FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF TEE UNITED NATIONS

INDO-PAC1FIC FISHERIE5 COUNCIL

PROCEEDINGS

8th SESSION COLOMBO CEYLON 6-22 December 1958

SECTION I

IPFC Secretariat, FA0 &egiod Mce for Asia and the Far East Bangkok 1958 CONTENTS Opening Address by the Minister of Industries and Fisheries. Government of Ceylon ...... Message of Welcome from Prime Minister of Ceylon ...... Address by Brector.Genera1. FA0 ...... Message from Director. Fisheries Dioision. FA0 ...... Address by the Chairman. Dr . K . Kuronuma ...... Agenda for the Eighth Session ...... CHAPTER 1. COUNCIL PROCEDURE ...... Opening Ceremony ...... Statements from Member Governments ...... Statements from Observer Organizations ...... Election of Vice-Chairman ...... Steering Committee ...... Membership ...... Report on Credentials ...... Report of Executive Cbmmittee ...... Relations with FA0 ...... Relations with Other Organizations ...... Council's Report to FA0 ...... Implementation of 7th Session Recommendations ...... Documentation for 8th Session ...... Nomination of Technical Chmnittees ...... Council Correspondents ...... Technical Committee Meetings ...... Reports of Technical and Sub-Committees ...... Financial and Budget Report ...... Expenditure 1958 ...... Programme of Expenditure 1959 ...... Proposed Budget Estimate 1960-61 ...... Council's Symposium ...... Amendments to the Agreement ...... Organization of the Council's work ...... Time and Place of 9th Session ...... Election of Chairman ...... Participation in International Meetings ......

Principals of Fisheries Policy ...... 9- fndo-Pacific Fisheries Year ...... Formal Resolution of Thanks ...... C HAP-TER 2 . RESOURCES ...... Reference Books ...... Age determination of fish ...... Standardization of Plankton Nets ... Identification of fish and lankt ton Population dynamics ...... Fish culture in genera1 ...... Diurnal feeding rhythms ...... Soil compostion in fish ponds ...... Problems arising from the introduction of non-Indigenous Fishes ...... Weed Control ...... Stocking of natural swamps and other economically unproductive waters Fish Culture in Rice Fields ...... Nutrition of fish under cultivation ...... Chnos ...... River Basin Development ...... Water Pollution ......

Mugil ...... National resoarces for the study of basic'productivity of the sea Faunal Changes ...... Trawling ...... Oceanography ...... Tuna ...... Satdines ...... UNESCO ...... Appendix : Report of Technical Committee I ... CHAPTER 3. TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS ...... General ...... Craft and Gear ...... Food Technology ...... Statistics ...... Socio-Economics ...... Fish Marketing ...... Appendix : Report of Technical Committee II ... CHAPTER 4. PUBLICATIONS ...... Council Proceedings ...... Eighth Session Symposium ...... Current Maim Bulletin ...... Reference Baoks ...... CHAPTER 5 . TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ...... Training Centers ...... Aid-Giving Agencies ...... Expert Assistance ...... CHAPTER 6. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... A . to Member Governments ...:..... 3. to FA0.*...... -,.-... C. Executive Committee & Secretariat D . Technical Committee erc...... E. Technical Assistance ...... REPORT ON THE STATUS OF THE INDUSTRY 1. List of Delegates and Observers ...... 11.' IPFC Nominations for the period between 8th and 9th Sessions IIf . List of Documents ...... OPEXING ADDRESS BY THE HON. MR. P.H. WILLIAM DE SILVA, MINISTER OF INDUSTRIES AND FISHERIES, CEYLON, AT THE EIGHTH SESSlON OF THE INDO-PACIFIC FISHERIES COUNCIL

Mr. Chairman. Delegates, Ladies and Contributing factors towards this sad state of Genhnen, affairs are ignmance of the seas beyond a few miles from the coast, small scale fishing opera- It gives me great to be here today tions by individuals without su6cient capital to open the eighth session of the Indo-Paci6c and the use of primitive craft and gear. Fisheries Council. We cannot afford to maintain for long our On behalf of the Government oi Ceylon I obsolefe fishing craft and gear but it is ex- extend a warm welc.ome to delegates, officials tremely difficult to efEect changes in the tradi- and visitors from other countries who have come tional methods adopted by our fishing popula- here for this conference. I trust that all of you tion. In this difficult but essential task it is will enjoy your stay in Colombo and hope that heartening to receive the advice and assistance you will have time to see something of the rest of those who have successfully coped with of this Island before you leave. similar probIems in other countries. Looking round at my distinguished In recent. years our country has received audience here today, I have not the slightest considerable assistance from the parent body of doubt that this conference is going to be a very this Council, namely the Food and Agricultural profitable one to all concerned. Discussions and Organization of the United Nations. Through deliberations among fishery workers in a group this agency, services of skilled technical per- such as this cannot fail to be both rewarding sonnel have been made freely available to us, and stimulating, thus generating the enthusiasm In addition, generous gifts of nets, motors and so necessary for attacking the many difficult boats have enabled us to make some progress problems before us. towards modernizing our fishing industry. The fishing industry in Ceylon is just I note with pleasure the intensely prac- emerging from a state of arrested development. ticaI approach of this Council towards the fish- Techniques and methods of a hundred years ago eries problems of the Indo-Pacific Region, and are used more or less unchanged today. There the bold step of organizing panels and com- is a wide gap between what our people do now mittees to guide an international group of and the possibilities offered by modern science. scientific workers along a common path. This It is only by the application of modern scientific is a very practical application of the fact that techniques that we can develop and utilize to the fisheries of a11 Indo-Pacific countries are the full our national resources, and raise the closety linked. A scientist from Ceylon has standard of living of our people. A welI- participated in a recent seminar in Bangkok developed fishing industry will provide avenues which sought to correla~estudies of a particular of exiploymene as well as food, both of which fish, the mackerel, by workers in different coun- are vital problems to our rapidly growing popula- tries. This session has scheduled a symposium tion. Fish is particularly important to us as a on fish behavior which cannot be studied swrse of food as i.t supplies iz a form accepta- effectively by workers in oce country alone. ble to our people the much needed protein Through these and other projects this Council which is known to be lacking in our diet. We is performing the useful and essential functicm look forward, with the help of this Council, to of coordinating research on an internetional rnak:"tlg good the arrested development in the scale to the ucdoubted benefit of each member past. couztry, X therefore hope that every encourage- Ceylon has a coastline of over 1,000 miles ment will be given the Council to expand its ar.d is placed advantagecmly overlo~kirlga vast activities. oceart which stretches ccbroken down to the I wish the Council all success in its Antarctic across the entire southern hemi- deliberations adI hvegreat pleasure in dedar- sphere. Yet our fishing industry produces only ing open -the 8th Session of the Indo-Pacific about half this Island's requirements of fish. Fisheries Couccil. MESSAGE OF WELCOME BY THE HON. PRIME MINISTER OF CEYLON, MR. S.W.R.D. BANDARANAIKE, TO THE EIGHTH SESSION OF THE INDO-PACIFIC FISHERIES COUNCIL

Mr. Cha-n, Hoaorable Delegates. We have in our midst, today, a dis- Ldes and Gentlemen, tinguished gathering of Fisheries Administra- I have great pleasure in weIcoming you tors and Experts frsm several countries. Their on behalf of the government and people of contribgtion at this Fom will be eagerly Ceylon, on the occasion of your participation awaited, and I: am certsin that the deliberations in the Eighth Session of the Indo-Pacific Fish- of this Session will prove of great value not eries Council. only to Ceylon but also to all other nations 'For the secend time this year the Food in achieving the final objective of efficient and Agriculture Organization has seen 6: to exploitation linked with the conservation of choose Ceylon as host conn-q for an interna- tional conference, the hrst being he FA0 marine resources. Seminar on Laad Settlement that has only just I wish the deliberations of the Eighth ccncluded its Sessions at Gal Oga. We ap- preciate this honour and shall strive to provide Session all success and sincerely hope that all whatever facilities we have at our disposal for participants will find their stay in Ceylon both use by the agencies of the United Nations. ~rofitableand pleasant. ADDRESS BY DR. B.R. SEN, DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE FOOD ASD AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Mr. Chairma, Ladies and Gentlemen. implement this decision. Finally, the con- ference pointed out the desirability of joint Once again, the need to be at the other end examination of problems in order to give of the world prevents me from being with you. guidance to fisheries departments. You are The holding of the FA0 Regional Conference for taking part in just such a joint examination. Latin America has taken me to Santiago. At the same time, however, my belief that I should At the opening of Iast year's conference personally attend tbese highly important Re- in Ban&ng, I was able to tell you of an increase gional Conferences has given me some know- in FAO's heIp in the provision of fishexies ledge of the prob1ems that you will be tackling technicians in the region. I am delighted to be at this meeting. For at the recently conducted able to tell you tbat this help has been still Tokyo meeting, considerable attention was paid further increased, and if plans for next year are to the fisheries problems of the Region, and 1 carried out, will be increased evm more. know that a great deal of work was passed on for your attention. Finally, I must express FADS gratitude to the Government of Ceylon for its generous offer A particular point was made of the neces- to be host to this meeting. My fisheries advisers sity of planning fisheries expansion in careful tell me tbat particular attention is to be paid relation to expansion in other sectors of the this year to the mechanization of fishing, and economy, and I know that you are charged with I cannot help feeIing that it is appropriate that advising your governments on how this should this subject should be discussed in Ceylon; the be done. The conference resolved that a prim- country in which much of FAO's pioneer work ary objective was the speedy increase of fish in this 6eId was carried out. supplies for domestic markets, and set out three main lines along which it believed this could be I wish you a happy and successful con- done. You are here today to decide just bow to f erence.

CABLE MESSAGE FROM DR. D.B. FINN, DIRECTOR OF THE FA0 FISHERIES DIVISTON, ROME c-, INPmca, COLOmO PLEASE CONVEY GREETINGS AND BEST WISHES DELEGATES 8TH SESSION STGP ESPECIALLY HOPEFUL OUTCOME YOUR INTENSIVE STUDIES OF RESOURCE APPRAISALS ESPECIALLY MACKEREL COMMA PRODUCTION PROBLEMS AND GEAR COMMA AND FISH MARKETING - FINN - ADDRESS BY THE CHAIRMAN OF THE INDO - PACIFIC FISHERIES COUNCIGDR. J~TSUZO KURONUMA, CHIEF, FRESHWATER FISHERIES, RESEARCH LABORATORY, FISHERIES AGENCY, TOKYO

It is my happiest duty first of a11 to express I dwnotneed to say that 6sheries form a sincere thanks to the government of Ceylon for complex subject and may be conveniently divided their hospitality and for the excellent faciIities into three headings : research, administration provided for us to hold the Eighth session of and operations. I would like to make a strong the lndo-Pacific Fisheries Council in this beauti- plea particuIarIy for research work in fisheries. jut City of Colombo. To the Council I would The word research sounds very fine and attractive offer my heartfelt thanks for having afforded me to the researchers but that is not enough. The the honor of acting as your Chairman during research work should be interesting to the the period 1957-1958. researcher personally but that again is not enough. What I want to emphasize is that research The Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council having should be able to produce results that will be a deep interest in the development and proper usable by the industries or by the administra- utilization of the living aquatic resources of the tion. Indo-Pacific area and desiring to further the attainment of these ends through international It is very important to ensure that tbe cooperation was established in 1949 based on the research subjects are clearly identified and the Agreement drafted in Baguio in the Philippines problems evaluated in relation to the industries in February, 1948. Holding now the Eighth Ses- before the research program is implemented. sion of the Council in this year of 1958,we may say The second point I wish to mention on that the Council has written 10 years of history. this occasion is a need to investigate how we According to one of our old sayings in japan, can apply research results in practice. The free the passing of a ten-year period must have exchange of ideas and knowledge is of course achieved one cycle of work. In this sense I am very important-in striving to achieve the final very sure that our Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council god of the Council, i.e., proper utilization of the has accomplished an impressive amount of work living aquatic resources. along the line of the Baguio Agreement during the past 10 years and I find it difficult to catalogue But it is, I think, a starting point and even a minor portion of these accomplishments. certainly not the end. Therefore, I do not hesitate to stress that the discussion of technical Today, we have come together here in matters should be undertaken always keeping this auditorium of the Royal College to discuss in mind how these matters could be finally put many subjects in accordance with the directives into practice. which were given at the Council's Seventh Session at Bandung and all the we are In closing, allow me once again to .pay to deal with are placed before you in a number tribute to the great kindness of the Government of docurnants prepared by the Secretariat. I of Ceylon in making our meeting possible and to would, however, like to mention a few points express on behalf of you all our grateful thanks pertaining to the Council's work which should for the painstaking Iabour of the Organizing receive some consideration. Committee. AGENDA FOR THE EIGHTH SESSION OF THE INDO-PACIFIC FISHERIES COUNCIL

I. Business of the Meeting 5. Reports of Technical and Sub-committees 1.1 Adoption of Agenda 5.1 Technical Committee 1 1.2 Report on Credentials 5.2 Technical Committee II 1.3 Nominations 5.3 Sub-Committee on Hilsa 1.31- Technical Committees 5.4 Sub-Committee on Rastrelliger 1.32 Council Correspondents 5.5 Sub-committee on Chanos 2. Statements of Delegations 5.6 Stlb-Committee on Marketing 3. Report of Executive Committee 6. Reports on the Tndo-Pacific Fisheries Year 3.1 Membership 7. Time and Place of 9th Session 3.2 Relations with International & other Organizations 8. Election of Chairman and Vice Chairman 3.3 Council's Report to FA0 9. Symposium for 8th Session 3.4 Publications and Editorial Policy 10. Proposals for Symposium for the 9th 3.5 Financial and Budget Report Session 3.6 Implementation of Council Instructions 11. Other Business and Recommendations 11.1 Principles of Fisheries folicy 4. Amendments to the Agreement and Rules 11.2 Terminology in relation to thecouncil of Procedure and its Committees

CHAPTER I. COUNCIL PROCEDURE Opening Ceremony

1. The Eighth Session of the Indo-Pacific Bandaranaike and was transmitted to the Fisheries Council was opened by the CounciI by the Honorable the Minister Honorable the Minister of Industries & for Industries and Fisheries. Fisheries, Mr. P.H. William de Silva in the main auditorium of the Royal College, 5. A message from Dr. B.R. Sen, Director Colombo, at 0930 hours on Monday, 6th GeneraI, Food and Agriculture Organization December, 1958. of the United Nations, was transmitted to tbe Council by Mr. Thet Su, Deputy 2. The Chairman, Dr. K, Kuronuma, in asking Regional Representative of the Director the Honorable the Minister to decIare the General, FA0 Regional O6ce for Asia Session o&cialiy open, thanked the Govern- and the Far East. Dr. Sen's address is aIso ment of Ceylon for the gracious invitation recorded in the introduction to this record. to hold this Session in Colombo and expressed the deep appreciation of the 6. A message was also received from Dr. D.B. Council for the arrangements made for the Finn, Director, Fisheries Division, Food reception of the Delegations and Observers and Agriculture Organization of the United and for the excellent facilities provided, Nations and was transmitted by Dr. A.G. 3. The Honorable the Minister for Industries Black, FA0 Country Representative in and Fisheries in an address recorded in the Ceylon. Dr. Finn's message is given in the introduction to this record,officially declared introduction to this record. the Eighth Session of the Indo-Pacific 7. Before presenting the Chairman's address Fisheries Council to be open. to the Council, Dr. Kuromma welcomed 4. A message of greeting to the Council the delegation from the Government of the recorded in full in the introduction to this Federation of Malaya and requested the record was received from the Honorable Delegate for the Federation of Malaya, the Prime Minister of Ceylon'Mr. S.W.R.D. Mr. Scong Min Kong, to convey to his Government an expression of the Council's Noting that 10 years had elapsed since the sincere pleasure concerning the adherence drafting of the Baguio Agreement, Dt- of the Government of the Federation of Kuronuma drew attention to the importance Malaya to the Baguib Agreement. of ensuing that fisheries research should 8. In his address to the Council, the Chairman clearly identify its problems and evaluate expressed his appreciation of the honor them in relation to the industry, and alp conferred upon him by the Council in that every effort should be made to apply electing him for the period 1957-1958. research resuIts in practice.

STATEMENT FROM MEMBER GOVERNh'lENTS

9. In presenting the statement on behalf of purchase and repair of modern gear. Co- the Government of Australia, the Delegate operative Societies can obtain loans, and indicated that both Cornmoowe&h and four training centers for fishermen in co- State authorities administer fisheries, operative practice and fishing methods whaling and pearling, and that in general, have been set up. A Fisherman's Com- legislation concerning these activities is the pensation Scheme covering death or injury responsibility of the Commonwealth in is already in operation and proposals for e extraterritorial waters and of the States in Fishermens' Provident Fund are under territorial waters and inIand fisheries. consideration. Fisheries research is maintained by both Commonwealth Government and by some Attention is being given to the construction State Departments and Ihiversities. Com- of houses and roads and improvements to the beaching grounds and markets are monwealth funds have been set aside as - u a Fisheries Development Trust Account being carried out. Attention is also being and a development plan for the Papua given to problems of cold storage, the New Guinea Fisheries has been approved. processing of by-products and other aspects Australian Fishermen's Cooperatives are of the secondary phase of the industry. Development of off-shore and deep-sea an established feature of the industry. The fisheries is being encouraged. Considerable Australian Government fdowswith interest - - the work of FA0 and ZPFC. progress has been made in developing the inland fisheries by the introduction of 10. Welcoming the Delegates to the Eighth suitable fish species and plans are being Session of the Council, the Delegate for implemented to develop brackish water the Government of Ceylon expressed the fish production. The ancient Pearl Fishery hope that the occasion would serve to give has been revived after a Iapse of 30 years them first-hand knowledge of Ceylon's acd considerable emphasis is placed on fisheries and of the Government's pro- resezrch into the problems of the industry. gramme for development. Emphasizpg The Delegate fcir the Government of the the special interest to Ce'j'lon of the Republic of France expressed the pleasc:e de!iberations of the Council, it was poi~ted of his Government in participzting in the out that Ceylor, imports nearly thee tlrmes work of the Council, the work of which as mnch fish as she produces axd to acEie:.e was oi demonstrably great valne. He em- self-sufficiency in 10 years would require a five-iold increase i~ local production. phasized the importance of the personal Self-sufficiency is the main objective of contacts between the various spacialists Ceylon fisheries policy and a program coming from the member ccuntries and for the amelioration of the lot of the expressed ?be view that the subjects con- 80,000 fishermen is being developed. sidered by the Council were of p~harp interest in the development of the fisheries 11. Special provision has bee3 nade to provide of the region. The work of previous finance for fisheries development including Sessions had made verr clear the im- the purchase of mechanized boats and for portance on the standardisation of resezrch methods as an essential condition for the facilities given by the Government of reliable comparison of the results obtained Ceylon. He. said that the Republic of in the various countries. France offered Korea was always conscious of her duty her complete collabaration in the work of of safe-guarding ber tlational sovereignty Eighth Session of the Council. and maintaining world freedom and fully realized the importance of the objectives The Delsgate for India briefly reviewed the of the Council, assuring the Council of his work being undertaken in fisheries develop- ment country's desire to contribu~etowards the in his country, particularly in relation attainment of the Council's objectives. tr~experimeotal fisheries, the extension of fish culture projects and the mechaniza- 18. Despite inesperience, bardships adaggres- tion of fishing craft. Of particular im- siorr Kmea had achieved remarkaide and portame was the atrention being given by stead? developmein during the past decade. his Go~ernmentto ;he traiaing of Govern- The fisherr; industry was on the road to ment ogcers and fishermen. Information recovery rhrough the utiIization of modern silrveys in fish marketing were in progress. fishing equipment. Notiag that there were still many probless to be solved the Korean in India the fisheries survey programs Delegate expressed his conntry's car,- have been expanded and a Central Board fidence that even more would be accxn- of Fisheries, under the chairmanship of the plished during the c~nisgyears aad he Union Minister of Fod and Agriculture, believed that the deliberations at this had been set up to coordinate and integrate Counc3 Session ww'id be fruitful and programs of fisheries deveIopment and beneficial to the peace-lovirg people af the research. A Special Expert Committee on free world. Fisheries Education was conducting an examination of the training requirements, 19- In his statement the Delegate for the 2nd a high level of cooperation was being Federation of MaIaya expressed apprecia- maintained between the Union and Stare tion for the excellent arrangements made by Governments, the United Nations speci- the Government of Ceylon. Noting that alized Agencies, Colombo - Plan, United his Government had been closely associated States TCM Administration and the Indo- with the work of the Council through :he Norwegian Project. participation in the U.K. Delegations at earlier Sessions, the Delegate said tbat Reviewing the significance of the fisheries more than ever Malaya looked to the Coun- industry in his country, the Delegate for cil for inspiration and guidance, and pro- Japan paid tribute to the lPFC and the mised all cooperation with tbe Council and Government of Ceylon for the arrangements its members. Reviewing action taken by made for the 8th Session of the Council. bis Government to iocrease fish production, The fishery industry of Japan was con- he emphasized the importance of mechani- fronted by many problems, and many zation of fishing craft, the introduction of workers were engaged in research and synthetic fibers, provision of loans to the survey studies to seek solutions to these industry through Cooperatives, the re- problems. The Japanese Government was organization of fish marketing and the pro- providing training facilities in the field of vision of cold storage facilities at strategic fisheries for students from many countries points. Work was being undertaken further in the region, and was firmly determined to develop the inland fisheries both by to develop and expand these facilities and stocking natural waters and through fish to cooperate to her best ability with other culture. The Delegate for the Federation countries to ensure healthy progress of the of Malaya said that his Goverrtment was fishery industry of the region. contributing to the cost of the Fish Cuhe Expressing his pleasure in participating Research Ins:ituu+e in Malacca, and local in the Eighth Session of the CounciI, research staff was being recruited parti- the Delegate for the Republic of cularly in connection ~ithRastrelGger Korea expressed sincere appreciation for studies and investigations on the shell- the heart-felt hospitaiity and excellent fish industry. 20. The Delegate for the Netherlands briefly The Delegate for the United Kingdom said reviewed the program of work being that Her Majesty's Government again undertaken through the Fisheries Exten- welcomed the opportunity afforded by the sion Services in Netherlands New Guinea, Sessions of the Indo -Pacific Fisheries including advice and assistance in connec- Council for joint discussion of fisheries tion with group fishing practice, operation, problems of the region and for personal maintenance and repair of mechanized contacts between the representatives of the fishing boats and the dissemination of member governments. Fisheries develop- information on improved methods of opera- ments in Hang Kong were largely in the tion of existing fishing gear and the in- direction of exploration and exploitation of troduction of new materials. The develop- off-shore trawling gounds and the institu- ment of fresh-water fisheries was being tion of training programs to qualify actively undertaken on a basis of imported fishermen as skippers, coxswains and species of high food value both for release engineers. Mechanization of the fishing in natural waters and for fish culture. fleet was making rapid strides and the pond The Delegate for Thailand expressed his culture of fish was a flourishing industry. sincere appreciation on behalf of his Gov- There was an expanding demand for ernment for the opportunity to participate cultivated oysters and a comparatively new in the present Session in Colombo, Draw- export trade in prawns was increasing. In ing attention to the beneficial aspects of addition to exploratory fishing, regional the work of the IPFC, he pointed out hydrology and plankton surveys were being that many problems still required solution. undertaken by the Fisheries Research Unit His Government was taking active steps and studies on the biology of prawns and in the development of fish cu1tm-e and the the effects of industrial nolhtion on in- development of systems of management of shore waters were progressing. The U.K. the inland fishery resources. Thailand bad Delegate also said rhat marine and fresh- concentrated much effort in developing water fisheries in Sarawak and North the sea fisheries through mechanization Borneo were of great importance to the of fishing craft, the introduction of economy of these territories and develop- synthetic fibers and other means. Marke- mental plans were being implemented. ting facilities were being improved but North Borneo is perhaps unique in that it there was still great scope for further produces an exportable surplus of marine exploitation of the marine resources on a ration21 basis. 24. The Delegate presented a brief review of Thailand was now concerned with an ex- the work undertaken at the Fish Culture tensive program of oceanographic survey Research Station at Malacca, Federation in the Gulf with which was connected of Malaya, stating that all but eleven of plans fer a further campehensive survey the 82 acres of ponds are now cleared and to determine the prospects for devebgment in use. The soil of the ponds is infertile, of the off-shere fisheries. The Government acid, Iaterite clay of a type common in the of Tb~ilaizdwas anxions tc cooperate ir. tropics acd experiments are being carried all possible wrys to further the work of the out on the effect of graduated limestone ColtnciI asd gredp appreciated ;he action dosage to obtain control over the acidiry of of the Co~ilcilin helping to develop the the poods and to determine whether there iiostrellige~Traiekg Cenm recectly con- is any relationship between the limestone ducted ir, B~ngk~k.The Delegate ex- dosage and the fish yield. Studies in pressed the h~~ethat the Cm~ciir;ould inorganic fertilizers and vegetation changes continue its interest in snch trai~ling are in progress and prelirninzry results on centers as these were powerful tools for cross breeding of strains of Tilapio mos- use in develqing systems of management sambicrs are producing extremely interest- of the fisheries of zhe regioz., ing resah. 25. A review of the status of the iishing indus- and a large credit fund had been reserved try of Singapore was aIso given referring for the use of fishermen's cooperatives. particularly to the development of trawling Attention was being given to the construc- and the increase in fishing boat mechaniza- tion of properly equipped fish harbors and tion. A mobile fisheries unit providing action was being taken to attract capital instructjons in the maintenance and repair into the secondary phase of the industry by of fishing boats was active and a storm- the devdopment of quality control and the warning service through local radio broad- introducti~_nof new processes. cast had been set up. The training of The Government of Vietnam wasTpaying school boys in the fishing villages was close attention to the development of fresh being tested through a piIot scheme in and brackish water fisheries, particularly order to select apt pupils for further train- in connection with Chanos and the distri- ing in advanced fishing methods. bution of fry of fresh water pond fish. 26. Expressing his Government's sincere and sympathetic interest in the of the Statemenis from observer Organizations Region and assuring the Council of his 29- The South Pacific Commission through its Government's view that great benefit is observer informed the Council that it obtained from the exchange of scientific continued to attach great importance to the information and &rough person81 contacts, work of the CounciI. in bringing together the Delegate for the U.S.A. drew the atten- people from the same region for discussion tion of the Council to the fact that American and exchange of knowledge which would exploratory research in the Central Pacific result in the development of an evaluation Ocean was drawing to a close. The final of the resources of the region and indicate expioratory project was the oceanoqaphic, their developmental potential. biological and tuna survey of the general vicinity of the Marquesas Islands for which 30, The Observer for the Ceylon Association field the work was complete and the final for the Advancement of Science conveyed reports are now being prepared. The cordiaI felicitations to the Council. Re- research program is shifting to give greater cognizing themany services the Indo-Pacific attention to increasing the efficiency of fish- Fisheries Council has rendered, his Asso- ing and the main objectives .were predic- ciation extended its warm congratulations tion of variations in the tuna resources, the and hoped that the Council deliberations reduction of scouting time and the in- would meet with every success. creasing of fishing efficiency on a basis of 31* The Observer for the University of Ceylon tuna behavior studies and related studies conveyed greetings and hoped that the 8th on bait fishes. Session of the IPFC would be successful. 27. Expressing warm thanks to the Govern- The University was grateful for the oppor- ment of Ceylon for its work in organizing tunity to be represented at this meeting. the 8th Session of the Council, the Delegate The University trains, with the Iimited for Vietnam said that his Government facilities at its disposal, fishery biologists, foIlowed with great interest the Corm- who will eventually aid in the development cil's activities. In 1957, his Govern- of the fisheries of Ceylon and has more ment had amalgamated- the sea and than a mere academic interest in the iniand fisheries services as a depart- deliberations of the I.P.F.C. The discus- ment under the Ministry of National sions at this meeting wiIl help to indicate Economy. In its plan for the exploitation the lines along which the enormous of aquatic resources his Government at- resources of the Ocean around Ceylon can tached particular importance to material be most protitably consend and exploited and financial aid to fishermen. tbernoderni- for the benefit of our people. zation of catching techniques and the 32. At the Chairman's request the Secretary mechanization of fishing craft. Training read out a letter received from Dr. N.K. in fisheries subjects both at home and Panikkar, Member of the Executive Com- abroad was receiving considerable attention mittee, expressing his regret at being unable to attend the Eighth Session and Membership wishing the Council every success in its 37. TheExecutive Committee's report indicated deliberations. that the membership of the Council consisted of 17 Member Governments, the Election of Vice-chairman Government of the Federation of Malaya 33. As neither the Vice-chairman, Dr. Tbam having signified its adherence to the Ah Kow, nor Executive Committee Member, Council's Agreement in September, 1958. Dr. N.K. Panikkar, were able to attend, the Chairman requested the Council to take Report on Credentials action to elect a Vice-chairman. Mr. 38. Idaccordance with Section III of the Rules D.T.E.A. de Fonseka was nominated by of Procedure a report on credentials the Delegate for the Federation of Malaya submitted by DeIegates and Observers to seconded by the Delegate for France. The the Eighth Session of the Council was Delegate for Australia moved, seconded by presented. the Delegate for U.S.A. that nominations should be closed. This motion having 39. Officially accredited representatives of been put and carried, Mr. D.T.E.A. de Member Governments participating in tbe Fonseka was declared elected Vice- Council's Session were 12 delegates, 9 Chairman of the Council. alternates, 2.5 advisers and 5 experts. Member Governments on behalf of whom 34. The Delegate for the Republic of Korea deIegates were present were Australia, gave notice of a proposal for the suspension Ceylon, France, India, Japan, Korea, of the Rules of Procedure, particularly Federation of Malaya, Netherlands, Thai- Section VII, paragraph 2 relating to the land, UK, USA and Vietnam. assumption of duty by the newlyelected Vice-chairman in order to permit him to 40. Accredited representatives of thq following assist in the work of the Executive and observer-organizations were also present:- Steering Committees. 1. Ceylon Association for the Advance- ment of Science 35. This proposal, baving been seconded by the 2. Gal Oya Development Board, Ceylon Delegate for Australia, was approved by 3. South Pacific Commission the Council. 4. United Nations Technical Assistance Board Steering Committee 5. University of Ceylon. 36. The Council constituted a Steering Com- mittee for the conduct of the meeting Report af the Executive Committee wnsisting of : 41. The Council considered the Repart of the Chairman of Council Executive Committee in the light of recom- mendations and comments made in the - Dr. K. Kuronuma submission to the Council from the special Vice Chairman ad hoc Sub-committee consisting of Mr. - Mr. D.T.E.A.de Fonseka Garth I. Murphy, Mr. Soong Min Kong Chairman of Technical and Mr. Tran Van Tri, appointed by the - Committee I Chairman to examine the Report. - Mr. Soong Min Kong Relation with FA0 Chairman of Technical Committee I1 42. The Council noted with appreciation that - Mr. L.F. Ti~severasin~he most of the Seventh Session recommenda- tions to FA0 had been implemented and Representative of the Ceylon Delegation that the liaison maintained with the and Organizing Committee Fisheries Division had strengthened by the - Mr. AS. Mendis services of the Technics1 Secretaries, Dr. Secretary of the CounciI G.L. Kesteven, Mr. C. Beever, Dr. M.R. - Mr. J.A. Tubb Khan, Mr. S.J. HoIt, Mr. H. Kristjonsson and Mr. Y, hiiyake. It was noted also Docume~tationfor the Eighth Session that liaison had been maintained with 48. The council endorsed action taken by the the sister organization, the General Executive Committee and Secretariat in the Fisheries Coyncil for the Mediterra~ean, preparation a~ddistribution of documents particularly- through the exchange of for the Eighth Session but reqcested that publications and information. in future every effort should be made to

distribute Session Documents as ' early as 43. The Council expressed its appreciation of possible before the commencement of the the invitation from the Director-General, Council's Session. FA0 to be represented at the Second World Fisheries Boat Congress to be held in Rome Nomination of Technical -Corrrunittees from 5-10 April, 1959 and expressed interest 49. The nominations received from Member in the World Scientific Meeting on the ;Governments in respect of Technical Biology of Sardines to be held in Committees I and 11 and their respective September, 1959. Panels and of the special Sub Committees were accepted by the Council (See Appen- 44. The Council noted with considerable dix 11). satisfaction the interest in its activities expressed by Delegates at the FA0 Far 50- Chairman and Rapporteurs of these Tecbni- East Regional Conference held in Tokyo cal Committees, Panels and special Sub- in October, 1958. Specific references to Committees are indicated in Appendix 11. the recommendations of this Conference are given in Chapters 2 and 3. Council Correkipondentg 51. Nominations for Administrative and Bibli- Relations wiih other Organizations ographic Correspondents were received from Member Governments at the com- 45. The Council endorsed action taken by the mencement of the Session. These remain Executive Committee and Secretariat in as for the preceding inter-session period connection with the Council's relations except as indicated in Appendix 11. with other International and National Organizations and recommended that all 52. The Delegate for Australia proposed that possible steps be taken to maintain this in view of the FA0 program for expanding system. the coverage and distribution of the Current Bibliography of Fisheries Science, there was no necessity for the Council to continue its bibliographic activities in the field of 46. The Council endorsed the action taken by fisheries biology, marine science and the Executive Committee in the preparation fisheries technology after the meeting of and submission of a report to the Food and the Ninth Session, and that no further Agriculture Organization after the Seventh nominations of Bibliographic Correspon- Session held at Bandung and recommended dents would be sought. that the Secretariat should transmit copies of subsequent reports to Member Govern- 53. This proposal was seconded by the Delegate meots for information. for France and adopted. The Council also adopted a consequential recommendation Implementation of Seventh Session that FA0 should consider and take action to produce a complete Bibliography cover- Eeeommendations ing Fisheries Science, Marine Biology, 47. In addition to the comment given the Council Statistics, Craft and Gear, Technology, endorsed action taken by the Executive Processing, Marketing and Socio- Committee to implement the recommenda- Economics, and that the organization should tiocs of the Council's Seventh Session held take appropriate steps to coordinate their in Bandung and expressed appreciation to activities in this regard with the United the Secretariat for the work camed out States Fisb and Wild Life Service in during the inter-session period. connection with the publication "Comrner- cia1 Fisheries Abstracts " and current 59. This estimated expenditure should be measures being taken in respect of the annotated giving as far as possible a American Bibliographies relating to Inland detailed analysis of expenditure under the Sports Fisheries. four main items and it should be pointed out that such expenditure proposals might Technical Committee Meetiiss be subject to modification by the Council 54 On a motion by the Delegate for USA, in PIenary Session in accordance with seconded by the Delegate for India, the further information which might then be Council recommended that the Secretariat available for presentation to the Council shouId be instructed to explore ways and by ,the Secretariat. means to ensure that the Technical Com- mittees aad special Sub-Committees should 60. The Council adopted a recommendation meet at least once between plenary submitted by the ad hoc committee on sessions. Budget Proposals that, at the next Confer- ence of the FAO, Member Governments 55. In addition to this primary recommenda- might request FA0 to make a definite tion it was proposed by the Delegate for appropriation in respect of IPFCpublications Vietnam that the possibility of holding and that the members of the Council should sub-regional meetings should be explored. be advised of FAO's decision as early as 56. It was agreed that the views of Member possible before the next ple~arySession of Governments should be sought and the the existence of such an appropriation. The Secretary should prepare a digest of these Council in Plenary Session should then opinions which would be circulated to the aecide priorities of publication in respect of Governments concerned. Council Documents. Reports of Techniccll and Special 61. The Council recommended that the Budget Sub-Commitkees Estimate for 1960-61 should be presented to the Director General, FAO. 57. The Council adopted the reportsofTechnica1 Committees I and II and the reports of 62. The Council adopted a recommendation the special Sub-Committees. The resolu- from the ad boc committee on Budget tions arising from the work of the Proposals that the Secretariat should seek Committees during the Session were ways and means of reducing expenditure examined in detail by the Delegations in in connection with interpretation services Joint Committee and having been finalized where possible through the employment of were adopted by the Council in Pienary locally available Interpreters. Provision Session. (See Chapters 2 and 3) should nevertheless be made for expenditure F-cial adBudget Report adequate to ensure the employment of overseas Interpreters if such local Interpre- 58. The Council adopted the Statement on ters were not available. In addition the Financial and Budget Estimates as submit- Council considered that if the proposal for ted in the Executive Committee's Report It was further decided that a Statement inter-session Technical Committee Meet- ofatheEstimated Expenditure of the Council ings was acceptable to Member Govern- for the period following a proposed Plenary ments, provision should be made for Council Session should be circulated to Member expenditure in connection therewith and Governments along with the proposed that such expenditure might in practice be Agenda for the Plenary Session not less covered by savings effected by the tban 60 days in advance of this Session. utilization of local interpretation services. 63. IPFC Statement of Expenditure for 1958 (Jc~nuarp-September) Expenditure Budget us 3 Alhcation 195811959 US % A. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE TRAVEL ...... 921.00 3,000.00 IPFC 27th Executive Committee Meeting, Saigon, Vietnam, 21-24 May 1958 Chairman : Dr. K. Kuroma (Japan 1 Fares .370.00 Subsistence 105.00 Terminals 8.00 Vice-chairman: Dr. Tham Ah Kow (U.K. Sing.) Fares 160.00 Subsistence 70.00 Terminals 8.00 Member : Dr. N.K. Panikkar (India) - absent - 8. PRINTING ...... 879.72 4,000.00 600 copies C.A.B. No. 20 215.52

