks.” Policy Re- search Working Paper 3644. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 332. Wagstaff, Adam, and Menno Pradhan*. 2005. “Health Insurance Impacts on Health and Non-Medical Consumption in a Developing Country.” Policy Research Working Paper 3563. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 333. Wagstaff, Adam, and Magnus Lindelow*. 2005. “Can Insurance Increase Financial Risk? The Curious Case of Health Insurance in China.” Policy Research Working Paper 3741. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 334. Wagstaff, Adam, and Shengchao Yu. 2005. “Do Health Sector Reforms Have Their Intended Impacts? The World Bank’s Health VIII Project in Gansu Province, China.” Policy Research Working Paper 3743. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 335. Wagstaff, Adam. 2005. “Health Systems in East Asia: What Can Developing Countries Learn from Japan and the Asian Tigers?” Policy Research Working Paper 3790. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

42 Infrastructure and Environment

Journal Articles

336. Chomitz, Kenneth. 2005. “Opportunity Costs of Conservation in a Biodiversity Hotspot: The Case of Southern Bahia.” Environment and Development Economics 10: 293– 312. 337. Cropper, Maureen. 2005. “How Can Household Datasets Inform Policies to Reduce Infant Mortality?” Economic and Political Weekly: 1. 338. Cropper, Maureen, and Elizabeth Kopits. 2005. “Traffic Fatalities and Economic Growth.” Accident Analysis and Prevention 37: 169–178. 339. Cropper, Maureen, Antonio Miquel Bento, Ahmed Mobarak, and Katja Kinha. 2005. “The Impact of Urban Spatial Structure on Travel Demand in the United States.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 87: 466–478. 340. Dasgupta, Susmita, Uwe Deichmann, Craig Meisner, and David Wheeler. 2005. “Where is the Poverty-Environment Nexus? Evidence from Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam.” World Development 33: 617–638. 341. Dasgupta, Susmita, Somik Lall, and David Wheeler. 2005. “Policy Reform, Eco- nomic Growth and the Digital Divide.” Oxford Development Studies 33(2): 229–243. 342. Lall, Somik, Sanjoy Chakravorty, and Jun Koo. 2005. “Do Localization Economies Matter in Cluster Formation? Questioning the Conventional Wisdom with Data from Indian Metropolises.” Environment and Planning A 37: 331–353. 343. Lall, Somik, and Sanjoy Chakravorty. 2005. “Industrial Location and Spatial Inequality: Theory and Evidence from India.” Review of Development Economics 9: 47–68. 344. Wang, Hua, and David Wheeler. 2005. “Financial Incentives and Endogenous En- forcement in China’s Pollution Levy System.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 49: 174–196. 345. Wang, Hua, and Dale Whittington. 2005. “Measuring Individuals’ Valuation Distribu- tions Using a Stochastic Payment Card Approach.” Ecological Economics 55: 143–154

Forthcoming

346. Balk, Deborah, Uwe Deichmann, Gregory Yetman, Francesca Pozzi, Simon Hay and Andrew Nelson. “Determining Global Population Distribution: Methods, Applications and Data.” Advances in Parasitology 62. 347. Dasgupta, Susmita, Kirk Hamilton*, Kiran Pandey*, and David Wheeler. “Environment During Growth: Accounting for Governance and Vulnerability.” World Development. 348. Dasgupta, Susmita, Jong Ho Hong, Benoit Laplante and Nlandu Mamingi. “Disclosure of Environmental Violations and Stock Market in the Republic of Korea.” Ecological Economics. 349. Lall, Somik. “Infrastructure and Regional Growth: Growth Dynamics and Policy Rel- evance for India.” Annals of Regional Science.

43 350. Lall, Somik, Uwe Deichmann, and Ajay Suri. “Household Savings and Residential Mobility in Informal Settlements.” Urban Studies. 351. Lecocq, Franck Michel. 2005. “Les marchés du carbone dans le monde.”Revue d’Economie Financière. 352. Wheeler, David. “Trade and the Environment: Theory and Evidence: Review.” Eco- nomic Development and Cultural Change 54(2).

Book/Special Journal Issues

353. Chakravorty, Sanjoy, and Somik Lall. Made in India: The Economic Geography and Political Economy of Manufacturing. Oxford University Press. Forthcoming.

Chapters in Books

354. Chomitz, Kenneth. 2005. “Políticas de desenvolvimento para um espaço heterogêneo.” In João Paulo dos Reis Velloso, coord., O Desafio da China e da Índia: A Resposta do Brasil, Editora José Olympio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. [Also published as “Development Policy for a Heterogeneous Space.” In João Paulo dos Reis Velloso, eds., Estratégias para o Nordeste e a Amazônia (Cadernos Fórum Nacional 2). Instituto Nacional de Altos Estudos.] 355. Cropper, Maureen, and Alejandra Palma. 2005. “Estimating Health Impacts.” In Kulsum Ahmed, Yewande Awe, Douglas F. Barnes, Maureen L. Cropper, and Masami Kojima eds., Environmental Health and Traditional Fuel Use in Guatemala. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 356. Dasgupta, Susmita, Hua Wang, and David Wheeler. 2005. “Disclosure Strategies for Pollution Control.” International Yearbook of Environmental and Resource Economics 10: 1. 357. Dasgupta, Susmita, Benoit Laplante, Hua Wang, and David Wheeler. 2005. “Con- fronting the Environmental Kuznets Curve.” In Robert N. Stavins, eds., Economics of the Environment: Selected Readings (Fifth Edition).W. W. Norton. 358. Lecocq, Franck Michel, and Jari Vayrynen*. 2005. “Track One JI and ‘Greening’ of AAUs: How Could It Work?” In David Freestone, Charlotte Streck, eds., Legal Aspects of Imple- menting the Kyoto Protocol. New York: Oxford University Press. 359. Lall, Somik. 2005. “What Explains Sub-National Disparities In Economic Performance? Theory and Policy Interventions.” In M. Fay, eds., Brazil – Economic Development at Sub National Level: What Works, What Doesn’t and Why? Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 360. Lall, Somik. 2005. “Industrial Location and Spatial Inequality: Theory and Evidence from India.” In Ravi Kanbur and Anthony Venables, eds., Spatial Disparities in Human Development: Perspectives from Asia .United Nations University. 361. Lall, Somik. 2005. “Subnational Perspective of the Investment Climate.” In World Bank, ed., Raising Investment in Indonesia: A Second Generation of Reforms. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

Forthcoming

362. Cropper, Maureen, C. Poulos, J. Lampietti, D. Whittington, and M. Haile. “The De- mand for Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets.” In J. Kahn and A. Alberini eds., The Hand- book of Contingent Valuation.

44 363. Lall, Somik. 2005. “Improving Lives of Slum Dwellers: Challenges and Strategies.” In N. Munier, ed., Handbook of Urban Sustainability. Springer-Verlag.

Outreach

364. Dasgupta, Susmita, Mainul Huq, M. Khaliquzzaman, Kiran Pandey*, and David Wheeler. 2005. “Indoor Air Quality for Poor Families: New Evidence from Bangladesh.” ESMAP Note, World Bank, March 2005. 365. Dilley, Maxx, Robert Chen, Uwe Deichmann, Art Lerner-Lam, and Margaret Arnold*. 2005. Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis. Disaster Risk Management Series. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

Working Papers

366. Chomitz, Kenneth, Piet Buys, T. S. Thomas. 2005. “Quantifying the Rural-Urban Gradient in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Policy Research Working Paper 3634. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 367. Chomitz, Kenneth, Daniel da Mata, Alexandre Ywata de Carvalho, and João Carlos Magalhães. 2005. “Spatial Dynamics of Labor Markets in Brazil.” Policy Research Work- ing Paper 3752. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 368. Chomitz, Kenneth, and Sheila Wertz-Kanounnikoff. 2005. “Measuring the Initial Impacts on Deforestation of Mato Grosso’s Program for Environmental Control.” Policy Research Working Paper 3762. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 369. Carvalho, Alexandre, Daniel da Mata, and Kenneth Chomitz. 2005. “Estimation of Multi-Equation Cross-Section Models in the Presence of Spatial Autocorrelation.” IPEA Working Paper 1111. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasilia, Brazil. 370. Douglas, Ellen M., Kate Sebastian, Charles J. Vörösmarty, Stanley Wood and Kenneth Chomitz. 2005. “The Role of Tropical Forests in Supporting Biodiversity and Hydrological Integrity: A Synoptic Overview.” Policy Working Paper 3635. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 371. Cropper, Maureen, Judy Baker*, Rakhi Basu*, Somik Lall, and Akie Takeuchi. 2005. “Urban Poverty and Transport: The Case of Mumbai.” Policy Research Working Paper 3924. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 372. Cropper, Maureen, Ahmed Mobarak, and Andrew Rajkumar*. 2005. “The Political Economy of Health Services Provision and Access in Brazil.” Policy Research Working Paper 3508. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 373. Cropper, Maureen, and Elizabeth Kopits. 2005. “Why Have Traffic Fatalities Declined in Industrialized Countries?” Policy Research Working Paper 3678. World Bank, Washing- ton, D.C. 374. Dasgupta, Susmita, Craig Meisner, and David Wheeler. 2005. “Pesticide Poisoning of Farm Workers: Implications of Blood Test Results from Vietnam.” Policy Research Working Paper 3624. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 375. Dasgupta, Susmita, Craig Meisner, and Mainul Huq. 2005. “Health Effects and Pesticide Perception as Determinants of Pesticide Use: Evidence from Bangladesh.” Policy Research Working Paper 3776. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