99 3, 9, NO. 21 151.32

7s 39 ?? NO. 22 117.90 484.74 1,300 copies IPFC procs. 6th Meeting, Sections TI and I11 Ind. Rups. 8395-0-0 - 1957 budget = 1368.67 1958 ,, = 394.98 = US $ 1,763.65 C. MEETING ( estimate ) ...... 2,700.00 8th IPFC Session, Colomb, Ceylon, December 6-22, 1958 Local expenditure at Colombo, Ceylon 300.00 Crating of documents, overtime and other incidental expenditure in Bangkok before the meeting 200.00 Part interpretation senices of 2 interpreters (estimate) 2,200.00 (Costs shared with FA0 Conference on PrincipIes and Policies of Land Settlement, Gal Oya) D. MISCELLANEOUS ITEM (up till 30 Sept. )...... 529.14 ( 1) Postage, telegrams 282.71 (2 ) Equipment - 242.10 Stationery and suppIies Postage expenses paid on behalf of IPFC by Regional Information Office, New Delhi - Ind. Rups. 20-71 = US $ 4.33 64. 1559 Promam of Expenditure 70. Proposed Budget Est.mate 1950-61 Tbe FA0 Conference, Rome, November A. Travel - Executive Committee 1957 approved a biennial budget for the US $ 3,500 Council as follows : B. Printing 6,000 1958-59 A. Travel - Executive Committee C. Meetings 2,700 US $ 3,000 D. Miscellaneous Expenses 1,500 B. Printing 4,000 C. Meeting 2,700 D. MisceIlaneous Expenses 2,000 71. Item Travel Total ---US $ 11,700 Provision is made for one Executive 1959 Prosranme Committee Meeting during 1960 and two 65. Item A Travel during 1961. Expenses for payment of Sufficient funds will remain under this per diem to members of the Executive head to permit two rnetings of the Execu- Committee during pre-and post Session tive Committee during 1959, savings have meetings are included. been effected due to the inability of Dr. N.K. Panikkar to attend the 27th meeting 72. Item B. Printing held in Saigon. Provision is made as follows : 66. Item B. Printing Outstanding commitment Payments of outstanding charges in respect 8th Session Proc. US$ 2,000 of the 6th Proceedings have been met Printing & Distribotion, largely by funds carried over from 1957, but 9th Session Proc. 2,500 approximately US $500 will have to be C.A.B., 8 issues 1960-61 1,500 drawn from the 1958-59allocation to finalize Total US $ 6,000 the accounts. 67. Printing of the 7th Proceedings, now in 73. lGTo provision has been made for the printing progress will cost approximately US $2,500, & distribution of Special Publications, including distribution costs, and four issues Handbooks and Manuals, nor of reprinting of the Current Affairs Bulletin during 1959 the Courkil's Agreement and Rules of will cost approximately US $500, leaving Procedure as amended. The availability of an anticipated balance of US $500 to meet such material for printing will depend in the cost of printing of part of the Proceedings of this (8th) Session. Publication of the Iarge measure upon the distribution of the remaining part may therefore have to be workload during 1959-1961 at Fisheries deferred until the next budget Division, FAO, The advice of the Director has been sought on this matter. 68. Item C. Mee€ings It is anticipated that costs chargeable against the Colombo Session will approxi- mate US $500, the remaining sum of US As for 1958-59, direct expenditure in $2,200 will be required to meet the costs of relation to the meeting i-wstimated at US the French-English interpretation service, $500 and that for intGetation services covesing 2 persons for approximatefy 16 at US S 2,200. days @ US $35.00 per diem plus single 75, Item D. Miscellaneous Expendime fares Colombo-Geneva. As no session of Council wilI be convened during 1959, As indicated above, no charge in this item there will be no expenditure under this need be anticipated. head. Council's Symposium 69. Item D. MisceIlaneo?ls Expenses This item is fairly stable from year to year 76. The Council adopted the report on the and covers postage, telegram and cable Eighth Session Symposium "Fish Behavior charges, stationery and a small amount of with particular reference to Pelagic Shoaling office equipment. Species" by the Convener, Dr. F.D. Omrnannep, noting that the results of Orsonization af the Council's Work studies on fish behavior were applicable 80. The Council adopted a recommendation to the industry through the deveIopment submitted by the Delegate for France that of fishing equipment and increasing the Member Governments should include in catch efficiency of existing fishing equip- their official opening Statements a list of men.t, through the location of fish concen- the important problems, given in the order trations and through the formulation of of priority that each country would like to management programs. Fisheries Biolo- see assigned to them by the Council; that gists stilI lack much of the ordinary these opening Statements should be fisherman's knowledge of fish behavior transmitted to the Secretariat at least 60 and accurate Geld observations properly days before the forthcoming Council recorded should be made. Care should be Session; that the program of work of taken that conclusions in relation to fish the Technical Committees should be based behavior under natural conditions should on these lists of problems together with not be based solely upon observations made the recommendations from the previous on fish in aquaria. Session and that provisional programs including these two features should be After considering recommendations recei- submitted to the Council in Plenary ved from the Technical Committees. the Session. Council decided that the Symposium subject for the Ninth Session should be " How to 81. The Council resolved that in view of the formulate programs of fisheries researcb fact that much of the Council's work is of and technoIogical improvements particu- a continuing nature, it is felt desirable that larly in fish handling required for the Delegations from Member Governments implementation of national policies for should include at least one member who fisheries development, and methods of has had previous experience in Council assessing progress on these programs". Sessions. Member Governments are ac- Mr. D.J. Gates (Australia 1 was elected cordingly requested to give consideration Convener. to this matter when the question of appointing delegations to attend Council Amendments to the Agreement Plenarg Sessions or Technical Meetings is under review. 78. The Council adopted the proposal by the Government of India of an amendment to the Agreement to permit the Council's 82. In further discussing the recommendation Plenary Sessions to be held at intervals of set out in paragraph 54 of this chapter, the was Council accepted the recommendation from two years. The proposal seconded by the Delegate from India that the proposal the Delegate for Ceylon and the voting was should be forwarded to Member Govern- as follows: 11 delegations in favor; 1 ments of the Council with indication of the against, with two communications in favor administrative and financial implications. received in writing by the Secretariat ; The Council requested that the views of 3 countries abstained from communicating their opinions to the Gmncil. The 13 votes Member Governments should be presented in favor of the amendment gave the at the 9th Session of the Council. required majority. 83. The Council directed the Secretary to 79. The Delegate for the NetherIands tabled a expiore the possibility of arranging for proposed' amendment of the Agreement meetings of the Technical Committees to which woald permit future amendments of commence a few days in advance of the the Agreement to be passed on a basis of a first plenary meeting of each Council two thirds majorityof Member Governments Session in order to review work and represented at a Session. The Secretary finalize the report on the Technical was instructed to circuIarize Member Committees activities conducted during Governments to this matter. the inter-session period. 84. The Council considered that this procedure 89. The Council recognized the particular wonld enable the Committees to give more requirements of biologists in the field sta- detailed attention to the items on their tistics and recommended that at the 9th respective agendas during the Council Plenary Session, Technical Committee I Session and in this way, increase the should appoint two biologists who could efficiency of the Committees operations. participate in discussions of Technical Committee 11, Panel C, on statisiical 85. In connection with the coordination of matters. work of the Technical Committees and 90. On the matter of correspondence during Panels and to ensure continuity through the the inter-session period, the Council recom- inter-session period and the succeeding mended that copies of all documents session, the Council recommended for the distributed or exchanged should be made attention of FA0 that each Technical available in sufficient numbers at each Secretary should be present at successive session for the use of new Committee sessions of the Council. If this could not members. be arranged, then it would be advantageous 91. The Delegate for Vietnam ~roposed a if the Staff Member assigned as Technical recommendation, which was accepted by Secretary for any inter-session period could the Council, that Delegates on returning to be present at the foilowing session. their respective countries, should emphasize particularly one or more of the Council's 86. The Council laced articular emphasis on recommendations which they consider the need for continuity of representation would be implemented by their Govern- and strongly urged Member Governments ments and they should particularly seek to give serious consideration to the two authorization and means to implement proposals set out above. these selected recommendations. 87. The Council recommended that the organi- Time and Place of Ninth Session zation of the Technical Committees into 92. No invitation having been received from panels should continue as for previous Member Governments, the matter was sessions and inter - session periods. It refere4 to the Executive Committee in accor- further recommended that the ad hoc dance with the provisions of the Rules of committees on Rcastrelkiger, Hilsa, Fish Procedure, Section 11. The Council adopted Culture in Rice Fields and Marketing a recommendation that the Ninth Session should be reconstituted to operate during should be held during the last quarter of the inter-session and tbe 9th Session 1960. of the Council. ' Election of Chdrrncm and Vice Chairman 88. The Council further decided that in order to 93. On the nomination of the Delegate for clarify the position of the Technical Secre- Korea seconded by the Delegate for Van taires, the special ad boc Sub-Comdttees Federation of Malaya, Mr. Tran Tri (Viet Nam) was elected Chairman of the should be considered as operating under the Council for the inter-session and aegis of the particular Technical Committee the next succeeding Session. to which their subjectmatter had an obvious bias and that reports and recommendations Participation in Ipternational Meetings from these Sub-cornnittees derived during 94. The Council noted that included in IPFC! a Council Session should be included in C58,'WP 22, Schedule of Meeting of Interest the report of the appropriate TechnicaI to IPFC, were meetings in which the Council Committee. Having been presented to the could profitably participate through appoin- Council in Plenary Session these reports rnent of observers wherever In should be regarded, for the purpose of Rules this regard the Council directed the of Procedure, Section X, para 3, as having Secretariat to circularize the Member been presented through the Executive Governments with the reports of such Committee. observers including a list of documents presented and discussed at the concerned ainsi qu' au personnel du Ministere des meetings. Member Governments could then Industries et des PBches de son assistance directly contact the organizers of the et de sa collaboration durant les se4nces meetings to obtain documents in which dudit Conseil ". they might be interested. 99. The Delegate for UNITED KINGDOM Principles of Fisheries Policy proposed and the Council adoptsd the following resolution : The Council agreed that there was need to define the basic principles for the fonnula- "The Council desires to place on tion of fisheries policy and requested the record an expression of its very sincere Secretariat to prepare a questionnaire on appreciation of the excellent arrange- this subject for consideration by Member ments made and the facilities provided Governments and on a basis of the replies for the Council's Session by the Orga- to this questionnaire, Occasional Paper 5713 nizing Committee and also to record and Addenda and such other information most grateful thanks on behalf of the as could be made available, to prepare for CounciI and the individual members submission to Member Governments. participating in the Eighth Session, for the personal assistance, hospitalicy and Indo-Pacific %heries Yeclr close attention to their weII-being by the individual members of the Orga- The Council decided that the concept of a nizing Committee." << particular gear" be dropped from consi- deration. In so doing, the Council expres- 100. The Delegate for FEDERATION OF MA- sed its adherence to the basic philosophy LAYA proposed and the Council adopted a of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Year, namely, vote of sincere appreciation to the Principal that the cdection of adequate statistics is and Registrar of the Royal College, Colombo, an urgent matter, and should be pursued for their generous action in making availa- with all possible speed by Member Govern- ble for the use of the Council the entirely ments. satisfactory accommodation within the ColIege. Formal Resolutions of Thanks 101. The Delegate for THAILAND proposed On a motion by the Delegate for KOREA and the Council adopted a hearty vote of the Council adopted a resolution as follows: thanks to Dr. Katsuzo Kuronuma for his "That the Council records its excellent service to the CounciI as Chairman grateful appreciation of the generous and for the painstaking attention which hospitality and the excelIent facilities he has devoted to the aff airs of the Council which have been so graciously extended since the Seventh Session in Bandung. by the Government and people of Ceylon to the Council, to the Delegations from 102. The Delegate for FRANCE proposed and Member Governments and to other the Council adopted ; participants attending theEighth Session (6 que nous votions des remerciements and directs that this expression of au Directeur General de I'Organisation appreciation be formally communicated pour fAlimentation et l'Agriculture pour to the Prime Minister of Ceylon " l'interet profond et continu qu'il a montrb envers bs affaires du Conseil. On a motion by the Delegate for VIETNAM Je propose aussi que nous votions dans the CounciI adopted a resolution as follows: le m&me sens vis-a-vis des personnes (4 Le conseil exprime ses sinchres de fa Division des PBches deia FA0 qui remerciements i Son Excellence le ont fait fonction de Seeretaires Tech- Ministre des Industries et des PGches, niques pendant la periode d'inter-session Mr. P.H. William de Silva, d'avoir honor6 et durant la huitibme session, fonctions de sa presence les ceremonies de 1' inau- qu7i1s ont si bien remplies et qui oat guration de la %me Session de I'IPFC, Bt&i precieuses an Conseil." 103. The Delegate for UNITED STATES OF Attention was drawn ~articulalvto the AMERICA proposed and the Council very valuable and efficient service rendered adopted a Vote of Appreciation for the to the Council by localsecretariat personnel services of the Council's Secretariat and for the manner in which the instructions assigned to assist the Council's Secretariat of the Council had been carried out and by the Ceylon Department of Industries for: the servicing of the Eighth Session. and Fisheries.

CHAPTER 2. - RESOURCES The Council reviewed the recomrnen- period, for comment, is very helpful; it should dations made bv the Seventh Session of the be generdly distributed, and might form a Council with respect to the subjects assigned pattern for accounts of methods in other fields. to Technical Committee I. For each topic It was suggested that consideration be given bjr account was taken of the progress of work the authors of such accounts to the desirability reportedin Working Paper 18 ( which records the of beginning each with an introductory sec- correspondence between committee members tion dealing with the means of attacking in the inter-session period), and in the relevant particular problems, and grouping together documents (Working Papers, Technical Papers the set of methods used in attempting to solve and Contributed Publications 1 bef6re the Coun- each problem. cil, and also reported verbally by the pembers of the Committee. The further actions recom- The Council was informed of progress mended on the basis of this review are made by FAO in preparation of other compil- described below, together with decisions regard- ations of methods, and discussed the procedure ing new topics and proposals discussed by the by which mimeographed drafts could be reviewed Council. Technical Committee I attempted, as by the Council so that amendments might be reauested bv the Chairman. to relate discussions suggested which would make them conform clisely to ;he practicaI confronting more closely to the Council's requirements. industry and governments, and would wish to It has been suggested that the Editor should, do this more systematically at future sessions, for technical reviewing, enlist the aid of most on rhe basis of the identification by Deiega- cpalified and experienced persons in each field, tions of their countries' main problems. wherever they might be, and then, when their suggestions have been incorporated in the text, Reference Books the revised draft should be submitted to the The Council examined the draft of a Chairman of the Council who wouM request, for section--of the " Handbook of Field Methods in each book, a person or group of persons, working Fisheries Biology" prepared by FA0 Fisheries within the Region, to study the draft with Biology Branch, and suggested that although regard to its suitability for use by the Council, it is useful for such a bock to contain accounts and advise him accordingly. These suggestions of most wall-tried methods, it should also give would then be forwarded to the Editor for anindication of which method of several available incorporation in the published version. Not- for the same purpose is recommended for withstanding the statement to the contrary gmeral use, and might be adopted as a standard, contained in the Summary Report of the 7th at least provisionally. The account of standard Session of the Council, the Committee wishes methods of water analysis circulated by FA0 to record its unanimous belief that, such compil- to the committee during the inter-session atiocs of methods should be called "Manuals", and to avoid further confusion the term "Handbooks" Standardiiatioa of Plankton Nets be applied to compilations of results, as is the The Council noted with pleasure that common usage. Combinations of the two might UNESCO had made available a grant sufficient be referred to as " Reference Books ". to cover the cost of 12 Marutoku 3-type zooplankton nets. The Secretary was instructed Ase determinction of fish to obtain these nets and send one to each The Council noted the difficulties involved member country which is not a!ready in in age determination of fishes in the tropics. possession of sich a net, and which will be able In some instances, however, there are annual to use it, either for comparison with other kinds or semi-annual changes in the environment of_ of gear during the next inter-session period sufficient magnitude to cause check marks inr or, lacking such other gear, to begin plankton hard parts. Research workers are urged to survey. The nets should be sent directly to the take advantage of these whenever possible. persons at addresses listed below, together with an explanation of the recommended mode of use. The Committee also noted the possibility of conducting studies on population dynamics AUSWA -Mr. O.J. Tranter, CSIRO, without determining the age of the 6shes. Cronulla, Sydney. Referecce is made to the report on the CEYLON -Director of Fisheries, Fi- Rastrelliger Training Center (Working Paper 28) sheries Research Station, 1958 for further details. Finally the Council Galle Face, Colombo. noted the possibility of determining the age of fish on basis of changes in body Groportion FEUWCE -Mr. Legand, Institut Frm- with age. qais d'OcAanie, B.P. No. 4, Nournea, New CaIedonia. The Council noted with interest that FA0 WIA -Dr. S. Jones, Chief Research is contemplating preparation of a general review Officer, Central Marine Fi- of the question of age determination. The sheries Station, Mandapam Council recommends that Biology Branch, Camp, South India. Fisheries Division, Rome, be requested to INDONESlA - ( Secretary to ascertain from proceed with all possible speed in the prepar- Committee Member 1. ation of a review with particular reference to tropical problems and recommends that the FEDERATION - Director of Fisheries, De- OF MAIJlYA partment of Fisheries, report include the foI1owina:-.2 Penang, Malaya. Definition and discussion of the NETHER- - Dr. J. Verwey, Director, applications of age and growth data LANDS Station, to practical fishery problems. Zoologsch Den Hel- der, Netherlands. Discussions of all possible methods (Alternative: Dr. K. Vaas, of age determination in the tropics. Leiden or Prof. G.B. Baer- With reference to (1) above des- ends, Groningen ). criptions of alternate methods of PAKISTAN - ( Secretary to ascertain from solving problems that normaIly Committee Member 1. require age abd growth data for UNITED - Director,Fisheries Research their solation. gZNGDOM Unit, University of Hong- Clear definitions of areas for £urther Kong. scientific investigation looking to- VIETNAM - M. le Directeur des P&ches wards solution of the basic problems. du Vietnam, 116 Rue Phan These will serve as guides to the Dinh Phung, Saigon. scientific programs of the several The Council recommends that Marutoku member countries. B-tv~e nets be used durine the ~eriod The Council awaits with interest the betwein the 8th and 9th sessions & the publication of the report. It is hoped that Council to conduct experiments designed to member nations will report results in this area obtain comparative data regarding the effecJive- as their research is completed. ness of different 'kinds of plankton nets in .catching zooplankton organisms, fish eggs and sampling fish larvae and phytoplankton until also fish larvae. The results of such experiments the results of the trials with the zooplankton should be reported to the 9th Session, at which nets are avaliable. time the next step in standardization 6f The Council endorsed the recommendation sampling gear should be discussed. -- of the Rastrelliger Training Center (Working At least one comparative experiment shodd Paper 28) that full advantage be taken of all be conducted with the Marutoku B- net and possibilities of cooperation with commercial each other kind of net in use by each country. vessels of all kinds in obtaining information In particular comparisons should be made with about plankton abundance. It is recommended the Clarke-Bumpus net ( adopted by Australia, that FA0 should make available prototypes of France and New Zealand for TASMAPAC and the simple modification of the Hardy Plankton subsequent cooperative investigations in the Indicator, in order that countries having South Pacific) the one meter net used by POFL opportunities to arrange for the use of such the Bensen net used in the Philippines and a gear by fishing vessels or other craft may elsewhere, and the Discovery net used in Hong construct copies of it: locally. Kong. Identification of fish and plankton In each experiment a minimum of 10 sta- The Council noted with pleasure that most tions should be worked. 'At each station member countries have now published check-. two normal hauls should be made with each net, lists of fishes, and others have them almost from bottom to surface or, in deeper water, complete. The Council urged members who from 150 m. to surface. The haul with the have either not published lists so far, or have Marutoku 3-type net should be vertical, and at revised their earlier lists to submit copies to the a speed within the range 0.4 to 2.0 mlsec. and Biology Branch of FA0 Fisheries Division. preferably 0.6 to lmisec. The Council also requests the Fisheries Division of FA0 to publish its proposed check-list, Results should be presented as mean (which should include names of all commercially total number of fish eggs, total number of important aquatic animaIs) at least in draft fish larvae and total displacement volume of form, before the 9th Session of the Council. plankton ( excluding any organisms exceeding 1 cm. in length, which should be recorded The Coupcil discussed the need for illus- separately) in each replicate pair of hauls for trated keys for important plankton species in each net at each station, expressed both as per the region. Pending the publication of such m3 of water filtered and as per m2 surface of keys by countries having the staff and facilities water column. for this work, the Delegate for the U.S.A. undertook to arrange for preparation of a Information about each comparison should short annotated list of references to available include at least station position, date and time publications useful for plankton identification, of haul, weather conditions and depth of water. and to circulate it to the members of the The method of treatment of the catches Council. I removql from net, preservation, sorting, estim- It is hoped that the Council will be able ation of displacement volume) will be described to use its good offices to assist workers in certain by the committee member for Japan in a note member countries in finding means of having which he has undertaken to prepare and their identifications checked. The Delegate circulate, and which will follow the procedure for the Netherlands suggested that workers commonly used in that country. experiencing difficulties in the identification of freshwater forms might contact the Zoolo- Member countries, such as the Philippines gical Laboratory of the University of Leiden. and U.S.A. who are already in possession of comparative data, are requested to submit an Population dynamics analysis of them to the 9th Session of the The Council reaffirmed the importance of Council. methods of assessing the relations between fish The Council decided to make no recom- stocks, the yields obtained from them and the mendations regarding gear specifically for methods and intensity of fishing, and recognised the role of these methods in providiog a focal sition ir, relation to fish production is important, point for biological, and technical studies of but it requires highly speciaIized techniques fishing industries, It believes that the proposed and equipment, so that several member countries new JournaI of Population Dynamics would are not able to undertake such studies at the help to stimulate research in this field and present time, The Council urges that India faci!itate the exchange of ideas between scien- continues its work in this 6eId and requests tists engaged in it. that the results obtained, together with infor- mation about techniques used, be reported to The Council Iooks forward to the early the 9th Session of the Council. publication of the report and papers of the Joint Scientific meeting of ICNAF, ICES and Problems arising horn tfie Intzod~ctioncf FA0 in Lisbon 1957, and noted progress in " Non-Indigenous Fishes population studies reported by some member countries, all of which are requested to continue The Council recognized that the present to inform the ConnciI of their work on fishing subject extended to undesirable fish, whether and stock assessments, and particulady with indigenous or non-indigenous. The spawn regard to river populations and cultivated stocks. taking of Chinese-carp successfully carried out in Japan during 1957 and 1958 took the Fish culture in general attention of the Council which also noted the General reports on this topic, which was problems arising in the area particularly reviewed at length were received frpm Malaya, concerning Tilapio mossambica and common Thailand and U.S.A. The Council stressed the carp ( Cyprinus car~io). importance of fish culture research in the region Rigid control of the introduction of non- and recommends that Member Governments indigenous species is considered necessary, be asked to consider how the work of the and adequate research should precede action Council might be made more effective in this in this matter. A statement on this subject by field and make proposals in this respect for con- the Australian Delegate stated that the intro- sideration at the 9th Session of the Council. duction of aquarium fish is becoming increasingly Distribution by FA0 of the review by E.D. Le important in Papua/New Guinea and the infor- Cren on the application of science to idand mation available on habits is insufficient to fisheries is awaited with interest. ensure that the fisb, if liberated in natural waters, Diurnal feeding rhythms will not become a serious menace to other aquatic forms of life-for example, Lebistes is It was noted that no further work on this described as a harmless 6sh with potential as a subject, to which the Seventh Session of the biological control for mosquitoes. However, it Council had made particular reference under is known to attack small fish of good edible the heading of fish culture, had been varieties and therefore could be termed noxious. carried out. The Council is of the opinion that it is not of such importance as to warrant In tightening up control by the Australian its special attention, and does not, therefore, Government of introduction of exotic species, recommend further action with respect to it the following varieties have recently been by members of the Council. excluded from import licences granted in the Territory of Papua/New Guinea:--"" Soil composition in fish pod Miflions Fish Lebistes reticulatus It is understood that the draft of a paper Bumble Bees Brachygobius door ice on .this subject by A.G. Wurtz of France has Angel Fhh Pterophyllum spp. been completed and the committee looks forward Black Tetras Gymnocorymbus ternetzi to its pubIicatian. Lamp Eyes Aplocheilichthys The Comcil reviewed the report on the microphthalmns work done by India and noted the work on Penguins Thoyericz obliqua acid soils carried out at the Fish CuItuxe Although these varieties which can be Research Station, Malacca, reported in the imported from New Soutb Wales into the opening statement of the U.K. Delegation. Territory may be harmless in temperate climates, The investigation of soil structure and compo- in tropical Australia and New Guinea they may be considered a menace to naturaI waters. Member Governments are requested to More information on these species and other continue to report to the Council the results exotic varieties would enable regulations to of their work in this field until such time as be more satisfactorily. Member coun- the Council considers the time is appropriate tries are requested to submit relevant data to far a further general review of the matter. the Secretariat for the information of coun- tries concerned. Stocking of natural swamps and other economicali~unproductive wafers The Council recommends to Member Governments that : No new documents were available to the Council relating to the proposal made at the I. considerable research should be car- 7th Session of the Council to encourage stocking ried out before any legislation in with hardy local species such as Puntius respect of introduction of non- javanicus as a preliminary step in developing indigenous species of fish is enacted. freshwater fisheries in these areas. .* 11. research on Tilapia mssarnbica The council was informed however that in should be continued, both in fish- Malaya, where P. javanicus is becoming a ponds and natural bodies of water, popular culture species, stocking of ponds and and the results reported to the next mining pools after removal of predatory fishes Council Session. with insecticides, has been initiated, though i't ... is too early to say whether this rough stocking Ill. where possible research shouId be un- will be entirely successful. dertaken on common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) with particular atten- In Ceylon stocking with Trichogaster tion to specification of the varieties pectoralis in swampy low-Iging areas, irrigation dealt with and the countries from canals and ditches leading to paddy fields has which they originated, with the aim- in some areas been successful. Rough stocking of finding criteria to determine which with Tilapia mosxambica has also been successful variety is most suitable for particular in certain village tanks. habitats. The results should be The results of the activities mentioned reported to the next Council Session, above, and of other experience with rough vi. research should be continued on the stocking, shouid continue to be reported to spawning of Chinese Carp, with the Council. special reference to the production Fish Culture in Rice Fields of their fry. Considering the importance of this method Weed control for increasing the production of freshwater fish The Council reviewed the status of the in rhe Region, as well as the inadequacy question in various member countries. Aquatic of information on the subject obtained hitherto, weed controI does not appear to be a serious the Council deems it desirable to see the Rice problem in Japan and Vietnam but may be of Field Fish Culture Sub-committee strengthened local significance in Malaya, Ceylon, India and through the effective participating in its work U.S.A. In India the choking of inland water of other membei. countries at present practising areas with aqilatic weeds has considerably rice field culture, and ~roposedthat the Secre- retarded the progress of fisheries development. tary be instructed to solicit nominations from the Member Governments concerned. The The Council recommends that further work Council reaftirmed the recommendations adopted be carried ont to evolve a suitable and economic at the 7th Session relating to the main principles method of controlling growth of weeds in fish on which methods of rice fields fish cuIture ponds. Interested Mernber Governments may should be based, the effect of insecticid--s on study further or examine whether the grass carp fish and the inter-action of rice and fish i.e. (Cte~o~haryngodonidellus) would 'be nseful in the influence of rice on the ~rowthof fish, keeping down the growth of submerged aquatic the influence of fish on rice sield. The Council weeds in their countries. noted that documents were before it mhich reported action with respect to all three items, prepared. From the documents submitted it and wished now to place priority on obtaining appeared that there already exists a considerable information concerning the comparison of fish body of knowledge about this subject, but more znd rice production in paddy fields. active steps need to be taken by extension services to inform operators about such The Council would again draw the attention techniques and apply the experimental results of FA0 to the inter-dependence, in countries in practice. where rice field fish culture is practised, of rhc problems of rice cultivation and fish The synopsis prepared by Mr. Schuster at culture, Progress is possibIe only where the request of FA0 was welcomed and it is organizations dealing with rice cultivation and hoped that after any necessary revision this fish culture, respectively, work hand in hand wodd be published. The Council was sorry to both at the national and the international levels. note that information is still lacking concerning Mr. Le Van Dang (Vietnam) was elected Chanos research and cultivation in Taiwan. Chairman of the Sub-committee pd asked to Member Governments are requested to take the initiative in obtaining replies to the submit reports on new developments in Chanos questionnaire which had been circulated in the fisheries to the 9th Session of the Council. It past inter - session period. Members of the was decided, however, to suspend the activities Sub-committee were asked to cooperate with of the Chams Sub-committee pending promul- the convenor in this task and the Council gation by the Council of a plan of action with recommended that delegates, in their reports regard to the broad problems of &h culture, to their governments, should make special as suggested under that general heading in this mention of this matter. report, of Nutrition fish undez cdfivation River-basin Devdopment It was noted that although FA0 had not The Council considered the present. status been able yet to prepare the comprehensive of the problem in different member countries review of this subject requested by the 7th and the Delegate from Japan emphasized its Session, it hoped to do so during the next importance. Particularly in Malaya and India, inter-session period. The Council attaches tree stumps in their beds have considerably considerable importance to this topic, .but retarded the development and exploitation of because of its complex character the particular fisheries in reservoirs. The Delegate from aspect of nutritive values of different foods to Vietnam stated that Thailand, Cambodia and particular fish species was selected as that to Vietnam, having contiguous waters, construction which work in the next inter-session period of barrages in one country would aflect the might be directed. The nutritive value is riverine fisheries of others. It was observed expressed in terms of growsh of fish or yield that in U.S.A. there is comprehensive legislation obtzined and should -be considered in relation to the e£fect that it is obligatory on the part to the composition of the food, and the choice of the river valley projects to provide necessaq of suitable foods to be encouraged in the funds for development and protection of fisheries natural ecvironment, or to be stocked or given in the rivers. artificially. Papers on nutritive value of natural acd artificial foods and quantities eaten by The Council recommends that Member cultivated fish are solicited for the 9th Session Governments be apprised of the importance of the Council. It is believed that discussion of this problem. Surveys should be carried at ,the 9th Session should not .only clarify a out on notice being given of impending subject of direct interest to the Council, but construction of dams, and the sites should would contribute to the preparatory work for be cleared before water is allowed to accumulate, the meeting on broader aspects of fish nutrition in order to facilitate subsequent exploitation of which FA0 proposes to convene in 1x1. the reservoir. The Council stressed the need for continuing biologicaI surveys after the completion of the project. Legislation should The report of the Chanos Sub-committee in each case be enacted to ensure that such on techniques of reducing frymortality requested surveys are carried out, that their costs are at the 7th Session of the Council had not been borne by the Development Authority and that recommendations arising from them are given The need is stressed for close contact due and proper consideration. The results of between the workers of the member counrries such surveys should provide the basis of action concerned to ensure adoption of uniform methods by the Government Agency concerned, designed and techniques in Hilsa investigations. Tech- to protect existing fisheries or develop new nical papers and reports on the subject are ones. The attention of Governments and solicited for discussion. at the next Session of International Agencies concerned is drawn for the Council. example, to this need with respect to the Lower Mekong Basin Development Project, - "+ which will affect the fisheries of four countries. Tke&ouncil was leased to note that its Water Pollution request that FA0 should arrange a Seminar to train technicaI officers had been implemented The Council discussed the problem of by the conduct of an International Training resulting from mining operations, Center on the Methodology and Techniques of manufacturing industries, agricultural use of Research on Mackerel Kastrelliger the report insecticides, town sewage and discharge of oil of which was presented to the Committee. and other wastes from vessels and the adverse It is recommended that member countries effects of these on iniand and coastal fisheries fishing for Rastrelliger implement without delay in several member countries. Although the the proposals contained therein for standard problem is not very acute at the present moment, techniques of research on Rastrelliger. The the danger is increasing and the Council Council noted that these proposals are entirely apprehends that it will assume serious propor- consistent with Article I11 of the Council tions in the near future in view of the increasing Agreement. technical developments in member countries. It is therefore necessary to protect the interest All member countries, and especially those of fisheries well in time, and the Council having important fisheries or conducting research recommends that Member Governments be urged on mackerels, are requested to study the more to take early steps to enact legislative measures general recommendations ( other than those to this end. dealing with subjects covered by separate proposals in this report) contained in the report of the Trainjng Center and report on the feasi- bility of their implementation to the 9th Hilsa forms an important commercial fishery Session of the Council. in Burma, India and Pakistan. The Indian Delegate drew the Council's attention to the Certain recommendations from the Training status and the problems of Hitsa fisheries in his Center are for action by FAO, and it is hoped country and also the work that is now being that FA0 will be able to undertake this work. carried out by the National Hilsa Research Unit. Particular attention is drawn to the proposal Studies of age and size composition, of the that participating countries should send records stage of maturity and of morphometric and of their length sampling operations to the meristic characters in large samples of Hilsa Council's Secretariat for compilation and public- from all river systems and the Saurashtra ation in suitable manner. The form given in coast are being conducted. Tagging experiments the Training Center Report should be used for are also in progress. Catch statistics in respect this purpose. of Ri?sa fisheries are being collected from The Rastrelliger Sub-Committee elected different regions. The Council observed that Mr. Sant Bandhukul (Thailand) as Convemr for Pakistan has also undertaken studies on the the next inter-session period and the 9th Ses- IIiLsa fisheries. So iar as known there bad been sion of the Council. He, with the Technical no progress in Burma on this problem and the Secretary, was requested to do everything Council proposed that Burma might reconsider to draw the attention of the workers setting up a research unit at an early date. and institutions concerned to the proposed It is proposed that the Hilsa Sub-Committee methods, encourage their adoption, fcUow the should continue its work along the lines laid development of Rastrelliger research and arrange dawn at previous Council Sessions. for prepartion of a comprehensive report on the implementation of the recommendations, to of the Council so that they may propose be presented to the 9th Session of the Council. appropriate action by the Council at that time. All members of the Rastrelliger Sub-Committee The Council noted with considerable interest are asked to cooperate in this task, and Member the early resdts of experiments on artificial Governments are requested to facilitate their breeding of Mugil in Korea and solicits further work. reports at the 9th Session. The Council noted that the Training National rssomces for the study of basic Center would have benefited by the participation prodactivity of the sea of scientists from Member Countries fishing for mackerels other than Rastrelliger species. Work has been done in this field during To encourage wider participation in the the past inter-session ~eriod by Australia, development of methods of research in this France, Japan and the USA. Among the ways fteld it is proposed that the terms of reference of measuring primary production the Council of the Sub-committee be broadened to include noted that the Carbon-14 technique is the only all Scombroid fish, and that its title be modified one which couId at present be used by other accordingly. member countries, because it is cheap, and skilled experts are not needed for the field The Council believes that the need will work, nor complex instruments for the analysis, arise in future for further opportpities of revi- since central agencies can now supply standard ewing progress in this work, especiaIly as materials and provide a counting service. In research programs are only just now starting the Indo-Pacific Region two important ways in some of the participating countries. It is of practising the technique are already in recommended, therefore, that consideration be use-one in Hawaii, one in Australia arid both given by the member countries and by FA0 to in New Caledonia. fmding means by which research workers, (including for continuity, at least some of the France ~rouosedto commre these techni- participants in the Center), can in about three ques, and to work on standardization of one years time meet to appraise the results obtained or several of them, in New Caledonia by using from the application of the proposed techniques Stiemann Nielsen's method with materials from sf study. Such a meeting should be condu~ted the International Agency in Copenhagen as a as a workshop at which results would be reference, provided that funds could be made compared and analyzed further if necessary. available for this purpose. It is hoped that a small grant migbt be obtained from UNESCO It is important that all workers c~ncerned or another organization .to facilitate this work. with Kastrelliger research be informed, directly The Council n~tedthat the Symposium on and in detail, about the decisions of the Methods of Measuring Primary Production at Council in this matter. It is therefore recom- Bergen in 1957, was unable to suggest standard mended that the report of the Training Center, methods. In these circumstances the Council. - with the relevant Sections of this report recommends that Member Governments having appended, be published by FA0 as soon as facilities and staff available at present for possible and widely distributed within tbe this work continue it and report their progress region. It shouid also be sent to interested at the 9th Coilncil Meeting, in particular workers elsewhere, particuialy those concerned those aspects which bear on the problems of with scombroid fishes. standardizing the method for routine use.

No progress was reported in the reviewing This item was considered and deleted of the status of work on this group and from the list of topics for future action as planning a program of action by the Council it had been adequately deaIt . with in other with respect to it. The Committee urges the portions of the report. Rapportear for this topic (Mr. J.D. BrcimhalI, The Council noted, however, that it was Hong Kong) to compIete his synopsis as soon difficult to consider the topic without adequately as possibIe and circulate it to members of detailed catch statistics. Such statistics zre Technical Committee I before the 9th Session basic in all programs of fisheries research, development and management as well as being gress in other countries is not considerable. vital to economists and others. The tuna fishery is being expanded in Australia, The Council, therefore,decided that, during where a biologist has been appointed to work the Ninth Session, two members of Technical on tuna. The Council noted that in Malaya Committee I would be asked to join Panel C exploratory fishing fox tuna in off shore waters of Technical Committee II during discussions is to be carried out by a Colombo Plan expert. on statistics. Arising from the joint discussions The Council recommends that Member countries which would give adequate recognition to the continue to Peport to the Council new develop- special requirements of fisheries biology in the ments in the status of tuna fisheries and preparation of statistical programs, the Council research, and reaffirms its recommendation might then be in a position to establish that the one-degree square should be the basic a more comprehensive procedure in relation unit for the collection and presentation of tuna to its work in this field. catch statistics. Trawling Sardines The Council noted that experimental and commercial trawling is being undertaken by The Council had previously been inform4 many member countries and recommended of the World Scientific Meeting on the Biology strongly that size compositions of the catches of Sardines and Related Species to be convened of the main species be always recorded, in by FA0 at Rome in the autumn of 1959, and order to form a basis for stock assessments it had before it the operational plan for that and future research. meeting. The Council was asked to propose an author for a species synopsis for Sardinella in the tropical eastern Indo-Pacific, and It was noted &at Japan, Australia, France suggested the name of Mr. Li Kwan Ming. and USA. have published their oceanographic It was pointed out by the member for U.K. data and distributed them in the region. The Fisheries Research Unit of Hong Kong Uni- (Hong Kong) that the time now remaining versity has accumulated files of hydrographic was very short but he would ask Mr. Li to data since 1954 from surveys in the territorial complete a draft of his synopsis by midyear waters, and in the shelf region in a sector if possible. The Secretary of the Sardine one hundred miles offshore from Hong Kong, meeting should carrespond directly with Mr. Li to study the inhence of the discharge of the with regard to the arrangement of the synopsis. Pearl River; consideration will be given by The Stock and Area paper requested for Wong the Kong Fisheries Research Unit, to the eastern Indo-Pacific area could be assembled the possibility of publishing these data in mimeograph form for distribution. The Secretary by individual countries concerned contributing was instructed to enquire from member coun- sections describing the situation with regard to tries what other data are in existence and their own industry. It was observed that which have not been published or exchanged in most countries there was no worker between member countries, and to report on studying sardines, and that generally sardines the possible ways through which dissemination were caught in mixed fisheries. Sardine research of this data to intended parties could be was&+wever believed to be in progress in achieved. Due consideration should be given Indonesia and the Philippines. It was suggested to the discussions taking place outside this that the Secretary of the Sardine meeting should Council with regard to the compilation of contact workers there, and also Dr. R.V. Nair, oceanographic data on a world basis, and the at Mandapam, who was working on the taxonomy Secretary is asked to prepare a report on progress in this field for consideration at the 9th Session and general biology of this group in the region. of she Council. The 9th Session of the Council should Tma consider the inclusion of sardine studies on Except in France, Japan and the United the agenda of Technical Committee I, and it States, where ambitious programs of study on is hoped the Report of the sardine meeting tuna biology have been undertaken the pro- would be available as a methodological guide. UNESCO jects as the ' supporting documents were not The Council examined WP 13, Projects available. The Council directed the Secretariat and Proposals relating to the IPFC Region and to keep Member Governments apprised of was unable to express an opinion on the pro- developments.

APPENDIX Record of exchanges made by Technical Committee I in the inter-session period since the Seventh Session

Appendix I. Whilst in general Committee In the period since the Seventh Session members stated their views that the list was of the Council, the Committee work as such comprehensive, the opinion was expressed that has been effectedexclusively by correspondence. an effort should be made to formulate the The Technical Secretary prepared circular letters principles that should guide determination of addressed to all members of the Committee to the methods to be used. "...deal with' matters that have been brought The Committee was informed of progress before the Committee ; ... report action taken being made by the Biology Branch of FA 0 by FA0 and ... note on current research activities in other areas, relatian to subjects Fisheries Division in the preparation of manuals; of interest to the Committee ; ..." The first of obviously these have a dose bearing on this these letters was dispatched in August, 1957. problem. Draft of the "Manual on Field Unfortunately many copies of this letter seem Methods in Fisheries Biology " will be available to have gone astray. Many Committee members ,at the current Session of the Council. This when asked for a reply stated that they had will be available only in sufficient number to not received the letter. The second circular provide one copy per delegation, it being letter was dispatched in June 1958. In addition expected that each delegation will nominate to the foregoing, the Chairman of the Committee an individual to act as member of the EditoriaI sent out a general request for reports on work Panel to comment on this draft. It is hoped done in the various Gelds, and Chairman, of that these comments can be received within a Panels and Sub-committees have made simiIar couple of months and that the Manual could requests. The material which follows is a go for printing before the middle of 1959. It compilation of these several originating letters is hoped that the Manual will be published in and of the replies received. loose-leaf form and in a format that will make it durable for the fieid circumstances under L METHODOLOGY which it would be used. The "Manual on General Laboratory Methods in Fisheries Biology " is nearly complete and draft of it will be sent to 1957 : "...The Council decided to request the FA0 Fisheries Division to the Editorial Panel during Janukwy or February. prepare a broad detailed categori- A draft of the "ManuaI on Fisheries Science" zation of methods together with a will follow shortly after. A " Manual on description of methods cwsidered Sampling in Fisheries &ology " and the manual suitable for adoution bv member "Methods in Research in Population Dynamics" countries, for thk consideration of "re under preparation. Technical Committee I during the period between the 7th and 8th Aqe determkation of fish Sessions of the Council." 1957 : "...recommend the use of age- A schedule of methods for which it was determination techniques where- proposed that descriptions should be pepared ver possible, in pcp&tion analysis was distributed to and considered by the research because these were rela- Committee. This schedule is given as tively inexpensive." The Committee was informed that equations. We have been successfuI in ascer- Biology Branch, F A 0, contemplated taining the growth rate of albacore and skipjack preparation of .a general review of this by means of tags, and reports will be prepared question. within the next year on these results. We do ?. not concur that age determination techniques (Japan) Studies on the annual marks of the should be used for popuIation analysis in celcified tissues of fishes including scales,otoliths tropical waters simply because they are rela- and vertebral segments were carried out at the tively inexpensive. Poor or inconclusive results Governmental Fisheries Research Laboratories. are never inexpensive despite their easy Research workers of universities also examined accumulation. Recent developments of new scale rings of the tunas ( bluefin, yellowfm, type of tags at Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investi- bigeye,and albacore),sahon(chum,red,and pink), gations, in particular the dart or harpoon tag and yellowtail. Extensive researches have been which we used too successfuIly on tunas, conducted mainly by the staffs of the Fisheries suggest that population problems in tropical Research Laboratories to determine age of the waters can be most eff+vely solved by tagging sardine, herring, anchovy, salmon and saury. programs, Such programs may seem expensive, In the aim of determining age of the yellow but in the final analysis they will most likely sea bream, a few workers developed mathe- be least expensive. matical analyses of the length composition. ( Dr. Kuronuma ) Researches from new angles ( Australia h addition to studies on will be required in addition to the contemporary flathead, flounder, barracouta and mullet, using or orthodox metbods. otohths and scales, a comparison is being made of baleen, overies and ear-plugs for determining ( Malaya) Your proposal to prepare a the age of whales. Age determination studies review of the methods of age determination is in an Australian tropical fish Lates calcarifer, timely and much appreciated. I have no paper which occurs elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific, for submission on this subject. reveds that two 'breaks' or annuli are formed (U.S.A. ) We have not advanced our on the scales each year. These correspond t~ thinking in this respect since the last meeting, two crises in the fish's year when feeding is rtnd therefore will not submit a paper. We do difficult, namely the flooding of rivers at the have considerably more information particularly onset of the wet season, and the retention of on the success of aging through tagging and the fish in pols and waterholes on the Aood- are prepared to participate in discussions in plains or in the beds of the rivers which cease this area. to flow in the dry season. This indicates the need to take care in interpreting the annuli (U.K., Singapore 1 No work on age of the scales of 5sh, particularly in tropical determination has been carried out but data on regions. This study should be published soon. the weightllength relationship in many types of locally caught fish have been collected. Standarktion of plankton nets On this subject the Ex. Co. of IPFC at the last meeting at Saigon in May 1958recommended 1957 : "... In order to facilitate the that this subjectmight be referred to UNESCO adoption of astindard zoopIankton to explore the possibility of granting a net, the Council instructed the Fellowship to a qualified fishery worker to Secretariat to explore ways and work at suitable centers on this problem, in means of securing funds from order to ensure some advance in the knowledge UNESCO or some other agency on this subject. to purchase sufficient such ners ( U.S.A. ) We have engaged in intensive ( say 100 ) for distribution to efforts to age tunas by using hard parts, such member countries in such numbers as scales, otolith and vertebrae. Our tentative as may be necessary, on the conclusion is that the method is not reliable, understanding that member coun- and the results cannot be legitimately used tries "receiving them mould report for determining growth rates and certainly the results of their use to the next cannot be used in erecting population dynamics or subsequent session. ' The Council decided to review sampling in the central Pacific because it does the desirabdity of adopting a not catch enough material for adequate standard phytoplankton net, in quantitative cmnparisons. This problem is the light of reports on the use of particularly distressing when attempts are made the tentative standard zooplankton to assess the abundance of fish larvae net." quantitatively. The Committee was informed that ( Australia ) Clarke-Bumpus nets are used UNESCO has agreed to provide a smaU for zoo-plankton and investigations are being number of these nets. An order is being made of their sampling error. Ceotrifugation placed for them and the Secretary of the - of water samples is used for quantitative Council has been asked to inform phytoplankton and nets and Hardy-type indica- UNESCO of the addresses to which these tors are used for qualitative work. The should be sent. efficacy of the centrifuging technique is now being studied. For the time being this Division ( Pakistan ) No work has yet been done intends to continue using the Clarke - Bumpus on the standardization of plankton nets in plankton net, which has been found satisfactory this country. for our purposes. I hope we shall be kept fully informed on tbis matter. ( Japan ) An example of the studies so far available for the inter-session was an attempt at comparing e6ciency of two kinds of plankton net with the same mouth opening 1957: " ... The Council would, therefore, but different in length, one being NORPAC urge member countries to publish type and other, Marutoku type. The investi- check lists of fishes giving the gation was carried out by the Tokai Regional scientific names as well as the Laboratom during Aupst and September 1958 equivaIent Iocai and common on the way of the IGY Oceanographic Observa- names and to revise those already tion of the northwestern Pacific Ocean, west in existence, bearing in mind the of lWW, north of 30°N. (Dr. Kuronuma) The needs of the fisheries biologist ". Council may wish the Rastrelliger Center to The Committee was informed that develop the methodology in the adoption of Biology Branch, FAO, would prepare for standardized net, and the member countries the Committee an account of the Branch's assigned to experiment the net to report their work on scientific and common names, work to the CounciI through the Secretariat. together with a statemen.t on the name ( Malaya Standardization is welcome. lists in the possession of the Branch and a bibliography of Indo-Pacific check-lists. ( Singapore ) No work on standardization This work has not yet been done. of plankton nets has been carried out and it is pqposed to await the holding of the Rastrelliger (MaIaya) The proposed work is timeIy. Seminar at Bangkok after which it is hoped If Mr. Rosa will indicate the type of information the Marutoku-B type net would be made required, I would be glad to provide lists from availabIe for some preliminary work. The Ex. the Federation of Malaya. Co. of IPFC decided in May 1958 that Mr. Tubb ( Dr. Kuronuma ) Mr. Rosa's cataIogue will should ask UNESCO to purchase the nets be most .anxiously awaited. forthwith and keep them at Bangkok for distribu- (Singapore) A check list of Iocal fishes tion after the Rastrelliger Seminar. giving the scientific names as we11 as the local (USA.1 We have not folIowed the equivalent is being prepared. recommendations of the Committee for adopting (U.S.A.) A handbook of the fishes of the " Mamtoku-B" type plankton net, except Hawaii by Dr. W.A. GosIine and V.E. Brock is when we have engaged in cooperative research completed and should be published by the fall programs, In these instances we continue to of 1958. use our 1-meter net as a standard, supplementing (Australia 1 A Check-List of the Fishes of the hauls with " Marutoku " type net. Basically New Guinea has heen written and is now being -we object to using the small net for routine published. A Handbook of Australian Fishes is in preparation, about one-third having been 714054 and 5132 1- listed technical papers published. A Handbook of New Guinea Fishes numbering 93 submitted to the meeting. It will is in preparation and mill be finished in 1959. be highly appreciated if these papers or digestion ( Indonesia) A list of common commercial of the paper were circu!ated to the member fishes of Indonesia has been prepared for the countries of the Council. 8th IPFC meeting. ( Singapore ) No work on this subject has Population dynamics been carried out. It is hoped that work could be. initiated in the near future. 1957 : " ... The Council felt that, whilst studies on population dynamics ( U.S.A. ) The Council recommended that had hitherto been carried out only studies on population dynamics be extended to in the fields of sea fisheries and fish populations under cultural conditions. The lake fisheries, the time was ripe Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations is curren- for the extension of such studies tly studying the problem of optimum stocking to fish populations under cultural rates of adult Tilapia mossambica for maximum conditions ". production of fry. Under the scheme envisaged Z? at POFI fry will .be removed from the adult The Committee was supplied with spawning ponds as soon as they are no longer an interim report of the work of the Lisbon cared for by the adult. Thus only one facet of meeting and copy of a paper from the Tilapia culture is involved in these first biologists of the Lisbon meeting to the experiments. technologists at the FA0 International Fishing Gear Congress. The Committee (Australia) This is a fundamental thread may be interested in the proposal for the - running through many of the investigations and establishment of an International Journal a special officer is now being sought to co- of Fishery Dynamics, details of which will ordinate and extend our activities. The only be' furnished by the Technical Secretary at work in progress during the year has been an the meeting. analysis of work done during 1954-57 in Lake Macquarie, a marine dominated coastal lake in (Japan ) Staffs of the Regional Fisheries Research Laboratories have laid their efforts on New South Wales. No fish culture, other than hatching, is carried on in Australia; ad hoc the population study of the important marine work is being done in New Guinea, but studies fishes. The species dealt with includes the of population dynamics have not yet been herring, sardine, anchovy, salmon (chum, red, and attempted. pink ), saury, tunas (bluefin, yellowfin, bigeye, and albacore 1, skipjack, mackerels, croakers, 2. PLANNING A?W PROSECUTION yellow sea bream, cod, Alaska pollack, flat fishes, OF RESEKRCH and common squid. Age and length composi- tions of the commerciai caich have been estimated for these species. The mortality The Committee was informed that a paper rates, growth rate, and other parameters of the by Mr. E.D. Le Cren on the applicationof science exploited fish stocks were also estimated for to inland fisheries, which had been prepared abundant fishes such as sardine in cqastal waters under contract to the FA0 International Inland as well as bottom species in the East China Sea. Fisheries Meeting at Helsinki in 1956, 6s For marine fisheries amounts of fishing effort in being printed and would appear as FA0 number of trips have been annually published Fisheries Study NO. 8. This paper is not pet by the Statistics and Survey Division, Ministry available for distribation but a copy of it will be of Agriculture and Forestry. Through the available at the meeting for examination by the surveys conducted by Regional Laboratories, Committee. more detailed information of the efforts have been collected for some of the important fisheries. Fish cultme in general As to the sardine, results of the egg census have 1957 : " .. . Member Governments Xw ?re been reported every year from the Tokai urged to apprise the Coun;hl of Regional Laboratory. ( Dr. Kuronurna ) The further studies carried out on <-is summary report of the Lisbon meeting (FA0/57/ subject. " The paper on the use of impounded potent insecticide and piscicide. A concentra- waters which is being prepared by tion of 0.005 p.p.m. of ' Endrex ' has been found Biology Branch, FAO, is still in prepara- to be convenient for the purpose and mining tion. pools of up to 20 ft. in depth have been treated successfully. Shell ' Endrex ' has also been (Thailand ) The common carp is gaining popularity as a pond fish in Northern Thailand. successfully used for harvesting Chinese carp from mining pools, some up to five acres in Tilapia mossarnbica retains its popularity in N.E. extent and 30 ft. deep, where operations with Thailand. Pangnsius has received the attention of the farmers in the Central Plain. Raising a seine net would well-nigh be impossible. $hell ' Endrex ' is much cheaper to use than Clarias hatrachus in ponds for Bangkok markets ' Derris', and in shallow ~onds,of 3 to 4 ft., is increasing. Fingerling and young Clarias the pond was fit to receive fish again after 10-14 are now provided by the fish agents and the days. This is also the normal period allowed Bangkhen Fisheries Station to pond owners in for when a pond hb been poisoned with Bangkok, The fish are sold after 6-7 months. ' Denis '. The stocking of these mining pools The cultivation of Chanos is progressing slowly Tilapia on account of the non-availability of funds for with and Punrius javanicus have been pond constmction. In 1956, after the completion much appkeciated by the locd popdation, and in some of the mining villages Tilnpia are of the Chao Phya Dam across tbp Chao Phya appearing in the village markets. River at Chainat, small carps known as pla-soi, folIowed by bigger fishes, assembled at the ( Dr. Kuronuma ) Dr. Job's paper on the downstream side of the Dam. This led to a use of impounded waters is awaited. Japanese proposal to study the effect of the Dam on 5sh National Congress for Inland Fisheries studies life. As a result a fisheries unit was established wiU hold the 1958 Annual Meeting in October, in 1957 to have the task of studying the fish and when the works carried out during the inter- fisheries of the Chao Phya River. Searching for meeting period viIi be discussed on the basis fry and fingerling grounds of Pangasius and other of the resolutidn attained in 1957 meeting. major carps and Chanos is still carried on by the If time permits I shall summarize the discussion Department of Fisheries. A preliminary test of the meeting and report to the Council on the use of pituitary gland to hastw the Session. Starting from March 1958 the fisheries ripening of gonads of Pangasius was made at survey has been conducted on the Lake Akiba, the Bung Borapet Fisheries Station in August an impounded water of main-flow type on the 1958. The work will continue in 1959- A River Tenryu, Honshyu, Japan. The survey method for the hatching of eggs of giant has been carried out since 1954 on the three goramy has been developed since 1957. It was impounded waters established on the same considered to be an improved one. The fry river in the order of Hiraoka, Sakuma and obtained was 86.6 out of 100 eggs hatched. Akiba, and the survey on the Lake Akiba, the Leptobarbus hoeveni known as Pla Hang Daeng, lowest in river, will conclude our 5 years' was found to possess strong pharyngeal teeth study on the fisheries survey on those three closely simiIar to those of Chinese grass carp. reservoirs. The survey covers the subjects of Tests at the Bung Borapet Fisheries Station limnoIogy (temperature, oxygen, carbon dioxide, confirmed that the fish of 6 inches in length pH, turbidity, transparency, level fluctuation, would start eating submerged plants. A plan bottom material etc. ), biology ( plankton and to stock the fish in the irrigation tanks in N.E. benthos and fish ( species, size composition, Thailand was approved. The work will start food habit, spawning etc. based on the materials in 1959. experimentally fished by gill-net, trap, long-line and angling). The other fisheries work carried ( Malaya During the last year the out on the Lake Sagami, also an impounded Federation of Malay has been concentrating water, will complete in October 1958 the on the stocking of disused mining pools and experimental gill-aetting of two years period. swamps with Puntius javanicus and Tilapia In this experimental fishing the four sets of mosstrmbica. These pools invariably carry stocks net each with different mesh size were operated of predarorg fishes such as Ophiocephah and monthly at nine selected stations in the lake. Clarias. The ' modus operandi ' is to clear The catches of fish obtained in this exper:ment these pools first with Shell ' Enlex' a most will be analyzed into species combination, mesh selection of species and fish size, local 6. To develop suitable methods for and seasonal change of the catch, catch per unit harvesting the 6sh crop and preparing effort, food habit, etc. it for marketing, including a study (France) I1 est un probkme qui driterait, of sport hshing as a means of such je crois une certaine attention, c'est cehi de harvest.' la creation de races s8lectionn&es des esphces At the present time the U.S. Fish and utilisees en pisciculture. Sauf pour la Carpe Wildlife Service is formulating a program to commune, je ne sache pas que rien ait 6th meet these objectives, Preliminary studies will fait h ce sujet pour les diverses esp&cesd'eau be condulted during FY 1959, and it is hoped chande, C'est certainement possible pour un that a fully active program will be we11 under grand nombre d'entre elles, sauf, naturellement way daring FY 1960. pour celles dont la reproduction ne s'effectue pas en eaux doses (Carpes chinoises et ( Australia The results of experimental indiennes). La sblection constitue un moyen work on stocking of farm dams and studies on d'augmenter les rendements qui a I'avantage the biology of tench are being published. sur d'autres, teIs que la fertilisation des Btangs of fi ou le nourrissage artificiel, de ne pas exiger Mutritfon detcultivation du pisciculteur, un surcroit de travaiI et de 1957 : "... The Council suggested that dbpenses. Nous avons commenc6 en Afrique FA0 could help to stimulate work un travail de sklection sur certaines espkces on this subject by preparing a. de Tilapia ( T. melanopleura, T. nilotica) dont comprehensive review. The Ies premiers r6sultats ne peuvent pas encore Council urged Member Govern- &re pubIibs, mais qui semblent devoir &re ments to report progress on this intbressants. subject in the Current: Affairs Bulletin." (U.S.A.) The current session of the United States Congress has passed a Bill The general paper on this subject (Public Law 85-342) authorizing and directing requested by the CounciI has not beer the establishment of research and experimenta- begun but Biology Branch, FAO, expectt tion on the rearing of fish in rice fields. The to be able to prepare this in the next essentials of &is law are as follows : inter-session period. To determine species of fishes most (Malaya) Dr. G.R. Fish, of the Fist, suitable for culture on a commercial Culture Research Station, Mdacca, has been basis in sfia1lo.w reservoirs and working on this problem and will have material flooded rice lands ; for presentation at the Eighth Session. To determine methods for production (U.S.A. 1 We are at present engaged of fingerling fishes for stocking in experiments concerning nutrition of tilapia commercial reservoirs ; under intense cubivation. The results are not To develop methods for the control far enough advanced to form the basis of r of parasites and diseases of brood contributed paper. However, we will be prepared fishes and of fingerlings prior to to participate in any discussions that are pertinent. ( Dr. Kuronurna ) The present subject 4. To deveIop economical metbods for raising the more desirable species carried a variety of problems as I have repeatedly of fishes to a marketable size ; expressed elsewhere, and still wish to prepare among us the classification of the study 5. To determine, in cooperation with subjects involved in this broad category. A the Department of Agriculture the small piece of work carried out in my Laboratory effects of fish-rice rotations, includ- may be helpful to fish nutritionists who desire ing crops other than rice commonly to know exactly how much nutritious substance grown on rice farms, upon both the (for instance N) which was fed to them was fish and other crops ; and actually eaten and digested. We have added a known amount of Cr203 to the 5sh food which areas of soil structure in Orissa State. was fed to the fish under experiment; the Determination of soil reaction and available faecd material of the f~sh was carefully micro-nutrient status of the soil in 48 tanks collected and the amount of Crz03 as well as managed by the State Fisheries Department cutritious substance contained in the faeces and in 24 fish farms distributed all over the was examined. Knowing that Crz03 is not 13 districts of the State showed that mostly digested by fish and also that the ratio of the the soils are either slightly alkaline (pH 7.0-8.0) chemical and nutritious substance in food and or slightly acidic (pH 6.0-7.0). In same areas, faeces, we could determine how much nutritious viz., Keonjhar, Dhenkanal, Angul, Berhampur, substance was absorbed by the digestive organ Belgunta and Bolangir tank, soils showed of the fish. rgIatively more alkaline reaction ( pH 7.8-8.2) while Naupara (Puri) soil pH was less than 6.0. ( France ) Des havaux ont BtB faits en Available phosphorus was rather poor in all the Afrique sur l'alimentation arti6cielIe des Titapia areas except Athmallik, Berhampur, Sambalpur en piscicuIture. Ils ont fait l'objet d'un certain and Naupara and available nitrogen fluctuated nornbre de communications au Symposium tenu irregularly bearing no correlation with available a Brazzaville en juillet 1956. Mr. Dill, qui phosphorus. assistait a ce Symposium, doit les avoir en sa possession. I1 me pamitrait particulierement A series of manuring experiments con- important d'exwiner la capacite ,d'une espece ducted in 24 ponds at the Linghipur fish farm donnee ir utiliser une alimentation artificielle en showed that the soil, though slightly acidic fonction de la nourriture naturelle dont elle ( pH 6.3-6.6 ), does not appear to respond to dispose dans 1'6tang. liming at doses 200 Ib-lacre and 600 1b.lacre. Observations after one month of adding the ( U.S.A. 1 The Pacific Oceanic Fishery lime showed that there was practically no Investigations is currently testing several diets increase in soil pH, all the soils remaining on Tilapio in order to ascertain the optimum slightly acidic as before. This evidently showed diet from the point of view of cost and produc- that the reserve soil acidity was considerably ton for adult Tilapiar being held as brood stock high, even a dose of 600 1b.lacre of lime being ,ar fry production. Results of this program unable to make the soil reaction slightly will not be available for at least six month+ alkaline. It was also noted that even a heavy ( India ) See Appendix 11. liming was not able to increase the soluble inorganic phosphate of the water by releasing Soil composition in fish ponds the absorbed pbosphate of the soil. This may 1957 : " ... The Council recommended however be accounted for by the fact that that more data should be assem- the avaiIable soil phosphate itself is very low. bled .regarding the various tech- Just after liming some increase in soluble niques involved in sampling and alkalinity was observed as compared to that in examining bottom deposits, and controI ~onds,both for low liming and heavy that: a clear and simple inter- liming. A marked increase in alkalinity to pretation of the results of such about 300 ppm. was observed in ponds treated surveys should be reported." with high lime and high organic manure, but this increase was only temporary. At the end A paper by Dr. A.G. Wurtz, of of September the total alkalinity in all the ponds Paraclet, France, will be available this came down to about 60-70 gpm. Addition of meeting. phosphatic fertilizers at high dose (600 1b.t ( Thailand ) No study yet. acre) of organic manures (cowdung 30,000 IbJacre) increased the soil phosphate apprecia- ( India ) A research unit has been estab- bly. It is interesting to note that Iime played lished under the Second Five-Year Plan an important role in increasing the available program of the Central Inland Fisheries soil phosphate. Thus the increase of available Research Station to carry out investigations soil phosphah for combinations (1) high Iime qn soil composition in relation to fish production , and high phosphate and (2) high lime and low in fish ponds. The work is at present mainly phosphate, was greater than that for low lime 'onfined to a number of fish farms in different and high phosphate. To study the growth rate of the major Ball, R.C., 1945. A summary of experi- carps Rohu, Catla and Mrigal under different ments in Michigan lakes on the soil canditions, 12 selected tanks in the State elimination of fish populations with of Or~ssaand six tanks in Madhya Pradesh rotenone, 1934-1942. Trans. Amer. have been stocked with carp fingerlings Rohu, Fish. Soc., Vol. 75 (19541,pp. 139-145, Catla, Mrigal in the ratio 1 : 1 : 1 as far as fig. I. practicable. The Orissa tanks have been Bridges, W.R., 1958. Sodium cyanide as stocked at the rate of 2000 fingerlings per acre. a fish poison. U.S. fish and Wildlife Observations made so far on soil quality show Service, Spec. Sci. Report-Fish. No. that both in Orissa and in Madhya Pradesh 253, February 1958. soil reaction is generally either slightly acidic or slightly alkaline. The available phosphorus Greenbank, J., 1940, Selective poisoning is rather poor in pisciculturaI soiIs of Orissa of fish. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., while for Madhya Pradesh soils, pbosphorus Vof. 70 (1940), pp. 80-86. status is quite fair. Available soil nitrogen is Krurnholz, L.A., 1948. The use of rotenone quite appreciable both in Orissa and in Madhya in fisheries research, J. Wildlife Pradesh. Management, Vol. 12, No. 3, July 1948, pp. 305-317. ( Malaya 1 Dr. Wurtz's report will be welcome. Shields, J.T., 1957. Experimental contrd of carp reproduction tbrough water ( Dr. Kuronuma l Dr. Wurz's treatise is drawdowns in Fort Randall Reservoir, waited. Our study on this subject is still in South Dakota. Trans. Amer. Fish. the preparatory stage to familiarize the many Soc., VoI. 87 (1947), pp. 2333. factors ineolved and prepare experimental facilities as well as qualified workers. Not listed in SSR No. 207 are two cbemi- cals which show great promise for practical Problems cvisiag from ihe iatxoduction of control of sea lamprey larvae ; these are 3,4, non-indigenous fishes 6-trichloro-2-nitropfienoland 3-trifluorornethly-l- 4-nitrophenoI. By promise, I mean that they I957 : " .. . Member Governments in have passed the laboratory tests with flying possession of information on colors and also passed field tests of a pilot plant possible control measures in scale with flying colors. The chief flaw, of respect of less desirable fish course, in physical or chemical control of species were urged to apprise the undesirable species is that it is a practical Council of such information. certainty that such control will have to be ( Thailand 1 Non-indigenous fish species repeated indefinitely. This suggests that even introduced are Chinese carps and Tilapia if methods are developed, they will not be mossambica, Tilapia mossambica had been practical except. when applied in waters under reported in 1958, as being harmful to rice intensive cultivation, or in the instances where seedlings in the coastal area of Chantaburi exceedingly valuable fisheries, such as the Great Province, when the fish ponds were flooded Lakes trout, are threatened with extinction. and some fish escaped into the rice nursery ObviousIy, permaneat solations must fall in the areas. realm of biological control, an unexplored field with respect to fishes, so far as I know. ( U.S.A. ) In response to your letter of 25 September, I: have assembled the following brief (India The Standing Fisheries Research list of references pertinent to the control of flsh Committee constituted by the Government of species. India reviews periodically the problems of the introduction of non - indigenous species of Applegate, V.C., J.H. Howell, A.E. Hall, fishes in India. The mirror carp (Cyprines Jr. and MA Smith, 1957. Toxicity of carpio, brought into India some time back) is 4,346 chemicals to larval lampreys and thriving well all over India. Generally at alti- fishes. US.Fish and Wildlife Service, tudes higher than 2000 ft. the Research Corn- Spec. Sci. Report-fish. No. 207, March mittee has recommended its introduction in 1957. aII cultivable waters. Tilapia mossambica was intraduced recently into India. In view of the carp but here again the problem of a re'gular fact that caxp culture is highly orgznized in s~pplyof fry from China is one that will many parts of India, particularly in the Indo- always remain, until science can point the way Gangetic Plain and in view of the possible to induce the three species, viz. Ctenophayrn- adverse effect, which indiscriminate introduc- godon idellus, Aristichthys nobilis and Hypoph- mdn of Tilapia mag have on carp culture, it thalnichthys rnolitrix to spawn in this climate. is considered by the Fisheries Research Com- Catl~cntla have been imported from India mittee that Tilapia should not be introduced and cultivated in Chinese ponds under the in closed basins but mag be introduced only same conditioqs as Chinese carp. They were in areas specified by the Committee where found to compare favorably in growth-rate scope for carp culture is limited and from where with Chinese carp and there is a growing the fish may not by natural causes spread to depland for them from pond-owners. However, the adjoining areas and the Committee has t&re is still a high mortality rate during recommended that steps should be taken to transit by air from Calcutta. This, together eradicate Tilqia from other areas outside those with the high cost of air freight from Calcutta, prescribed in which it may have been intro- would bar any likelihood of a regular trade, duced already, excepting in experimental cen- for some time to come. The Indonesian ikan ters approved by the Union Ministry of Food mas or ' Si-nonya' has also been tried out here and Agriculture. The scientific work so far by the department. The strain has however carried out does not justify the extension of been lost due to crossing with the local the areas at present permitted fof. Tilapio cul- common carp. Another Indonesian import, viz. ture. The future investigations by the Central Puntius jananicas has been successfully bred in Fisheries Research Stations and State Govern- departrnexltal ponds and some 20,000 fry have ments concerned will be with specific reference already been distributed. It is gaining rapidly to the effect of culture of Tilapia on the cul- in popularity among the Malay and Chinese ture of carps, and culture of Tikpia as a forage pond - owners, because they accept grass cuttings fish. A pure strain of common carp Cyprinus and tapioca Ieaves readily. They attain a weight cnrpio was recently obtained from Bangkok of 200 - 450 grams in one yea and fetch a good and experiments are being conducted on this price in the Iocal market, as it is so much like fish iit Cuttack Sub-station of the CentraI one of our river fishes Puntius schwanefeldii. Inland Fisheries Research Station. This fish A supply of Tilapia Melonopleura sent through is freely breeding at low elevations. Cultural the kind offices of Mr. Boon of Thailand failed techniques suited to local conditions have been to survive predators ( Ophiocephalus and evolved and expefiments on the fish are in Clarias) which obtained entrance into the pond. progress. Attempts are being made to get a ( U.S.A. ) Biological control of exotic consignment of Chinese Grass Carp for weed species has received little serious attention, control experiments. Chemical controI has been investigated seriously (Malaya) The Federation of Malaya has only with respect to the sea lamprey, which over a period of years introduced a number of invaded the Great Lakes. Exhaustive screening non-indigenous fishes for cultivation. There of chemicals has uncovered one or two are actually no problems arising out of the compounds which appear to be specific to sea introduction. Our main problem has rather lamprey larvae. Further, it appears that it been how to make the introduction more suc- will be economically feasible to eradicate the cessful; in other words how. to extend their sea lam~revwith these chemicals. So far as culture in areas where they are needed. Of I know: &>re have not been any other overt the labyrinthine fishes, the most successful is attempts to locate _control chemicals. However, of course Trichoguster pectoralis and it is found research on the use of copper sulfate and growing abundantly in our swampy rice -fields sodium arsenate in connection with other on the west coast. They have not been able studies suggests that various species of fish have to establish themselves on the east coast of different tolerance levels and that chemical con- Malaya, because the rice-fields and swamps dry trol might be a practical approach. Manipulation out during certain times of the year. Tilapia of the environment by lowering the water mossarnbica hasmet with varied success. Chinese levels of reservoirs at critical times seems to pond keepers prefer to stick to Chinese offer some promise for carp control. The technique is to ascertain the time of spawning introduction to new areas. Logistics and and then draw down the reservoir a few feet, procedures are simply too complex. Thjs stranding and killing the eggs. Biological con- tends to give the administrator nqtxral trols such as introducing suitable parasites or control of the situation with respedt to predators have not been investigated, so far as states, territories and large geographical areas. I know. Additional techniques showing some Once, however, a species has been authorized promise in insect control, that is rehasing in for a given geographical area, distribution the wild, large numbers of the undesirable within the area is then out of the adminisea- animals that have been steriiized through radia- tor's control, for it is too easy for individuals tion in order that mating will be unsuccessful, to move fish for short distances and it would have not been considered with respect to fishes, take a prodigious amount of law enforcement so far as I know. There probably are other to preclude the possibility. The administrator approaches and many of them might be quite must therefore count on complete dispersal successful, at Ieast judging by the sometimes within his geographical area when he authorizes spectacular results achieved by entomologists. the imnortation of an exotic fish. Finaliv. (Japan) The Japanese Government is there is the problem of the tropical fish trade not in a position to give any information which is worldwide and subject to little, if regarding this subject, because no steps have any, monitoring and regulation though a legal been taken so far in Japan to control the in- basis for such action frequently exists. This troduction of the exotic species of fish. (Dr. trade in effect destroys any barriers that might Kuronuma) In the country we have witnessed exist or be erected, though in temperate coun- the natural spawning of Chinese carps (grass- tries does not present a serious because carp and silver-carp ) during the past several most species will not survive in the wild. In gears. In 1957 the fish fry of these two species conclusion, it might be possible to control were obtained under artificial aids amounting entry of fish species to countries, states, ter- to 20,000. In 1958, due to unusual drought, ritories or discrete geographical areas through we have failed in the work and were able to a system of inspection at access points. In- obtain fry numbering only 2,000. The record ternal control does not seem susceptible to of our experience in these two years will be regulation unless a costly specialized enforce- partly reported to the Council Session. ment apparatus is developed. ( Australia The Commonwealth Govern- (U.S.A.)In the U.S. and Hawaiilegal con- ment, through the Department of Health, exer- trol of the introduction of exotic species rests with cises control over the importation of five fish the States and Territory. In the instance of into Australia The Commonwealth authorities Hawaii, no species of plant or animal may be are concerned with the importation of diseased imported without specific permission from the fish. All live fish are inspected by a quaran- Territorial government. Many states, California tine officer of the Commonwealth Department for example, go beyond this and have blanket of Health aad he must issue a landing permit legislation prohibiting the transportation within .beiore entry of the fish will be allowed. The the state of live fishes for stocking and pro- various State Fisheries Authorities also prohibit hibiting such stocking unless permission is the entry of certain fish into the respective give; by the responsible oEcials. Despite this States. The State Authorities are interested legal basis, it is virtually impossible to prevent in ensuring that the indigenous fauna are the movement of fishes within state boundaries, protected from pedatory fish, and any imported primarily because of the enforcement problem. fish belonging to a predatory species may be Control of importations from without the state classed as a prohibited import. A fisheries or territory is somewhat easier, especially if biologist examines all consignments of imported commercial shipping firms must be involved as live fish to determine whether any species are in the case of Hawaii, and because commercial predatory and may also be asked to give advice access routes are frequently monitored by concerning fish diseases. The general pro- agricultural inspectors. If you analyze the cedure is along the following lines: the csh are situation from a practical poixit of view, it is examined by a fisheries bioiogist and a quaran- obvious that fishes are not likely to be trans- tine officer and a permit to land is granted or ported great distances by private parties for withheld. The Customs officer at the wharf is advised accordingly. If a permit to land is of