45 376. Dasgupta, Susmita, Craig Meisner, and Nlandu Mamingi. 2005. “Pesticide Traders Perception of Health Risks: Evidence from Bangladesh.” Policy Research Working Paper 3777. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 377. Deichmann, Uwe, Kai Kaiser*, Somik Lall, and Zmarak Shalizi. 2005. “Agglomera- tion, Transport and Regional Development in Indonesia.” Policy Research Working Paper 3477. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 378. Lall, Somik, Uwe Deichmann, and Ajay Suri. 2005. “Household Savings and Residen- tial Mobility in Informal Settlements.” Policy Research Working Paper 3596. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 379. Lall, Somik. 2005. “Agglomeration, Transport and Regional Development in Indonesia.” Policy Research Working Paper 3477. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 380. Lall, Somik, Da Mata, Daniel, Uwe Deichmann, Vernon Henderson, and Hyoung Gun Wang. 2005. “Examining the Growth Patterns of Brazilian Cities.” Policy Research Work- ing Paper 3724. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 381. Lall, Somik, Da Mata, Daniel, Uwe Deichmann, Vernon Henderson, and Hyoung Gun Wang. 2005. “Examining the Growth Patterns of Brazilian Cities.” IPEA Texto Para Discussão 1112. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasilia, Brazil. 219. Lall, Somik, and Taye Mengistae. 2005. “The Impact of Business Environment and Economic Geography on Plant Level Productivity: An Analysis of Indian Industry.” Policy Research Working Paper 3664. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 220. Lall, Somik, and Taye Mengistae. 2005. “Business Environment, Clustering and Industry Location: Evidence from Indian Cities.” Policy Research Working Paper 3675. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 382. Lall, Somik, Da Mata, Daniel, Uwe Deichmann, Vernon Henderson, and Hyoung Gun Wang. 2005. “Determinants of City Growth in Brazil.” Policy Research Working Paper 3723. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 383. Lall, Somik, Da Mata, Daniel, Uwe Deichmann, Vernon Henderson, and Hyoung Gun Wang. 2005. “Determinants of City Growth in Brazil.” NBER Working Paper 11585. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass. 384. Smith, David, Mead Over, and Ramanan Laxminarayan 2005. “Will a Global Subsidy of Artemisinin-Based Combination Treatment (ACT) for Malaria Delay the Emergence of Resistance and Save Lives?” Policy Research Working Paper 3670. World Bank, Washing- ton, D.C. 385. Wang, Hua, Mary Lovely, and Judith Dean. 2005. “Are Foreign Investors Attracted to Weak Environmental Regulations? Evaluating the Evidence from China.” Policy Research Working Paper 3505. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 386. Wang, Hua, Craig Meisner, and Benoit Laplante. 2005. “Environment as Cultural Heritage: The Armenian Diaspora’s Willingness-to-Pay to Protect Armenia’s Lake Sevan.” Policy Research Working Paper 3510. World Bank, Development Research Group, Wash- ington, D.C.

46 Poverty

Journal Articles

387. Beegle, Kathleen, Martha Ainsworth*, and G. Koda. 2005. “The Impact of Adult Mor- tality and Parental Deaths on Schooling in Northwestern Tanzania.” Journal of Develop- ment Studies 41: 412–439. 388. Beegle, Kathleen. 2005. “Labor Effects of Adult Mortality in Tanzanian Households.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 53(3): 655–683. 389. Besley, Tim, Rohini Pande, and Vijayendra Rao. 2005. “Participatory Democracy in Action: Survey Evidence from South India.” Journal of the European Economic Associa- tion 3: 648–657. 232. Das, Jishnu, Quy-Toan Do, and Berk Ozler. 2005. “A Reassessment of Conditional Cash Transfers.” World Bank Research Observer 20: 57–80. 390. Demombynes, Gabriel*, and Berk Ozler. 2005. “Crime and Local Inequality in South Africa.” Journal of Development Economics 72: 265–292. 391. Galasso, Emanuela, and Martin Ravallion. 2005. “Decentralized Targeting of an Anti-Poverty Program.” Journal of Public Economics 89: 705–722. 392. Isham, Jonathan, Michael Woolcock, Lant Pritchett, and Gwen Busby. 2005. “The Varieties of Resource Experience: How Natural Resource Export Structures Affect the Political Economy of Economic Growth.” World Bank Economic Review 19(2): 141–174. 393. Lanjouw, Peter, Chris Elbers, and Jean O. Lanjouw. 2005. “Using Imputed Welfare Estimates in Regression Analysis.” Journal of Economic Geography 5: 101–118. 394. Lokshin, Michael. 2005. “Distributional and Welfare Implications of the Military Draft: Micro-Level Evidence from Russia.” Voprosy Economiki (in Russian) 1: 87–103. 395. Lokshin, Michael. 2005. “Evaluating the Impact of Infrastructure Rehabilitation Inter- ventions on Household Welfare in Georgia.” World Bank Economic Review 19: 311–333. 396. Lokshin, Michael. 2005. “Women’s Labour Force Participation and Child Care in Ro- mania.” Journal of Development Studies, 42: 90–109. 397. Lokshin, Michael, and Martin Ravallion. 2005. “Rich and Powerful? Subjective Power and Welfare in Russia.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 56(2): 141–195. 236. Lokshin, Michael, Monica Das Gupta, and Oleksiy Ivaschenko*. 2005. “Improving Child Nutrition? The Integrated Child Development Services in India.” Development and Change 36(4): 613–640. 398. Lokshin, Michael, and Ruslan G. Yemtsov*. 2005. “Who Bears the Cost of Russia’s Military Draft?” Beyond Transition 15(1): 22–23. 399. Milanovic, Branko. 2005. “Globalization and Goals: Does Soccer Show the Way?” Review of International Political Economy 12: 829–850. 400. Milanovic, Branko. 2005. “Half a World: Regional Inequality in Five Great Federa- tions.” Journal of Asia Pacific Economy 10: 408–445.

47 401. Milanovic, Branko. 2005. “Can We Discern the Effect of Globalization on Income Distri- bution? Evidence from Household Surveys.” World Bank Economic Review 19: 21–44. 402. Murgai, Rinku, and Ravallion, Martin. 2005. “Employment Guarantee in Rural India: What Would it Cost and How Much Would it Reduce Poverty?” Economic and Political Weekly 2: 3450–3455. 403. Rao, Vijayendra, Tim Besley, and Rohini Pande. 2005. “Participatory Democracy in Action: Survey Evidence from Rural India.” Journal of the European Economic Associa- tion 3: 648–657. 404. Rao, Vijayendra, and Ana Maria Ibanez. 2005. “The Social Impact of Social Funds in Jamaica: A Participatory Econometric Analysis of Targeting, Collective Action and Partici- pation in Community-Driven Development.” Journal of Development Studies 41: 788– 838. 405. Ravallion, Martin, Emanuela Galasso, Teodoro Lazo, and Ernesto Philipp. 2005. “What Can Ex-Participants Reveal about a Program’s Impact?” Journal of Human Resources 40: 208–230. 406. Ravallion, Martin. 2005. “On Measuring Aggregate ‘Social Efficiency.’” Economic Development and Cultural Change 53: 273–292. 407. Ravallion, Martin. 2005. “A Poverty-Inequality Trade-Off?” Journal of Economic Inequality 3: 169–181. 408. Ravallion, Martin, and Shaohua Chen. 2005. “Hidden Impact: Household Saving in Response to a Poor-Area Development Program.” Journal of Public Economics 2: 135– 157.

Forthcoming

409. Azzarri, Carlo, Gero Carletto, Benjamin Davis and Alberto Zezza. “Monitoring Poverty Without Consumption Data: An Application Using the Albania Panel Survey.” Eastern European Economics 44(1, January-February): 59–82, 2006. 410. Beegle, Kathleen, R. Dehejia, and Roberta Gatti. “Child Labor and Agricultural Shocks.” Journal of Development Economics. 411. Carletto, Gero, Benjamin Davis, Marco Stampini and Alberto Zezza. “A Country on the Move: Internal Mobility and International Migration in Post-Communist Albania.” Inter- national Migration Review. 412. Carletto, Gero, and Alberto Zezza. “Being Poor, Feeling Poorer: Combining Objective and Subjective Measures of Welfare in Albania.” Journal of Development Studies. 413. Easterly, William, Jozef Ritzen, and Michael Woolcock. “Social Cohesion, Institutions, and Growth.” Economics and Politics. 414. Gradstein, Mark, Branko Milanovic, and Yvonne Ying. “Democracy, Ideology, and Income Inequality.” Journal of Development Studies. 415. Jha, Saumitra, Vijayendra Rao, and Michael Woolcock. “Governance in the Gullies: Democratic Responsiveness and Leadership in Delhi’s Slums.” World Development. 416. Korinek, Anton, Johan Mistiaen*, and Martin Ravallion. “An Econometric Method of Correcting for Unit Nonresponse Bias in Surveys.” Journal of Econometrics. 417. Korinek, Anton, Johan Mistiaen*, and Martin Ravallion. “Survey Nonresponse and the Distribution of Income.” Journal of Economic Inequality.

48 418. Lokshin, Michael, N. Umapathi, and S. Paternostro*. “Robustness of Subjective Welfare Analysis in a Poor Developing Country: Madagascar 2001.” Journal of Development Studies. 419. Mesnard, Alice, and Martin Ravallion. “The Wealth Effect on New Business Startups in a Developing Economy.” Economica. 420. Milanovic, Branko. “Inequality and Determinants of Earnings in Malaysia, 1984–1989.” Journal of Asian Economics. 421. Milanovic, Branko. “An Estimate of Average Income and Inequality in Byzantium Around Year 1000.” Review of Income and Wealth. 422. Milanovic, Branko. “Global Income Inequality: What It Is and Why It Matters?” World Economics. 423. Milanovic, Branko. “Economic Integration and Income Convergence: Not Such a Strong Link?” Review of Economics and Statistics. 424. Ravallion, Martin. “Looking Beyond Averages in the Trade and Poverty Debate.” World Development (lead article in special issue on Globalization and Poverty). 425. Ravallion, Martin, and Shaohua Chen. “China’s (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty.” Journal of Development Economics. 426. Ravallion, Martin, and Dominique van de Walle. “Creating a Market: Land Reallo- cation in Vietnam’s Agrarian Transition.” The Economic Journal. 427. Woolcock, Michael. “Higher Education, Policy Schools, and International Development Studies: What Should Masters Degree Students Be Taught?” Journal of International Development. 428. Zezza, Alberto, Gero Carletto, and Benjamin Davis. “Moving Away from Poverty: A Spatial Analysis of Poverty and Migration in Albania.” Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkan Studies.

Books/Journal Special Issues

429. Bourguignon, Francois*, Francisco Ferreira, and Nora Lustig. 2005. The Microeconomics of Income Distribution Dynamics in East Asia and Latin America. Oxford University Press. 430. Ferreira, Francisco (Co-Director), Michael Walton (Co-Director), Abhijit Banerjee, Peter Lanjouw, Marta Menéndez, Tamar Manuelyan Atinc*, Berk Ozler, Giovanna Prennushi*, Vijayendra Rao, James Robinson, Michael Woolcock, with assistance from Shaohua Chen, Prem Sangraula, Martin Ravallion and others. 2005. Equity and Development: World Development Report 2005/06. Oxford University Press for the World Bank. 431. Gacitúa Marió, Estanislao, and Michael Woolcock, eds. Social Exclusion and Mobility in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: IPEA. 432. Milanovic, Branko. 2005. Worlds Apart: Measuring International and Global Inequal- ity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 433. Bebbington, Anthony, Michael Woolcock, Scott Guggenheim*, and Elizabeth Olson. The Search for Empowerment: Social Capital as Idea and Practice at the World Bank Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.

49 Chapters in Books

434. Elbers, Chris, Peter Lanjouw, Johan Mistiaen*, Berk Ozler, and Ken Simler. 2005. “Are Neighbours Equal? Estimating Local Inequality in Three Developing Countries.” In Ravi Kanbur and Anthony J. Venables, eds., Spatial Inequality and Development. Oxford University Press. 435. Friedman, Jed. 2005. “Measuring Poverty Change in Indonesia, 1984–1999: How Responsive is Poverty to Growth?” In Ravi Kanbur, Anthony Venables, eds., Spatial Inequality and Development. Oxford University Press. 436. Gacitua-Mario, Estanislao*, and Michael Woolcock. 2005. “Assessing Social Exclusion and Mobility in Brazil.” In Estanislao Gacitua-Mario and Michael Woolcock, eds., Social Exclusion and Mobility in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: IPEA. 437. Kozel, Valerie*, Gaurav Datt*, and Ravallion, Martin. 2005. “A Model-Based Assess- ment of India’s Progress in Reducing Poverty.” In Angus Deacon, ed., The Great India Poverty Debate. Macmillan. 438. Lokshin, Michael, and Martin Ravallion. 2005. “Self-Rated Power and Welfare in Russia.” In Deepa Narayan, ed., Measuring Empowerment: Cross-Disciplinary Perspec- tives., Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 439. Ravallion, Martin. 2005. “Externalities in Rural Development: Evidence for China.” In Ravi Kanbur and Anthony Venables, eds., Spatial Inequality and Development. Oxford University Press. 440. Ravallion, Martin. 2005. “Transfers and Safety Nets in Poor Countries: Revisiting the Trade-Offs and Policy Options.” In Abhijit Banerjee, Roland Benabou and Dilip Mookerjee, eds., Poverty and Development. Oxford University Press. 441. Ravallion, Martin. 2005. “Randomized Trials of Development Policies and Projects: Comments.” In G. Pitman, O. Feinstein and G. Ingram, eds., Evaluating Development Effectiveness. London: Transaction Publishers. 442. Ravallion, Martin, and Michael Lokshin. 2005. “On the Consistency of Poverty Lines.” In Alain de Janvry and Ravi Kanbur, eds., Poverty, Inequality and Development: Essays in Honor of Erik Thorbecke. Kluwer Academic Publisher. 443. Ravallion, Martin, and Quentin Wodon. 2005. “Does Child Labor Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioral Responses to an Enrolment Subsidy.” In Clive Belfield, ed., Mod- ern Classics in the Economics of Education. Edward Elgar. 444. Scott, Kinnon, Diane Steele, and Tilahun Temesgen*. 2005. “Living Standards Mea- surement Study Surveys.” In United Nations, eds., An Analysis of Operating Characteris- tics of Surveys in Developing and Transition Countries: Survey Costs, Design Effects and Non-Sampling Errors. United Nations. 445. Woolcock, Michael. 2005. “Calling on Friends and Relatives: Social Capital.” In Marianne Fay, ed., The Urban Poor in Latin America. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

Forthcoming

446. Bundy, D., S. Shaeffer, M. Jukes, K. Beegle, A. Gillespie, L. Drake, S. Lee, A. Hoffman, J. Jones, A. Mitchell, C. Wright, D. Barcelona, B. Camara, C. Golmar, L. Savioli, and M. Sembene. “School-Based Health and Nutrition Programs.” In Dean T. Jamison, David B. Evans, George Alleyne, Prabhat Jha, Joel Breman, Anthony R. Measham, Mariam

50 Claeson, Anne Mills, Philip R. Musgrove, eds., Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd edition). Disease Control Priorities Project (DCPP), WHO, Fogarty Inter- national Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. 447. Demombynes, Gabriel* and Berk Ozler. “Crime and Local Inequality in South Africa.” In H. Bhorat and R. Kanbur, eds., Policy and Poverty in Post-Apartheid South Africa, Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa. 448. Ferreira, Francisco, Phillippe Leite, Luiz Pereira da Silva*, and Paulo Pichetti. “Can the Distributional Impacts of Macroeconomic Shocks be Predicted? A Comparison of the Performance of Macro-Micro Models with Historical Data for Brazil.” In Francois Bourguignon*, Luiz Pereira da Silva*, and Maurizio Bussolo, eds., The Impact of Eco- nomic Policies on Poverty and Income Distribution: Advanced Evaluation Techniques and Tools. Oxford. Oxford University Press. 449. Ferreira, Francisco, and Michael Walton*. “Inequality of Opportunity and Economic Development.” In G. Kochendorfer-Lucius and B. Pleskovic*, eds., Equity and Develop- ment. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 450. Gibson, Christopher, and Michael Woolcock. “Empowerment and Local Level Conflict Mediation in Indonesia.” In Ruth Alsop and Mette Bertelsen, eds., Empowerment in Practice: From Analysis to Implementation. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 451. Hoogeveen, Johannes*, and Berk Ozler. “Separate, Not Equal: Poverty and Inequality in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” In H. Bhorat and R. Kanbur, eds., Policy and Poverty in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa. 452. Hotez, P., D. Bundy, K. Beegle, A. Fenwick, L. Savioli, N. De Silva, S. Brooker, A. Montresor, D. Engels, L. Chitsulo, C. Michaud, L. Drake, J. Bethony, R. Correa-Oliveria, and X. Shuhua. 2004. “Helminth Infections: Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis.” In Dean T. Jamison, David B. Evans, George Alleyne, Prabhat Jha , Joel Breman, Anthony R. Measham, Mariam Claeson, Anne Mills, Philip R. Musgrove, eds., Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd edition). Disease Control Priorities Project (DCPP), WHO, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. 453. Lanjouw, Peter. “Small-Scale Industry, Poverty and the Environment.” In A. Blackman, ed., Small Firms and the Environment in Developing Countries: Collective Impact and Collective Action. Washington D.C.: Resources for the Future Press. 454. Migotto, Mauro, Benjamin Davis, Gero Carletto, and Kathleen Beegle. “Measuring Food Security Using Respondents’ Perception of Food Consumption Adequacy.” In B. Guha-Khasnobis, B. Davis and S. S. Archaya, eds., Issues in Food Security and Hunger. UNU/WIDER. 455. Milanovic, Branko. “Globalization and Inequality.” In David Held and Ayse Kaya, eds., Global Inequalities. Polity Press. 456. Ravallion, Martin. “Who is Protected? On the Incidence of Fiscal Adjustment.” In Ashoka Mody and Catherine Pattillo, eds., Macroeconomic Policies and Poverty Reduc- tion. Routledge. 457. Ravallion, Martin. “Looking Beyond Averages in the Trade and Poverty Debate.” In Machiko Nissanke and Erik Thorbecke, eds., The Impact Globalization on the World’s Poor. Palgrave Macmillan for WIDER/UNU. 458. Ravallion, Martin. “Poverty and Growth Revisited.” In David Clark, ed., The Elgar Companion to Development Studies. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 51 459. Ravallion, Martin. “Evaluating Anti-Poverty Programs.” In Robert E. Evenson and T. Paul Schultz, eds., Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Volume 4. Amsterdam: North- Holland. 460. Ravallion, Martin. “Poverty Alleviation Programs.” In Larry Blume and Steven Durlauf, eds., The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd edition. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 461. Ravallion, Martin. “Poverty Lines.” In Larry Blume and Steven Durlauf, eds., The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd edition. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 462. Ravallion, Martin, and Michael Lokshin. “Winners and Losers from Trade Reform in Morocco.” In Francois Bourguignon*, Luiz Pereira da Silva*, and Maurizio Bussolo, eds., The Impact of Economic Policies on Poverty and Income Distribution: Advanced Evalua- tion Techniques and Tools. Oxford University Press. 463. Woolcock, Michael. “Microfinance.” In David Clark, ed., Elgar Companion to Develop- ment Studies. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

Data Sets

464. Global Poverty Monitoring Database Now includes more than 600 income and expenditure distributions from household surveys since the early 1980s for 124 countries. The data are available at an external website (). This interactive website allows researchers to not only duplicate the Bank’s poverty estimates, but also to calculate their own measures. (Shaohua Chen and Prem Sangraula) Website: http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/jsp/index.jspeir own measures 465. Living Standards Measurement Survey (http://www.worldbank.org/lsms/) The following new household survey data sets were produced in 2005 with public domain access and full documentation: Albania Panel Survey, Malawi Second Integrated Household Survey, Encuesta de Niveles de Vida (Panama), Kagera Health and Development Survey (Tanzania), and the Uzbekistan Regional Panel Survey (Kathleen Beegle, Gero Carletto, Kinnon Scott, and Diane Steele) 466. Impact Evaluation Surveys Special purpose household surveys for Madagascar and Chile, designed for the purposes of program evaluations. (Emanuela Galasso)

Software

467. Lokshin, Michael. 2005. “PLREG Semi-Parametric Difference-based Estimation of Partial Linear Regression Models.” Stata ado-file with help and documentation. World Bank. Washington, D.C. [Available at http://econ.worldbank.org/programs/poverty/toolkit.] 468. Lokshin, Michael. 2005. “LOOKFOR_ALL Data Management Program to Work with Large Datasets.” Stata ado-file with help and documentation. World Bank, Washington, D.C. [Available at http://econ.worldbank.org/programs/poverty/toolkit.]

Outreach

469. Karla Hoff, Branko Milanovic, and Shale Horowitz. 2005. “Policy Alternation, Regardless of Ideology, Diminishes Influence Buying.” Carnegie Endowment Policy Outlook, January.

52 470. McNeil, Mary*, and Michael Woolcock. 2005. “A New Framework for Social Develop- ment.” Development Outreach 7(4): 28–30. 471. Milanovic, Branko. 2005. “An Inequality Tax” written for The Project Syndicate and carried in 12 newspapers in several countries. 472. Ravallion, Martin. 2005. “Looking Beyond Averages in the Debate on Trade and Pov- erty.” WIDER Angle Newsletter, No.2/2004. 473. Ravallion, Martin, and Shaohua Chen. 2005. “Poverty Reduction in China.” (In Chinese) Caijin Jan. 2005.