6sh in relatively moisture-proof ' materials. In member countries where cannirtg is of impor- tance. The Council recognized the limited The Council recommended that partici- of fish canning for catering to the pants of tbis Training Center should be selected home markets in the region. The needs of the from those fishery officiaIs in the member coun- Defence Services might in certain countries call tries who are actively engaged in research in for developing fish canning on a limited scale. fish curing and in the administration of the fish Where available resources and an organized curing industry. The Member Governments fishery justify production of canned fishery pro- were requested to send, where possible, two ducts, such as canned tuna and shrimp for export participants, one from the field of research and markets, the industry may be encouraged. the other from administration. However, in view of the inherent diEculties in In preparation for this Training Center, the procurement and operation of canning Member Governments should compile all avail- machinery in this region and in obtaining con- tinued suppIies of tinplate and in the market- able informatian : ing of the iinished the organization of (i> for the preparation of as complete the industry should be promoted in partnership an account as is possible of the with established concerns in countries where fish curing industry, furnishing canning of fish is well developed. information, among other factors, on manpower, plants and equip- ( d ) The Council read with great interest ment, capital investment, quantity Technical Paper KO.9 describing investigations of raw material utilized, processing on Boiled Fish which is a commercial product methods, varieties and quantities in Thailand, Malaya, Vietnam and some other of final products, methods of countries in South-East Asia. The Council handling, storage and packaging, agreed that Boiled Fish represents a very simpIe consumer preference for various and practical means for preserving fish for products, price of these products short periods. In consideration of the general as compared to those of other economy of the region, and the limitations protein foods; of transportations and bandling facilities, the Council was convinced of the possibilities ( ii ) an account of research so far con- of developing this product in other countries ducted in the various aspects of of the region. In this respect the Council the fish curing industry; and agreed that a comprehensive report on the (iii) an account of the measures so far product will be a helpful guide for the Member implemented andlor contemplated Governments in their consideration of the for ,improving the fish curing possibihties of developing this product. The industry. Council therefore directed the Secretariat to take adequate measures for the early publication In tbis connection, the Council pointed of such a document in cooperation with FAO. out that information collected for the "Fishery Products Manual" in accordance with the (el Tbe Council reviewed its recom- projorma distributed by FA0 at the 7th Session mendation made at its 7th Session to FA0 for of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council cou!d be organizing a Regional Training Center in fish processing and preservation. Considering the profitably utilized at the Training Center. economic and dietetic importanc~of cured 6sh ( f ) The Council reexamined its recom- in the region and further considering the present mendetions made at the 7th Session to FA0 for needs of the fish curing industry for expeditious a Regional Consultant in Fish F'rocessiog and improvement, the Council a&ed that it would Preservation to be stationed in Bangkok, and be desirable for the proposed Training Center agreed rhat this recommendation should be to limit itself to Fish Curing in Humid Tropics further re-examined at the Training Ceotre on with special reference zo the Indo-Pacific region, Fish Curing for Humid Tropics recommended instead of covering the wide field of fish proces- sing and preservation. The Council suggested at the current session. that this Training Center should primarily aim (g) The Council noted that very little at defining as precisely as possible, the defects progress was made in the preparation of the in the fish cnring industry and in suggesting "Fishery Products Manual". Notwithstanding suitabIe remedia1 measures. the materialization of the Training Center requested in the foregoing paragraphs and in centralized coIIection of statistics. It was recognition of the fact that a factual account of however specially stressed that such centralized the fish curing industry in the region was a statistical organizations should have on their primary step towards improvement of the staffs officers specially trained in the collection industry, the CounciI decided to concentrate of fishery statistics and that such officers should during the next inter-session OD the be made available for collection of statistics in preparation of the Fisherg Products Manual. It fisheries irm preference to those in other fields. urged the Member Governments to cooperate with the Council and FA0 in this respect. Arising out of discussions of the FA0 f-Iandbookfor fishery surveys, a point 3. STATISTICS was made that this handbook had not, in most cases, reached the personnel connected directly (a) The CounciI reviewed its recom- with the conduct of fishery surveys. The Council mendation at the 7th Session on the oeed for the requested FA0 to ensure a wider distribution development of suitable sampling techniques for of this handbook and the Member Governments the collection of fishery statistics in this region to promote its use, wherever possible. It further and was of the view that the forthcomiog Train- requested the FA0 to establish direct contact ing Center in Fishery Statistics due in 'Bombay with the fishery workers in the region to early in 1959 would, to a considerable extent, ascertain their experience in the use of this satisfy this need. Handbook. This Council therefore recommended that The Council examined the proposal made the Menber Governments take id1 advantage of by Economics Branch FA0 Fisheries Division this Training Center. It also urged the Member for a Fishery Surveys Training Center for the Governments to utilize the services of the countries of the Indo-Pacific region and ex- participants who will have been trained at this pressed the view that such a Training Center Center, in the practical application of the was desirable. The Council recommended that sampling techniques in their respective countries the Training Center should deal with the subject for collection of statistics. of formulating coordinated program ,for fish- The Council reviewed its recommenda- eries development and that the participants in tions made at the 7th Session for a Group the Training Center should consist of Fisheries Country Project in Fishery Statistics and was of Officers who are directly concerned with the the view that such a project should be deferred planning of fisheries deve!opment programs until after the forthcoming Statistics Training in their respective countries. Center in Bombay is completed and the Member ( C) The CounciI noted in this connec- Governments have had an opportunity to tion the recommendations made at the 4th FA0 examine the reports submitted by the partici- Regional Conference for Asia and the Far East pants from their respective coantries. regardicg the organization of Seminars for The Council examined the relative merits representatives of fisheries services and of of colfecting fishery statistics by a Central the general economic policy and planning Statistics1 Organization and by fisheries depart- agencies of governments and recommended that menrs with their own staff. Information was the Training Center should also take into made available on the systems of centralized account matters intended for consideration at collection of statistics in Australia where one the proposed Seminars. single organization is responsible for the collec- Reiterating its stand on the essentiality tion of official statistics relating to primary as of reliable and comprehensivz fisheries statistics well as secondary industries and on the system in the planning of a coordinated development of in Japan where primary statistics of Agriculture, fisheries, and being conscious of the limitations Forestry and Fisheries are collected by one of trained personnel, equipment and funds, single organization. the Council repeated its recommendations to the Considering the limitations of technicaliy Member Governments for implementing at least trained personne!, of equipment, and of funds a minimum programme of statistics. This available, the Council suggested that Member rninimtllrn program as outlined at the 7th Governments might camider the desirabiIity ,of Sessim is : (i) Census of the number of fishing The Council was further of the view that vessels operating in member coun- membership of Fishermen's Cooperative Socie- tries, the number of fishermen ties should be homogeneous and that wherever engaged in the industry and fishing the Societies should expand their methods used, together with cold activities to include marketing of catches of storage and processing facilities. their members. ( ii) Collection of statistics on overall The Council urged Member Governments fish production together with statis- to assist Fishermen's Cooperative, Societies in tics on atiIization and trade in fulfilling the requirements mentioned above, by respect oi species of major economic educating the fishermen and providing loans importance. where necessary. Governments assisting these The Council further requested the Member societies should, bowever, exercise a minimum Governments to make available to the Council of control over them. for examination at its next Session, their The Council was of the view that where reports on the implementation of this minimum organization of Cooperative Societies for under- programme. taking marketing of fish and fishery products were not possible at present, the Government might consider the promotion of autonomous (a) The Council studied the Report bodies as a temporary measure to undertake submitted to the Session by FA0 on the these activities until such time as the fishermen International Training Center in' Fishermen's organized themselves effectively. Cooperatives a~dAdmicistration held in Examining the Report on the function of Australia during December 1957 and January the middleman contained in Volume 2 of the 1958. The Council expressed its appreciation Report on the International Training Center m to FA8 for successfully completing this Fishermen's Cooperatives and Administration, Training Center. In this respect the Council the Council expressed the view that the Report urged Member Governments to make full and is primarily based oa preliminary observations effective use of the services of the participants made during a study currently in progress in in furthering fishery cooperative activities in India (Bombay), Rong Rong and Malaya. The their countries. Council recommended that the study in these The Council examined the Report on the countries should be completed and that further Surveys of Fishermen's Cooperatives in the extension should be considered after a report on this study has been examined. The Council IPFC region contained in Volume 2 of the also emphasized the necessity close collabora- Repert on the Training Center and noted that of tion Uetween Universities and other institutions in most countries of the region there has been with the Fishery Departments in pursuing this little spontaneous growth of' Fishermen's study. Cooperative Societies, and the impetus to the organization of scch societies has come chiefly In consideration of the various cortrols from Governments. The Council further noted exercised by middlemen in the Ssheries industry, ,that in view of the educational, social and the CounciI reiterated the urgency of freeing economic standards of fisbermencin the region, the industry from exploitation by middlemen there was an urgent need for intensification of where such exploitation is known to exisi, extension work in thc member countries for through the supervision of services by Govern- an expeditious development of Fishermen's ments, Cooperative Societies or Government- Cooperatives. sponsored agencies where such services can be The Council observed that for successful taken over from middlemen without impairing eficiency or increasing costs. operation of cooperative societies, the following are the essential requirements :- (6) The Council noted that the Factual Survey of Credit Facilities to Fisbermen is not ; ( i ) close cooperation of members complete, since information has not yet been ( ii efficient management ; furnished by some Member Governments. The ( iii ) economic turnover. Council decided to complete this report and requested the Member Governments to furnish and provide for, where circum- the required information expeditiously. In order stances permit, the eventual opera- to extend the scope of the study, the Council tion of such organizations on a further requested Member Governments to cooperative basis. supply information on solirces and terms of (ii ) No clear picture emerged as to the available non-governmental credit facilities. In requirements of technically trained this connection the Council requested FA0 to J personnel, the availability of such make a suitable questionnaire available to Mem- personnel and the facilities for ber Governments at an early date. training. The Council expressed its interests in the (iii) The quality grading and control Technical Meeting on Fishery Credit contem- particularly for the export trade plated for 1960. Although a prospectus for the should be promoted wherever pos- meeting is not yet available, the Coyncif hoped sible. The imposition of such that the meeting would give adequate attention controls shouId, however, be pre- to the problems of credit for the fisheries ceded by adequate measures for industry in tbe Indo-Pacific Region. In this publicity and education and should connection the Council was of the opinion that provide necessary inspection and a report resulting from its activities on compiia- analytical services. tion of factual information on fishery credit The Council studied the first draft of the facilities in tbe Region would constitute a useful Bibliography on Marketing for the Indo - Pacific contribution to the Meeting. Region (Draft) compiled by FA0 and expressed its appreciation of the assistance given by FA0 in this connection. The Council suggested that The Council noted that although recom- the final version of the bibliography might mendations were made at the 7th Session for - contain a subject index together with cross a complete factual account of fish marketing references to authors and that annotations to conditions in the region, during the last inter- the references should be included, where session period it was possible to collect possible. information only on the role of governments Having regard to the state of fish in fish maketing. The 'Council further noted marketing in the Region and recognizing the that the information made available to the urgency for removal of the imbalance which Council in this respect was incomplete in so exists between production and consumption far as certain Member Governments were not of fish, the Council felt that a short Training able to furnish the information sought. In Center in which experienced fishery officials view of the incompleteness of the report, the directly connected with fish marketing in the CounciI was unable to draw any conclusions. member count~eswould participate, will help However, it made the following preliminary to define the defects in the industry, and to observations : forrnuiate measuies for removal of such defects. In this connection, "the Council requested FA0 Li ) That under the situations that exist to organize such a Training Center as earlJi as in the various member countries and possible, preferably not later than 1960 and in view of the inability of the requested the Member Governments to partici- Fishermen's Cooperative Societies pate in such a Training Center. to undertake fish marketiag entirely In preparation for this Center, the Coun- on their own, varying degrees of cil requested the Member Governments to Government participation in 6sh compile available detailed information and marketiag is necessary at the present supplement them where possible on ?be various stage. Such participation should, aspects of the fish marketing industry, notably however, be in the form of assistance distribution of fish by ' seasons and zones, and guidance to organizations spon- handling, bansportation and storage facilities, sored by Governments, but enjoying wholesale and retail marketing facilities and satisfactory degree of autonomy organization, volume of trade in fish and 4sherp. products, particularIy the dried fish trade, for The Council recommended the following home markets as well as export markets, price program in fish marketing for the next inter- variations and spreads at different stages of session period :- handling, availability of capital for the industry, completion of the survey of the role role of Government and private enterprise in of the governments in fish market- the industry, government program and policies ing ; lor development to fish marketing, and their relation with the policies for development of compilation of factual accounts of other aspects of the fishery industry as well transportation facilities in fish as other sectors of the national economy, and marketing made available by Go- availability of trained personnel for implemen- vernments and private enterprise ; ting various development programs for fish a survey of the requirements, in the marketing. light of the national programs In this respect the Council also requested and policies for the development of FA0 to prepare suitable questionnaires and fish marketing, of trained personnel, distribute them to the Member Governments the availability of such personnel well in advance of the scheduled 'date for the and the facilities that exist in Seminar, so that participants could come member countries for their training. prepared with necessary information. Council reauested FAO's assistance The Council directed the Marketing in the preparation of suitable questionnaires Sub-committee to maintain close liaison with in connection with its programs of activities FA0 in the preparation of these questionnaires. in fish marketing as mentioned above. APPENDIX REPORT OF TECZXNICAL COMMITTEE 11

INTRODUCTION 2.266 Government assistance in CRAFT AND GEAR: i mechanization 2.27 Navigation and safety require- 1. Improvement of Craft : ments for mechanized fishing 1.1 Design for fishing vessels vessels 1.2 Construction of fishing vesseIs 2.3 Training of fishermen 1.3 Mechanized surf-landing craft 3. Improvement and Preservation of Gear : 1.4 Vocational training for boatbuilders 3.1 Improvement in design 1.5 b and book on constructibn of small 3.2 Improvements in material craft 3.3 Improvements in construction 1.6 Appraisal of progress on surf-boat 3.4 Improvements in operation 3.41 Mechanized handling of gear 1.7 Meeting of FA0 naval architects on 3.5 Introduction of non-indigenous gear surf -boat 3,6 Symposium on fishing techniques 2. Mechanization of Craft : 3.7 P~eservationof gear 2.1 Growth of mechanization 3.8 Bibliography on Fishing Gear and 2.2 Engines of mechanization Methods 2.21 Types of engines 3.9 International Fishing Gear Congress 2.22 Make of engines 4. Availability and Exchange of Weather 2.23 Prxces of engines Information 2.24 Operation of engines 2.25 Repair afid maintenance FOOD TECHNOLOGY : 2.251 Fishermen's ability to 5. Fish Curing in Humid Tropics maintain engines 5.1 Research and investigations 2.252 Spare parts 5.2 Application of research results 2.253 Workshop facilities 5.3 Quality standard for ccred fish 2.254 Repair and maintenance 6. Fish Flour for human consumption expenses 7. Use of Local Vegetable Oils for Canning 2.26 EfEecciveness of mechanization : 8. Fish Products Mama1 2.261 Extension of fishing 9. FA0 Regioml Training Center in Fish groucds Processing 2.262 Extensior? of operating 10. TA Group Country Project in Fish Cuiing tme 11. FA0 Regional Consultant in Fish Processing 2.263 Increase in handling of gear or in active fishing FISHERIES ECONOMICS : 2.264 Economics of operation : STATISTICS : 2.2641 Increase in the 12. Australia : catch 12.1 Pearling and WhaIing 2.2642 Improvement in 12.2 Scale Fish, Shark, MoIIusks and the quzIity of the Crustacea cat& 12.3 Imports and Exports of Fish and Fish 2.2643 Earnings of me- Products chanized vessels 2.2644 Earnings of fishes- 13. India : men on mecha- 13.1 Number of Fishing Vessels nized vessels Number of Fishermen 2.265 Employment created by 13.2 Fishing Gear capital invested in mecha- 13.3 Cold Storage Facilities nization 13.4 Processing Facilities 14. Japan: 38.3 Avaiiable Background Information on 14.1 3rd Fisheries Census Fishery Cooperatives 14.2 Survey on the Management of Fisheries 18.4 Fishermen's Cooperative and Credit cooperative Facilities 15. Philippines : 19. Report on Government credit facilities for 15.1 Minimum Programme of Statistics Fishing Industries in the Indo-Pacific- 15.2 Raw material resource Survey Region : 16. India : 19.1 Legislation 16.1 General 19.2 Extent and Form of the Funds 16.2 Factual survey of fisher me^'s coopera- 19.3 Purpxes for Which Credit is Granted tives 19.31 Credit to Fishermen 16.3 Credit Facilities 19.32 Credit to Processors, Whole- 16.4 Fishermen's Cooperative Societies in salers and Retailers Madras ' 19.33 Credit to Cooperative 16.41 Assistame to the Societies 19.4 Proportion of Total Funds required 16.42 District Fishermen's Coopera- represented by the Loan tive Federa"mns 19.5 Interest Rates 16.43 Housing for Fishermen 19.6 Arrangements for Collateral and 17. Japan: Requirements made of Benefi~iaries 17.1 Governmental Financial Assistance - - 19.7 Repayment Procedure for Small Coastal Fishermen Attachment I- Japanese Biblicgraphy on 18. Philippines : Fish Flour for Human 18.1 FA0 Training Center in Fisheries Consumption Cooperatives and Administration Attachment II -0utine on Government Cre- 18.2 Functions of Middlemen and Coopera- dit Facilities for Fishing tives Industries REPORT OF TECHNICAL COMMITTEE 11 (Period between the 7th and 8th Sessions of the Council) ~ODUCTTON

The Council at its 7th Session in Bandung, services of Technical Secretaries made available Indonesia, 13-27 May 1958, made several recom- by the Faod and Apiculture Organization. In mendations directed to its Member Governments order to accelerate activities in the member andlor the Food and Agriculture Organization countries, these TechnicaI Secretaries engaged (FA0 ). These recommendations concerned their efforts in estabIishing direct and more improvement of conditions in the fields of fishing frequent contact of Committee members with craft and gear, preservation and processing of the Council Secretariat and amongst themselves fish, handing, transportation and marketing of on the one hand and with fishery workers in fish, fisheries statistics and fisheries socio- their respective countries on the other hand. economics. They issued periodic circular letters to the Following the usual. procedure, the members of the Committee and its panels. These Technical Committee II attempted during the letters reported actions taken by the Council inter-session period under review to promote Secretariat and FA0 in respect of the Council activities in the member countries, in line recommendations and transmitted information with those Council recommendations directed furnished by Committee members on action to Member Governments. Recommendations taken in member countries. They also con- directed to FA0 were. taken up with that tained notes, as and where possible, on current research and development activities in other Organization- by the CounciI Secretariat. This report is based on information made areas relating to subjects of interest to the Committee and its panels. These letters created available to the Committee from time to time by its members on the results of their efforts and appreciable response from the members. those of tbe governments and private parties in Recorded below ie the position as at 30, the member countries of the Council and on September 1958 in respect of the various recom- infarmation supplied by the Council Secretariat mendations of the Council made at its 7th on actions taken by FAO. It will be understood Session. that the report zs presented does not necessarily represent the complete picture of research CRAFT AM) GEAR and development activities that have taken (PANEL A) place in the concerned fields in the member countries. Relevant information may also be 1. knprovemenn of Craft found in the 'Report on the Status of the Activities in this field, as in others in the Industry', Working Paper No. IPFCIC58lWP8, member countries varied within wide limits in also presented at the current Session of the their extent and intensity, depending on their Council. The Committee's report shouId there- national progra&s and policies for the fore be read in conjunction with the latter report. deveIopment of fisheries as well as of their Further: members on the Committee f ram several general economy. While in soae countries the countries were not able to serid information. indigenous craft was not yet studied from the Failure to send such information is not to be point of view of design, in others, improved construed as an absence of activities in the craft had already been designed, tested and concerned member countries. In certain cases, comnerciaiIy introduced. at least, the members on the Committee were In general, such improvements concerned over-worked and could not, in spite of best chiefly the srnal! fishing craft (less than 5 tons) endeavours, manage to send information on which constitute the great majority of the sctivities which may have taken place. fishing fleet in the member countries. These In general, however, the Committee was improvements were also ' primarily concerned relatively more active during the pe;iad under with making the craft suitable for mecha~ization review than on previom occasions. This may, which was being very actively pursued in these to a considerable extent, be a result of the countries. 1.1 Desisn fw fishiiq veseeh Danish type vessel were under construction in A multi-purpose fishing boat, 46 ft. in two different yards. length, was designed in Australia 03 radical One outrigger canoe was constructed with lines. Its distinguishing features in design a specially wide hull, sufficient to take a 5-7h.p. are : (i 1 exaggerated rake of stem, and (ii ) hard Coventry Victor rna~ineDieseI engine, but in all chine which disappears at a point approximately other resaects it was similar to the conventional 113 of the 0.a. length aft of the stem. The outrigger canoe. This boat had already been forebody of the vesseI to this point is of steam co~mercially operated over a year with bent timbers and normal round hull construction. encouraging success and there were plans for Trials with the completed vesseI have shown constructing another boat with the same changes that the chine construction provides for in- in design. creased stability and the conssruction of the The IocaI flat-bottomed canoe was ada~ted fotebody eliminates the pounding which is to mechanization by introd~cinga keel and a normatb associated with a full chine hull in a stern post. In view of the rounded lines of head sea. stern, a 4-ft. stern t~beinstead 0% the conven- This vessel has been d~si~nedfor par- tional 2-f t. one was used. ticipating in : Danish seining, otter trawling, In India the commercial introduction of Iive bait, pole fishing, purse seining and the improved 'Pab!07 and 'Dan' boats as designed trapping. by FA0 continued with progressive:y increasing The use of such a vessel is expected to speed. With the assistance of FA0 experts, aIIow for continued production throughout the attempts continued for evolving further improve- gear and for the taking, during seasonal abun- meE.ts in the design for these and other in- dances, of different species of fish in a hnited digenous boats. . fishizg area, with the attendant economy of Such improved boats constructed, either .upsation and the advactage of fishing from at irnprovized boatyards of Fisheries Depart- ore's home port. The positioning of accom- ments or at private boatyards were made availa- modation, engine room, live bait-rope wells, ble to fishermen by Union or States Governments 5sh hold, etc., was so arranged that with a on hire-~wchasesystem. The boats ranged payload of 25 tons of fish the extreme limits of from 22 9.32 ft. in length, cost approximately load waterline provide for sufficient reserve 10-15 tho~sarrdRtqeos each inclusive of engine buoyancy assuring safety in a seaway. and operated mainly gillnets or driftnets designed In Ceyloa, some fishermen took to con- by an FA0 expert. ventional western type small fishing boats. The improvements of fishing craft in the Some of these were reconditioned naval craft; maritime States of India were directed towards one was a reco~ditioned Da~ishboat which desigxing ad construction of oem types of lornerty had belonged to the CeyIon Department fishing craft pwered with Diesel engines and of Fisheries and was later sold to a fisheman, outboard motors. FA0 Naval Architects and and another was a new 27 fi. boat built by a experts of the Indo-Norwegian Project were local fisherman. Tso more new fishing boats workkg in the development of new designs for were buiIt according to designs prepared by a mechanized iishing craft suitable for operation Swiss naval architect who is a resident in in the digerent coastal areas, viz. Bombay, the Island. These were constructed in the My sore, Kerala, Mdras, Andhra and Orissa. architect's boabard. A few boats incorporating certain improve- A recently established boat building yard ments were censtructed uoder the guidance had, according to its own design for a 26 ft. of FA0 Naval Architects and are proving boat, built 4 boats of bcal timber and Said huIls satisfactory. The indigenous craft used by for four more. Each boat cost Rs. 11,600 com- fishermen in Bombay area were fou'nd suitable plete with a Lister LD 2 engice. This price for mechanization although some alterations in -represented a lower cost of prodzrction. Two the lines of the existing fishing boats originally such boats had been in operation since April desigred for sailing. was deemed necessary. 1958 and were reported to hzve given good "Satpati" type of boats, the tank testi~gof -results. In addition, one Japanese and one which was done at the Central Water and Power V-bottom. The boat was also completely decked. In the construction of small fishing craft The boats used by local fishermen have a round in Japan, greater attention was paid in the bottom and are not decked. It was demonstrated selection of timber and the use of galvanized that the experimental boat rolls much less than tacks and bolts. the local craft. In Malaya, power tools were used in the Minor changes in the stmcture were also construction of fishing boats with consequent introduced in certain cases. In Hong Kong, the saving in labour cost but no appreciable saving conventional "A" bracket to support the long in timber. projection of the shaft was eliminated. 1.3 Mechanized 'surf-landing* croft Some vessels were built with steel rudder stocks and blades instead of the cumbersome wooden A symposium entitled "The Boat and the arrangements previously employed. Some boats Beach" was held at Quilon, India, between 3-8 also had well constructed wheelhouses. March 1958. Organized jointly by the Govern- ment of India and the Indo-Norwegian Project, In the Colony's Fisheries Division vessel Quilon, India, the Symposium attempted to No. 2, two tapdred wooden fillets were fitted on assess the progress so far made in India in the either side of the keel. In addition, the edges development of a surf-landing craft and to con- of the stern chock were also rounded off, this sider further measures thzt would be necessary being an elementary but important job which is in this respect. not normally done in the native junk building yards. Carefdb conducted speed trials, both The Symposium agreed that further work before and after the introduction of these altera- was, necessary for evolving a satisfactory surf rions, were carried out. boat. It was also agreed that the general economics of mechanized beach-landing fishing 1.2 Construction of fishing vessels craft with regzrd to hull, engine, maintenance, The usual materials were used in the and expected earnings shouId be looked into. construction of the vessels. Ballast in the form The assistance of the Central Water and of concrete was used. Forward of amidships Power Research Station was reqcested in con- 3ight concrete of coke-screenings was poured in ducting tests with models of surf boats already the bottom of the boat to provide a clean finish designed and in conducting a survey of the surf along the bilge and maintain proper trim, the conditions on the Indian Coasts. engineeroom being well forward. A Summary Report on the Symposium is With the use of electrically operated presented at the Current Session of the Council circular saw, band saw, planer and drill, etc. at as a Working Paper (IPFC/C58/WP5). its Ban-Pae Marine Station, the Department of Fisheries, Thailand, effected a 30% economy in Construction of a 24-ft. surf-landing boat the timber used for boat construction. At the design&d by PA0 was due to be completed in same station a steam chamber was used for Ceylon by the end of September 1958. The bending timber. In Iocai boat building yards original plans called for an off-centre installation timber is generally bent by heating over open of the engine. During construction it was found fire and by weighing the plank with heavy that such installation would have created several stones. A similar steam chamber was also problems in the operation of the vessel and it designed and successfully used in :&long Kong. was decided to install the engine in the centre In India, some government - sponsored line. Trials with this vessel were expected to boatyards also demonstrated economy in timber commence in October 1858. by usi3g power tools. The indigenous boat A Japanese boat building expert, employed building industries in these countries, however, by a Philippine Fishing Company, has been con- have not yet introduced such mechanization for structing boats which are suited for beach cutting timber. landing. The propeller shaft can be raised Use of cheaper wood like Ainee (Arto- when necessary. carpus hirsuta) and Bin teak (Lagerstoemio lanceotatca) was being adopted to lower the 1.4 Vocational training for boat-builders overall cost of constructing fishing boats The Central Fisheries TecbnoIogical Re- in India search Station, Cochin;India, organised two training courses for States fishery officials in the 1.7 Meeting of FA0 Naval Architects on designing and construction of fishing vessels surf -landins craft (see p. 3, para 2-3). The officials so trained may in turn train boatbuilders. 1 A part of the request was met by the In Japan, technical courses were held symposium entitled 'The Boat and the Beach' three times a year, lasting ten days each time. held in India (see IPFCiC581WP5 presented to The cmrses were held each time at a different the current session of the Council). fishing center. General expenses of these courses were borne by the Central Government. 2. Mechanization of craft In additioa, shipyards building fishing boats accepted apprentices for training in boatbuilding. 2.1 Growth of mechanization Undei a recently started scheme in Ma- The growth of mechanization is shown in laya, 15 boys with no previous experience were Table In a majority of the member countries, , taken I. for training in boatbuilding. mechanization proceeded with satisfactory speed. Experts assigned to Thailand by Japan "- Countries with rapid growth of mechanization under Colombo Plan were training the boat- builders employed by the Department of had well coordinated pIans involving modifica- Fisheries, Thailand and stationed at its Marine tions in the designs and construction of the Research Station at Ban Pae. indigenous craft to make them suitable for mechanization ; training of fishermen in the 1.5 Hand book on the techniques of con- operation and maintenance of mechanized craft struckins stad fishkg boais and in the handling of improved gear; and No information zvailable. availabiIity of mechanized craft to the trained &hermen on hire purchase system. In some of these countries, fishermen themselves were No appraisaI yet prepared. enterprising.

TABLE I. Growth of ~echarmization

Country Size of mechanized fleet in number of vessels Bate of Growth Year: -1957

Australia - - Burma - - Czmbodia , - - Ceylon - 74 French Territories (New Caledoria) - 25 India - 1,200 Indonesiz - 1,203 Japan 123,318 * 1~1,023 Korea - - Malaya 5,641 6,283 Netherlands New Guinea - 40 Pakistan - - Thailand 1,032 1,531 U.K. : Hong Kong 1,&X 2,173 Sin gapor e - 6% USA : Hawaii - - Other territories - Vietnam - 200

- Information not received bg the Committee * Small craft (less than 5 tons ) anly The entire fishing fleet in French New There were 77,607 small craft (below 5 Caledoniq consisting of 20-30 vessels is mecha- tons) in Japan with electric ignition engines. nized. The sail for the fishing cutters, even Hot bulb engines were mostly used in this as an auxilliary means of propulsion has been country on craft belonging to the 5-50 tons class zbandoned. which represented 28% of the powered fleet, The slow development of mechanization Diesel engines were installed in 21% of powered in some member countries was a result of several fleet. In the Philippines, petroI engines, varying factors ; notabIe among them were : lack of from low to as much as 60 h.p., were commonly coordinated absence of vessels suitable used for 'banca' (dug-out) fishing vessels. Out- for mechanization; and in some cases lack of board,motors formed a good share of mechaniza- foreign exchange for importation of engines. tion of small 'bancas', especially after liberation. In a majority of the member countries Outboard motors were in general used the mechanized boats were gill-or drift-netters. when the vessel was not suitable for mechaniza- In certain countries, notably Hong Kong, Malaya tion with inboard engine and when fishing trips and Thailand, such boats also operated trawls, ' were of short duration not exceeding a few purse seines and traps. hours. In Malaya, Philippines and Thailand, 2.22 Makes of engines mechanized boats were employed for towing As many as 48 (perhaps, more) different unmechanized boats to and from fishing grounds. makes of inboard engines and-10 of outboard In Ceylon, oitboard motors were used in engines were in use in tbe region. In the the mechanization of outrigger canoes of both colony of Singapore alone there were inboard dug-out and planked construction. The high engines of 28 different makes and outboard free board of the canoes made it necessary to engines of 9 (see Table II). have motors with extended shafts. The experi- ments to mechanize 'catamarans' (log rafts) with TABLE II. Makes of exlW used in outboard engines were also successful to a rnechank~tionof fishing craft limited extent and 4 engines had been sold to - fishermen through Government. Number of different makes In Japan, 1957 statistics recorded 403,023 Outboard Inboard boats registered as fishing craft. Of these 39% Australia were powered. Powered small craft below 5 Burma tons numbered 128,293 or 83% of total powered Cambodia iishing fleet. However, they formed only.i.7% Ceylon of total gross tonnage of the powered fishing French Territories India fleet. Indonesia The strength of the powered small craft Japan Korea increased from 123,318 vesseIs at the end of Malaya 1956 to 128,295 by the end 1957 representing an NetherIands New Guinea increase of 7,999 in gross tonnage and 4,977 in Pakistan horse power. Philippines Thailand 2.2 Ensines for mechadzation U.K. : Hong Kong Singapore 2.21 Types of ensines USA : Hawaii Other Territories and Inboard petrol, Diesel semi-Diesel Vietnam+ engines as well as outboard engines were -. Information not received by the Committee. employed for mechanization of fishing vessels. Fishing boats owe red by steam engine num- Japan used engines manufactured in the bered only 40 in Japan, perhaps the only country country. India had just produced a marine in the region using this type of power. The Diesel engine which was being tried. All great majority of the engines were inboard other countries imported their requirements of liesels of 10-15 h.p. engines. Choice of an engine did not depend on its 2.252 Spare parts performance ; the primary considerations being In countries where mechanization was of availability, price, previous experience.with any recent introduction, particularly in those with particular engine in a country and the country's foreign exchange difficulties, spare parts were import-export trade relations. AvailabiIity of restricted in their availability. Importers in spare parts, repair and maintenance services such cases used aImost the entire allocation of was secondary in the selection of engines, par- foreign exchange in importing engines and ticularly in the countries where mechanization tittle, if any, of spare parts. The limited of fishing craft was of recent introduction quantities of spare parts in these cases were and where aid - giving agencies supplied such available only in the big cities. In cases of engines. break-downs, fishermen from outlyirig areas, Appreciable interest was shown in Ceylon from where the great majority of the 5shermen in air-cooled engines. operate, were obliged to make costly trips to the cities. 2.23 Prices of engines The Singapore Fisheries Division's Mobile Prices for the same engine in different Unit sold spare parts at wholesale prices to countries varied within appreciable limits. A fishermen in out-lying areas thus saving them 4-h.p. outboard engine cost from about US $175 the expenses for trips to the city. in Malayo to over300 in Ceylon while a 10-h.p. 2.253 Workshop facilities inboard Diesel engine cost from about 1,000 in Malaya to 1,350 in tbe Philippines. Compared Existing workshop facilities, particularly to the income of the fishermen, the prices for in those with mechanization recently introduced, engines were in general high except in countries were overloaded with the normal repair and where no or very low import duty existed e.g. mai~tenanceof engines installed in harbour Hung Kor~g,Singapore. Tn countries with satis- craft, merchant marine and lane vehicles, etc. factory foreign exchange situation, prices were In some countries (Ceylon, India, Indo- markedly Iower than in those with foreign nesia, Pakistan) government-sponsored work- exchange difficulties. shops, especially for marine engines installed in fishing fleet, were eitber already established In some of the countries where fisbermen (Ceylon) or were underway (India, Indonesia experienced difficulties in procuring engines, and Pakistan). These workshops were, however, relief was either given or contemplated by centralized while the fishing bases are scattered lowering import duty, or with partial subsidy by over long coasts. Government or by povidin g for hire-purchase by the fishermen. 2.254 Repair cmd maintenonce expenses Accurate records were not in general kept 2.24 Operation of ensines in a majority of Cases ; most of the information Fishermen, in general, learnt quickly to supplied was based on mere guesses. In Japa.n, operate engines with which they might not have where the records were relatively accurate, the been famiIiar before. In a majority of cases, annual repair and maintenance expenses were they were assisted by government-sponsored roughly 10% of the initial cost of the engines. programs of demonstration, or well organized In the Philippines such dxpenses ran abozt 5% courses of training. for new engines and about 30% for surplus or second-hand engines. Indonesia reported these 2.25 Repair and maintenance expenses to have run as high as 2025%. These high expenses were attributed to a 2.251 Fishermen's ability to maintain engines lack of adequate experience of fishermen In the In countries where mechanization was of handling of marine engines, restricted availa- recent introduction, fishermen were gradually bility of spare parts, and,high cost of repair learning to look after minor repairs. This services. development in certain cases (India) was a No information was avzilable on whether result of government-sponsored training pro- or not failure to obtain prompt repair services grams. resulted in loss of fishing time. 2.26 Effectiveness of mechaaization average fishing for mechanized craft are 8 to 10 against 4 to 6 by non-mechanized craft. 2.261 Extension of fishing wounds In lndia the majority of the mechanized In general, small mechanized vessels craft have extended their fieId of operation (less than 5 tons), operating gillnets, driftnets, beyond the fishing grounds usually exploited or traps, made only overnight trips. In Japan by noc-mechanized boats. In case of drift-net and Thailand, however, such trips lasted one to fishing the mechanized boats go as far as 50 three days depending on seasms and the miles off the coast whereas the non-mechanized distances of the grounds from the home ports. boats hardly go beyond 29 rniIes. Large vesseIs (Japan and Philippines) made trips In Japan, Indonesia,, Malaya, Philippines extending from a week to aver two months. In and Singapore, mechanized craft operated 10 - 50 the Philippines such vessels operating iil distant miles further out into the sea than the non- grounds returned to their home port after 15-45 mechanized craft. In Thailand, mechanized and days depending on the distance of the grounds non-mechanized gillnetters operated on the and the time taken to 611 the holds. In ring-net same grounds within 10-20 miles from shore fishing in the Philippines, mechznized units while purse seine fishery which lies further into returned home after 5 days actual fishing to dry, the sea was exploited only by powered vessels. tan and mend their cotton nets. In the Philippines, the introduction of powered towing boats made it possible for non-mechanized 2,263 Increase in handling of gear or in craft to fish in waters which they had not been active fishkg able to exploit before. In Singapore, mechanized drift-netters operated longer nets than did the non-mechanized 2.262 Extension of operating time craft. In other countries, small mechanized The mechanized craft became relatively gilI- andlor drift - netters, operating on same independent of moderate weather conditions but grounds as non-mechanized craft and making not of rough or monsoonic weather. In Ceylon, only overnight trips did not, in general, engage. the vessels operated for a higher the time saved in trips to and from ground, in number of days in a year than sailing vessels operating additional quantities of gear. Instead, which during certain periods were obliged to lie they stayed longer at port. In otber cases such in port due to failing wind. Where the fishery vessels making trips to distant grounds aIong in Itfdayn was independent of tidal currents, shore pr out to the sea, the time spent in actual powered vessels operated for 180 - 220 days a fishing was practically the same as for tbe non- by. year as against 150 - 180 days non-powered mechanized vessel, since a greater proportion of vessels. In the rest of the member countries the time away from port was spent in covering non- exeept Indonesia, mechanized and distances. Powered trawlers, purse seiners and mechanized vessels operated for about the same ring netters operating in near areas made more number of days in a year. In Indonesia, due allegedly to compIications in the preparations hauls, dregs or sets than their non-powered on at shore for trips, the mechanized 'mayanga counterparts operating the same grounds. operated for about 240 days a year as against 2,264 Economics of operation 270 days by its non-mechanized counterpart. In Japan, a survey of the economics of In India, mechanized craft can fish for 22 operations by various types and sizes of fishing to 24 days in a month whereas non-mechanized craft operate for 16 to 18 days in a month. The craft was conducted in 1956. The survey was mechanized craft fish for nearly 70% oof the time based on 125 non-powered boats sampled at the away from port against nearly 40% for non- rate of 1:900 and 135 powered boats (each less mechanized craft. This, however, depends than 5 tons) sampled at the rate of 1:450. The much upon the type of fishing. In Orissa, the data obtained are recorded in Table TIT. TABLE IIL Operation economics of mechanized and nonemechanized craft in Japan Item Non-mechanized Mechanized craft craft Number of fishing trips Number of fishermen Total fishing time ( hr. ) Gross earnings ( yen ) Capita1 investment (yen) Operating expenses ( yen ) Estimated wages of famiIy workers ( yen) Net Income (yen) In respect of other member ,countries, 2.2644 kniP9s of Pshetmen on mechanized data were not available for comparing the cost vessels of operation and consequently, the cost of In certain cases, fishermen were engaged production of fish by mechanized and non- on fixed wages (Singapore, Philippines). No mechanized craft. Such data would help in figures were available on wages of the crew in determining whether or not non-mechanized the two classes of vessels. Where fishermen craft should be left undisturbed to operate in operated on share basis and where some data inshore waters, or they should be subjected to a were available, the indications were that the sti$ struggle for existence in competition with average income of a fisherman on a mechanized powered craft or whether powered craft should craft ranged from 2-3 times that of a fisherman operate only in waters which cannot be exploited on a comparable non-mechanized craft. by non-mechanized craft. 2.265 Employment created by capital invested 2.2641 Increase in the catch Except for some preliminary indications, It was reported that mechanized craft no information was available in the member lauded 2-3 times as much fish as did its non- countries on the relative efkiency of capital, mechanized counterpart. Such increased quanti- invested in mechanized and non-mechanized ties were not a result of powered propulsion of craft, in the creation of employment. In India, the vessel alone. It is di6cult to estimate to a 25-ft. mechanized gilI or drift-netter cost about what extent these increases were due to power, Rs. 12,000 to build and equip and another Rs. and to improved, enlarged andior increased gear. 3,000 a year to operate. A non-mechanized craft In several cases mechanized craft operated gear of the same type and size cost Rs. 3,000 to build made of synthetic fibers. As already indicated, and equip and another Rs. 500 a year to operate. mechanized drift-netters in Singapore operated The mechanized boat was operated by a crew of longer nets. four and the non~mechanizedboat by one of ten. It will be seen from these figures that 2,2622 Improvement in the quality of catch capital invested in non-mechanized craft pro- vided employment fof over four times as many Where comparable e.g. operating on same as when invested in mechanized craft. How- grounds, using similar gear, and the same time ever, these figures from India, where mechaniza- of absence from port and the catch handled on tion of fishing craft is in its early stages, were board the same way, the quality of fish landed strictly preliminary. by mechanized and non-mechanized craft did mechanization not vary significantly, 2.266 Government assistance in Extensive assistance was given by Member 2.2643 Earnings of mechanized vessels Governments to the mechanization of fishing craft in their res~ectivecountries. Such as- According to limited information availa- sistance ranged from a cpordinated program ble, the gross earnings of mechanized craft were covering various aspects and phases of rnechani- 3-4 times that of a comparable non-mechanized zation, to mere technical advice. A summary craft while the net earnings of the former varied of measures taken in the member countries is from 19-2 times that of the latter. recorded in Table IV. TABLE IV. Government assistance in m~chasization of fihins craft

Country Nature of assistance

Australian Territories - Burma - Cambodia -

Ceylon i) Reduction in import duty for engines to 2.5% (pre- ferential ) and' 17.5%. from 12.5% and 27.5%. ii) Hire purchase facilities; 33% down, rest payable in 24 equal monthly instalments. iii) Loan up to Rs. 15,000 with purchased equipment as security, payable in 5 years.

French Territories

India Government subsidy of 25% on boats and 33.3 to 50% on engines. Loans also advanced to !ishermen directly or through cooperatives. In addition, coordinated project providing for ( i) construction of vessels accor- ding to designs prepared by FA0 experts, (ii ) equipping these vessels with engine and gear, (iii) training of fishermen under supervision of FA0 experts in the handling of craft, engine, gear, as well as the catch, and (iv) making these vessels available to trained fishermen on hire-purchase basis.

Six such training centers were at the tine of reporting operating in India.

Indonesia Rp. 10 million allocated annually for constructiun of mechanized fishing vessels which are giverz to fishermen through co-operative societies on hire purchase basis.

Japan Subsidy by Central and/or Prefectural Governments for auxilliary equipment e.g. fish finder, wireless apparatus etc. Adequacy of credit facilities for Sshermen from banks or private funds, no longer makes elaborate government financial assistance necessary.

Korea

MaIa ya Low interest Ioans made through cooperative societies; one-third of these loans are written off, if repaid within three years.

Netherlands Territories

Pakistan Marine -engines received as aid under ICA of the United States of America given to fishermen on hire- purchase basis.

Philippines Under reparations agreement with Japanese fishermen allowed to purchase from that country large size mechanized boats on instalment payment in 20 years. TABLE Iv (continrted I . - .. .- . .- Country Nature of assistance

Thailand Initial 25% down payment made by Government directly to private firms whicb, by agreement, supply engines to government-approved fishermen on hire- purchase basis. The deposit by the Government refundable by the firms within six months.

U.K. (Hong Kong)

(Singapore) Loans.

U.S.A.

Vietnam US$ 350,000 received as aid under ICA of the United States of America spent in assisting fishermen in the procurement of engines and gear.

-. . . - - Information not received by the Committee.

2.27 Navigation and safety requirements for These Rules and Regulations adhered to mechanized fiigboats in the concerned countries, appear to have been compiled from By-laws in force at the Reports were received from certain coun- beginning of the century in some of the Western tries (India and Thailand) of difficulties arising countries. Those pertaining to smaX! vesseIs out. of the rigid application of Rules and were probably meant for motorcraft plying in Regulations concerning navigation and safety big ports. These could not possibly have been to mechanized fishing vessels. meant for mechanized fishing craft which were In recent years, there was a tendency non-existent in the concerne2 countries at the to apply these rules to the latter and to refuse time the navigation rules and regulations were a consideration of the special circumstances compiled. These rules were, in all likelihood, arising out of mechanization of fishing craft. meant to apply in their broadest sense taking Fishing craft were treated on practica1Iy the a common sense view of the lqcal conditions, same footing as merchant ships. Certain craft, trade and hazards. constructional requirements for the fishing 2.3 Training ior Fishermen vessels e.g. complete decking, wheelhouse etc. were insisted upon. Fishing personnel were In Burma, a center was established at required to have certificates, yet there were hlergui for training local fishermen in Lhing no well defined standards for examination, nor with mechanized craft. A local boat, 45 ft. were there properly set up institutions where long, 13 ft. wide and 3 ft. draft, was converted studies could be made for such certificates ; to a trawler for -the training operations. Another boat, much smaller was mechanized safety ruIes were also required to be observed ior training in longlining. A fishery ofiicial rigorously without any consideration to practical mas sent to Canada for training. On return possibilities. to Burma, this o&cial is expected to train Sailing boats of similar designs and sizes fishermen. The Burmese Government has have sailed the seas for centuries and even requested a 50-ft. combination purse seiner today navigation rules in respect of these and longliner, and a 60-ft. trawler from Colombo vessels are very liberal indeed. Yet, as soon Plan, It is planned to use these vessels, when as an engine was installed, the same craft was received, for training purposes. required to carry a multitude of appliances In Ceylon, 4 education centers were in whicb in most cases the crew cannot use. operation where fishermen were taught new methods of fishing. There were six boats to take over new centers as they opened. attached to these centers and fishermen were These assistants who were biologists and had. taught, under supervision of FA0 and Colombo little knowledge of fishing, very quickly learnt Plan experts, to operate drift net, IongIine and to operate the training program. shark he. Demonstrations on the use of T.n Indonesia, the Sea Fisheries Service in these gear were also given on the Fisheries cooperation with the Navigation Service orga- Department exploratory and training vessels, nized during 1957 a series of three courses for Canadian and North Star as well as on fishermen's training fishermen in navigation and in the own boats. operation of mechanized fishing craft and gear. A training course, lasting 3 weeks, in Each course lasted three months, the participants the operation and maintenance of outboard in 1957 numbered 80. In past yers several motors and marine Diesel engines had been hundred participants had completed these courses completed and a second course was underway. successfully. With fellowships awarded by the Govern- The training in navigation had three ment of Japan under Colombo Plan, 12 local phases : ( i 1 locaI navigation, (ii) inter-island fishermen were to be sent on a course of navigation, and (iii) navigation out to 60 miles training in modern small boat iishing operations into the sea. in Japan. Selections were made from active The training in operation and rnainte- fishermen who had had sufficient educational name of engines had two phases : (i) elementary background to benefit from such an overseas course in operation ( drivers 1, and ( ii ) inter- training. mediate course in maintenaace (mechanics). With assistance from the Govern- FA0 In addition, a school of middle standard ment of India organized during 1955-57 four which imparts special training in fisheries, centers for training fishermen in navigation, particularly to children from fishing communities, operation of mechanized fishing boats, modem - has been in operation at Tegal for several gear and equipment. During 1958, two more training centers were established. years. The children at this school learn, in addition to languages, arithmetic, etc., elemen- So far, 240 fishermen had already recei- tary fisheries biology, navigation, operation and ved training and about 120 more were under maintenance of craft and engine, making and training at the time of reporting. On completion maintenance of gear, handling and preservation of a 6-month training course, the illiterate of fish and other subjects necessary for profes-. fishermen were able to use compasses, dividers sionaI fishermen. In addition, a school of the and charts effectively and to operate small same type was opened at Ambon two years powered fishing vessels equipped with gurdies ago and another at Medan in 1958. and gill nets. They were also able to maintain engines and make up and repair nets. In Japan, training for fishermen was arranged by fishermen's cooperatives with go- During the training, the participants vernment assistance, where necessary. In cases received an allowance of Rs. 50 each per month of advanced training courses, the cooperatives and on compIetion of the training, small mecha- arranged for State examinations to be held for nized boats (25 ft.) were given, through a those who wished to obtain licenses. cooperative society, one to a team of four of the trained bhermen, on hire-purchase basis. In Malaya, the Fisheries Department ran courses lasting three months during which It is reported that fishem& so trained fishermen were trained as heIrnsmen and engine earned, after deducting a substantiai part of drivers and became competent to maintain and their catch to pay for the boat, gear and equip- repair engines. No training in the handling ment on an instalment system and for operational of gear had so far been given in Malaya. expenses, 2-3 times as much as their fellow fishermen who still used traditional 'catamarans', In the Netherlands New Guinea, the canoes and local types of gear. fishermen were taken on board the Fisheries Division's cutter and two motor boats for Counterpart assistants to the FA0 experts training in navigation, and handling of engines assigned for the first two centers were trained and gear. In addition, there is a school in Hollandia for navigation where along with conducted during December 1957 to Aprif 1958, others, fishermen may receive training. it was confirmed that the net aided with the kite Training for Philippines fishermen was could open its mouth as much as 4 meters in provided in fisheries school, both public and height, resulting in about 30% increase in prawn private. There are several fishery schooIs of catch over another operated without the kite secondary level established in some provinces of which could not open its mouth to more than the country. 1.5-2 m. re~sultingin failure to catch some of the demersal fish, particularly prawn that might Two courses of training for fishermen swim about in layers a little above the bottom. were organized in Thailand jointly by the Fisheries Department and Fish Marketing A description of the kite and results of Organization. The Navy, the Customs and the experiments with it, were first described at the Harbor Department also assisted. During each FA0 InternationaI Fishing Gear Congress held course, the 35 participants were taught navi- in Hamburg in October 1957. A paper has since gation, safety at sea and handling of marine been published and the full reference is : engines. On successful completion of the Takayama, S. and T. Koyama (1958). training the participants received certificates Studies on trawl net -I. A of competency as navigators (fishing boat) issued net-mouth stretcher working on by the Harbor Department. kite principle. Bull. In Kong Kong, the Fisheries Division ran regular classes for training of fishermen Tokei Reg. Fish. Res. Lab., as skippers, coxswains, and engineers. On No. 19, 1-26 pp. (See also completion of trainicg, the participants sat for IPFCIC58ITECH 8). examinations and if successful, received An otter trawl designed along the lines appropriate certificates issued by the Marine . of a native-tvwe wair trawl but with sauare Department. -.-wings was Yonstkicted by the Hong l&ng In Singapore, young fishermen aged 18-20 Fisheries Division. This net was operated years received training in deep-sea fishing during April-June 1957. Various combinations on board a Japanese fishing vessel belonging to of sweep wire length, type of ground rope, a local firm. The trainees were under contract number of floats etc. were tried. The efficiency with the firm for three years during which of this net was com~aredwith that of an time it was hoped, they will have gained already-proven small Australian type shrimp sufficient experience in deep-sea fishing. During otter trawl which was operated simultane~usly the training period, the participants received on the same fishing grounds. a monthly wage of St. $60, an extra allowance of $ 12 and free meals. 3.2 krtprovements in Materials The Fisheries Division's Mobile Unit Synthetic Gbers for net making continued gave instructions and demonstrations to fisher- to gain in popularity. In Japan, synthetic fibers men in the repair and maintenance of engines replaced cotton by+ 75%. After demonstration installed in- their boats. of its superior catching power, longer life, and no need for preservation, the demand for nylon Recently, a comprehensive training became much more in certain countries (Ceylon, scheme with head-quarters at Tg. Kling was India, and Pakistan) than could be met. wmmenced. The subjects taught include elementary fisheries biology, fish culture, opera- In Ceylon, a fair quantity of webbing, tion of fishing craft and engines, navigation twine and fishing line made of Krrralor?, a syn- and safety at sea, making up and maintenance thetic fiber cheaper than but equally efhcient as of gear, and preservation and processing of nylon, was imported by the trade, chiefly from fish. Japan. In the same country artificial units were used for longlines. 3. Improvement and Preservation of Gear In India, the high price for nylon which 3.1 Improvements in desisn . is beyond the reach of average fishermen, has In Japan, a new type of kite for otter proved a strong deterrent to the fiber's uniirersal trawls was developed. In trawling operati~ns acceptance. In Bombay, the use of nylon is still limited to drift nets. Its use in 'dol' or The net was made by a process in which fixed nets which is still the main gear in Bombay several single yarns were doubled together with State is not possible owing to large investment a twist by a machine. Two or more of these required for these nets. doubled yarns were again doubled and twisted As the fishermen do not have enough into a strand in ' 2' direction. This strand was funds to invest in the synthetic fiber, the State then wound on the bobbin of the net-making Governments formulated schemes to make machine. Twines in the knot-less net had an available this material to fishermen on subsidized S ' twist of two-ply strands. basis, Special features of the knotfess net were In Korea, Kuralon nets have since 1957 claimed to include: lighter weight and Iess bulk replaced cotton nets on the one-vessel purse since as much as 50 % of the raw matkrial could seiners. The catches have increased and Kura- be saved ; higher strength ; less resistance to lon nets have been found srlperior to and more currents ; ease of handling ; no friction ; Iess economical than cotton nets. , Iabour and smaller tackles ; no more dazage to In India, a plastic-rubber float for gill-and fish ; almost 100%- exact mesh size ; easier and drift-net was designed, tested and commercially complete dyeing ;and less adherence to dirt and produced by a private firm in Bombay. In the microbes. same country, the government-sponsored train- By a heat-setting process, the 'S ' twist ing centers introduced cement weights of in the twine was 6xed in position and the twine various designs and shapes for bottom-set became stronger by about 15%. Also, hard fibers gillnets. became soft and soft fibers could be given suitabIe hardness. Exce~tfor Ja~an.A.all other countries either impoited their supply of nylon or received Through the six fisheries training centers it through aid-giving agencies (Ceylon, India, in India, attempts were made to introduce Pakistan). Due to foreign exchange difficulties, - improved knots in nets adproper hanging of some countries ( Ceylon, India, Pakistan ) could the webbing on the headrope. not import adequate quantities of nylon to meet existing demands. National programs and Imported with the assistance of the policies for general economic development and United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency the (UNKRA 1, 36 net-making machines and 10 foreign exchange situation in certain coun- winders were in operation in Korea. This tries might not permit reguIar and adequate importation of the fiber, at least for some years. mechanization considerably reduced the acute Locally produced cotton twines for net making shortage of nets first caused by extensive war were, however, in plentiful supply in these damage suffered by Korean ports and further countries. aggravated in the last few years as the fishing fleet was restored and expanded by UNKRA's There were noreports of any contemplated program of aid for the fishing industry. $ans in these countries to manufacture nylon i for net making. The East Pakistan Directorate of Fisheries recently imported one net-making machine in Due to the high investments required in addition to the one which had been operating nylon nets, fishermen in a majority of the coun- for the past several years. tries experienced difficulties in procuring nets made of this fiber. Assistance was given by 3.4 Improvements in operation governments or private agencies ~ithcredit (Ceylon, India) and/or facilities for hire-purchase Use of swivels in the Indonesia ' Pontjing (Pakistan). prawe', a small longline, was claimed to have resulted in increzsed catches. Use of light in 3.3 Improvements in co~l~~txuction the operation of "Banrong", an Indonesian lift- net, resulted in increased catches in the Makassar A knotless net, made of rot-proof synthe- region. tic fibers, became popular, according to a paper presented at the FA0 International Fishing In Korea, until 1955, the maekere1 fishery Gear Congress, Hamburg, October 1957, by a had been exploited by two-boat purse-seiners; member of the Japanese delegation. each one weighed 20 to 40 tons but recently in fine with the policy of increasing catches It was considered that the rather too large of mackerels, the one-boat purse seiners have powered boat employed in the operations drove been built. in the wind and tide; this lifted the foot rope of These boats are bigger than those which the net and allowed the fish to escape. operate as purse seiners and are fitted with Malaya expressed apprehension that modern equipment, such as fish finder, direction mechanized handling of gear might lead to finder, power block and winch; the speed is 10 unemployment. knots, 3 knots more than the old fashioned boats. With the new vessels, mackerel fishing In Pakistan, one drum winch was imported can be carried out not only on the ofEshore and issued to a fishing boat for trials; the results waters, 20 to 30 miles, but also in the deep- were not yet available. A small trawI winch sea waters, 100-150 miles. The number of the and a drum winch for trials were being ordered. one-vessel seiners has been increasing from Mechanized handling of otter trawls was year to year. One-boat purse seinks have highly developed in the Philippines, and the heen found much cheaper to build and more man-power to operate the gear was substantially economical to operate than two-boat units. reduced. In ring nets, the hauling of the In Malaya, experiments in the dyeing pursing line by a winch resulted in increased of nylon nets were carried out using special sizes for the net but no appreciable reduction in chemicals and the results were applied to the man-power. nylon drift nets which the Fisheries Department employed in comparative fishing experiments. 3.5 Introduction of noa-indigenous sear The Hong Kong Division of Fisheries Attempts continued in several countries made experimental trawling over rough ground for the introduction of non-indigenous gear, which local trawlers with their Iight gear were chiefly of Japanese origin. The various gears not able to fish. tried were : ' boke-ami ', bottom-set gillnets, Danish seine, floating longline, Lampma, 'masu- ami ', 'muro-ami ', 'otoshi-ami ', otter trawl, pair In India efforts were made to bring into trawl, purse seine and tuna Iongline. use such mechanical devices as winches and In Burma, operations of otter and pair gurdies in the operation of local nets. De- trawls were continued with significant com- monstrations were given by experts on various mercial success by the Martaban Company, a occasions and during training of fishermen. joint Burmese and Japanese concern. In Bom- Mechenized handling of gear e.g. use of bay, India, a similar concern continued com- line haulers for tuna longline, net haulers for mercial pair trawling. Of particular significance nets, drift nets, and purse seines, developed was the fact that trawlers over 100 ft. could to a certain extent in Japan. Such mechanized operate during the monsoon while the entire handling increased the operation efficiency by local fishing fleet was laid off and that catches three to four times more than in hand manipu- were good. lation. Mechanized handling of some types of In Ceylon floating longline, tuna longline nets increased rather than decreased employment and nylon gill and drift-nets were successfully of man-power. Such increase was a result of introduced. the ability of a vessel to use far greater quanti- ties of gear than were possible with hand Experimental purse-seining was being manipulation. In coastal fisheries exploited conducted in Ceylon waters under the supervi- with set nets and sardine purse seines, plans sion of FA0 experts with two purse seine boats were under way for introducing mechanized also donated by PAO. handling of gear, primarily for reducing labour In India, significant results were obtained costs withwit, of course, increasing appreciably with bottom-net gillnets. Trawling with small the quantities of gear operated. craft (especially for shrimp). on the West Coasr Attempts for mechanizing the 6peration of showed excellent results. Two-boat purse- the Malayan purse seine failed as the pursing seining for sardine and mackerel was also tried could not be done quickly and the fish escaped. on the West coast. Trammel nets were tried with the help of in the handling of the gear, proved deterrents to Colombo Plan fishing experts in Saurashtra its popular acceptance by the local fishermen. no waters and were found to oEer significant Pair trawls were introduced in Singapre advantages. In addition, in the maritime States as joint projects with Japanese experts. Four of Bombay, Kerda, Madras and West Beagal, pairs landed about 1,650 tons during 1957. The otter trawling, shrimp trawling, purse-seining, prospects for an expansion of this fishery mechanized longlining etc. were being tried appeared good. from vessels provided under the foreign aid. The 'boke-ami', the lampara, the longline, In Vietnam, the 'boke-ami' and the 'otoshi- "muro-am? and 'otoshi-ami' were introduced in amiy were tried with the assistance of Japanese Indonesia. The operation of the lampara along technicians. The 'boke-ami' did not prove with Iight had already established itself in the satisfactory while the 'otoshi-mi' gave good Makassar region and we spreading to others. results and trials with the latter were continued. The 'muro-ami' had almost become a domestic gear in the Djakarta and Makassar regions and 3.6 Symposium on Fdng Techniques was fast spreading to others. Sponsored by the Government of India, a In Malaya, Danish seining was attempted symposium on 'Improved Types of Fishing from in 1955 and 1956 off the coasts of Per& and Small Mechanized Boats' was held at Cochin Kedah. A standard 'whiting net' with specially from 28-31 October 1958. The participants were enlarged shoulders and wings was used to officials of the Union and States Governments permit a fishing depth of not Iess than 15 it. who are connected with the program for tbe The net was fished by the Scottish fly dragging development of fishing craft .and gear, officials method using three coils a side. The depth of concerned with the six fishery training centers the ground varied from 10 -16 fathoms. The in India, experts of FAO, United States Opera- catch consisting of Leiognathus sp, Sciaena sp., tions Mission ( T.C.M.) Colombo Plan, Indo- Drepane sp., Strornateous cinereus and some Norwegian Project who were on assignment in prawns, was not high enough to warrant com- India in the iield of fishing craft and gear, as mercial introduction of the gear. well as representatives of the fisheries industry. Beam trawling for prawns was also com- The Symposium was planned to assess menced in Malaya. These trials were con- the progress made in the improvement of fishing ~inuing. gear and their operation in India and to plan further measures in this respect. Otter trawling had already become an established industry in the Philippines. The The discussions during the Symposium 'mum-mi' was being successfully operated by the were concentrated on: Materials for fishing gear ; Filipinos. The present 'muro-ami' in Philippine operation techniques of specific gear e.g. lines, waters is slightly improved over the Japanese gillnets, round haul nets, trawls and traps; gear as originally introduced. This gear regular- mechanical and electronic fishing aids ; relation- ly landed large catches. The 'otoshi-ami', a ship between craft and gear ;and deck layout. trap net and an improved version of the local Practical demonstrations of the operations 'fish corral', were under trial. There is a big of Ionglines, gillnets, shrimp trawls and purse- company engaged in 'otoshi-mi' fishing. In seines were also planned, addition, introduction of other Japanese gear, e.g. tuna longhe and purse-seine, was being As a part of the demonstrations, exhibits promoted by the Bureau of ~isheffes. of the digerent gear, gear materials, deck and The 'masu-am? and 'otoshi-ami' whose electronic equipment etc. were also to be economic operation had been successfully arranged for inspection by the participants. demonstrated earlier by the Department of 3.7 Preservation of gear Fisheries, Thailand, found no application at aU in commercial fishery. Since 1956, Japanese Preservation of cotton gear continued pair trawls were being s~ccessful1yoperated by with 'catechu' extracts of mangrove and other a private firm. Initial heavy investment in the barks as well as with coal tar. Chemicai pre- gear and the craft as well as lack of experience servatives were used rarely, except in Japan. Most countries p-oduced their own re- Fisheries Council. It is rnultilithed and has quirement of bark. Pakistan imported catechu; the same format as in the FA0 World Fisheries Japan imported about 3,000 tons of .catechu a Abstracts, so that, if need be, readers may cut year from Borneo. Coal tar was in many cases the cards and file them. imported. The nets were cold treated with 'catechu' 3.9 International Fishing Gear Congress and bark extracts while coal tar was applied hot. The FA0 International Fishing Gear Chemical preservatives were often em- Congress was held in Hamburg between 7 - 12 ployed in Japan along with some other substance October, 1957. It was attended by over 500 which formed a film over the twine. The high participants from about 40 countries, including prices of chemical preservatives did not make fishing vessel owners, skippers, gear technolo- them sufficiently popular with fishermen. gists, biologists, fishery administrators, and manufacturers of fishing gear, auxiliaw equip- Tests on the effectiveness,of several ment (winches, echo sounder and other electronic methods for preserving fish net twines were fishing aids) and synthetic fibers. carried out over several months at the Central Fisheries Technological Research Station, Co- Among the members of the Indo-Pacific chin, India. The results indicated that pre- Fisheries Council, Japan took a very active part, servatives used in combination with each other having sent a large delegation and presented gave much better results than when used alone. several of the 111 technics1 papers discussed at For instance, twines treated with the extract of the Congress. The discussions concentrated Indian 'panichikka' (Diospyros ernbryopteris) bark on: Materials for gear; Rational design and were rotten after 20 dsys of caafiouous immer- construction of gear; Strategy and tactics of sion in warm backwaters, but such treated 6shing ; and Ele~trofishia~. twines were subsequently dipped in coal tar, it The technical information resulting from was found that after 57 days of continuous-_. the Congress has been published in book form immersion the twines still retained 74% of their under the title Modern Fishing Gear of the World. original breaking strength. A fuller description The material was edited by FA0 and the of the experiments and the results is presented publishers are 3. Arthur Heighway Publications at the current session of the Council (See Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 ~lkts;reet;London, IPFC/C58/TECH 1). E.C. 40. Experiments on the preservation of coir ropes also commenced at the same Statior,. 4. AvaiIabilib and Exchange of Weather Information An improved process for preservi~gManila ropes was developed in Japan. The Manila Most of the mernber countries have facili- fibers were dyed, in the early stages of rope ties for forecasting weather and for broadcasting manzlfacture, by a dipping system, mainly with weather information. The frequency of the copper naptbe~atecompounds. The dyestuff broadcasts varied from country to country and was impregnzt5d into the fibers mxe thoroughly in any one particular country with seasons and and di$ not disaohe in sea water as,easily weather conditions._ In some countries weather as, when the finished rope was dyed in the usual information was broadcast regularly everyday way by cmpressor or vacmm system. along with newscast and more frequently during ,Tn lIdng long, two nylon trawls were rough season and, if need be, by speciaI bulletins. treated with phenolfree tar. This made the In others, weather forecasts were broadcast only nets heavier with the result that they steyed on in cases of approaching storms. In cases of storm the bottom wI;i!i. being towed and at the same alarms, hour to hour progress reports were Japan, h time suceesslnlly overcama the problem of mesh broadcast in the same couotry, in cases of emergency, fishermen's cooperative d~forma'iion previously caaser! by slipping of knots. societies were directly informed over .the phone by local weather stac'LIO~S. WireIess receiving sets were not, in geceial, available on board commercial fishing vessels except in Japan where also small craft (below 5 tons) did not carry such sets. In some Pohang; Taeku, Chunju, Kochang, Ulsan, countries receiving sets were provided by go- Kwangju, Pusan, Mokpo, Yosu and Chaeju. vernrnents at community centers, fish harbors and Fishermen can get the weather information, for 6sh markets. Research vessels in most cow- example temperature,rainfall, atmospheric pres- tries, however, carried these sets. sure, two times a day. - The weather forecast is announced over Facilities did not exist for commerciaZ the Korean Broadcasting System. Information on weather conditions are obtained through the fishing vesseIs, except for Iarge Japanese vessels, central ~~~~~~~l~~i~~lo~serratory in seoul to transmit to shore information on weather. which the meteorological data from its Research vessels in certain cases carried radio- local 21 observatories situated at Kangnung, telephone transmission sets- It is not known, Chuchen, Seoul, Sosa, Chyuan, Inchon, Ulnung however, if such vessels had any arrangements do, Suwon, Chungju, :Saisan, Chupoongrun for transmitting weather information to shore.