Working Papers

474. Azzarri, Carlo, Gero Carletto, Benjamin Davis, and Alberto Zezza. 2005. “Monitoring Poverty Without Consumption Data: An Application Using the Albania Panel Survey.” ESA Working Paper 05-01, Agricultural and Development Economics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome. 475. Beegle, Kathleen, Rajeev Dehejia, and Roberta Gatti. 2005. “Why Should We Care about Child Labor? The Education, Labor Market and Health Consequences of Child Labor.” Policy Research Working Paper 3479. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 476. Beegle, Kathleen, and David Newhouse. 2005. “The Effect of School Type on Academic Achievement: Evidence from Indonesia.” Policy Research Working Paper 3604. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 318. Das Gupta, Monica, Michael Lokshin, Michele Gragnolati, and Oleksiy Ivaschenko*. 2005. “Improving Child Nutrition Outcomes in India: Can the Integrated Child Develop- ment Services Program Be More Effective?” Policy Research Working Paper 3242. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 477. Elbers, Chris, Peter Lanjouw, Johan Mistiaen*, and Berk Ozler. 2005. “Re-Interpret- ing Sub-Group Inequality Decompositions.” Policy Research Working Paper 3687. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 478. Gibson, Christopher*, and Michael Woolcock. 2005. “Empowerment and Local Level Conflict Mediation in Indonesia: A Comparative Analysis of Concepts, Measures, and Project Efficacy.” Policy Research Working Paper 3713. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 479. Hoogeveen, Johannes G.*, and Berk Ozler. 2005. “Not Separate, Not Equal: Poverty and Inequality in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” William Davidson Institute Working Paper 739. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 480. Korinek, Anton, Johan Mistiaen*, and Martin Ravallion. 2005. “Survey Nonresponse and the Distribution of Income.” Policy Research Working Paper 3543. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 481. Korinek, Anton, Johan Mistiaen*, and Martin Ravallion. 2005. “An Econometric Method of Correcting for Unit Nonresponse Bias in Surveys.” Policy Research Working Paper 3711. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 482. Lewis, David, Dennis Rodgers, and Michael Woolcock. 2005. “The Fiction of Develop- ment: Literary Representation as an Authoritative Source of Knowledge.” Working Paper 05-61, Development Studies Institute, London School of Economics. 483. Lokshin, Michael. 2005. “Who Bears the Cost of Russia’s Military Draft.” Policy Re- search Working Paper 3547. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

53 484. Lokshin, Michael, and Martin Ravallion. 2005. “Lasting Local Impacts of an Economywide Crisis.” Policy Research Working Paper 3503. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 485. Lokshin, Michael. 2005. “Wage Differentials between the Public and Private Sector in India.” Policy Research Working Paper 3574. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 486. Milanovic, Branko, and Lyn Squire. 2005. “Does Tariff Liberalization Increase Wage Inequality? Some Empirical Evidence.” NBER Working Papers 11046. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass. 487. Milanovic, Branko, and Lyn Squire. 2005. “Does Tariff Liberalization Increase Wage Inequality?” Policy Research Working Paper 3571. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 488. Milanovic, Branko. 2005. “Half a World: Regional Inequality in Five Great Federa- tions.” Policy Research Working Paper 3699. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 489. Milanovic, Branko. 2005. “Why did the Poorest Countries Fail to Catch Up?” Carnegie Working Paper 62. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C. 490. Rao, Vijayendra. 2005. “Symbolic Public Goods and the Coordination of Collective Action: A Comparison of Local Development in India and Indonesia.” Policy Research Working Paper 3685. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 491. Rao, Vijayendra, Michael Woolcock, and Saumitra Jha. 2005. “Governance in the Gullies: Democratic Responsiveness and Leadership in Delhi’s Slums.” Policy Research Working Paper 3695. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 492. Ravallion, Martin. 2005. “Who Cares About Relative Deprivation?” Policy Research Working Paper 3782. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 493. Ravallion, Martin. 2005. “Inequality is Bad for the Poor.” Policy Research Working Paper 3677. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 494. Ravallion, Martin. 2005. “Is a Guaranteed Living Wage a Good Anti-Poverty Policy?” Policy Research Working Paper 3640. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 495. Ravallion, Martin. 2005. “Evaluating Anti-Poverty Programs.” Policy Research Work- ing Paper 3625. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 496. Ravallion, Martin. 2005. “On the Contribution of Demographic Change to Aggregate Poverty Measures for the Developing World.” Policy Research Working Paper 3580. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 497. Ravallion, Martin, and Michael Lokshin. 2005. “Searching for the Economic Gradi- ent in Self-Assessed Health.” Policy Research Working Paper 3698. World Bank, Washing- ton, D.C. 498. Ravallion, Martin, and Michael Lokshin. 2005. “Who Cares about Relative Depriva- tion?” Policy Research Working Paper 3782. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 499. Chen, Shaohua, Martin Ravallion, and Youjuan Wang. 2006. “Di Bao: A Guaranteed Minimum Income in China’s Cities?” Policy Research Working Paper 3805. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

54 Rural Development

Journal Articles

500. Boucher, Stephen, Bradford Barham and Michael R. Carter. 2005. “The Impact of Mar- ket-Friendly Reforms on Credit and Land Markets in Honduras and Nicaragua.” World Development & Cultural Change 33(1): 107–128. 501. Deininger, Klaus, and Paul Mpuga*. 2005. “Does Greater Accountability Improve the Quality of Public Service Delivery? Evidence from Uganda.” World Development 33(1): 171–191. 502. Deininger, Klaus, and Paul Mpuga*. 2005. “Economic and Welfare Impact of the Abolition of Health User Fees: Evidence from Uganda.” Journal of African Economies 14(1): 55–91. 503. Deininger, Klaus, and Songqing Jin. 2005. “The Potential of Land Rental Markets in the Process of Economic Development: Evidence from China.” Journal of Development Economics 78(1): 241–270. 504. Deininger, Klaus, Anja Crommelynck, and Gloria Kempaka. 2005. “Impact of AIDS on Family Composition, Welfare, and Investment: Evidence from Uganda.” Review of Development Economics 9(3): 303–324. 505. Diao, Xinshen, Terry Roe, and Rachid Doukkali. 2005. “Economy-wide Gains from Decentralized Water Allocation in Spatially Heterogeneous Agricultural Economy.” Envi- ronment and Development Economics 10(3): 241–248. 506. Fafchamps, Marcel, and Forhad Shilpi. 2005. “Cities and Specialization: Evidence from South Asia.” Economic Journal 115(503): 477–504. 507. Fafchamps, Marcel, Eleni Gabre-Madhin, and Bart Minten. 2005. “Increasing Returns and Market Efficiency in Agricultural Trade.” Journal of Development Economics 78(2): 406–442. 508. Jin, Songqing, Scott Rozelle, Julian Alston, and Jikun Huang. 2005. “Economies of Scale and Scope and the Economic Efficiency of China’s Agricultural Research System.” International Economic Review 46(3): 1033–1057. 509. Khandker, Shahidur. 2005. “Microfinance and Poverty: Evidence Using Panel Data from Bangladesh.” World Bank Economic Review 19(2): 263–286. 510. Lanjouw, Peter, and Yoko Kijima. 2005. “Economic Diversification and Poverty in Rural India.” Indian Journal of Labour Economics 48(2): 349–374. 511. Roe, Terry, Ariel Dinar, Yacov Tsur, and Xinshen Diao. 2005. “Feedback Links Between Economy-Wide and Farm-Level Policies: With Application to Irrigation Water Manage- ment in Morocco.” Journal of Policy Modeling 27(8): 905–928.

Forthcoming

512. Anderson, Jock, and Gershon Feder. “Agricultural Extension.” In Robert Evenson, Prabhu Pingali, and T. Paul Schultz, eds., Handbook of Agricultural Economics- 55 Agricultural Development: Farmers, Farm Production, and Markets,Volume 3A. Elsevier Science. 513. Deininger, Klaus, and Songqing Jin. “Tenure Security and Land-Related Investment: Evidence from Ethiopia.” European Economic Review. 514. Deininger, Klaus, and Raffaella Castagnini. “Incidence and Impact of Land Conflict in Uganda.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 515. Dinar, Ariel, and Rathinsamy Maria Saleth. “Can Water Institution be Cured? A Water Institutions Health Index, Water Science and Technology.” Water Supply Journal. 516. Feder, Gershon, and Sara Savastano. “The Role of Opinion Leaders in the Diffusion of New Knowledge: The Case of Integrated Pest Management.” World Development. 517. Mansuri, Ghazala. “Credit Layering in Rural Financial Markets.” Journal of Develop- ment Economics.

Books/Journal Special Issue

518. Saleth, Rathinasamy Maria, Ariel Dinar, and Madar Samad (eds.). 2005. “Water Institu- tional Reforms: National and Global Perspectives.” Water Policy 7(2): 140.

Chapters in Books

519. Das Gupta, Monica. 2005. “Strategies for Managing Household Resources in Rural India.” In Theo Engelen and Arthur Wolf, eds., Marriage and the Family in Eurasia. Aksant Academic Publishers. 520. Deininger, Klaus. 2005. “The Contribution of Land Policy to Economic Growth, Poverty Reduction, and Food Security” In Manfred Schulz and Uwe Kracht, eds., Food and Nutri- tion Security in the Process of Globalization. Spektrum 84, Berlin Series on Society, Economy and Politics in Developing Countries Muenster: Lit Publisher 521. Deininger, Klaus. 2005. “Analyzing the Distributional Impact of Reforms: A Practitioner’s Guide to Trade, Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy, Utility Provision, Agricultural Markets, Land Policy, and Education.” In A. Coudouel and S. Paternostro, eds., Land Policy Reforms. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 522. Deininger, Klaus, Songqing Jin, and S. Rozelle. 2005. “Rural Land and Labour Mar- kets in the Process of Economic Development: Evidence from China.” In B. Sonntag, J. Huang, S. Rozelle and J. H. Skerritt, eds., China’s Agricultural and Rural Development in the Early 21st Century. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Re- search. 523. Dinar, Ariel, and Rathinsamy Maria Saleth. 2005. “Issues in Water Pricing Reforms: From Getting Correct Prices to Setting Appropriate Institutions.” In Henk Folmer and Tom Tietenberg, eds., The International Yearbook of Environmental and Resource Eco- nomics 2005/2006. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 524. Dinar, Ariel, Stefano Moreti, Fioravante Patrone, and Stefano Zara. 2005. “Application of Stochastic Cooperative Game Theory in Water Resources.” In Renan-Ulrich Goetz and Dolors Braga, eds., New Frontiers in Water Resource Economics. New York: Springer. 525. Skees, Jerry, Donald Larson, Panayotis Varangis*, and Paul Siegel. 2005. “Can Finan- cial Markets Be Tapped to Help Poor People Cope with Weather Risks?” In Stefan Dercon, ed., Insurance against Poverty. Oxford University Press.

56 Forthcoming

526. Lanjouw, Peter. “Does the Rural Non-Farm Economy Contribute to Poverty Reduc- tion?” In Haggblade, S., Hazell, P. and Reardon, T., eds., Transforming the Rural Non- Farm Economy. Washington D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute. 527. Maria Saleth, Rathinsami, and Ariel Dinar. “Institutional Linkages, Transaction Costs, and Water Institutional Reforms: Analytical Approaches and Cross-Country Evidence.” In Michael Toman and Ramon Lopez, eds., Development and Sustainability. Oxford Univer- sity Press.