FOOD TECHNOLOGY (PANEL B

5. Fish Curing in Humid Tropics acid added to the brining solution. The growth Research was conducted at various labora- of disease carrying bacteria was controlled in tories in the region on the curing of fish and in the product by this concentration of citric acid the handling and storage of cured fish. In which also prevented the growth of many types general, the results of such research found little, of fungi. In addition, citric acid increased the if any, application in the industry. The fish initial rate of salt penetration thus shortening curing industry continued with its primitive the time during which the fish is most liable to $echniques and unhygienic practices and turned decompose. out of very low quality. The capacity The salt-citric acid protection permitted of the industry also did not increase in keeping of slow air drying without deterioration; apart with the increased production of fish resulting from its superiority to direct sun drying, the chiefly from progressive mechanization and process was thus made independent of adverse enlargement of the fishing fleet. weather conditions. In addition, experiments on smoking, 5.1 Resecuch and investigations salting and drying of freshwater fish were The f oliowing publication appeared undertaken at the Fisheries Department Labora- reporting results of investigations in fish tory. Of the various items produced, smoked curing in the Ceylon : Tilapia was well received by the Sinhalese, Gunasekara, C.; N. de Siha and A.W. Lantz while'salted and/or smoked Lcrbeo dzwsurneri was favoured by the Muslims. The experiments ( 1956 ). Preservation of fish by salting and drying. Ceylon Dept. Fish, Prog. were being continued. Rep, Biol, Tech., No. 2 : 44 - 47. In India, establishment of a Processing Wing attached to the recently established Cen- In order to develop a satisfactory com- .tral Fisheries Technological Research Station at mercial curing process for dried salted fish Cochin was sanctioned to accelerate research on several methods were investigated. fish processing and utilization of fish products. The most satisfactory results were It is also planned for the Wing to evolve quality obtained by a process involving the removal of standards for various fish and fish products. guts and gills and the extxaction of slime and Ex~ertassistance from FA0 was due in 1958 blood by dipping in a 10 per cent brine prior to for suggesting details of the personnel, equipmeot brining in a salt solution maintained at satura- etc. for the Station and for training of personnel tion. Salt alone was found to be insufficient to after they were recruited. The counterpart prevent bacterial decomposition. However, this assistant for the expected FA0 expert had was controlled by the use of 2 per cent citric already been recruited. Research on fish curing in India con- normal conditions, optimum salt penetration tinued at the various existing laboratories of the took place within 20 hours in the case of the Union and States Governments. The following former and 26 hours in the case of the latter papers are among those which were pblished when salt was used in the proportion of 1:3 ta during the period under review : 1 :6. With less salt, the period of salting was found to increase. It was further observed that ( i) Krishna Pillai, V. ; A.P. Valsan and M.R. Naysrr (1956). Studies on the TVN vglues of those samples kept long in the chemical quality or cured fish salt were comparatively high. products from the west coast of Where pressure was applied on the fish India. Indian J. Fish., 3 (1): 43-58. while salting, the period required for optimum A survey of the major fish curing centers salt penetration was less. The water from the in the Travencore-Cochin and Bombay coasts fish was squeezed out quickly when pressure was was undertaken. Samples of salt an$ cured applied and this .probably helped in quicker and fish, representative of the different methods uniform curing. practised in the above areas, were collected and The TVN and peroxide values of the analysed for their chemical constituents. Sam- stored samples were estimated at monthIy ples were also collected from three important intervals. The results indicated that when a dry iish marketing centers in the country and sufficiently high proportion of salt up to 1: 6 by anaIysed. weight of fresh fish was used, the increase in The data indicated wide differences in the TVN values was comparatively small. the quality of the cured products collected from (iii) Rrishna PiIIai, V. and M.R. Nayar the different localities. The analyses of the salt ( 1957 ). Determination of total samples showed that in most cases the composi- volatile nitrogen in cured fish pro- tion of salt used by the curers did not come dzlcts. Indian J. Fish., 4 (2)I -- within the tentative standards fcr salt 295 - 303. for fish curing purposes. The poor quzlity of the cured fish products could possibly be ascribed The values of total volatile nitrogen TVN to the defects in the methods adopted in each obtained from three extracts of different samples area and to the low NaCl content of the salt or of cured fish when distilled under uniform con- aIternateiy to the high percentage of impurities ditions in presence of sodium borate, potassium in the salt, carbcnate and sodium hydroxide, were compared. Experiments were carried out with a view t~ (ii) Krishna PilIai, V. ; A.P. Valsan and finding out the extent of variation in the values M.R. Nayar (1957). Studies of TVN with the increase in the concentration on the curing and preservation of of the fish muscle in each of the extracts on 'Choodai'-I. Some aspects of dry salting. Indian J. Fish., 4 (1): distilling with these alkalies. The results of 32 - 46. these experimental investigations pointed out that for TVN deterdination, it is preferable to Studies were co~duct'ed on different prepare an aqueous extract of the fish sample aspects of euring of sardines. Data were pre- wherever possible and to use sodium borate as sented on the changes in the moisture and totaI alkali. The advantage with alcohol extract, volatik nitrogen (TVNI contents of the fish however, was that the proteins were precipitated drrring drying in the sun for different periods and a clear solution remained. under digereat experimental conditions. In sun-dried szrdines the nsisture content of the ( iv 1 Krishna Pilfai, V. (InPress).Experi- fish had to be kept below 25% in order for it to ments on the preservation of fish keep for a sa%rienUy long period withoat by pickling. Zno'ian J. Fish., 5 (2). undergoing spoilage. (v) Suryanarayana Rao, S.V.; M.R. The rste of pezetrario:! of salt in the case Napar and A.P. VaIsan ( 1956). of S. gibbosa and S. albella at difiereat'intervaIs Tetrazoliurn reduction as an index dcring drysalting with digere~tproportions of of spoilage in cured fish. Curr. salt wsjs studied. It was observed that, under Sci. ,25 : 396 - 97. (vi) Suryanarayana Rao, S.V. ; M.R. Except H. gibbonsii, none of the other red Nayar and A.P. Valsan (1958). Pre- halophiles was affected by even 10 p.p.m. of liminary investigations on the pit aureomycin. Growth was profuse and rapid as curing of fish in India. Indian J. in the control and no morphological changes Fish., 5 ( 1 ) : 160 - 169. were lot iced either. It is surmised that the high magnesium content of the medium reverses A stady of the process of pit curing of the action of aureomycin. At 0.1% of PJaN02 the 6sh which is practised mainly on the east coast .cocci were not inhibited. At 0.5% some cocci of the Madras State was undertaken to deter- stilI showed growth. But the rod forms failed mine the optimum conditions for the cure, to grow at 0.2% NaN02 concentration; with keeping quality of the cured products and to evaluate the different chemical tests for the sodium ricinoleate at 0.2% level, only rod forms grew and all the cocci were suppressed. It is detection of spoilage during storage. Mackerel was chosen for the investigations which also suggested that for salting hides a,combination included observations on the more common of 0.2% NaN02 and 02% sodium ricinoleate be method of wet salting. Pit curing improved the used though this high concentration of nitrite organoleptic properties by- imparting a charac- is not recommended for curing fish. teristic flavour and softness to the flesh. How- In addition, experiments in pickling of ever, their appearance was rather unfavourable mackerel with salt and ordinary tamarind and their keeping quality limited to a few weeks (Tamarindus indica) indicated that this tamarind after the cure. Wet salted mackerel on the is a good substitute for Garcinea cambogea which other hand were found to keep in a good is now employed for the commercial Colombo condition up to 2 months. cure. In another experiment, it was observed The beneficial effect or maturation or that incorporation of 0.02% sodium nitrite by ripening under semi-anaerobic conditions in pit weight of fish in the salt while pickling, as also curing was reflected in the release of large pretreatment of fish with certain other preserva- amounts of free amino acid nitrogen during tive chemicals, couId considerably improve the the cure. However, the levels of total Volatile keeping quality of the products. Attempts were Nitrogen (TVN) which had aIso increased also made to prepare pickled products e.g. during the curing period reached more than 500 Russian sardines and marinated herrings, the mg.% ( moisture-salt-free basis) after two weeks methods being modified to suit tropicaI condi- .of storage. The optimum period for the cure tions. was found to be two days in the case of gutted Usefulness of certain preservative chemi- mackerel salted in 1:5 ratio. A comparative cals in methods of curing other than pickling study of the changes in TVN Trimethylamine, was also being tried. A few of the preserva- Formol Nitrogen and Peroxide Value during tives indicated significant results. Pretreatment storage revealed the usefulness of TVN increase of'fish by a dip in citric acid sohtion improved as a test for the assessment of quality. the keeping quality of dry cured sardines and ( vii ) Venkataraman, R. ( 1956). Effect pretreatment with propionic acid solution, of aureomycin, nitrite and ricino- before salting, made both the dry-cured and leate on red halophilic bacteria. wet-cured products resistant to the growth of CUTT.Sci., 25: 190- molds and red halophilic bacteria. Cultures of Pseudornonas saltnarin, Ps. Studies on the shelf-life of samples of cutirzrbra, Bacterium trapaniczcm, BI halobiom, dry-cured fish stored in different packing Micrococcus morrhuue, M. roseus I~alophilus, material and under digerent relative humidity Sarcino litoralis, S. morrhnne, Ffrdobacterirrnz conditions were attempted. Prelimimary experi- minuturn, H. gibbonsii (N. sp.), and other red ments indicated that triphenyl tetrazolium halophilic bacteria were grown on salt-milk bromide reduction test may prove to be useful agar to which known quantities of aureomycin, in measuring the spoilage of cured products. sodium nitrite and sodium ricinoleate, were The Iaminated and deboned dried Bombay added.. The final pH was adjusted to 7.5 5 0.1. Duck product was found superior to the sun- Surface inocuIation was made by streaking. dried variety as the former ensured complete dehydration, thus facilitating storage over long Ando, K. and K. Saruya (1956). Method periods. But, the process proved more expen- for protection of marine products sive than the traditional sun-drying. against deterioration due to oxida- At the ModelFishing Communit y Develop- tion of oil - VL Application of ment Centre at Kota Baru, Indonesia, an experi- BHA in dry-salting of salmon. mental mechanical dryer for cured fish was Ibid., 22 (3) : 202-205. installed...... *... ; N. Yamaguchi and K. Saruya In Japan, Central Government Regional (1956). Method for protection of Fisheries Research Laboratories as well as non- marine products against deteriora- governmental research institutions belonging to tion due to oxidation of oil-VII. universities or commercial firms, continued The protection of 'Aramaki' by research in fish curing. None of the projects, BHT. Ibid., 22 (6) : 383-385. however, were specifically concerned with 6sh curing in humid tropics. However, the follow- Experiments were conducted with several ing publications are of general interest antioxidants incorporated in the salt employed for curing (wet and dry-salting) in arresting Takei, M. and T. Takahashi (1956). On oxidation of fat during storage of cured fish. the preparation of reversibly dried Fisb treated with butylated hydroxy anisole fish meat. Bull. Tokai Reg. Fish (BHA) at concentration of 0.01% in the salt Reu.Lab., No. 1 : 91-97. representing from 0.005 - 0.02% of the weight of Attempts were made to develop a process raw fish, showed no detectable signs of rancidity which would give dried fish meat reversibility, after 60 days' storage while untreated samples the property to restore the water content when became distinctly rancid in 27 days. Ethyl immersed in water as nearly as possible to the protocatechuate ( EP ) and propyl gallate ( PG 1 level in fresh fish. were Iess effective than BHA, and a reddish- The dried meat containing only small - brown ofi-color especially in the abdominaI parts quantities of fat absorbed much more water developed in the products treated with these than those rich in fat. antioxidants. In experiments witb 'Aramaki' When the dried meat had been treated, (salted salmon) which is kept for long time in before drying, with either sodium citrate, or contact with salt, it was observed that 2,Gdi dibasic sodium phos;rhate or any of several tert-butyl-p-cresol (BHT) in concentrations of antioxidants, eg., butglated hydroyanisole 0.0025-0.005% of the weight of raw fish was (BHA), was Immersed in water. the water most effective. BHT was more effective than absorbed was Iess than in raw meat.. BHA which was effective at a concentration of On immersing dried msat, which prior to abut 0.0025% but employed in excess of this drying was treated for 15 hours, with 0.05% concentration, imparted a yellow off-colour in BHA solution containing 2% sodium citrate the abdominal parts of the products. Isoamyl (or 1% dibasic sodium phosphate), it was gallate + citric &id (Linton C) was considered observed in many cases that the water absorbed unsuitable since it caused violet off-colour as was greater than that in the raw meat. did propyl gallate Tbyama, K. and K. Saruya (1955): Tanikawa, E.;T. Motohiro; H. Ishiko; Y, Method for protection of marine Fujii and M. Yachi (1956). Studies ~roductsagainst deteriorstioa due on the complete utilization of to oxidation of oil - IV. Applica- squid-XII. On the decomposition tion of some antioxidants to salting velocities of summer and autumn of salmon. Bull. Japanese Soc:Sci. Fish. Fish., 21 (4): 248-52. squid meat. Bull. Fac. Hokkaido Uniu., 3 (1): 49-61...... ; T. Tochi and K. Saruya (1956). Method for protection of marine ...... and K. Tornita (1956). Studies on products against deterioration due the complete. utilization of squid - to oxidation of oil - V. . Application XIII. Relation between freshness of BHA to salting of salmon. of raw squid and the quality of the Ibid., 22 (3) : 198-201. dried product. Ibid., pp. 165-171. , Y. Nagasawa; T. Takenchi extracted with an azeotropic mixture (10 cc.) of and T. Sugiyama ( 1956 ). Studies methyl alcohol and benzene by shaking and on the complete utilization of squid subsequent centrifuging. The optical density - XXV. Relation between the water of the clea s ohtion was measured in a photo- content of squid meat and putrefac- electric calorimeter using S Filter 43. Distilled tion during drying. Ibid., pp. water was used as a standard. 172 - 184. Tsuchiya, Y.; T. Vakano; T. Wesaki and W. Ara Differences were observed in the quality ( 1957 1. Studies on the utilization and decomposition velocity of dried, salted or of electro - smoke solutions. Fish. frozen products made from summer and autumn Sc. Coll., Tokyo Univ. Press, pp. squid. These differences are ascribed to dif- 855 - 862 ( In Japanese ). ferences in histological features, chemical components, the solubility and the quantity ( 1 ) Components of electr~~smokesolu- of bound water in the-two groups of squid. tions prepared from oak, sundry timbers (pine, Cryptoneria etc. ), orange peel, and rice straw Raw squid meat containing more than 20 mg.% were studied for observing differences in the of voIatile basic nitrogen did not result quality of the electro-smoke obtained from these in products of good quality. sources. It was observed that during drying of squid meat when the moisture content reached ( 2 ) It was observed that the bactericidal 50-55%, the rate of decomposition becomes 1110th and bacteristatic properties of the electro-smokes as much as at higher moisture contents. In were due to the presence of volatiIe matters, normal weather ( 80% dative humidity, 11 m 1 mainly consisting of formaldehyde and of phenoIs. sec, wind velocity and a reasonably bright sun), It was also observed that the bactericidal com- the moisture content of the meat reaches 50-55% ponents lay in the tar portion of electro-smokes. quickly enough before any appreciable decom- (3 ) Studies on the rancidity of mackerel position can take pIace. The authors suggest smoked by dipping in a mixture of salt and artificial drying during unfavorable weather. electro-smoke solutions, showed that these solu- Tsuchiya, Y. and Y. Sato ( 1956). A rap$ tions possessed considerable anti-oxidant proper- method for the determination of ties as did butylated hgdroxy-anisole ( BHA ) moisture content in fish meat-11. and nordihydroguaiaretic acid ( NDGA ). Relation between error of estima- In Malaya experiments were conducted tion and fat content. Tohoku J. in the storage of dried fish in cans sealed in Agri. Res., 7 ( 3 ): 273 - 276. CO,d and air. The authors demonstrate that the methyl Batches of Ikan BiIis (Stolephorus sp.), alcoha! dehydration rneihod [ ( Tsuchiya, Y. and Ikan Gelema (Sciaena sp.) and Seiar Kuning T. Nskano (1954). A rapid method for the (Caranx sp.) were dried for 1P days in the bright determination of moisture content in fish meat. tropical sun and packed in 4-gallon kerosene Tohoku J, Agri. Res., 5 (2):93 - 97.) 1 is applicable cans and sealed in an atmosphere of air and for determination of moisture in fatty fish within carboh dioxide. Sampies were taken out perio- an error of + 1.9%. dically and the fish examiced for through Masuda, S. ( 1957 ). Studies on the discoloration a taste panel. Bilis remained excellent even of oily fishes. Rep. Western Sea after 6 months, both in the air and carbon dioxide Fish. Res. Inst. (Japan), no. 12: pack. The other two varieties deteriorated 43 - 59. much quicker ir. the carbon dioxide pack than Describes a method for pleasuring the in air. The Selar became absolutely unfit for discoloration of oily fishes by an examination of human consumption after about 4 months both the differences in the optical density of the in the air 2nd carbon dioxide packs. It mas solution of the color matter in a mixtme of suggested that the keeping of Bifisis at.trihutable methyl alcohoI and benzene. Oily fishes dried to drying to a satisfactory degree before it was after boiling were crushed and passed through packed, the fish due to its srnall size having a sieve of more than forty meshes. Accurately completely dried in about I+ days, and the. measured quantities ( 0.5 g. ) of the sample were moisture content in the other two varieties, which are large in size, were rather high at the the yield was about 4-5% in weight of fresh time they were packed. shelIfish, the fresh meat content being 20% of the The above experiments and the resuits fresh shellfish, The dried meat was analysed for are described in a paper ( IPFC / C 55 1 TECH 2 protein, fat, moisture, salt and ash. In storage presented at the current Session of the Council. conditions of average 28°C temperature and 70% relative humidity, the product kept we11 for 1-2 Experiments were conducted at the Tech- weeks when the moisture content was 26% and nological Laboratory of the East Pakistan Direc- for 3-4 moAhs when the moisture content was torate of Fisheries on the preparation of improved '16-18%. Mold developed if the product was quality cured 6sh. The process of full salting stored in open air for too long, while stored in a and drying as practised in many countries was household refrigerator, it kept good for a long not satisfactory as in the highly humid climate time, ( See also IPECIC 58ITECH 9 1. of East Pakistan, the finished product absorbed In order to effect possible improvements, considerable moisture, due mainly to the hygros- copic properties of the salt in the product, and a study was made of the present practices for commercial production of boiled ( steamed ) fish. deterioration was hastened. Details of the difEerent methods for boiling were A different method was then tried. The recorded, and the products obtained by the 6sh was washed, scaled, gutted, once more different methods analysed. It was observed washed and cut into fillets or strips not exceeding that fish boiled once in saturated brine for 30 one inch in thickness. These were then soaked minutes kept good when stored in open air for in a 15%brine for half an hour to wash out slime 2 days, but the fish boiled a second time for 10 and blood. The brined pieces were washed minutes kept good for 7 days. When stored in quickly in fresh-water to remove traces of scum a household refrigerator, there was no detectable or salt, drained and dried in the sun until the signs of spoilage in 14 days but the product moisture content came down to about 200% The became hard and dry due to desiccation. Further pieces were finalIy smoked until the moisture . experiments for packing the fish in polythene content reached about 17%. bags are planned. (See also IPFCIC58lTECH9). Fish cured by a combination of light Attempts were made for smoking 'pla-thu' salting, drying and smoking as mentioned above (Rastrelliger) by exactly the same method as is was found to possess good keeping qualities in commonly applied in Thailand for smokiag humid cIimate. freshwater fish. The gilled, eviscerated, washed and drained fish treated for 30 hours with smoke In the Philippines, a new process for generated with sawdust and coconut husk, gave the production of split-salted dried fish was a hard-dried product deep in colour. A product standardized with the production of a high obtained by first drying for 15 hours with char- quality salted fishery product. Although the product turned slightly brown on storage in coaI fire (60-70') in a smokehouse and then humid climate, there was no sweat on the flesh smoking for another 15 hours at 50-6@C, had the same dryness as in the previous case, but nor any growth of mold. The product contained had much better color. A product obtained by no chlorides and sulphates of calcium or magne- brining at 14' Be or in saturated brine for 30 sium; its sodium chloride content was also lower than in the products obtained by the usual minutes, prior to dry:& and smoking, had a processes. cheese-like taste. The proclucts obtained by the different methods were chemically analysed A paper describicg these experiments and for their contents of protein, fat, salt and mois- the results is presented at the current Session ture. Stored in baskets in open air, the product of the Council ( See fPFClC58lTECH 7 ). . was attacked in 1-2 weeks by a kind of beetle. Experiments were performed in Thailand In 1-2 months this beetle ate the whole iish or for the production of dried ' hoi Kreng ' ( Arc caused it to be powder-like. shell 1 meat. The cleaned shell was boiled in The only activity in the USA Trust Terri- 10-16' Be brine for about XO minutes, the meat tories was in respect to curing of Trochus meat. shucked and dried in a charcoal heated drying This work has been reported in "Trochus Fishery chamber for 2 hours at 50-55°C and for another of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands" 10 hours at 60-70%. At 15% moisture content, by John A. McGowan. The report is available from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, tions which gave practical advice to the Agans, Guam. Very briefly, the report points industry. Where necessary, technical training out that Trochns shelled and dried may be stored courses were sponsored by the Prefectural for a considerable time before consumption. Institutions for the benefit of local fishemen and small-scale industry. Preliminary results of experiments in Vietnam for preventing rancidity of fats in dried Attempts were made in Malaya to ineo- fish with antioxidants e.g. butyIated hydrox~ dace to the East Coast the Chinese methods of anisole, etc., were satisfactory. producing salted-dried fish, which were widely practised on the West Coast. These methods 5.2 Apglicatioa of research results were demonstrated on the former coast. Early Scceptance of these methods by the industry on In the States of Kerda and Madras, India, model curing yards were maintained by the this coast was expected. Governments. The curers who obtained space The Technology Section of the Depart- at these yards, either free or on rental, were free ment of Fisheries, Thailand, presented a report to use their primitive techniques for curing, on ' Quick Determination of Moisture in Cured handling and storage. The quality of the Fish' at a meeting of agents and exporters of products from these ~ardgwas consequently cured fish. The method which is simple, takes unsatisfactory. about 10 minutes to perform, and can be easily ., Attempts to improve storage of cured fish performed by non-technical personnel in the by constructine suitable sheds were also made industry for preliminary grading of the cured in the above t& States, Loans were granted fish on the basis of moisture content, was also demonstrated at the meeting. to a number of cooperative societies for con- structing storage sheds according to designs prepared by the Governments concerned. A 5.3 Quality standaxds for cured fieh long-term program for constructing similar The Government of India contemplated storage sheds for cured 6h and other fish gradual introduction of qilality standards for products on the West and East coasts at impor- cured fish and other fish productions with tant landing centers, and at wholesale and retail voluntary cooperation of the industry. Such markets were prepared for implementation in standards were in preparation. gradual stages. The information resulting from Quality standards for important fishery investigations was made available to the indus- products for domestic use as well as for export try through the Central Fisheries Extension were in force in Japan pursuant to regulations Service and attemots were made to ~ooularize them. Samples ofL cured fish producedhexperi- promulgated by the Central Government. These mentally by different methods of processing were products were : ( i ) dried products including displayed at Fisheries Exhibitions and the those of herring, herring roe, cod, shark fin, methods of preparation of the poducts explained. squid, scallop adductar, abalone, sea cucumber Laminated Bombay duck product was also (ii ) boiled-dried products including those of supplied to the trade for local sales and for herring and salmon; (iii) salted fish of various export to foreign countries. kinds; and ( iv ) miscellaneous products includ- ing s&d oyster, agar-agar, fish meal and marine Financial assistance was given for improv- animal oils. ng the sanitary conditions of the Government Gsh Curing Yards in the States by provision of QuaIity standards for exportable salted cement platforms, curing sheds and better fish introduced in Thailand a few years back drainage facilities. continued to be in force. In Japan, application of the results of 6. Fish F-ow for Human Consumption research conducted by Central Government research laboratories as well as by those of nm- The Nutrition Division of the Public governmental and private organizations, was Health Department in Burma was engaged in pursued through extension activities of Fishery the development of fish flour for human con- Departments of Prefectural Governments in sumption. It was assisted in this task by an cooperation with Prefectural Experimental Sta- FAOIETAP nutrition expert. The cost oi fish flour was found prohibitive milk (about 1 oz. 18.4 m1.l to 6 Ib. C2.72 kg.] of for the Burmese. On the other hand, they minced'fish 1 and the whole, well mixed with a preferred the flavor associated with fish meal but small quantity of water. The pH was maintained lacking in fish flour. Acceptability tests success- between 4.5 and 5.0 and temperature at 30" to ful1.y demonstrated the possibilities of popular 35'C. ( 86" to 95'F. ) The reaction was continued acceptance for human consumption of fish to take place for 4 hrs. after which the mass was meal prepared from anchovies (Stdephorous sp.). pressed, dried and powdered. For comparison, A private firm with extensive interests and 3 types of 6h meals were made by ( I ) direct wide experience in Burmese fisheries, was sun-drying of untreated fish, (2) drying of keenly interested in producing fish meal for precooked fish and (3) treating fish with fermen- human consumption. Government permission ting milk, pressing and drying, from 5 different for this firm to go ahead was witheld on the spp. of fish, e.g. Sardinella albila, Sa~dinella ground that the processing techniques for gibbosa, Illisha brachysorna, rays and shark the of the meaI were not adequate (Carcharinus sp.). Preliminary observations enough to completely destroy the Clostridia. indicate that even after 9 to 10 months of storage In India the following paper was published: in glass bottles, the treated fish meals did not develop the characteristic rancid odor. The Krishna PilIai, V. (1956). A fermentation moisture, fat, total and water soIubfe nitrogen process for the production of qudity fish meal. contents of the meals are given in table below. Curr. Sci., 25 : 293-94. The results show that the oil content of the An earlier observation that fishy odor of meal is reduced by the fermentation treatment. shark liver oil was completely removed by It is suggested that this method of preparing agitation of oil with fermenting milk for 36 hrs. odorIess fish meaI is suitable for use with cheaper suggested the possibility of preventing rancidity varieties of fish such as sharks and may be used development in fish meals by treatment with to prepare odoriess fish flour for human cocsump- fermenting milk. Eviscerated and de-scaled tion. An advantage over traditional methods fish were minced and stirred with defatted butter is that the fermentation treatment is cheaper.

Analysis of fish meal made by addition of fermenting milk to fish. -L Name of fish from which Fat Total No protein Water so!ubIe N as ?L of the meal was made % Total X

Surrlineila albellcr a* .- - do - b* 5.0 - do - c * 35.6 - do - d* - Swdinrila gibboru a 17.6 - do - b 6.2

- do - c 10.0 nlisba hreebysomu a - - do - b 6.0 - do - c 10.5 Shark a 18.5 -- do - b 6.8 - do - C 10.2 - do - b 5.9 - do - c 14.2 Ray a -- - do - b 9.8 - do - c 16.1 I, * a : simple, sun-dried a ad powdered ; b : cooked, pressed, dried and powdered c : fermented, pressed, dried and powdered ; d : solvent extracted, dried and powdered. At the Technological Laboratory of the Tests on the acceptability of good quaiity Fisheries Department of Bombay some experi- fish meal for human consumption were sponsored ments were conductedfor the manufacture of fish in Thailand jointIy by the Department of Health flour from dry fish and waste liver debris. and the Department of Fisheries. The tests were Acceptability tests were carried ou.1 on carried out by trainees of the Thailand - Unesco Fundamental Education Project, under the laboratory scale. Fish %ourprepared from shark - and skate flesh by the fermentation process were supervision of the Nutrition Oficers of the FA0 used in ordinary food preparations like 'chappa- Far East Regional Office. thies', cakes, biscuits, vermicelli, etc. Up to Fish meal instead of fish flour was used 20% by weight of fish flour were incorporated in in the tests as the fish flour was very expensive the above, food preparations without ~roducing and as fish products e.g. fish sauce (nam pla) a fishy odor or flavor. Investigations regard- and shrimp paste, which to western ing the nutritive and biological value of the standards have disagreeable odor, are akeady products were stiIl underway. Large scale trials popular items in the Thai diet. to popularize consumptioh of fish flour as a The meal used in the tests was produced means to combat protein malnutrition are yet to locally from ' pla-thu ' (Rastrelliger sp.) and be undertaken. some sIipmouth at a fully mechanized fish meal Following improvements in food situation plant at Chumphorn nearly 450 miles south of in Japan a few years after World War 11, all Bangkok. Before the tests, the meal was che- research activities in the development of fish mically and bacteriologically analyzed. flour for human consumption virtually ceased, Ten grams of the meal ( equivalent to 6- although before and duxing the war an extensive 6.5 g. protein and 0.5-0.7 calcium ) was given and vigorous program of research was pursued daily in school lunch for 5 days a week for one in this field. During thefew years after the War month to 136 school children (7-12 years old ) when sources of animal protein were in seriously of Nongkorn village, Ubol province, and to 130 short supply, fish flour was used with wheat children of the Chat Songkram School, Bangkok. flour in baking bread, biscuits etc. Fish paste In addition, 25 Bangkok families in the gxepared by fermentation of fish %our was used low income brackets and150famiIies of Nongkorn as spread on bread. At present, however, none village in the Ubol Province, known for its acute of these products is poduced in any appreciable shortage of animal protein, received daily rations quantity. of 15 g. of the meal per head. Perhaps, 'denbu' and 'furikake' are the The meal was served to the schod~children only two items of processed fish Aour still in different preparations including curries, found on the shelves of Japanese grocery stores. vegetabIe dishes, and fish pastes, the recipes The former is fish flour, mostly of cod, cooked for which were supplied by the Department of with seasonings, e.g., soyabean sauce, salt, sugar Health, while the families received instructions and sodium glutamate. In preparing 'furikake' for ;he preparation of the dishes according to (sprinkles), fish flour is boiled down in one or the recipes. more of the above seasonings until about dq. Between 75-100% of the children in the This is then completely dried and seaweed Bangkok school liked the meal served in four of powder added to it. the six recipes ; while 75-90 % school children Given below are statistics on the produc- in Nongkorn village almost equalIy liked six of tion of fish flour for human consumption in Japan. the seven different preparatiocs in which the (Also see Appendix I) ; fish meal was served; 63% of the families in Nongkorn village favored acceptance of the meal Year Quantity in Metric Tons for food while Bangkok families did not care for 1951 1,148.2 it at all. 1952 2,979.0 1953 1,857.3 Offered at 4 BahtsR a kilo, only 12% of 1954 1,249.8 test subjects were willing to buy the meal. 1955 655.5 Further tests were pIanned, and toimprove 1956 1,336.8 the quality of the meal further, the producer *U.S. $ 1.00 -- 20 Bahts approximately was advised to improve hygiene and sanitation 8. Fishery Products Manual in the plant, aodify the processing to ensure complete destruction of pathogenic bacteria, dry Japan furnished data on six representative the meal to a moisture content of 8 s, grind the products. These were : Shiokara ( fermented ineal into her particles, sieve the coarse bone fish viscera 1, Satsurna-age or Age-Kamaboko prticles off, pack the meal in moisture-proof (fried fish jelly product),Fish sausage, Tsukudani multi-lined paper bags or tin cans, and not to ( small fish boiled in soya sauce), Katsilo-bilshi offer the meal for human consumption if stored (dried strips of fish 1 and Niboshi (boiled and for more than six months (see do SPFCiC581 dried fish). TECH 11 1. Pakistan furnished information on wet 7, Use of bcal vegetal.de 03s Lor canning Salted Wilsa and Srnoked Prawn.- In Indonesia, exp,eriments were performed 9. FA8 Regional Training Center in Fish for rendering coconut oil suitable for canning of Processing fish. Attempts were made for lowering the Informal explorations were made for 5nd- of by with solidification point the oil blending it ing a host government for this training center. oil, oil, various proportions of corn cotton seed Should an offer reach FA0 soon, the Project glycerin, peanut oil, rice bran cil and soya bean might be budgeted for 1960. oil. Data indicated that, the rice bran oil was the most suitable, having at 10 % concentration 10. Td. Group Cowtry Project in Fish Cupins 13wered the solidification point of coconut oil to 10°C which was considered low enough in No Government communicated its re- Indonesia for its use in fish canning. A detailed actions to this recommendation. description of these experiments and results are presented in a technical paper to the current Session of the Council ( IPFCIC581 No final decision has been made by TECH 3 ). Fisheries Division, FAO, on this proposal.

FISHERIES ECONOMlCS (PANEL C)

STATISTICS legislation, are quite adequate and, in fact, more than sufficient for industry and departmental 12. AUSrnU purposes. Australian fishery statistics are reason- ably satisfactory. Certain colfections are 12.2 ' Scale fiah, shark, mollusks and crustaceu excellent ; for example, those covering the In all States, excluding South Australia pearling and whaling industries, and imports where no fisheries statistics are collected, of and exports fish and fish products. Statistics collections are made by the various State covering catch by species are also adequate. fisheries authorities. The data is collected Data relating to disposition of catch are not directly from the fishermen, processed, then entirely satisfactory but certain improvements passed to State and Commonwealth Departments are planned, and it is hoped' that existing interested in such statistics. Sink 1951, in discrepancies will be rectified. Generally, sta- accordance with FA0 commitments, production tistics may be considered under the following and disposition statistics have been headings :- by the Commonwealth in accordance with 0. 12.1 Pearlins and whaling certain formulae designed by F. A, Whilst it has not always been possible to meet certain ColIections made by the CommonweaIth specific requirements, collections have shwly Fisheries Division, Department of Primary improved with the result that present Asistra- Industry, under relevant pearling and whaling Iiaa statistics, covering production of species and disposition, are reasonable and sufficient Central Fisheries Research Station at Mandapam for most purpo"ks. However, statistics relating had developed its own sampling technique and to fishing effort, production by fishery rather have collected statistics of marine fishermen, than State, etc., are incomplete. The com- gear, fish landings on a whole country basis. monwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, in The maritime Stales continue to collect the conjunction with the CornmonweaIth Fisheries figures of hh landings from the fish curing Division plus certain State authorities, is keen yards. that this position be rectified. In addition, the collection of fisheries statistics in Soutb The sampling technique of assessment of Australia is also receiving close attention. The production from inland fisheries is yet to be recent assumption of State statistical functions evolved and figures on the basis of total by the Commonwealth should assist materially enumeration are available on regional basis. in improving all 5sheries collections. This Even these do not pertain to the same year liaison on fisheries statistics betw~enCom- of observation. monwealth and State authorities has proved of considerable benefit and will facilitate planned In the absence of a central agency improvements to Australian fisheries statisticis. coordinating the statistical organization in the States it has not been possible to have 12.3 hports and ex~oxpoxts of fish and fish comprehensive figures on the different aspects products . desired by the .IPFC. Figures as available are Statistics covering these items are col- given below, lected by the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. With regard to exports, parti- 13.1 Number of Jishing ueaseL : For the cularly crustacea, data provided by the Bureau whole country as enumerated by Central is supplemented by information supplied by Fisheries, the figures exclude trawlers which the Department of Primary Industry. Informa- ' are few in number and are working on an tion from all sources is quite adequate. exploratory basis onIy. Catamarans ...... 49,132 The General position with regard to Boats ...... 20,594 collection and processing of fisheries statistics Canoes ...... 22,343 in the country is still unsatisfactory. Tk Boats fitted with motors ...... 672

Bombay Stale

Below Between Between Between Between Above 1&3 3&5 5&10 19&20 20 Total ton 1 tons tons tons ' tons tons I ~echanfzed 95 79 697 ln 999 1 1 Non-mechanized 1 5,745 5,966 1,548 i 9m 296 192 / 14,707 1 1 hdzas State Ih. of fishermen Catamarans ...... 23,161 Marine fisheries as per sample survey by Boats ...... 4,716 :he Central Fisheries are 221,600. Power Boats ...... 38 Bombay State Active fishermen ...... 52,000 ~~a State Madras State Catamarans ...... 18,863 Marine ...... 63,100 Boats ...... 6,340 Inland ...... 12,745 Chilka lake try. Bombay has 81 ice factories belonging to Men ...... 16,094 private parties and one ice factory run by the Women ...... 15,456 State. It hzs 22 cold stores belonging to private Fishermen (Bahania) ...... 8,079 parties with a capacity of 257 tons and one belonging to the State with a capacity of 50 tons. Ganaa river (Bulandshar to Lalgolaghat) Ice making capacity of private factories is 1,359 Men ...... 54,283 tons per day against 20 tons by the Government Women ...... 54,208 factory. Children ...... 91,055 Madras has 27 ice factories with a capacity Mahanadi estuary - 3,747 of 70 tons and one cold store with a capacity of Jcunurra river - 10 tons. Orissa has 5 ice factories with a capacity Men ...... 30,797 of 50 tons end one cold store of 15 tons under Women .1. ... 20,681 erection. Figures for other States have not Children ...... 34,055 been avaiIable. Godavari estuary - 13.4 Processing facilities Active fishermen 5,500 Fish curing continues to be the -principal 13.2 Fishing craft and gear : method of processing in the fish curing yards while most of the inland fish is consumed in the Fishingmethod used for the whole country fresh condition. as per sample survey by the Central Fisheries. Bombct~- (Comparative figures are available as Shore seines ...... below). Boat seines +..... Bag nets ...... Total Production of Fish - 2 fakhs tons Gillnets ...... Qumtity sold as fresh . - 1.2 lakhs tons Drift nets ...... Quantity dried - 65,000 tons Cast nets ...... Dragnets ...... Quantity salted - 15,000 tons Fixed wall nets ...... Mddrus - Total production of fish Other nets ...... Lines ...... (i) Inland 40,300 tons (ii1 Marine 67,542 tons Madras State Quantity sold as fresh fish 66,900 tons ( i 1 Boat-seine nets ...... 10,057 Quantity dried. & salted 40,400 tons ( ii ) Drif t-nets ...... 21,085 ( iii ) Gillnets ...... 30,503 14. JAPAN (iv) Shore seines ...... 1,570 (v) Dragnets ...... 12,248 14.1 3rd Fisheries Census ( vi 1 Stationary nets ...... 5,987 Since competent and reliable statistical In the case of inland fisheries, no statistics data of fisheries are essential for planning the are available. The mode of fishing being development of fisheries and its enforcement confined to : and other appropriate measures, IPFC bas been stressing for some time the importance of making 1) Seining a proper census of fisheries and adopted a resolu- 2 ) Hook and line tion at its 7th Session for enforcement of ( i ) 3 ) Traps in order of precedence. census of the number of fishing vessels in operation, the number of fishermen engaged in 13.3 Cold storage facrifies the industry and 6shing methods used, together. Although additions of cold stores have with cold storage and processing facilities, and taken place invarious maritime States, the facili- (ii) collection of statistics on overall fish ties are quite inadequate. Ice factories have production, together with statistics on utilization however, increased appreciably in number and and trade in respect of species of major economic private enterprise is forthcoming for this indus- importance. Statistics on fish production and fishing In view of the remarkable changes which vessels in Japan have been colIected for many have been taking place in the status of coopera- years, and through the adoption of samphng tives, the 2nd overall survey was conducted methods in fish production statistics and regis- this vear as a link in the chain of the 3rd tration system in fishing vessels statistics, we fisheries census program, and at the same have succeeded in obtaining statistical data of time a statistical survey was enforced in regard almost correct and reliable quality. But in view to 300 cooperatives which have been randomly of the necessity of development of the statistics sampled by regions and by types out of about system and for the purpose of surveying the 4,400 primary cooperatives. With regard to overall structure of fisheries enterprises in the the 100 cooperatives; selected from among those whole country, including fishing vessels in randomly sampled, a dynamic survey is also operation, the number of fishermen engaged, made on their economic activities of various fisheries operations, subsidiary business, etc., a types. nation-wide fisheries census was initiated in 1941. The census has been enforced ever since .every five years. 15.1 Minimum Program of Statistics The 3rd Fisheries Census is scheduled to With regard to the minimum program be conducted this year in the following way. of statistics adopted by the CounciI, the Bureau An overall survey should be made in regard to of Fisheries cannot undertake a census of the the whole fisheries enterprises amounting to number of fishing vessels or the number of 250,000 in number by about 1,000 statistical fishermen engaged in the industry due to lack researchers attached to 41 Regional Statistics of funds. However, the Office has complete Offices under the Ministry of Agriculture and data on the number of fishing vessels of 3-tons Forestry in cooperation with the prefectural gross or over, the number of fishermen working Governments The total sum of expenses on these vessels and the fishing methods used. .allotted for the census is about 35 million yen. An inventory of fishing methods was undertaken in 1953. Such similar inventory will be under- The special items of survey in the census taken in the near future. this time include the present situation of iishery rights in exercise and fisheries coopera- Statistics on overall fish production, tives in function, which are expected to furnish together with statistics on utilization and trade various important basic data for the proposed in respect of species are as usual complete. national policy of coastal fisheries promqtjon, the changeover of fishery rights scheduled for 15.2 Raw Matexid Resource Survey 1961 and. the improvement of the present There is presently being undertaken a fisheries system. project, "Raw Material Resource Survey" covering the four raw material fields, namely, 14.2 Survey on the Management of minerals, for~stry, agriculture and fisheries. Fisheries Cooperatives The project contemplates to determine the extent Various fostering and reinf~rcin~measures and location df each of the raw materials for fisheries cooperatives have been taken available in the country depending upon the during these several years by the Government. availability of data including past and current As recommended at the 7th Session of IPFC, utilization, exports, imports and aucb data -the factual survey of fishermen's cooperatives which may shed light on the commercial is very important for this purpose. In Japan, feasibility of undeveloped raw material resources. as provided for by the Fisheries Cooperative Their known potential for exploitation, inter- Association Law, a regular inspection is conduc- mediate and/or end-uses, wiII be taken into ted once every year in regard to the affairs of account as basis to determine the specific items business and account of those cooperatives of material to be covered. with capital stock. Later in 1951, an overall Facts and figures available from all survey was carried out on fishexmen's coopera- sources, public and private, will be gathered tives for the purpose of clarifying their general according to prescribed procedures and forms status which includes statistical data and the for analysis and evaluation and put together to trend of deveIopment and change. be published in a comprehensive compendium of facts on raw material resources in the Fisheries Department only in very special cases. Philippines. Government of India have now agreed to give The conduct of the survey is under the liberal grants and loans to ertablish storage responsibility of the Oflice of Statistical Coordi- facilities and improve markets, and various nation and Standards, National Economic schemes are under preparation to assist the Council, with the close co1laboration of the Municipalities to have suitable 6sh markets. Office of National Planning, National Economic The question of regulated markets is also being Council, Industrial Development Center, Na- considered. It is visualised that there will be tional Economic Council and the pertinent appreciable progress in this direction during Offices under the Department of Agriculture and the 3rd plan period starting from 1961. Natural Resources. As is well known, the fish passes through a number of hands from producer to the SOCIO-ECONOMICS consumer. Government policy is to encourage producers cooperatives and eliminate or regulate 16. INDIA the remunerations of the middle-men. Coopera- 16.1 tive Departments are organizing producers, General Notes cooperatives in almost a11 the States. These The Reserve Bank of India is the authority cooperatives are given facilities of trained in providing credit facilities for fisheries de- Business Manager, subsidies in management velopment and various State Governments obtain expenses and godowns, loan of share capital, credit for the Cooperative Banks from the etc., and encouraged to market the produce Reserve Bafik, terms and conditions differinn jointly. Bengal has introduced a Cooperative according to the purpose and nature of-credit. Production Scheme for the Sundarbans. Orissa Hitherto the fishermen have not been considered has finalized a scheme of cooperative marketing creditworthy and as such the flow of loan has from the Chilka Lake which has been partly been on the basis of the State Governments operating for the last 7 years. Similar action standing as guarantee for the loan. NaturaIly, has been taken by Saurastra, Madras and this has limited the borrowed funds considera- Bombay. bly and at present the Government of India, Ministry of Food and Agriculture are negotia- The wholesale markets where a ,system ting with the Reserve Bank to evolve suitable of auction prevails continue to be in a primitive ways and means for flow of credit through condition varticularIv in Calcutta and it is futile normal banking procedure. for the producers to expect a fair deal from Regarding fish marketing, the responsibi- the present set-up. Excepting a licence from litr vests with the States and this line has the Government of Bengal, there is no regulation no; developed as most of the State Departments of the market and the wholesalers sell fish of Fisheries are still in the formative stage. In under extremely insanitary conditions. some of the States fish marketing is the responsibility of the Cooperative Department, The Central Ministry has taken up this whereas in a State like Madras, the Fisheries auestion and it is like17 that the new fisheries Department has to look after this aspect with faw will take care of this aspect. officers deputed from the Cooperztive Depart- Price control : There is at present, noa ment. On the whole, real progress in marketing regulation to enforce price control at different is yet to be achieved and the report of Prof. levels. There is also no control on export and Laidlaw, a visiting expert is now receiving import except under the general policy of consideration b~ the Center as well as the Government revised from time to time, licenses States. being given to individual cases on their own The present fish markets are controlled merits. Export and import duties also are by the Corporations or the Municipalities and regulated periodicaily. the egort to establish sanitary markets has been c~nfinedto Bombav. Delhi and Calcutta till Supervision in the markets is confined to now. The hlunicipaiities hake their own rules the Municipal Health Officer and his staff under the act and they seek advice of the which is not adequate. There is little dart as yet to do quality between 5 to 64+ per cent as charged by grading but technological research has been Cooperative Banks. Government loans are taken up by the Central Fisheries as well as charged at 56 per cent. In Madras there are the State Departments of Bombay, Madras, 3 types of loans. Long term loans are for a Bengal and Orissa to utilize varicus by-products. period of 10 years, medium term loans are for Shark liver oil is being produced commercially 5 years and the third type is for construction in a11 the maritime States. OTissa has been of godowns. In all cases an interest of 5t per able to finalize the technique for production of cent is charged. agar-agar, and hydrolysed protein. Central Fisheries have evolved a cheap method of 16.4 Fishepmn's Cooperative Societies in producing good quality fish meal. Frozen fish Madras State industry has developed in Bombay and Malabar The Cooperative pinciple can be applied coast. Experiments in freezing and frozen fish to all branches of economic life. Just on the storage have been taken up in Orissa and the model of village rural credit Cooperative Societies Central Food Technological Research Institute for a~riculturists.- Coo~erative Societies for is carrying out experiments in packaging. fishermen, inland and marine have been organi- India has received assistance from the FA0 sed, under limited liability basis with the object and other organizations to provide matketing of acquiring and holding water courses such as experts who have studied the problem visiting rivers and tanks by purchase or lease for the States individually and have given their catching fish by members jointly or individually; advice. to purchase or hire modern craft and tackle for increasing the catches by deep sea fishing; 16.2 of Factual Survey Filermen's to purchase or hire quick .transport vans for ~ooperatives better marketing of fish and for the joint sale There is little to add to this section of their products. There are 179 Fishermen's rsubsequent to the reports sent for tbe training Cooperative Societies in Madras State. course at Hong Kong. Substantial developmenr The fishermen in Madras State are mostly .of cooperatives in the fisheries sector has not 'poor and many of them are indebted to money taken place in the country as a whole or on a -lenders. merchants and middle men within or regional basis. outside their community. In their poverty and Bombay has 101 fishermen's cooperatives indebtedness, many fishermen are unable even with a total share capital paid up amounting to to own a country craft or tackle, not to speak 'Rs. 101017,454/-. Number members are 25,484 of any modern equipment for fishing. With a and they have incurred loans as below. view to relieve them of their indebtedness and to provide them with crafts and tackles a Government loan ...... Rs. 242,240 scheme was drawn and approved by the Go- Cooperative Bank. Loan ...... Rs. 502,250 vernment. This scheme provides for the grant Madras has 196 cooperatives with a total of long term ten gear loans to the fishermen paid up share capital of Rs. 190,0211- and a through Fishermen's Cooperative Societies for membership of 23,855. The loan incurred is the following purpme : Rs.359,480/-. for Jearing partly their prior debts to money lenders ; for mainly purchasing fishing The rural credit survey has taken some equipment such as crafts and 2ccount of Fishermen's Cooperatives but as tackles and other requisites for yet adequate credit facilities are not available fishing ; to Fishermen's Cooperatives. Cooperative for purchasing motor vehicles Banks require adequate security which precludes for transport of fish ; majority of fishermens' combines to get loan. for purchasing or constructing The State Governments, have, in a few. cases, buildings such as godowns, advanced loan against security on gear at their curing sheds and tanks for the own risk but necessarily such amounts are storing or processing of fish or limited. In Bombay, the rate of interest varies fish products and ( c ) for purchasing,constructing and in the Reservoir during 1957-58 and all the for erecting machinery, plant or Iicencees are members of the society. They other appliances for demonstra- market their entire catches through the society tion of improved methods of since 1957. The daily coverage on the catches fishing and for the preservation, is 1,200 lbs including the periods when catches processing or marketing of fish are poor or nil on account of the very high or or fish products. low level of water in the reservior. Only fishermen, -who are members of For the second year of the second five registered Fishermen's Cooperative Societies year ~lan,viz., 1957-58, the Government has are eligible for those loans. sanctioned the'following loans and subsidies. Under the scheme each society has been granted loans to 40 members not exceeding Rs. 1. Long term loans to 20 Fisher- 7 ,5001- per member or Rs. 2,0001- per working men's Cooperative Societies I unit and not exceeding Rs. 20,0001- per at the rate of Rs. 12,0001- Z. Rs. 240,000 society. The loans are granted to fishing units, per society repayable in 10 1 comprising generally of three or four members years. J on the personal security of two or more members of solvency or on the mortgage of unencumbered 2. Long term Ioans to two f edera- 1 immovable property belonging to the borrower tions at the rate of Rs. 2,0001- 1 or borrowers. The fishing equipment such as per federations one for S.A. t Rs- 4,000 craft and tackle purchased out of the loans District and another for 1 shall be mortgaged to the Society. The crafts Kanyakumari District. J and tackles for the purchase of which the loans have been issued shall be purchased 3. Long term Ioans to Coopera-- 1 tive Societies and federations I within one month from the date of issue of I the final instalment or within 3 months from -for construction of godowns, t Rs. 25,m0 the date of issue of the first instdment; curing sheds, etc., at the rate I whichever is less. Loans amounting to Rs. of Rs. 2,0001- per society or I 2.70 lakhs were disbursed to 26 Fishermen's f ederatian. J Cooperative Societies and 832 fishermen were benefited by the loans in 1956-57. Out of the 4. Medium term loans to fisher- 1 loan of Rs. 2.70 lakhs, a portion has been men at the rate of Rs. 2001- I k Rs. 40,000 utilized by the fishermen for discharging of per member repayable within , prior debts and a major portion has been 5years. J utilized for purchasing crafts and tackles. A short term loan of Rs. 15,0001- was also given Subsidy to Cooperative Socie- 7 to Periathalai Fishermen's Cooperative Society ties and Federations for con- I as a relief measure to tide over the famine struction of godowns etc., at + 25,000 caused by failure of fishing season. the rate of Rs. 2,0001- per \ A Fishermen's Cooperative Marketing society or federation. - J Society was organized and started on 7.10.58 A major portion has been drawn and at Mettur Dam in Salem District. There are disbursed and the balance also will be expended about 313 members with a paid up share before 31.3.58. capital of Rs. 1,7551-. For managing the afiairs of the Society and to attend to marketing 16.41 Assistance to Fishermen's Cooperathe of fish, writing up accounts, the services of one Senior Inspector aad one Junior Inspector Societies of Cooperative Societies are placed at the Mechanized boats (called Pablo boats) and disposal of the Society free of cost. Loans nylon nets have been given to the following amounting to Rs. 13,5001- were issued to 118 Fishermen's Cooperative Societies and Federa- members for discharging prior debts and for tions for deep sea iishing on loan and subsidy purchasing crafts and tackle during 1956-57. basis and the loan portion is recovered in easy 243 members have taken Iicences for 6shing instalmeats without interest. Pablo Value Nylon nets and Webbing supplied Name of Society boat No. Rs. Terylene, Qty, Net Value Rs. Nos. Yds./Lbs.

Porto Novo ish her men's Cooperative Society Sonankuppam Fishermen's Cooperative Society

Kiflai Fishermen's Cooperative Society

Tinnevell y District Fishermen's Cooperative Federation Kasimodu Fishermen's Cooperative Society

Agothiyakuppam Fishermen's Cooperative Society

Mattankuppam Fishermen's Cpoper.ative Society

Madras District ish her men's Cooperative Society

Colochai Fishermen's Cooperative Society

Ramnad Dt. Fishermen's Cooperative Federation

Tanjore Dt. Fishermen's Cooperative Federation

Pulicat Fishermen's Cooperative Society

Quick transport motor vans have been 4. The Parvatha Rajukula Fishermen's given to the following societies on hire-purchase Cooperative Society, Tanjore. ?asis. There is no mbsidy for vans, but the The department also maintains motor I,-jst is recovered in monthly instalments in a vans for hiring out to fishermen. for transport of tF=riod of 7 years with interest at 44%. fish from the ianding centers to the consuming 1. The Ennore Fishermen's Cooperative centers. The following cooperative societies Societies. have taken advantage of this facility for the 2. The Andikuppam Fishermen's Co- benefit of their members. operative Societies. 1. The VaIlambedu Fishermen's Coop. 3. The TirunelveIIy Fishermen's Co- Society. operative Federation Ltd., 2. The Kanathur Reddikuppam Fisher- Tuticorin; men's Coop. Society. 3. The Mettur Dam Fishermen's A scheme for the constitution of the Marketing Society. Fishermen's Distress Relief Fund modified and 4. The Ennore Fishermen's Coop. approved by the Registrar of Cooperative Society (in addition to the van Societies, Madras is implemented through fisher- purchased by the society on men's Cooperative Federations. The object of hire purchase system). the fund is to grant relief to a member or members of 4he fishermen's families who meet 16.42 District Fishermen's Cooperative with accidents disabIing them totally to carry Federations on the profession or if he dies while engaged in fishing. The members who join the fund or To develop the activities of the Fisher- their families are eligible for cash relief not men's Cooperative Societies, settle matters of exceeding Rs. 250/- in each case. common interest such as procuring facilities, purchasing of yarn, logs, boats etc. and in 16.43 Housing for Fishermen genera1 act as agents of the societies central Under the Harijan Welfare Scheme a organizations called District Fishermen's Co- subsidy of Rs. 14,0001- has been sanctioned for operative, Federations have been started at constructing 28 houses in Kasikoilkuppam in Madras, Tanjore, Ramnad, Tuticorin and Chingleput District, where 28 fishermen lost their houses in a fire accident at Rs. 5001- per Kanyakumari. A Federation for South Arcot house. According to the scheme, the cost of a District has been registered and will be house excludi~gthe site is Rs. 7501- out of started soon. A Federation of inland societies which Rs. 5001- is given as subsidy. The in Chingleput and North Arcot Districts is balance is contributed by the beneficiary in cash under organization. One of the main objects or in the shape of labor. The local Fishermen's of the Federations is to provide faciIities for Cooperative Society has undertaken the con- modern methods of marketing which will struction of aII the 28 houses on behalf of the 28 include quick handling, quick transport, pre- fishermen who are all members of the Society. servation of fresh fish, etc. The societies In addition to the financial aid given by selected and brought under the Ioan scheme Government by way of long and medium term have contributed between Rs. 6001- to Rs. 1,0001- loans; supply of crafts and tackles on loan and each as share capital to the Federations. In subsidy basis : supply of motor vans for transport addition to the above share capital Government of fish are hire-purchase basis, ie., District has also granted share capital loans of Rs, Cooperative Central Banks also extend credit 2,0001- to each of the Federations which are facilities for periods from one to three years. repayable after 5 yews in ten half-yearly The Madras District Cooperative Central instalments. Bank helped the foIloming societies in the city.

S. Ma. Name of Society Amt. borrowed Period of loan 1. Kasimedu F.C.S. 1 ) 1,000 15 months 2 ) 2,000 15 months Fixed deposits of members Rs. 1,800. - 12 months 2. Mattankupparn. 1) 4,050 12 months FCS. 2) 10,000 36 months 3 1 9,745 36 months In addition to this the Society has secured fixed deposits for periods from five to ter years amounting to Rs. 3,1001- from members and non-members. 3. Roy apur F.C. S. 1,000 cash credit. 4. The Madras Dt. Coop. Federation. A cash credit of Rs. 6,400 is sanctioned to the Federation to enable it to buy and stock the requirements of the feeder societies Iike yarn, sail cloth, coir webbings, etc., etc. 5. Thiruvaitukam F.C.S. 3,000 6, Audi kuppam Fishermen's Coop. Societies F. D. from nonmember 1,000 The Conjeevaram Central Bank has being dispelled as it is proved by agreed to give loans up to two times the paid up experience in Madras city that the Fishermen's share capital of members. Societies do not lag behind other Societies in The Ramnad District Cooperative Central the matter of fulfilling their obligations. But Bank has given Rs. 15,000/- as medium term the supervising staff had to work intensively by loans to the Mookaiyur F.C.S. visiting their societies daily to achieve this The fishermen in Madras State are econo- result. mically, socially and educationally backward and the Cooperative Central Banks generally feel The credit facilities made available to shy to lend to Fishermen's Cooperatives. Fishermen's Cooperative societies during the But the impression &at the loans lent to first two years ( 1956-57 and 1957-58)of the 2nd fishermen's cooperatives will prove bad is Five year plan are as follows :-

1956-57 1957-58 Rs. Rs. Long term loans 270,000 244,000 Medium term loans 40,000 Loans for construction of godowns, curing sheds, etc. Subsidy for construction of godowns, curing sheds, etc. Hire purchase loans on Pablo boats Hire purchase loans on nylon webbings and teryfene yard Subsidy on boats Subsidy on webbings and twine Other sources of finance i ) Deposits from members and -non-members ii) Cash credit from CentraI Banks iii) Loans from Central Banks Govt. Grant for construction of houses fishermen at Rs. 5001- per house

In the case of large boats, their operators, 17.1 Governmental Financial Assistance for whose financial status is generally high, can raise funds comparatively easily for the con- Small Coastal Fishermen struction through comnion routes of financing Of the total, gross tonnage of about institutions. ,But it is very difficult for the 160,000 powered fishing vessels now in opera- operators of small boats to borrow such funds. tion in Japan, 95% is occupied by small boats In view of such miserable conditions of small under 20 gross tons. In regard to large fishing fishermen, the Gavernrnent has initiated since boats; under the fisheries reconstruction and 1956 a 5-year program of special Ioan facilita- rehabilitation program after the war, a speedy tion for coastal. fishermen, by which 80% of the increase and improvement has been seen in expenses for replacement of boats and improve- their number and efidency, But as regards ment of their efficiency is to be loaned through smalI fishing boats, though a remarkable the cooperatives of which they.are members. increase was shown in their number to cope with the food crisis and aggravated inflation in This financial assistance is granted to postwar days, they, after a decade from their small coastal fishing boats-under 15 meters in construction, are now involved in. certain in- length for ( 1) construction, acquisition or evitable difficdties such as replacement, irnprove- improvement of boat, (2) remodeling of engine, ment of e6ciency and capacity, etc. (3 ) equipment of radio, fish finder or generator. The grant of loan is decided after due considera- correlation with other fisheries development tion of the proposed benefits of fisheries projects. management and the present business status of The results of this ptograrn in 1956 and the cooperative concerned as well as the 1937 are as foIfows :-

-Ad - No. of No, of Business Cooperatives boats funds ------Applicants : 1956 303 3,887 2,499 1957 348 3.SL 1,697 - -- - Granted Cases : 1956 254 2,791 1,388 1957 3& 3.19L 1.46% ------.------.-. - - - . - Performances : 19% 85 W 177 1957 2P1 1,&& 11 563 - - .------I/ includes that number of boats for which loaning was granted in 1956 but whose performance was carried forward in 1957, as well as the member of those whose performance is carried forward in 1958.

cooperative idea to these influential group of ~eopleso that their support may be depended 18. 1 FA0 in Trcrininq Centex Fisheries Co- upon on whatever plans the government may operatives d Administration introduce in the future. Three Philippine Government Officials,. The observation-trip, although a private two from the Bureau of Fisheries'and one from undertaking where expenses were met from a the Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financ- common fund contributed by each participant, ing Administration, participated in the FA0 had the sanction of the Philippine Covernment Training Center in Fishery Cooperatives and and negotiations were made on a government-to- Administration held in Sydney and Adelaide, government level. Australia, from 16 December 1957 to 25 January 18.3 AvailableBackwolandInf owation, Publica- 18. 2 Functions of Middlemen and Cooperatives tions, etc. on Fishery Cooperatives The survey of the functions of middlemen In the preparation of the forthcoming and cooperatives has passed the planning stage. Training Center in Fishery Cooperatives and Actual survey, however, cannot be carried out Administration, FA0 was supplied with back- due to lack of funds. ground inforrna&n, pubIications, etc. on fishery A former Professor of Economics of the cooperatives of the Philippines. Univesity of the Philippines, who helped in 18.4 Fishermen's Cooperative and Credit laying out the plan for the survey, organized a 15person group, representing different sectors F~cilZtiss of the Philippine fisheries industry, e.g., fishing Information regarding fishermen's co- boat owners andlor operators, fish pond owners, operatives were sent to FA0 in answer to a fish wholesalers, etc., for an observation tour of questionnaire received by this Office prior to the the fishery cooperatives and marketing system opening of and in coonection with the Training of Hong Kong from July 9 to 17, 1953. Center in Fishery Cooperatives and Adrninistra- This is the first of a series of observation tion held in Australia. trips to be organized for the purpose of acquaint- Information on &edit facilities will be ting that sector of the public whjch deals forwarded to the Chairman, Panel C, Technical directly with the production and marketing of Committee I1 upon completion of report from the fish. These projects are aimed at selIing the pertinent o6ces of the Philippine Government. 19. REPORT ON GOVERNMENT CREDIT FACILITIES FOR FISHING INDUSTRIES IN TIIE TNDO-PACIFIC REGION Among the resolutions adopted at the facilities and for this reason, those countries Seventh Session of the Xndo - Pacific Fisheries which have not already complied with the Council in Bandung, Indonesia, in 1957, was one Technical Secretary's request for information relaticg to credit facilities for fishermen in the are requested to do so within the near future. Region. It was recommended specifically that Upon receipt of the additional information, this a factual survey of these facilities be undertaken report will be revised and a comprehensive during the inter-session period "with special account of government credit in the fisheries reference to the present forms of credit, the pre~dked. rates of interest or return, the forms and extent of securities required as well as the dectiveness of the existing credit facilities". Among the countries on which informa- In order to facilitate the collection of tion is availabIe only the Philippines, some of relevent information, copies of the attached the States in the Australian Federation, Indone- outhe on "Government Credit1 Facilities for sia and Japan have some form of legislation Fishing Industries" with a request to supply pertaining to the organization of Government factual information under the specific items in credit institutions andlor to the provision of the outline were circulated to the members of specific financial assistance by the Government. Technical Committee 11, Panel C, by the Technical Secretary (Attachment 11). In the Philippines, ACCFA*, a Govern- ment hanced institution for the extension of Information on the specific items of the loans to cooperatives including fishermen's outiine was received from the following coun- cooperative associations, was established by an tries : Australia, Ceylon, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Act in 1952. The Philippine National Bank Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand. In which is partly and the Development Bank of addition, information of a fragmentary nature the Philippines which is totally financed by the was made available by India. Government, and which were chartered hy special - - Government Acts, can also provide loans to The report presented below is based on fishermen. information provided by the above countries supplemented by data available from other In Australia, the Commonwealth Govern- sources. NaturaIly, since the survey was ment under the "Fishing Industry Act, 1956" confined to government facilities, it does not has established the "Fisheries Development furnish a complete picture of credit operations. Trust Account " from which loans to fishermen In some countries commercial banking institu- can be made, The " Government Guarantees tions and non-institutional lenders are of substan- Act, 1934- 43 " and the "Fisheries and Oyster tial importance as credit sources. In Japan, for Farms Act, 1935 - 1957 " in New South Wales, instance, cooperative credit is well developed the "Loans to Producers Act" in South of and.9 considerabIe amount loans are made to Australia, and the "Industries Assistance Act " fishermen by the cooperative banking system in Western Australia, are legislative measures composed of the Central Bank for Agriculture under the tends of which financid assistance to and Forestry, the prefectural credit federations the fishing industry by the State Government or of fishery cooperative associations, and the loan by Government financed banking institutions operations of the cooperative societies them- can be rendered. selves. It is hoped that the information provided here for government facilities can eventually be The Farmers and Fishermen's Bank in expanded to include commercial and non-insti- Indonesia was estabhhed by the Emergency Act tutional credit to make ~ossibIean- overall of August, 1957, and in August, 1958, an Act on appraisaI of the credit situation. Before one the Farmers and Fishermen's Bank was spon- can proceed to this task it will be necessary to sored by the Government and the Parliament, complete the infamation on government replacmg the former Act. ' ACCFA (The Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration) gear, 5sh fry, craft, operating expenses and for cooperative activities. No governmental credits other fishery purposes. to processors, whoIesalers and retailers are Thailand provides loans for the purchase reported for Hong Kong and Thailand. of engines, gear and craft as well as for craft In the Philippines, the P.N.B. extends improvement. Ioans for operating expenses to processors, The Fish Board of Queensland (Australia) wholesalers and retailers and also for the assists bona$de fishermen with loans for purchase purchase of processing facilities, while the of craft, engines, and gear. Financial assistance Development Bank of the Philippines ( D.B.P. 1 is also reported by New South WaIes, Victoria extemds loans for equipment for the presemation ( Rural Finance Corporation ), Tasmania ( Agri- of fish and fish products. cultural Bank ), and South Australia ( State The Pakistan Industrial Finance Corpora- Bank, for the purchase of boats and engines ). tion and the Agricultural Bank extend Ioans to In Ceylon, loans are extended to fishermen companies for the construction of freezing units, far the purchase of gear ( including materials cold storage, ice plants, fish meaJ plants, etc. for the manufacture of gear) or for the purchase and construction of craft and for'the mechaniza- In Indonesia, the Farmers and Fishermen's tion of wind propelled craft. Since August, Bank finances wholesalers and provides funds for 1958, a new scheme which provides for the assembly operations, for transport facilities, etc. extension of loans up to an amount of Rs. Besides, several funds are also available for the 15,000/- for the purchase of mechanically same purpose. These funds are provided by the propelled boats, a reasonable amount of fishing Institute of Credit Guarantee, and Cooperative ge.ar, and for the cost of the first year's insurance Service of the Ministry of Trade. on the boat, is in operation. Loans are also In South Australia, the State Bank gives issued for repairs to fishing gear and craft. loans to approved companies for the improvement In Japan, loans to fishermen are extended of processing facilities. by the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Financing Corporation for the purpose of purh- . 19.33 Credit io Cooperative Oxg&ations ing or constructing craft, wide the provision of loans for operating expenses has been left to In Ceylon, loans are issued to fishery co-operative or other credit facilities. The cooperatives for the acquisition or construction Corporation also extends loans to small fishing of craft and the acquisition or manufacture of firms for the purpose of purchasing fishing craft. gear. Loans are also issued for repairs of fishing Fishery cooperatives and their members, how- craft and gear, for marketing operations and for ever, are given preferential treatment in the subsistence expenses of members. In a few granting of loans. instances, Ioaas have been issued, too, for the It was reported that in the State of Bombay, of motor lorries and the construction India, loans for mecha~izationof fishing craft of sheds for the storage of fishing gear. and other deveIopmentsl purposes were granted Ir, the Philippines, ACCFA at present to fishermen under " State-Aid to Small-Scale extends credit only to cooperative organizations and Cottage Industries Rules, 1935, (as amended (FaCoMa-Farmers' Cooperative Marketing Asso- up to 28 February 1955 1". Fishermen have to ciation-and CCE-Central Cooperative Exchange). form a group of 6 to 10 fishermen who must be Facility loans to FaCoMa are used for the members of a local fishermen's cooperative society constmction or purchase of facilities for hand- and do fishing collectively to be eligible for loan ling, storage, processing or packing of fish or fish grants. products. Mechanizing loans to both FaCoMa 19.32 Credit to ~Pracessors, wholesders and and CCE are used for the purchasing and pro- Retailers cessing of the catches of their members. There are comparatively few government In Hong Kong, FMO extends loans to financial assistance measures for processors, cooperatives for the construction of homes for wholesalers and retders. Government resources their members as we11 as for the purchase of are devoted primarily to the furtherance of mechanized transport vessels. In Japan, the Agriculture, Forestry and each case is decided on its individual merits. Fisheries Financing Corporation gives preference It is said that applications are more favourabIy to co-operative associations in lending money received from those fishermen who are able to for the construction of port facilities, 6shing put up more than 50 percent of the capital vesseIs and various faciIities such as cold storage, required. ice and processigg plants and for the purchase of synthetic fiber nets. From Ceylon it is reported that in general the Ioans cover total cast. In the State of Bombay, India, financial assistance to fishermen's cooperative societies is In "the Philippines, not more than 80 percent of total funds required are provided for given for establishment of ice and cold storage ACCFA facility loans, but for facilities made of plants on the basis of one-third of the cost of steel or concrete, and also for fish containers, the plant as subsidy and two-thirds on loan. 100 percent of cost can be advanced. In the In the State of Madras, India, tbe Gov- case of commodity Ioans, 80 percent of cost are ernment provides the cooperative societies with provided. For loans made by the Philippine mechanized boats and nylon nets at subsidized National Bank and the Development Bank of prices in the form of long term, interest free loans the Philippines, no fixed proportions were in kind. The subsidy on these goods ranges from reported. In general the amount of a loan 25 to 333 per cent. Motor vans are also supplied depends on the value of the collateral and the on seven-years' credit, and long-term loans for loan can be made up to approximately 60 per- the construction of godowns and curing sheds cent of appraised vahe. are provided by the Government to the societies In Thailand, the proportion of total funds on the basis of 50 per cent loans and 50 per cent required represented by the loan is 60 percent, subsidy. aad in Indonesia, in the case of loans made by Aside from the loans made directly to the Farmers' and Fishermen's Bank, in excess them, the coorreratives are often used for of 75 percent.