Working Papers

528. Johansson, Robert C. 2005. “Micro and Macro-Level Approaches for Assessing the Value of Irrigation Water.” Policy Research Working Paper 3778. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

57 Trade and International Integration

Journal Articles

529. Adams, Richard, and John Page*. 2005. “Do International Migration and Remittances Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries?” World Development 33(10), 1645–1669. 530. Anderson, Kym. 2005. “GM Food Crop Technology and Trade Measures: Some Implica- tions for Australia and New Zealand.” Australian Journal of Agricultural And Resource Economics 49: 263–281. 531. Anderson, Kym. 2005. “On Virtues of Multilateral Trade Negotiations.” Economic Record 81: 414–438. 532. Anderson, Kym. 2005. “Setting the Trade Policy Agenda: What Role for Economists.” Journal of World Trade 39: 341–381. 533. Anderson, Kym, and L. A. Jackson. 2005. “Some Implications of GM Food Technology Policies for Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of African Economies 14: 385–410. 534. Anderson, Kym, and L. A. Jackson. 2005. “What’s Behind GM Food Trade Disputes?” World Trade Review 4: 203–228. 535. Anderson, Kym, and William Martin. 2005. “Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda.” World Economy 28(9): 1301–1327. 536. Anderson, Kym, and William Martin. 2005. “Greater Market Access in Agriculture is the Key to Doha Success.” Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy 40: 308–311. 537. Arnold, Jens, and Katrin Hussinger. 2005. “Export Behavior and Firm Productivity in German Manufacturing. A firm-level analysis.” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv (Review of World Economics) 41:2. 538. Bown, Chad, and Bernard Hoekman. 2005. “WTO Dispute Settlement and the Missing Developing Country Cases: Engaging the Private Sector.” Journal of International Eco- nomic Law 9: 861–890. 539. Evenett, Simon, and Bernard Hoekman. 2005. “Government Procurement: Market Access, Transparency and Multilateral Trade Rules.” European Journal Of Political Economy 21: 163–183. 540. Javorcik, Beata Smarzynska, and Mariana Spatareanu. 2005. “Do Foreign Investors Care About Labor Market Regulations?” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, (Review of World Economics) 141(3): 375–403. 541. Fink, Carsten*, Aaditya Mattoo, and Ileana Cristina Neagu. 2005. “Assessing the Impact of Communication Costs on International Trade.” Journal of International Economics 67: 428–445. 542. Fink, Carsten*, and Beata Smarzynska Javorcik. 2005. “Income-Related Biases in International Trade: What Do Trademark Registration Data Tell Us?” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv (Review of World Economics) 141: 79–103. 543. Fink, Carsten*, and Beata Smarzynska Javorcik. 2005. “The Global Distribution of Trademarks: Some Stylized Facts.” The World Economy 28: 749–922. 58 544. Freund, Caroline. 2005. “Current Account Adjustment in Industrial Countries.” Jour- nal of International Money and Finance 24: 1278–1298. 5. Hertel, Thomas, and L. Alan Winters. 2005. “Estimating the Poverty Impacts of a Prospective Doha Development Agenda.” The World Economy 28(8):1057–1071.516. 545. Hertel, Thomas, J. Reimer, and Ernesto Valenzuela. 2005. “Incorporating Commod- ity Stockholding into a General Equilibrium Model of the Global Economy.” Economic Modelling 22: 646–664. 546. Hoekman, Bernard, and Richard Newfarmer*. 2005. “Preferential Trade Agreements, Investment Disciplines and Investment Flows.” Journal of World Trade 39: 949–973. 547. Hoekman, Bernard. 2005. “Operationalizing the Concept of Policy Space in the WTO: Beyond Special and Differential Treatment.” Journal of International Economic Law 8: 405–424. 548. Hoekman, Bernard, Keith Maskus, and Kamal Saggi. 2005. “Transfer of Technology to Developing Countries: Unilateral and Multilateral Policy Options.” World Development 33: 1587–1602. 549. Hoekman, Bernard. 2005 “Expanding WTO Membership and Heterogeneous Inter- ests.” World Trade Review 4(3): 401–409. 550. Kee, Hiau Looi, and Hian Teck Hoon. 2005. “Trade, Capital Accumulation and Struc- tural Unemployment: An Empirical Study of the Singapore Economy.” Journal of Devel- opment Economics 77: 125–152. 551. Kee, Hiau Looi. 2005. “Productivity or Endowment? Sectoral Evidence of Hong Kong’s Aggregate Growth.” Asian Economic Journal 19: 51–81. 552. Lederman, Daniel. 2005. “Income, Wealth, and Socialization in Argentina.” Cuadernos De Economia 42: 3–30. 553. Lederman, Daniel, Norman Loayza, and Rodrigo Soares. 2005. “Corruption and Accountability: Political Institutions Matter.” Economics and Politics 17(1): 1–35. 554. Mattoo, Aaditya. 2005. “Services in a Development Round: Three Goals and Three Proposals.” Journal of World Trade 39: 1223–1238. 555. Ng, Francis, and Bartlomiej Kaminski. 2005. “Production Disintegration and Integration of Central Europe into Global Markets.” International Review Of Economics and Finance 14: 377–390. 556. Olarreaga, Marcelo, and Caglar Ozden. 2005. “AGOA and Apparel: Who Captures the Tariff Rent in the Presence of Preferential Market Access?” World Economy 28: 63–85. 557. Olarreaga, Marcelo, Maurice Schiff, and Oliver Lumenga-Neso. 2005. “On-Indirect Trade-Related R&D Spillovers.” European Economic Review 49(7): 1785–1798. 558. Ozden, Caglar, and Eric Reinhardt. 2005. “The Perversity of Preferences: GSP and Developing Country Trade Policies, 1976–2000.” Journal of Development Economics 78: 1–21. 559. Ozden, Caglar. 2005. “International Dimensions of Competition Policies.” Revue Economique 56: 1413–1442. 560. Porto, Guido. 2005. “Informal Export Barriers and Poverty.” Journal of International Economics 6: 447–470. 561. Tarr, David, James Markusen, and Thomas Rutherford. 2005. “Trade and Direct In- vestment in Producer Services and the Domestic Market for Expertise.” Canadian Journal of Economics 38: 758–777.

59 Forthcoming

562. Eschenbach, Felix, and Bernard Hoekman. “Services Policy Reform and Economic Growth in Transition Economies, 1990–2004.” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv. 563. Feenstra, Robert, and Hiau Looi Kee. “Trade Liberalization and Export Variety: A Comparison of Mexico and China.” The World Economy. 564. Gawande, Kishore, and Bernard Hoekman. “Lobbying and U.S. Agricultural Policy.” International Organization. 565. Hoekman, Bernard, and Kamal Saggi. “Tariff Bindings and Bilateral Cooperation on Export Cartels.” Journal of Development Economics. 566. Kee, Hiau Looi, Marcelo Olarreaga, and Peri Silva. “Market Access for Sale.” Journal of Development Economics. 567. Mattoo, Aaditya, Randeep Rathindran, and Arvind Subramanian. “Measuring Services Trade Liberalization and its Impact on Economic Growth: An Illustration.” Journal of Economic Integration. 568. Olarreaga, Marcelo, Eugenia Baroncelli, and Ekaterina Krivonos. “Trademark Protec- tion or Protectionism?” Review of International Economics. 569. Porto, Guido. “Using Survey Data To Assess the Distributional Effects of Trade Policy.” Journal of International Economics. 570. Schiff, Maurice, and Yanling Wang. “North-South Technology Diffusion, Regional Integration, and the Dynamics of the “Natural Trading Partners’ Hypothesis.” Journal of Development Studies. 571. Schiff, Maurice, and Mark Gradstein. “The Political Economy of Social Exclusion and Implications for Immigration Policy.” Journal of Population Economics. 572. Schiff, Maurice, and Yanling Wang. “North-South and South-South Trade-Related Technology Diffusion: An Industry-Level Analysis.” Canadian Journal of Economics. 573. Tarr, David, Jesper Jensen, and Thomas Rutherford. “The Impact of Liberalizing Barriers to Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Russian Accession to the World Trade Organization.” Review of Development Economics. 574. Tarr, David, Jesper Jensen, and Thomas Rutherford. “Telecommunications Reform within Russia’s Accession to the WTO.” Eastern European Economics.

Books/Journal Special Issues

575. Anderson, Kym, and Tim Josling, eds. 2005. The WTO and Agriculture (Two volumes). Edward Elgar. 576. Anderson, Kym, and William Martin, eds. 2005. Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 577. Evenett, Simon, and Bernard Hoekman, eds. 2005. Economic Development and Multi- lateral Trade Cooperation. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 9. Hertel, Thomas, and L. Alan Winters. 2005. Poverty and the WTO: Impacts of the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom.

60 578. Hoekman, Bernard, and Subidey Togan, eds. 2005. Turkey: Economic Reform and Accession to the European Union. A co-publication of the World Bank and the Centre for Economic Policy Research, Washington, D.C. 579. Lederman, Daniel. 2005. The Political Economy of Protection: Theory and the Chilean Experience. Stanford University Press. 580. Lederman, Daniel, William Maloney*, and Luis Serven. 2005. Lessons from NAFTA for Latin America and the Caribbean. Stanford University Press. 581. Ozden, Caglar, and Maurice Schiff, eds. 2005. International Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 582. Tarr, David, ed. 2005. Trade Policy and WTO Accession for Development in Russia and the CIS: A Handbook. Ves Mir. (in Russian).

Forthcoming

583. Anderson, Kym, and Bernard Hoekman, eds. The WTO’s Core Rules and Disciplines: Critical Perspectives on the Global Trading System. Edward Elgar 584. Evenett, Simon, and Bernard Hoekman, eds. Government Procurement and the WTO. Edward Elgar 585. Hoekman, Bernard, and Caglar Ozden, eds. Trade Preferences and the Trading System. Edward Elgar. 586. Hoekman, Bernard, and Marcelo Olarreaga, eds. Global Trade Liberalization and Poor Countries: Poverty Impacts and Policy Implications. Paris: Institut d’Etudes Politiques and Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. 587. Hoekman, Bernard, and Beata Smarzynska Javorcik, eds. Global Integration and Technology Transfer. Palgrave Macmillan and World Bank.

Chapter in Books

588. Adams Jr., Richard. 2005. “Remittances, Poverty and Investment in Guatemala.” In Caglar Ozden and Maurice Schiff, eds. International Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom.. 589. Adams Jr., Richard, and John Page*. 2005. “The Impact of International Migration and Remittances on Poverty.” In Samuel Maimbo, Dilip Ratha*, eds., Remittances: Development Impact and Future Prospects. Washington, D.C.:World Bank. 590. Anderson, Kym. 2005. “Agriculture.” In P. F. J. Macrory, A. E. Appleton, and M. G. Plummer, eds., The World Trade Organization: Legal Economic and Political Analysis. Springer. 591. Anderson, Kym. 2005. “Agricultural Trade Reform and Poverty Reduction in Develop- ing Countries.” In S. Jayasuriya, eds., Trade Policy Reforms and Development—Essays in Honour of Peter Lloyd Volume II. Edward Elgar. 592. Anderson, Kym, and William Martin. 2005. “Agriculture: The Key to Success of the Doha Round” In Richard Newfarmer*, ed., Trade, Doha, and Development: A Window into the Issues. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

61 593. Anderson, Kym, and William Martin, and D. van der Mensbrugghe*. 2005. “Market and Welfare Implications of the Doha Reform Scenarios” In Kym Anderson and William Martin, eds., Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 594. Anderson, Kym, and William Martin. 2005. “Scenarios for Global Trade Reform.” In Thomas Hertel and L. Alan Winters, eds., Poverty & the WTO: Impacts of the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 595. Anderson, Kym, and William Martin. 2005. “Agriculture, Trade Reform, and the Doha Agenda.” In Kym Anderson and William Martin, eds., Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Wash- ington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom 596. Anderson, Kym, H. de Gorter and W. Martin. 2005. “Market Access Barriers in Agri- culture and Options for Reform.” In Richard Newfarmer*, ed., Trade, Doha, and Develop- ment: A Window into the Issues. Washington, D.C.:World Bank. 597. Anderson, Kym, William Martin, and D. van der Mensbrugghe*. 2005. “Doha Poli- cies: Where are the Pay-offs?” In Richard Newfarmer*, ed., Trade, Doha and Develop- ment: A Window into the Issues. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 598. Chelaraj, Gnanaraj, Keith Maskus, and Aaditya Mattoo. 2005. “Skilled Immigrants, Higher Education, and U.S. Innovation.” In Caglar Ozden and Maurice Schiff, eds., International Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 599. Francois, Joseph, William Martin, and Vlad Manole. 2005. “Formula Approaches to Liberalizing Trade in Goods: Efficiency and Market Access Considerations.” In Simon Evenett and Bernard Hoekman, eds., Economic Development and Multilateral Trade Cooperation. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 600. Hertel, Thomas, and Roman Keeney. 2005. “What is at Stake: The Relative Importance of Import Barriers, Export Subsidies, and Domestic Support.” In Kym Anderson and William Martin, eds., Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 601. Hertel, Thomas, and L. Alan Winters. 2005. “Poverty Impacts of a WTO Agreement: Synthesis and Overview.” In Thomas Hertel and L. Alan Winters, eds., Poverty & the WTO: Impacts of the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 602. Hertel, Thomas, and Maros Ivanic. 2005. “Assessing the World Market Impacts of Multilateral Trade Reforms.” In Thomas Hertel and L. Alan Winters, eds., Poverty & the WTO: Impacts of the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 603. Hoekman, Bernard. 2005. “The International Trade Order: Cooperation for Economic Development.” In Christopher Findlay, ed., Reshaping the Asia-Pacific Economic Order. Routledge. 604. Hoekman, Bernard. 2005. “More Favorable Treatment of Developing Countries: Ways Forward.” In Richard Newfarmer*, ed., Trade, Doha, and Development: A Window into the Issues. Washington, D.C. World Bank.

62 605. Hoekman, Bernard, and Denise Konan. 2005. “Economic Implications of an Egypt-US FTA.” In A. Galal*, R. Lawrence, eds., Anchoring Reform With a US-Egypt Free Trade Agreement. Policy Analyses In International Economics 74. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics. 606. Hoekman, Bernard, and Marcelo Olarreaga. 2005. “Global Trade Liberalization and Poor Countries: Poverty Impacts and Policy Implications.” In Delivering on the WTO Round: A High-Level Government Business Dialogue. Studies in Trade and Investment 56, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. New York: United Nations. 607. Hoekman, Bernard, and Patrick Messerlin. 2005. “Removing the Exception of Export Subsidies.” In Kym Anderson and William Martin, eds., Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 608. Hoekman, Bernard, and Kamal Saggi. 2005. “International Cooperation on Domestic Policies: Lessons from the WTO Competition Policy Debate.” In Simon Evenett and Bernard Hoekman, eds., Economic Development and Multilateral Trade Cooperation. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 609. Hoekman, Bernard, Will Martin and Carlos Primo Braga. 2005. “Preference Erosion: The Terms of the Debate.” In Richard Newfarmer*, ed., Trade, Doha, and Development: A Window into the Issues. Washington, D.C.:World Bank. 610. Ivanic, Maros. 2005. “The Effects of a Prospective Multilateral Trade Reform on Poverty in Developing Countries.” In Thomas Hertel and L. Alan Winters, eds., Poverty & the WTO: Impacts of the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 611. Javorcik, Beata Smarzynska. 2005. “Composition of Foreign Direct Investment and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in Transition Economies.” In Keith Maskus and Carsten Fink*, eds., Empirical Investigations on the Effects of Intellectual Property Protection on Market Structure, Trade and Foreign Direct Investment. Oxford University Press. 612. Javorcik, Beata Smarzynska, and Chorching Goh. 2005. “Trade Protection and Industry Wage Structure in Poland.” In A. Harrison, eds., Globalization and Poverty. Chicago: University Chicago Press for the NBER. 613. Javorcik, Beata Smarzynska, and Mariana Spatareanu. 2005. “Disentangling FDI Spillover Effects: What Do Firm Perceptions Tell Us?.” In M. Blomstrom, E. Graham, and T. Moran, eds., The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Development: New Mea- sures, New Outcomes, New Policy Approaches. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Interna- tional Economics. 614. Kee, Hiau Looi. 2005. “Firm Performance in the Services Sector.” In Malaysia: Firm Competitiveness, Investment Climate, and Growth. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 615. Lederman, Daniel, William Maloney*, and Luis Serven. 2005. “NAFTA at 10 Years: Lessons for Development.” In Richard Newfarmer*, ed., Trade, Doha, and Development: A Window into the Issues. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 616. Martin, William. 2005. “Scenarios for Global Trade Reform.” In Thomas Hertel and L. Alan Winters, eds., Poverty and the WTO: Impacts of the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom.

63 617. Martin, William. 2005. “Agricultural Trade Reform, and the Doha Agenda.” In Kym Anderson and William Martin, eds., Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Devel- opment Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 618. Martin, William, and Maros Ivanic. 2005. “Market Access for Non-agricultural Products: In Search of a Formula.” In Richard Newfarmer*, ed., Trade, Doha, and Devel- opment: A Window into the Issues. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 619. Mattoo, Aaditya. 2005. “Services in a Development Round: Proposals for Overcoming Intertia.” In Richard Newfarmer*, ed., Trade, Doha, and Development: A Window into the Issues. Washington, D.C.:World Bank. 620. Nicita, Alessandro. 2005. “Multilateral Trade Liberalization and Mexican Households: The Effect of the Doha Development Agenda.” In Thomas Hertel and L. Alan Win- ters, eds., Poverty & the WTO: Impacts of the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 621. Nicita, Alessandro. 2005. “Trade policy reforms (2005).” In Aline Coudouel* and Stefano Paternostro*, eds., Analyzing the Distributional Impact of Reforms, Volume Two : A Practitioners’ Guide: Health, Taxation, Labor Markets, Pensions, the Transport Sec- tor, Decentralization, and Public Sector Retrenchment. Washington, D.C: World Bank. 622. Nicita, Alessandro, Bernard Hoekman, and Marcelo Olarreaga. 2005. “Estimat- ing the effect of global trade reforms (2005).” In Bernard Hoekman and Marcelo Olarreaga, eds. Doha and Poverty in Low Income Countries. Yale University Press. 13. Niimi, Yoko, P. Vasudeva-Dutta, and L. Alan Winters. 2005. “Linking Trade Liberalisation and Poverty: an Illustration from Vietnam in the 1990s.” In Maurizio Bussolo* and J. I. Round, eds., Globalisation and Poverty: Channels and Policy Re- sponses. London: Routledge. 623. Ozden, Caglar, and Eric Reinhardt. 2005. “Unilateral Preference Programs: The Evi- dence.” In Simon Evenett and Bernard Hoekman, eds., Economic Development and Multilateral Trade Cooperation. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 624. Ozden, Caglar. 2005. “Educated Migrants: Is There Brain Waste?” In Caglar Ozden, Maurice Schiff, eds., International Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain. A co- publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United King- dom. 625. Porto, Guido. 2005. “Globalization and Complementary Policies: Poverty Impacts in Rural Zambia.” In A. Harrison, ed., Globalization and Poverty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press for the NBER 626. Porto, Guido. 2005. “The WTO Doha Round, Cotton Sector Dynamics, and Poverty Trends in Zambia.” In Thomas Hertel and L. Alan Winters, eds., Poverty & the WTO: Impacts of the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washing- ton D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 627. Rutherford, Thomas, David Tarr, and Oleksandr Shepotylo. 2005. “The Impact on Russia of WTO Accession and the DDA: The Importance of Liberalization of Barriers against FDI in Services for Growth and Poverty Reduction.” In Thomas Hertel and L. Alan Winters, eds., Poverty & the WTO: Impacts of the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom.

64 628. Schiff, Maurice. 2005. “Love Thy Neighbor: Social Capital, Trade and Optimal Migra- tion Policy.” In R. Tandon, ed., Festschrift in honor of Hans Singer. New Delhi: B.R.Publishing. 629. Schiff, Maurice. 2005. “Education, Governance and Trade-Related Technology Diffu- sion in Latin America.” In R. Tandon, ed., Festschrift in Honor of Hans Singer. New Delhi : B.R Publishing. 630. Schiff, Maurice. 2005. “Brain Gain: Claims about its Size and Impact on Welfare and Growth Are Greatly Exaggerated.” In Caglar Ozden and Maurice Schiff, eds., Inter- national Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 631. Sebastien, Jean, David Laborde, and William Martin. 2005. “Consequences of Alterna- tive Formulas for Agricultural Tariff Cuts.” In Kym Anderson and William Martin, eds., Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 632. Tarr, David, Oleksandr Shepotylo, and Timour Koudoyarov. 2005. “The Structure of Import Tariffs in Russia.” In David Tarr, ed., Trade Policy and WTO Accession for Development in Russia and the CIS: A Handbook. Ves Mir. 633. Tarr, David, and Eskender Trushin. 2005. “Did the Desire for Self sufficiency in cotton contribute to the Aral Sea environmental disaster?” In David Tarr, ed., Trade Policy and WTO Accession for Development in Russia and the CIS: A Handbook. Ves Mir. 634. Tarr, David, and Thomas Rutherford. 2005. “The Impact of the WTO on Living Stan- dards and Poverty.” In Radwan Shaban, eds., Reducing Poverty through Growth and Social Policy Reform in Russian. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 635. Tarr, David, and Giorgio Barba Navaretti. 2005. “Introduction and Summary to Trade Policy and WTO Accession for Development in Russia and the CIS.” In David Tarr, ed., Trade Policy and WTO Accession for Development in Russia and the CIS: A Handbook. Ves Mir. 636. Zhai, Fan, and Thomas Hertel. 2005. “Impacts of the DDA on China: The Role of Labor Markets and Complementary Education Reforms.” In Thomas Hertel and L. Alan Win- ters, eds., Poverty & the WTO: Impacts of the Doha Development Agenda. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom.

Forthcoming

637. Anderson, Kym, William Martin, and D. van der Mensbrugghe. “Global Impacts of the Doha Scenarios on Poverty.” In Thomas Hertel and L. Alan Winters, eds., Putting Devel- opment back into the Doha Agenda: Poverty Impacts of a WTO Agreement. A co-publication of the World Bank, Washington D.C., and Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom. 638. Anderson, Kym. “Interactions between Trade Policies and GM Food Regulation.” In J. Alston, R. E. Just , D. Zilberman, eds., Economics of Regulations of Agricultural Biotech- nologies. Springer. 639. Hoekman, Bernard. “Preference Erosion and the Doha Development Agenda,” in Jean- Marie Paugam, ed., Trade for Development: The Future of Special and Differential Treat- ment of Developing Countries, IFRI, Paris. 640. Hoekman, Bernard “Dismantling Discrimination Against Developing Countries: Access, Rules and Differential Treatment.” In Hugh Corbett, ed., Role of the WTO system in the World Economy. Cornell Law School and Cordell Hull Institute. 65 641. Hoekman, Bernard and Aaditya Mattoo. “International Trade: Multilateral Disci- plines on Trade in Services.” In Andrew Guzman, Alan Sykes, eds., The Handbook of International Economic Law .University of Chicago Press. 642. Hoekman, Bernard, and Caglar Ozden. “Trade Preferences and Differential Treat- ment of Developing Countries: Introduction and Overview.” In Bernard Hoekman and Caglar Ozden, eds., Trade Preferences and the Trading System. Elgar. 643. Hoekman, Bernard, Olarreaga, Marcelo, and Francis K. T. Ng. “Agricultural Subsidies and Developing Country Trade.” In Dale Hathaway and John Nash*, eds., Sourcebook on Agricultural trade policies. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 644. Nicita, Alessandro. “Madagascar.” In Bernard Hoekman and Marcelo Olarreaga, eds., Global Trade Liberalization and Poor Countries: Poverty Impacts and Policy Implica- tions. Paris: Institut d’Etudes Politiques and Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. 645. Nicita, Alessandro. “Ethiopia.” In Bernard Hoekman and Marcelo Olarreaga, eds., Global Trade Liberalization and Poor Countries: Poverty Impacts and Policy Implica- tions. Paris: Institut d’Etudes Politiques and Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. 646. Porto, Guido. “An Analysis of the WTO Development Round on Poverty in Rural and Urban Zambia.” In Bernard Hoekman and Marcelo Olarreaga, eds., Global Trade Liberalization and Poor Countries: Poverty Impacts and Policy Implications. Paris: Institut d’Etudes Politiques and Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. 647. Schiff, Maurice, and Yanling Wang. “On the Quantity and Quality of Knowledge Diffusion: The Impact of Openness and Foreign R&D on North-North and North-South R&D Spillovers.” In Bernard Hoekman and Beata S. Javorcik, eds., Global Integra- tion and Technology Transfer. Palgrave Macmillan and World Bank. 648. Schiff, Maurice, Giorgio Barba Navaretti, and Isidro Soloaga. “The Knowledge-Content of Machines: A New View on North-South Trade and Technology Diffusion.” In Bernard Hoekman and Beata S. Javorcik, eds., Global Integration and Technology Transfer. Palgrave Macmillan and World Bank.

Data Sets

649. Global Antidumping Database Version 1.0. It is a first attempt to use original source national government documentation to organize information on products, firms, the investigative procedure and outcomes of the historical use (since the 1980s) of the antidumping policy instrument across large importing country users. It also includes recent data on a number of smaller users of antidumping, as well as some limited information on the use of countervailing measures from national governments that are users of countervailing duty laws. Website: http://www.brandeis.edu/~cbown/global_ad/ 650. Overall Trade Restrictiveness Index This database provides indicators of trade restrictiveness that include both measures of tariff and non-tariff barriers for 91 developing and developed countries. For each country, there is an estimate of three trade restrictiveness indices. The first one captures the extent to which trade policies at home affect domestic welfare. The second index captures the impact of trade distortions on each country’s import bundle. The last index focuses on market access and summarizes the trade distortions imposed by the rest of the world on each country’s export bundle. All indices are estimated for the broad aggregates of manu-

66 facturing and agriculture products. Results suggest that poor countries (and those with the highest poverty headcount) tend to be more restrictive, but they also face the highest trade barriers on their export bundle. This is partly explained by the fact that agriculture protection is generally larger than manufacturing protection. NTBs contribute more than 70 percent on average to world protection, underlying their importance for any study on trade protection.

Outreach

651. Anderson, Kym, William J. Martin, and Ernesto Valenzuela. 2005. “Why Market Access is the Most Important of Agriculture’s ‘Three Pillars’ in the Doha Negotiations.” Trade Note 26 12/09/05. 652. Anderson, Kym, and William Martin. 2005. “Agricultural Market Access: The Key to Doha Success.” Trade Note 23 06/27/05. 653. Anderson, Kym, and William Martin. 2005. “Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda.” Trade and Industry Monitor 34: 13–21. 654. Hoekman, Bernard. 2005. “Making the WTO More Supportive of Development.” Finance & Development 42: 14–18. 655. Hoekman, Bernard. 2005. “Hope in Hong Kong: Strengthening the Global Trade Architecture for Economic Development.” Al Ahram Online International, No. 774, December 22–28. 656. Hoekman, Bernard, ed. 2005. “Harnessing Trade for Development: Benefiting from market access opportunities,” id21 Insights #59, (Institute for Development Studies, Sussex and ODI, London), December. 657. Hoekman, Bernard. 2005. “Strengthening the Global Trade Architecture for Economic Development: An Agenda for Action.” Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, Septem- ber (www.ycsg.yale.edu). 658. Hoekman, Bernard and Susan Prowse. 2005. “Development and the WTO: Beyond Business as Usual.” Bridges 9(2–3, February-March), (www.ictsd.org). 659. Mattoo, Aaditya, and Arvind Subramanian. 2005. “Why Prospects for Trade Talks are not Bright.” Finance & Development 42: 19–21.

Working Papers

660. Adams, Richard. 2005. “Remittances, Household Expenditure and Investment in Guatemala.” Policy Research Working Paper 3532. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 661. Amin, Mohammad, and Aaditya Mattoo. 2005. “Does Temporary Migration have to be Permanent?” Policy Research Working Paper 3582. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 662. Anderson, James, and Will Martin. 2005. “Costs of Taxation and the Benefits of Public Goods: The Role of Income Effects.” Policy Research Working Paper 3700. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 663. Anderson, Kym. 2005. “Setting the Trade Policy Agenda: What Roles for Economists?” Policy Research Working Paper 3560. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 664. Anderson, Kym, and William Martin. 2005. “Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda.” Policy Research Working Paper 3607. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

67 665. Anderson, Kym, and Ernesto Valenzuela. 2005. “Do Global Trade Distortions Still Harm Developing Countries.” Research Discussion Paper Series 5337. Centre for Eco- nomic Policy, London. 666. Anderson, Kym, Dominique van der Mensbrugghe*, and William Martin. 2005. “Global Impacts of Doha Trade Reform Scenarios on Poverty.” Policy Research Working Paper 3735. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 667. Anderson, Kym, Dominique van der Mensbrugghe*, and Will Martin. 2005. “Distor- tions to World Trade: Impacts on Agricultural Markets and Farm Incomes.” Policy Re- search Working Paper 3736. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 668. Anderson, Kym, Will Martin, and Dominique van der Mansbrugghe*. 2005. “Would Multilateral Trade Reform Benefit Sub-Saharan Africans?” Policy Research Working Paper 3616. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 669. Arguello, R., and Ernesto Valenzuela. 2005. “Market Access in the Western Hemi- sphere: Implications for the Andean Community.” Borradores de Investigacion. Universidad del Rosario 68. 670. Arnold, Jens, and Katrin Hussinger. 2005. “Exports vs. FDI in German Manufacturing: Firm Performance and Participation in International Markets.” Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 05-73, Mannheim, Germany. 671. Balat, Jorge, and Guido Porto. 2005. “The WTO Doha Round, Cotton Sector Dynamics, and Poverty Trends in Zambia.” Policy Research Working Paper 3697. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 672. Barba Navaretti, G., and David Tarr. 2005. “Introduction and Summary to the Hand- book of Trade Policy and WTO Accession for Development in Russia and the CIS.” Policy Research Working Paper 3726. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 673. Eschenbach, Felix, and Bernard Hoekman. 2005. “Services Policy Reform and Eco- nomic Growth in Transition Economies, 1990–2004.” Policy Research Working Paper 3663. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 674. Evenett, Simon, and Bernard Hoekman. 2005. “International Cooperation and the Reform of Public Procurement Policies.” Policy Research Working Paper 3720. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 675. Francois, Joseph, Miriam Manchin, and Bernard Hoekman. 2005. “Preference Erosion and Multilateral Trade Liberalization.” Policy Research Working Paper 3730. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 676. Freund, Caroline. 2005. “Current Account Deficits in Industrial Countries: The Bigger They Are, The Harder They Fall.” NBER Working Papers 11823. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass. 677. Freund, Caroline. 2005. “Remittances: Transaction Costs, Determinants, and Informal Flows.” Policy Research Working Paper 3704. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 678. Gawande, Kishore, and Bernard Hoekman. 2005. “Lobbying and Agricultural Trade Policy in the United States.” Policy Research Working Paper 3819. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 19. Hertel, Thomas, and L. Alan Winters. 2005. “Poverty Impacts of a WTO Agreement: Synthesis and Overview.” Policy Research Working Paper 3757. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 679. Hoekman, Bernard. 2005. “From Euro-Med Partnership to European Neighborhood: Deeper Integration à la Carte and Economic Development.” Working Paper 103. Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, Cairo.

68 680. Hoekman, Bernard, and Caglar Ozden. 2005. “Trade Preferences and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries.” Policy Research Working Paper 3566. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 20. Hoekman, Bernard, and L. Alan Winters. 2005. “Trade and Employment: Stylized Facts and Research Findings.” Policy Research Working Paper 3676. World Bank, Wash- ington, D.C. 681. Hoekman, Bernard, and Susan Prowse. 2005. “Policy Responses to Preference Erosion: From Trade as Aid to Aid for Trade.” Policy Research Working Paper 3721. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 682. Javorcik, Beata Smarzynska, and Chorching Goh. 2005. “Trade Protection and Industry Wage Structure in Poland.” Policy Research Working Paper 3552. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 683. Javorcik, Beata Smarzynska, and Jens Matthias Arnold. 2005. “Gifted Kids or Pushy Parents? Foreign Acquisitions and Plant Performance in Indonesia.” Policy Re- search Working Paper 3597. World Bank, Washington, D.C. [Also published as CEPR Discussion Paper 5065.] 684. Javorcik, Beata Smarzynska, and Mary Amiti. 2005. “Trade Costs and Location of Foreign Firms in China.” Policy Research Working Paper 3564. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 685. Jensen, Jesper, Thomas Rutherford, and David Tarr. 2005. “Telecommunications Reform within Russia’s accession to the WTO.” Policy Research Working Paper 3501. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 686. Kee, Hiau Looi, and Derek Chen*. 2005. “A Model on Knowledge and Endogenous Growth.” Policy Research Working Paper 3539. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 687. Lederman, Daniel, and C. Bravo-Ortega. 2005. “Agriculture and National Welfare around the World: Causality and Heterogeneity since 1960.” Policy Research Working Paper 3499. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 688. Lederman, Daniel, and L. Saenz. 2005. “Innovation around the World, 1960–2000.” Policy Research Working Paper 3774. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 689. Manole, Vlad, William Martin, and Joseph Francois. 2005. “Choosing Formulas for Market Access Negotiation: Efficiency and Market Access Considerations.” Policy Re- search Working Paper 3474. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 690. Martin, William. 2005. “Outgrowing Resource Dependence: Theory and Some Recent Developments.” Policy Research Working Paper 3482. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 691. Maskus, Keith, Tsune Otsuki, and John Wilson. 2005. “The Costs of Compliance with Product Standards for Firms in Developing Countries.” Policy Research Working Paper 3590. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 692. Mattoo, Aaditya. 2005. “Temporary versus Permanent Migration: The Role of Interna- tional Agreements.” Policy Research Working Paper 3582. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 693. Mattoo, Aaditya. 2005. “Services in a Development Round: Three Goals and Three Proposals.” Policy Research Working Paper 3718. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 694. Mattoo, Aadiya, and Randeep Rathindran. 2005. “Does Health Insurance Impede Trade in Health Care Services?” Policy Research Working Paper 3667. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 695. Mattoo, Aadiya, Keith Maskus, and G. Chelaraj. 2005. “The Contribution of Skilled Immigration and International Graduate Students to U.S. Innovation.” Policy Research Working Paper 3588. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 69 696. Mattoo, Aaditya, Ileana Cristina Neagu, and Caglar Ozden. 2005. “Brain Waste? Educated Immigrations in the U.S. Labor Market.” Policy Research Working Paper 3581. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 697. Ng, Francis, and Alexander Yeats. 2005. “Kenya: Export Prospects and Problems.” Africa Region Working Paper 90. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 698. Ng, Francis, and Bartlomiej Kaminski. 2005. “Bulgaria’s Integration into Pan-European Economy and Industrial Restructuring.” Policy Research Working Paper 3863. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 699. Nicita, Alessandro. 2005. “Multilateral Trade Liberalization and Mexican Households: The Effect of the Doha Development Agenda.” Policy Research Working Paper 3707. World Bank, Washington, D.C 700. Olarreaga, Marcelo, and Nuno Limao. 2005. “Trade Preferences to Small Developing Countries and the Welfare Cost of Lost Multilateral Trade Liberalization.” Policy Research Working Paper 3565. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 701. Otsuki, Tsunehiro, Maggie Xiaoyang Chen, and John Wilson. 2005. “Do Standards Matter for Export Success?” Policy Research Working Paper 3809. World Bank, Washing- ton, D.C. 702. Ozden, Caglar, and Daniel Lederman. 2005. “Geopolitical Interests and Preferential Access to U.S. Markets.” Policy Research Working Paper 3531. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 703. Porto, Guido. 2005. “Estimating Household Responses to Trade Reforms: Net Consum- ers and Net Producers in Rural Mexico.” Policy Research Working Paper 3695. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 704. Porto, Guido. 2005. “Farm Productivity and Market Structure. Evidence from Cotton Reforms in Zambia.” Yale University Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper 919. New Haven, Conn. 705. Porto, Guido. 2005. “Globalization and Complementary Policies: Poverty Impacts in Rural Zambia.” NBER Working Paper 11175. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass. 706. Porto, Guido. 2005. “The WTO Doha Round Cotton Sector Dynamics and Poverty Trends in Zambia.” Policy Research Working Paper 3697. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 707. Rutherford, Thomas, Oleksandr Shepotylo, and David Tarr. 2005. “Poverty Effects of Russian WTO accession: Modeling Real Households and Endogenous productivity effects.” Policy Research Working Paper 3473. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 708. Rutherford, Thomas, Tarr, David, and Oleksandr Shepotylo. 2005. “The Impact on Russia of WTO Accession and The Doha Agenda: The Importance of Liberalization of Barriers against Foreign Direct Investment in Services for Growth and Poverty Reduc- tion.” Policy Research Working Paper 3725. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 709. Schiff, Maurice. 2005. “ Brain Gain: Claims about Its Size and Impact on Welfare and Growth Are Greatly Exaggerated.” Policy Research Working Paper 3708. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 710. Valenzuela, Ernesto, Thomas Hertel, R. Keeney, and J. Reimer. 2005 “Assessing Global CGE Model Validity using Agricultural Price Volatility.” Global Trade Analysis Project Working Paper 33. Purdue University, Indiana. 711. Zhai, Fan, and Thomas W. Hertel. 2005. “Impacts of the Doha Development Agenda on China: The Role of Complementary Education Reforms.” Policy Research Working Paper 3702. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

70 Directory of Researchers*

Last Name First Name Email Phone (202)

Adams Richard [email protected] 473-9037 Alderman Harold [email protected] 473-0372 Almeida Rita [email protected] 473-0857 Amin Mohammad [email protected] 473-9065 Anderson Kym [email protected] 473-3387 Arnold Jens [email protected] 458-7489 Beck Thorsten [email protected] 473-3215 Beegle Kathleen [email protected] 458-9894 Buys Piet [email protected] 473-1536 Carletto Calogero [email protected] 473-1377 Chen Shaohua [email protected] 473-2579 Chomitz Kenneth [email protected] 473-9498 Clarke George [email protected] 473-7454 Cropper Maureen [email protected] 473-1277 Cull Robert [email protected] 473-6365 Das Jishnu [email protected] 473-2781 Das Gupta Monica [email protected] 473-1983 Dasgupta Susmita [email protected] 473-2679 de Walque Damien [email protected] 473-2517 Deichmann Uwe [email protected] 473-6400 Deininger Klaus [email protected] 473-0430 Demirguc-Kunt Asli [email protected] 473-7479 Dinar Ariel [email protected] 473-0434 Do Quy-Toan [email protected] 473-4813 Elbadawi Ibrahim [email protected] 473-9434 Feder Gershon [email protected] 473-0378 Fernandes Ana [email protected] 473-3983 Ferreira Francisco [email protected] 473-4382 Filmer Deon [email protected] 473-1303 Freund Caroline [email protected] 473-7102 Friedman Jed [email protected] 473-5189 Galasso Emanuela [email protected] 458-1649 Gatti Roberta [email protected] 473-8735 Gauri Varun [email protected] 473-1746 Gine Xavier [email protected] 473-0451 Hallward-Driemeier Mary [email protected] 473-9120 Hoekman Bernard [email protected] 473-1185 Hoff Karla [email protected] 473-4077 Honohan Patrick [email protected] 473-3722 Iarossi Giuseppe [email protected] 458-7259 Ivanic Maros [email protected] 458-0548 Jacoby Hanan [email protected] 473-2301 Jin Songqing [email protected] 473-6394 Kee Hiau Looi [email protected] 473-4155 Keefer Philip [email protected] 458-2479 Kessides Ioannis [email protected] 473-9345 Khandker Shahidur [email protected] 473-3487 Khemani Stuti [email protected] 458-1129 King Elizabeth [email protected] 473-3289 Klapper Leora [email protected] 473-8738

* as of December 31, 2005 71 Last Name First Name Email Phone (202)

Knack Stephen [email protected] 458-9712 Kraay Aart [email protected] 473-5756 Lall Somik [email protected] 458-5315 Lanjouw Peter [email protected] 473-9500 Larson Donald [email protected] 473-3851 Lederman Daniel [email protected] 473-9015 Loayza Norman [email protected] 473-3855 Lokshin Michael [email protected] 473-1772 Love Inessa [email protected] 458-0590 Mansuri Ghazala [email protected] 458-4639 Martin William [email protected] 473-3853 Martinez Peria Maria Soledad [email protected] 458-7341 Mattoo Aaditya [email protected] 458-7611 McKenzie David [email protected] 458-9332 Meisner Craig [email protected] 473-6852 Mengistae Taye Alemu [email protected] 473-3825 Milanovic Branko [email protected] 473-6968 Mistiaen Johan [email protected] 473-5866 Nabeshima Kaoru [email protected] 473-7880 Neagu Illeana Cristina [email protected] 458-8499 Ng Francis [email protected] 473-8088 Nicita Alessandro [email protected] 473-7066 Niimi Yoko [email protected] 458-5912 Olarreaga Marcelo [email protected] 458-8021 Olsen Tore [email protected] 473-0232 Over A. Mead [email protected] 473-3451 Ozden Caglar [email protected] 473-5549 Ozler Berk [email protected] 458-5861 Porto Guido [email protected] 473-8153 Raddatz Kiefer Claudio Enrique [email protected] 458-2145 Rao Vijayendra [email protected] 458-8034 Ravallion Martin [email protected] 473-6859 Rogers F. Halsey [email protected] 473-6292 Sangraula Prem [email protected] 458-9740 Schady Norbert [email protected] 458-8247 Schiff Maurice [email protected] 473-7963 Schmukler Sergio [email protected] 458-4167 Scott Kinnon [email protected] 473-8124 Serven Luis [email protected] 473-7451 Shalizi Zmarak [email protected] 473-2921 Shepotylo Oleksandr [email protected] 473-9476 Shi Anqing [email protected] 473-1121 Shilpi Forhad [email protected] 458-7476 Smarzynska Javorcik Beata [email protected] 458-8485 Steele Diane [email protected] 473-9041 Tarr David [email protected] 473-7677 Valenzuela Ernesto [email protected] 473-8095 Van De Walle Dominique [email protected] 473-7935 Wagstaff Adam [email protected] 473-0566 Wane Waly [email protected] 458-0155 Wang Hua [email protected] 473-3255 Wang Shuilin [email protected] 458-0394 Wheeler David [email protected] 473-3401 Wilson John [email protected] 473-2065 Winters L. Alan [email protected] 458-8208 Woolcock Michael [email protected] 473-9258 Xu L. Colin [email protected] 473-4664 Yusuf Shahid [email protected] 458-2339 Zou Heng-Fu [email protected] 473-7939

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