A channeling government loans and assistance in ' In Japan, the Agriculture, Forestry and kind to their member fishermen. This function Fisheries Financing Corporation normally pro- is performed by cooperatives in Pakistan where vides 60 percent of total funds required, but as gem and engines are imported by the Govern- much as 80 percent can be provided to fishery ment and loaned to the fishermen and in Indo- c~o~erativesfor the purchase of 6hing craft. nesia where vessels and engines are provided In most cases the-sninimum or maximum amount mostly to members of co-operatives, on a hire- per loan is established by Iaw, in accordance purchase basis, by the Special Welfare Scheme with the purpose for which the loan is made, in of the Sea Fishery Service and in Japan. order to secure equitsble distribution of funds and at the same time to make lending opera- 19.4 Proportion of Total Funds Required tions efficient. by Represented the laan In the State of Bombay, totaI cost of new The proportion of total funds required engines is granted by the Government on the represented by the loan varies from country to basis of 50 percent grant and 50 percent loan. country-and also according to the nature of The rate of subsidy is -reduced to about 40 the loan. percent if the engine purchased is of an expen- sive nature or above 30 h-p. Factors considered are financial standing of the borrower, possibilities of borrowing from 19.5 Interest Rates other sources, and the size of the funds at the One of the important purposes of govern- disposal of the government lending institutions. ment credit facilities is to supply credit at FMO in Hong Kong p-ovides loans reasonable rates of interest to the industry amounting to 80-90 percent of total funds where institutional credit facilities are scarce required, the balance to be provided by the and high rates of interest are charged. fishermen. In the case of loans made by the In Ceylon, 3 percent interest is charged Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and to individual fishermen, w bile 2 percent is Forestry, no fixed proportion is stipulated and charged to registered co-operative societies. In Rong Kong, FMO charges 3 percent security for the Ioans is the equipment per annum on the loans issued to fishery co- purchased. In other instances, emphasis is on operative, and 10 percent per annum on those productive and repaying capacity of the bor- issued to individual fishermen; while the interest rower, particuladq when, as in Hong Kong, the rate on loans for the mechanization of fishing fishermen artre teqaired to deliver the catch to a craft made by the Department of Agriculture, central marketing organization ( FMO in Hong Fisheries and Forestry is 6 percent per annum. Kong) which has adequate information on the In the Philippines, the Philippine National credit standing of the fishermen and where Bank and the D.B.P. charge 6.percent per effective arrangements for repayments of loans have been instituted. annum, with a rebate of I percent &r the Ioaps repaid in time in the case of loans made by the Loans by the FMO in Hong Kmg are former. The interest on ACCFA loans differ issued to any fisherman who owns one or more according to tbeir purposes: 8 percent per fishing vessels. Size of loan depends on annum for facility loans, 6 percent for com- applicant's actual needs, his ability to repay, modity loans, and 7 percent for merchandizing his standing with the organization and so forth. loans. So fax, only one loan extended for the purchase of secured is trawlers has been by a mortgage and Eight percent per annum the interest the usual arrangements for security are for the rate on government loans in Thailand. individual fishermen borrowers to provide one In Pakistan, the Government does not or more fishermen guarantors. In the case of charge any interest. In Indonesia, interest borrowers being members of credit co-operative rates are 12 percent per annum on both Institute societies, the Ioans are guaranteed by the Credit Guarantee and Farmers and Fishermen's aocie~i&s.When the FMO loan exceeds HK Bank loans. The rates are rehtivefy high, $1,000, the Director of Marketing is to be since funds for these purposes have to be informed by the Department of Marine, should obtained from other banking institutions. The the borrower desire to have a transfer of owner- Cooperative Service of the Ministry of Trade ship of his vessel recorded before the loan is extends credit and loans on easier tmsand fully repaid. Insurance arrangements are made lower interest. only in special cases when specificalIy required Marketing. Loans In Japan, the interest rates on the loans by the Director of extended extended by the Agriculture, Forestry and by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Fisberies Financing Corporation vary according Forestry do not have to be secured by mod- purposes loans. gages but have to be guaranteed either by a to the of the Interest is 6.5 or of percent on Ioans for port facili- cooperative by two fishermen good building fishing of is ties, 7.5 percent on loans for building processing financial standing. The Director Marine informed tht the Goverdnent has a financial facilities. In cases in which loans are extended interest in the boat and Depment of for.,repair or recoptruction of facilities damaged the Agricultute, Fisheries and Forestry has to be by-natural disasters, interest rates are lowered borrower by 0.6 percent. notified if the fishexman wants to register a change of ownership before the loan In the State of Bombay, the interest is fdly repaid. Tbe engine is supposed to be charged is 4+ percent per annum and a penalty insured by the fisherman for the amount out- equivalent to $ percent is imposed in case of standing on his loan. non-payment of principal and default of interest. In the Philippines the criteria for the In the State of Madras, India, interest selection of beneficiaries, applied by the charged on long term loans to cooperatives is 4% Philippine National Bank, are reported as percent; no interest is charged on the cost of follows : mechanized boats and nylon nets. (i) The moral reputation and credit standing of the applicant. ( ii) The liquidity and solvency of the Fishermen who, as a rule, own few applicant. immovable assets ffnd it di&mlt to furnish ( iii 1 Assets offered as collateral. adequate collateral. In most instances, the (iv 1 Estimated income of the applicant. Loans of the Development Bank of the h Ceylon, loans to cooperative societies Philippines are granted to those (a) who already are issued on the basis of the borrower's own established fish ponds but want to improve estimated repaying capacitg. Repaying capacity them to increase production, and Ib) who desire is determined from the operational statements to engage in the fish pond bnsiness and have ofthe societies by further taking into account already secured from the Government a ten-year the estimated increase in income which is fish pnd lease agreement covering the area expected as a result of the purchase of new they want to develop into fish ponds. As to equipment or as a result of the repairs made to collateraI arrangements, mortgages on land, existing equipment. Loan applications are buildings and other fixed insurable assets are scrutinized and investigated by the field staff of usually required by the P.N.B. and:tbe D.B.P. both the Fisheries Department and the Coopera- while insured fishing vessels, engines and equip- tive Department. Craft and gear which is merit, and stocks are also used as collateral. In acquired, constructed or repaired is hypothe- the case of ACCFA loans, security is arranged cated to the Cooperative Provincial Bank. In as follows: facility loans are secured by- the case of loans issued to Fishermen's Co- mortgage on the facility, except in the case of operative Credit and Sales Societies, the loans for fish containers which are secured by a individually owned craft or gear of the members real estate mortgage or a chattel mortgage on a acquired, constructed or repaired with the loan fishing boat. Merchandize loans are secured by as hypothecated by the members to the society chattel mortgages on assets of FaCoMa or CCE. as security. Some of the recently registered Commodity loans are secured by the products fishermen's cooperatives are incorporated with stored by FaCoMa and the warehouse receipts - unlimited IiabiIity. Craft and gear belonging to are fled with ACCFA. -. societies and on which loam are issued are not In Pakistan, only bona fide fishermen normally insured. owning fishing hats can be given credit. In the case of loans to individuals, where Allocation committees have been organized to the loan does not exceed Rs. 5001-, the craft or develop procedures for the distribution of credit. gear owned or acquired by the borrower is Two guarantors are needed for obtaining loans mortgaged to the Government and a personal and the boat of the borrower is also mortgaged. bond for repayment on time of the debt is At present, the loans are not insured. furnished in addition. In the case of loans to In ThaiIand, the loan is secured by a first individuals of Rs. 5001- to Rs. 3,0001-, the mortgage on boats, borrower is required to mortgage craft or gear In Indonesia, the Special Welfare Scheme in addition to furnishing a personal bond with of the Sea Fisheries Service extends Ioans on a two sureties for due repayment of the debt. Tn hirepurchase basis, while in the case of loans the_case of loans ,to individuals over Rs. 3,0001- by the Institute of Credit Guarantee, Farmers the borrower is required to mortgage land with and Fishermens' Bank a mortgage or other acceptable title to the Government as security collateral is required together with insurance for the repayment of the loan. Loans to in- arrangements. dividual fishermen for the financing of craft and gear must be insured with an insurance corn- In Japan, the common practice is to pany approved by the Department. Under the on faciIities secure mortgages and fishing craft. of four guarantors are required new loan scheme for the mechanization Usually for the in August. loans on fishing craft. fishing craft introduced 1958, no other security is needed than the boat, the In the State of Bombay loan recipients ownership of which is retained by the Govern- are required to furnish collateral security equal ment under a hire-purchase agreement. The to double the amount loaned. The mortgage new scheme aims to make borrowing by fisher- remains in force until the Iast instalment on the men easier, since under previously existing loan and all interest due have been repaid. arrangements fishermen had to put up collateral Vessels fox the purchase or construction of in the farm of immovable property for loans in which loans have been granted must be insured excess of Rs. 3,0001-. The new scheme is and an assignment of the ~oliciesin favour of intended to serve the dual purpose of providing the Government must be executed. credit as well as serving as propaganda for mechanized fishing. Persons to whom these ( d ) Purchase or manufacture of fishing loans are issued :' gear...... 2 gears ( a) must be skiUed, industrious and (Under the scheme of loans to enterprising fishermen who are not individual fishermen loans for the satisfied with earning an income purchase or manufacture of fishing just suficient for subsistence, but gear are repayable in one year) are prepared to better their income ( e ) Repairs to craft or gear...... l year by the use of new methods and bard work or, in tbe case of new- ( f ) Marketing and subsistence .... 1 year comers to the industry, they must ( g ) Other equipment, e.g. equipment be energetic and enterprising for the processing of bechede- persons : mer...... ,...... 1 year (b ) must be sufficie~tlgoutstanding in (h) Sheds...... 1 year the fishing community in providing the initial leadership and in further- (i) Motor lorry ...... 5 years ing the program of mechanization Payments are made in monthly instal- in the fishing community. ments. Payments are normally received during Applications for these loans, too, are the months of the fishing season which may inquired into and reported on by the held extend over 4, 6, 10 or 12 montl;s. In the case officers of the Fisheries Department. of cooperative societies, collections are made -. through the &operative Provincial Banks. In 19.7 Repayment Procedures the case of individual fishermen, co IIections In Hong Kong FMO loans normally are are made through the Department's field staff. not extended for periods of over one year. ' In the Philippines, duration or repayment However, an extension may be granted if period varies from case to case. Short-term borrowers encounter genuine hardships. In the Ioans made by the P.N.B. are for a period of 120 case of larger capital loans, the repayment days to one year, while long-term industrial period may range from five to ten years. Repay- axe a of 5 to 10 In by loans for period years. the ments are made deducting a certain per- of the- are usually sales case D.B.F. loans whj~h for centage from the proceeds of of the 5 10 borrower's long-term the repayment period is to years. fish through the FMO. The per- On ACCFA facility Ioans the repayment period centage deducted varies from 15 to 20 percent is 10 accordance ye-ars for fixed facilities, 5 years for in with the borrower's abiIity to semi-permanent facilities, 3 to 5 years for repay. The bylaws of the association and the movable fakilities and one year for fish can- loan agreement stipulate the deductions applica- tainers. As to the timing of repayment of the bb in case of Ioans to fishermen's cooperatives ACCFA Ioans, the Government policy is to and their members. In the case of loans made adjusted by have the loan repayments to the the Department of Agriculture, Fisberies borrower's and Forestry, the duration of the repayment capacity to pay from the sales of period is two pears, but again extensions are his products. granted in cases of genuine hardships. Deduc- In Pakistan, the repayment periods are 2 tion of 25 percent of the value of fish sold by to 3 years for nylon twine, and 3 to 5 years the borrower through the FMO is made on for marine Diesel engine loans. Repayment behalf of the Department of Agriculture, is made monthly but recoveries are not Fisheries and Forestry. effected during the monsoon period ( June, July, In Ceylon, terms of Io.ans are as follows : August ), The fishing requisites and equipment loaned are distributed through the fishermen's ( a ) Acquisition of a mechanically pro- cooperative societies concerned and collec- pelled boat under the new tions, too, are effected through the societies. scheme ,.5 years ...... In case of any difficulties encountered in the (b) Purchase or -acquisition of repayment of instalments, the fishermen's m- craft...... ,.,...... 3 years operative societies are helped by the Department ( c ) Mechanization of craft...... 3 years of Fisheries and the Registrar of Cooperative Societies, who is aIso empowered to proceed In Indonesia, in the case of the Institute against defaulters, No defaults on loans have of Credit Guarantee, long-term loans are for up been reported as pet. to six years and loans for operating expenses In the State of Bombay, the repayment for th~eeyms. In the case of the Special of loans commences three months after the Welfare Scheme of the Sea Fishery Service, the loans are made. The loans are repayable in equal monthly instaheuts over a period of five paymenb are collected by the cooperative years, each instalment being payable in the organizations, should the borrower belong to first week of each month. -Norepayments are one of those organizations. The Farmers and required during the monsoon season from June Fishermen's Bank at present extends only short- through September. i term loans (for one year or shorter) and in In Thailand, the repayment period is two places where auctions are held the pay- years and the payments are made every three fish months, either directly to the Department of ments are deducted from the proceeds of tbe Fisheries or to the Provincial Fisheries O%icers. sale of the borrower's fish. ATTACHMENT I. JAPANESE BIBLIOGRAPHY OY FISH FLOUR FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION by H. aigashi

( Member, EPFC Technical Committee 11, Panel B) Tokai Region31 Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tokyo. Japan.

(Attached to this Bibliography is a copy of Recommendations of Fish Processing TechnoIogx Production of Fish Fhr, as mtaind in the Interim Report of the CounciI of Fod and Nutrition for tke Nation, Economic Stabilization Board, Japan,23 May 1947 1

A. Processing Techniques of Fish Fbtsr extract removed ;the residue is for Human Consumption refined fish flour. Although 1) Re6ning fish flow by solvent extraction. this method is not so perfect as the above two in extraction, ' ( a ) Hot alcohol extraction for removal, most of the disagreeable taste of offensive flavor and dor : can be readily removed with I i 1 Tokqama, S. (1930). Japanese less expensive arrangements. No. 87,847. method Patent This ( ii ) Napata, K (1931). Japanese has the advantage of removing Patent No, 92,431. A method and cost both water fat. High similar to ( c) ( i ) but uses of extraction is a serious disad- sodium carbonate instead of vantage. NH3 gas. (ii 1 Hoshino, S. and HigasM, H. fox Japanese Patent No. 97,398. I2 1 Method using malted rice removal of A offensive odor. method using aicohol in combi- nation with other organic (i) Mechizuki, 0. ( 19m ). Japanese _solvents. Patent No. 79,588. Ib) Cold extraction with solvent such (ii) Shoji, S (1946). Japanese Patent as gasoline or benzene. No. 172,083. ( i ) Kato, N. i 1935 ). Japanese I 3 1 Oxidation for k1eaching, deodorizing and Patent No. 112,993. sterilizing, 1936 I ii 1 Kato, N. ( 1. Japanese (i1 Fujii, T. (1930). Studies on the Patent No. 115,730,116,546and utilization of bydrogen peroxide. 117,357. Nippan Jozo Kyokai Zasshi, 33 : ( iii) Yamamoto, S. and E. Narita 1118-1119. (1941). An experimental pre- (ii) Mochiauki,. 0. ( 1927 1. Japanese paration of the powdered fish Patent No. 74,887. of the old - free - sardines for cooking. - Fishery Investigation, (iii 1 Oshima, K and T. Sugawara (1936)- Imp. Fish. Exp. Stn., 8: 55-56. On the artificial oxidation of oil in fish meal. J. Fish., 39 :1-12. ( c Purification by NH3. ( 4 Prevention of ( i ) Higasbi, H. (1943). Japanese 1 rancidity with anti ox id ants.^ Patent No. 154,593. NH3 gas (i Kimura, K. and S. Oga (1939). Pro- is passed thsough the flour; the cessing method of antioxidizing Ssh material is stirred with 5 times meal. Japanese Patent (Publ.) No. its weight of hot water; the 4,932, ( ii OF, T., T. Ando and Y. Usui (1939). Formula A Formula B sardine Studies on the meal-IX. Soybean 50% Starch of 70% Antioxidation fish oil with wood- Corn starch 41% Casein 10% taxlr. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish, 1 :217- 219. Fish flour 8% Fish flour 20% Sdt 1% (5) Fish meal which an be reconstituted as fresh fish. ( 3 1 Mixttire of fish bur and potatoes or starch- Tamam, S. (1928). Japanese Patent ( i Rigashi, H., S. Masuda, and E. Naritz No. 76,628. (1947). Japanese Patent No. 176,216. Hirano, H. (19391 On the gelation of fish ( A preliminary report). Bull. Refined fish meal ( ca 10%) is mixed Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 8: 24-40. with starch and heated until dry. content --- (19421. Studies 06 powder The stmch is changed iat~ ( iii 1 alpha-starch. Upon adding water, of raw 6sh. J. Imp. Fish. Exp. Stat., the powdered product, preservable NO.12 :53-91. for a length of time, becomes sticky Describes method for production of and it good to eat. fish flour which, upon adding water, is converted to more or less fresh Fish meal paste. state. However, this type of fish (i) Rigashi, 8. and T. Nitta (19481, flour cannot be preserved for a month Japanese Patent No. 179,040. or more, even when it is perfectly dry. I;; ) ------, K. Nagakura, and S. Umemoto (1952). Studies on the B. Processing Technique of Food with Fish utilization of fish meal for food. Med as Material. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 17 ; 147-156, ( 1) Preparation of " furikake" and " dembu ". (iii 1 Nitta, T., Y. Inui and M. Sudi No specific scientific references are (1948). The dieination of fish available (IPFClC58lWP 6). meal paste and soy bean paste. (2) Baby food foxmula prepared from fish flour. Bull. Jap. SOC.Sci. Fish., 13 :251-2513, Standard prescribed by the Japankse As- During the War, fish meal paste was sociation for Baby Food and Nutrition is produced for use on bread so as to as follows : utilize a large amount of fish as food. Flow Sheet

Fish flour Starch I I PuIverizing Immersion in water (SO meshes-) ( or adding water ) I I Treating with alkali ( Softened 1 I Mixing I

Cooling I Seed malt Malting (for 2 or 3 days ) Salt 1 Adding warm water I Fermentation (repeating 10 te-20 times) I ~oiqgh I Sugar Heating I Flavor Mixing I Paste

Insreclient (%) of Fish Flour Paste

Paste A Paste B Fish Aour 23.0 17.8 Starch 23.0 17.8 Salt 14.0 5.9 Water 35.0 16.5 Sugar 5.0 42.0

4 5 ) Processing fish flour into amino acid or C. Nutritive Values of Fish Meal and amino acid source. Amino acid source Products thereof. prepared from flour was used as a sub- ( i 1 Nakze, T. (1939). Fish meal for stitute for soy bean preparation. food-II. Protein of sardine meal Matsumoto, K. and M. Nomura. Experi- Jozogaku Zassi, 41 : 184-191. ment of produci~ig a soy bean source (ii) ----- ( 1959 ). --- -ILL substitute from fish meal. Jazo Shikenjo Decomposition of sardine meal by Hokoh, 128 : 2W-308. hydrochloric acid. Ibid., 17: 234-237. (iii) ---- ( 1939 ). ------V. ( vii ) Nakanishi, T. (1939). Fish meal for Method of decomposition of sardine food-IV. Analysis of sardine meaI meal by HCI. Ibid.. 17 : 701-708. protein and its decomposition by HCI. Ibid., 17 :393-399. (iv 1 ---- ( 1940 1. --- -VI. N-compoundsin extract from sardine. (viii ) Takada, R. (1938). Fish meal for Ibid., 18 :29-35. food-I. Nutritive value of protein of a sardine meal. Ibid., 16 :768-769. (v) Nakae, T. (1940). Fish meal for (ix Tokuyama, (1936). Studies on food-VII. Extraction of proteinsfram 1 S. new fresh sardioe. Ibid., 18 :36-44. the utilizatioa on marine fishes- I. Feeding experiments of animals on (vi) --- ( 1940 1. Fish meal for excIusive diets of bread and biscuit food-VIII. Precipitation of protein - containing the alcohol-extracted fish- from extracts of fresh sardine. Ibid., flour. Bull. Inst. Phys. Chern. Res., 15: 18 :504-16. 818-846. INTERIM REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF FOOD AND NUTRITION FOR THE NATION ECONOMIC STABlLIZATION BOARD. JAPAN RECOMMENDATION ON FISH PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY 23 May 1947

Production of Fish Floq For this purpose model plants will be established at important ( 1) Fish caught abundantly should be used. For this purpose it is recommended that fishery centers in the country. the fish should be processed as much as possible B. Rational use of fish flour should into fish flour. The term fish flour is used to be encouraged. .mean powder made from fish which is suitable for human consumption. Unless otherwise ( a) in introducing fish flour "specified,the standard of fish flour is tentatively into the human diet, it prescribed below : would be more suitable to process the flour into ( i ) Protien ...... more than 59% some product rather than ( ii ) Crude fat...... less than 10%- to supply it as it is ; ( iii ) Water content ...... less than 10% -- (b) processing of fish flour However, the product which is prepared into paste or some other from herring, Atka mackerel or arrow-toothed seasoning should be en- flatfish should contain at least 56% protien, less couraged ; than 15% crude fat and no alien substance such as sand. (:c:) in addition, specially re- (21 Fish cake so far used for animal fined fish flour should be .feeding should be refined and processed into used in the formulae for fish flour or any other form of food for human baby food. consumption. Research into processing tech- ( 3 ) In order to improve the quality of niques for fish flour should be -fish flour and thereby to promote human con- encouraged so as to improve sumption of the product, the following steps the quality. This may include should be taken. 'studies on smoke curing of the A. To ensure freshness of raw flour and production of reversi- material, mobile processing faci- ble fish flour which can be easily lities, such as fish flour factory converted into fresh state. ship or train should be provided. D. Attention should be paid to By-products from fish flour such minimize production cost of as boiled juice and fish oil fish flour so as to make it as should be thoroughly utilized. cheap as possible. ATTACHMENT 11. OUTLINE ON GOVERNMENT CREDIT FACILITIES FOR FISHING INDUSTRIES

1. Legislation. 3.32 For operating expenses. 1.1 Legal enactments under which credit 3. For any other purposes. facilities may be made available to fisheries. (Attach copies if possible). 4. M~ture of Assistance provided in Cases Mentioned Above. 1.2' Extent and form in which fands made available, eg. revolving fund, annual 4.1 proportion of total cost represented by subvention, etc. the loan. 2. Abinisfering Authorities. 4.2 Any grants which may be included. 2.1 Central authority eg. Government' 4.3 Interest rates. Department, Development 'Authority or Agency, Finance Corporation, 4.4 Security arrangements : Special Bank, Loan Board, etc. 4.41 Under Hire Purchase agree- 2.2 Provincial, State or local authorities ments. which may be concerned with admi- 4.42 By mortgage. nistration of credit facilities. 4.43 By other collateral. 2.3 Cooperative organizations which may 4.44 Insurance arrangements if any. be involved and nature of their responsibilities. - 5. Repayment Procedures.

3. Purpose of Credit Facilities : to assist: 5.1 Duration of repayment periods. 3.1 Fishermen. 5.2 Timing of payments. 3.11 For purchase of gear. 5.3 Collection arrangements. 3.12 For acquisition or improvement of craft. 6. Criteria and Procedures for the Selection of Beneficiaries. 3.13 For any other purposes. 7. Review of progress achieved so far, includ- 3.2 Merchants, processors and retailers. ing some account of services, facilities and 3.21 For facilities eg. storage, pro- equipment acquired through government cessing, transpori, containers, credit arrangements, in relation to overall business premises. requirements. 3.22 For any other purposes. 8. Outstanding problems and any suggestions 3.3 Cooperative organizations. as to action which might usefully be taken 3.31 For acquisition of facilities. by IPFC in this connection. CHAPTER 4. PUBLICATIONS

I. Council Proceedings The Council confirmed a proposal by the Delegate for U.S.A. that this action should be ( i ) The Council instructed the Secreta- taken on the understanding that the Symposium ~iatto take appropriate action to ensure the material should be published in time for distri- printing and distribution of the Proceedings of bution with the other sections of the published the Eighth Session as expeditiously as possible. poceedings of the Council and that if this was (ii) The Council approved fox publica- not possible, the Secretariat was instructed to tion, in full, Technical Papers Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, undertake publication of the Symposium Papers which had been presented to the Council during 8, 9, 11,12, 16,17,19,21,23,24. The Secretary + was instructed to transmit Technical Paper No. the Symposium Meetings. .22 to FA0 Fisheries Divipion with the request It was emphasized that the Council atta- that it might be edited by the appropriate ched considerable importance to the publication specialist and returned to 'the Secretar!at for and distribution of this section of the proceedings publication in full. simultaneously with the distribution of the other Technical Papers 6 and 7 were to be sections of the proceedings. published in full if the complete manuscript was 3. Current Affairs Bulletin made available, otherwise these Papers together with Nos. 2 and 10 should be published in In order to ensure a steady flow of abstract. It was recommended that Working material for the IPFC Current Affairs Bulletin, the Paper No. 5 and Technical Papers 25 and 26 Council recommended to the Member Govern- should be published in the Currerat Affairs Bulle- ments to make available as routine matter to the tin, .hat Technical Paper No. 14 should be editor their periodic reports on scientific and incorporated in the report on the Status of the+ technical activities in fisheries. Industry, that Technical Paper No. 13 should be In this connection, the Member Govern- xeferred to the Ceylon Fisheries Research Sta- ments might like to consider the desirability of assigning a liaison officer through whom the b tion for publication in their Bulletin, and that Technical Papers 15, 18 and 20 should be IPFC will obtain material for the Bulletin. This returned to the authors. The Council instructed officer will assemble material in that particular the Secretary to issue, in the Occasional Papers country and send it to the editor of the Bulletin series, Contxibuted Publications Nos. 8, 20 and as and when it becomes available. It will be understood that this arrangement is in no way 24, being transiations of papers originally to effect the status of the Administrative Cor- published in the Indonesian language and with respondent who will under all circumstances be a very restricted distribution. The Council the means of contact on matters of policy invol- considered it desirable for the Secretariat to take ving the Council and the Government concerned. steps to obtain translations of the papers on he council was of the opinion that its 5sheries subjects published in the Region in activities through its Technical Committees languages other than French and English and to would receive added impetus if the nominees to arrange the distribution of such translations in these Committees would make available fists of the Council's Occasional Papers series. the scientific workers and administrators active 2. Eighth Session Symposium in the various frelds of fisheries, and that the Secretariat should work in close liaison with Following discussion on the-question of FA0 Fisheries Division in connection with the publication of the Symposium Papers, the Coun- Division's permanent register of such people. cil decided on a basis of the recommendation Country lists received from Committee from the Delegate for U.R., supported by the members should be in the Current Delegate for India, that the Symposium material Afairs Bulletin and where appropriate, the I be forwarded to Dr. G.L. Kesteven on a basis of Technical Secretaries would take steps to keep the second paragraph of his Ietter dated 4th these workers informed of the various measures December, 1958. taken to implement Council recommendations. 4. Reference Books these books of reference and drew attention to Notwithstanding the statement to the the particular suggestions submitted by Techni- contrary given in the Summary Report of the cal Committee I and contained in Chapter I1 of this record. Seventh Session, the Council placed on record its unanimous belief that, in order to avoid con- The Council gave consideration to the fusion, reference books containing compilations question of publication of checklists of fishes and of methods should be termed " Manuals ", whereas urged Member Governments who have not yet the term "Hand-books" should he applied to compiled or published lists or have revised their volumes containing compilations of results and] earlier lists, to provide Biology Branch, FA0 Fish- or tabulations of data. Further it was agreed that eries Division with such lists or revisions. Further compilations of these two might be referred to the Coancil requested Fisheries Division, FA0 to pubIisb, as least in draft form, a checklist as '' Reference Books ". which should include tbe names of a11 commer- The Council noted with pleasure the pro- cially important aquatic animals, before the Nint). gress being made by FA0 in the preparation of Session. 113

CHAPTER 5. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

( iv ) The Council expressed its apprecia- tion to FA0 for the successful completion of (i) The Council noted with pleasure the International Training Center on Fisheries that its request that FA0 should arrange a Cooperatives and Administration held in hs- training center for technical o6cers had been tralia and recommended that Member Govern- implemented by the establishment of the Inter- ments should take steps to make full and national Training Center on Methodology and effectiveuse of the services of the participants Techniques of research on Mackerel (Rastrelli- to the Center in furthering fisheries cooperative ger ), the report of which was,presented to the activities in their countries. Council. (v) The Council expressed the view The Council noted that certain recom- that there was some need to review the present mendations arising from this Training Center are system of organizing Training Centers, and that for aciton by FA0 and expressed the hope that except in relation to scientific sitbjects, the FA0 will be abIe to undertake this work. needs of the Region may sometimes be more effectively served by National Training Programs The Council noted that the Training assisted where appropriate by services provided Center would have benefited by the participation by other aid-giving agencies. The Council also of scientists from countries fishing for Mackerels requested the aid-giving Agencies to consider other than Rastrelliger and believes that the need the desirability of organizing Sub - regional will arise for further opportunities of reviewing Training Centers for groups of 3 or 4 countries progress in this work. with one common language and having similar The Council recommended that Member ~roblemsof fisheries. Countries and FA0 should explore ways and The Council was of the opinion that means by which research workers, including at international Special Training Centers could be least some of: the participants at the recent an effective tool in expeditiously defining the Center, could meet in about three years' time to salient features of the fisheries industry in this appraise the results obtained from the application region. It was recommended that pa icipants of the recommendations from the Center and in such Special Training Centers s-F ould be suggested that such a Meeting should be experienced fishery oflticials actively ,connected conducted as a workshop at which results would with the field to which a particular Special be compared and analysed further if necessary. Training Center may devote itself and that the participants should go to the Center prepared (ii) The Council agreed that the forth- with all available background information, coming Training Center in Fishery Statistics, to research results and experiences in the imple- be held in Bombay early in 1959, would help to mentation of development programs. It was meet the requirements of the Seventh Session further recommended that arising out of the recommendation for the development of suitable exchange of views and ideas at such a Center sampling techniques far the coIlection of fishery suitable measures would be recommended for statistics in the Region, and therefore, recom- remedying the defects in the industry and for mended that Member Governments tyke full effecting a general improvement. advantage of this Training Center. ( vi ) The CounciI reviewed its recom- (iii) The Council expressed the view mendation made at its Seventh Session to FA0 that a Fisheries Survey Training Center for for orgznizing a RegionaI Training Center in countries of the Region was desirable and Fish Processing and Preservation. Considering recommended that the Center should deal with the economic and dietetic importance of cured the formulation of coordinated programs for fish in the Region and further considering the fisheries development. The Council recommen- present needs of the fish curing industry for ded that participants at this Training Center expeditious improvement, the Council agreed shoiiId be fisheries oflicers directly concerned that it would be desirable for the proposed with the ~lanningof fisheries development pro- Training Center to limit itself 90 Fish Curing grams in their respective countries. in Humid Tropics with special reference to the Iado-Pacific Region, instead of covering the The Council did not bave for examination wide field processing and preservation. The any records or activities of other aid-giving Council suggested that this Training Center Agencies, namely, CoIombo Plan Authorities, should primarily aim at defining as precisely as USOM, and the Indo-Norwegian Foundation, possible, the defects in the fish curing industry which have been active in this region. The and in suggesting suitable remedial measures. Council would be pleased to receive their The Council recommended tbat partici- periodiclaeports if these could be made available. pants to this Training Center should be selected Arising out of the discussions in this from those fishery officiaIs in the member aspect, the Council felt that there was a strong countries who are actively engaged in research need for coordination of activities of the various in fish curing and in the administration of the aid-giving Agencies. The Council suggested fish curing industry. The Member Governments that these Agencies might consider the desira- were requested to send, where possible, two bility of regionaI meetings of their representa- participants, one from the field of research and tives for an exchange of ideas and views in the other from administration. order to ensure the most effective utilization of In preparation for this Training Center, the assistance that might be available. Member Governments should compile all availa- The Council was strongly of the view ble information. that considerable time and funds of the contri- buting Agencies as well as the recipient (a) for the preparation of as complete countries should be saved if prior to Iaunching an account as is possible of the fish any extensive technical assistance pragrarns, curing industry, furnishing infonna- an independent survey of the biological, techno- tion, among other factors, on logical and particularly the economic aspects of manpower, plants and ,equipment, the industry is organized jointly by the parties capital investment, quantity of raw' concerned, and the nature and extent of the material utilized, processing met--- assistance are based on the findings resulting hods, varieties and quantities of from such a survey. final products, methods of handling, storage and packaging, consumer 3. Expert Assistance preference for various products, price In respect of expert assistance, the of these products as compared to Council felt that there was a need for close those of other protein foods ; examination of the requests for such assmtance (b1 an account of research so far in the light of the national program and policy conducted in the various aspects of for development as well as of the facilities the fish curing industry ; and available in the recipient countries for the &ective utilization of such assistance. The ( c ) an account of the measures so far Council further. felt that it might be desirable implemented andlor contemplated for the contributjng Agency to indicate the for improving the fish curing requirements of local facilities in the form industry. of counterpart or mderstudy, transportation 2. Aid-giving Agencies laboratory, equipment, literature as well as counterpart funds. The assistance should The Council reviewed the account of normaIly be made available only when the FA0 fisheries activities in this region and concerned contributing Agency is satisfied that expressed its appreciation of the assistance such requirements as are indicated by it, are rendered. available. 115

CHAPTER 6. RECOMMENDATIONS

An attempt has been made to consolidate, instructed to circularize Member Governments in this chapter, the Recommendations adopted on this matter. by the Council during the 8th Session. These (v) The Council recommended that recommendations are grouped according to Member Governments should include in their whether they are addressed to Member Govern- o3iciaI Opening Statements a list of the im- ments, FAO, the Executive Committee and portant problems, given in the order of Secretariat or the Technical-Committees. The priority that each country would like to see recommendations as presented bere, have been assigned to them by the Council; that these stripped of unessential phrasing. Opening Statements should be transmitted to the Secretariat at least 60 days before the A. TO MEMBER GOVERNMFNS forthcoming Council Session; that the pro- gramme of work of the Technical Committees should be based on these lists of problems (i) The Council decided that in view together with the recommendations from the of the FA0 program for expanding the previous Session and that provisional pro- .coverage and distribution of the Current grams including these two features should be Bibliography of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, submitted to the Council in Plenary Session. there was no necessity for the Council to continue its bibliographic activities in the field (vi) The Council resolved that in view of fisheries biology, marine science and fisheries of the fact that much of the Council's work is of technoIogy after the meeting of the Ninth a. continuing nature, it is felt desirable that Session, and that no further nominations'of delegations from Member Gavernments shouId Bibliographic Correspondents would be sought. include at least one member who has had pre- vious experience in CounciI Sessions. Member (ii) The Council recommended that, at Governments are accordingly requested to give the next Conference of the FAO, Member consideration to this matter when the question Governments might request FA0 to make a of appointing delegations to attend CounciI definite appropriation in respect of IPFC publi- Plenary Sessions or Technical Meetings is cations and that the members of the Council under review. should be advised of FAO's decision as early as possible before the next Plenary Session of The Council recommended that the pro- the existence of such an appropriation. The posal for inter session meetings shauld be Council in Plenary Session should then decide forwarded to Member Governments of the priorities of publication in respect of Council Council with indication of the administrative Documents. and financial implications. The Council i requested that the views of Member Govern- (iii) The Council adopted an amend- ments should be presented at the 9th Session of ment to the Agreement to permit the Council's the Council. Plenary Sessions to be held at intervals of two years. Tbe voting was as follows: 11 delega- The Council placed particular emphasis tions in favour; 1 against, with two com- on the need for continuity of representation munications in favor received in writing by the and strongly urged Member Governments to Secretariat ; 3 countries abstained from com- give serious consideration to the two proposals municating their opinions to the Council. The set out in Chapter 1, para 82 and ,86. 13 votes in favor of the amendment gave the The Council recommended that Delegates required majority. on retnrning to their respective countries, (iv) The Delegate for the Netherlands should emphasize particularly one or more of tabled a proposed amendment of the Agreement the Council's recommendation which they con- which would permit future amendments of the sider would be implemented by their Govern- Agreement to be passed on a basis of a two- ments and they should particularly seek thirds majority of Member Governments re- authorization and means to implement these presented at .a sSession. The Secretary was seIected recommendations. 2. Ipdo-Pacific Fisheries Year 7. Fish Culture in General The Council decided that the concept The Council stressed the importance of of a "particuIar year" be dropped from con- fish culture research in the region and recom- sideration, aqd the problem referred to the new mends that Member Governments be asked to Special Sub-committee on Statistics. In so consider how the work of the "Council might doing-, the Council expressed its adherence to be made more effective in this field and make the basic philosophy of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries proposals in this respect for consideration at Year, namely, that the collection of adequate the 9th Session of the Council. statistics is an urgent matter, and should be pursued with all possible speed by Member 8, Sod Composition in Fish Ponds Governments. The Council urges that India continues its work in this field and requests that the 3. Age Determination of Fish results obtained, together with information The Council hoped that member nations about techniques used, be reported to the 9th will report results in this area as their research Session of the Council. ,on age determination of fish is completed. 9. Intzoduction of Nan-Indigenous Fish 4. Standardization of Plankton Nets The Council recommends to Member Gover~mentsthat : The Council recommends that Marutoku 1. considerable research should be B-type nets be used during the period between carried out before any legislation the 8th and 9th Sessions of the Council to in respect of introduction of non- conduct experiments designed to obtain com- indigenous species of fish is enacted. parative data regarding the effectiveness of - * different kinds of plankton nets in catching If. research on Tilapia mossambica zoopIankton organisms, fish eggs and also 6sh- shouId be continued, both in fish larvae. The results of such experiments should- ~ondsand natural bodies of water, be reported to the 9th Session, at which time and the results reported to the next Council Session. the next step in standardization of sampling .*. gear shoilld be discussed. The mode of con- 111. where possible research should be ducting the experiments and a schedule of the undertaken on common carp minimum results required are given in Annex ( Cyprinus carpio ) with prticclar 2 of Chapter 2. attention to specification of the varieties dealt with and the coun- Member countries, such as the Philip- tries from which they originated, pines and U.S.A., who are already in possession with the aim of finding criteria to of comparative data, are requested to submit determine which variety is most an analysis of them to the 9th Session of the suitable for particular habitats. The Council. resilts should be reported to the 5. Menfifrcation of fish and plankton next Council Session. iv. research-should be continued on the The CounciI urged members who have spawning of Chinese Carp, with either not published lists so far, or have revised special reference to the production their earlier lists to submit copies to the of their fry. Biology Branch, Fisheries Division, FAO. 10. Weed Co~ltrof 6. Poptilation Dynamics The Council recommends that further The Council noted progress in popdation work be carried out to evolve a suitable and studies reported by some member countries, economic method of controlling growth of weeds all ~f which are requested to continue to in fish ponds. Interested Member Governments inform the Council of their work on fishing may study further or examine whether the grass and stock assessments, and particularly with carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus ) would be useful regard to river populations and cultivated in keeping down the growth of submerged stocks. aquatic weeds in their countries. Member Governments are requested to 15. Hilsa continue to report to the Council the results The Council proposed that Burma might of their work in this field until such time as reconsider setting up a research unit: at an the Council considers the time is appropriate early date. for a further general review of the matter. It is proposed that the Hilsa Sub- 11. Nutrition of Rsh under Cultivation Committee should continue its work along the lines laid down at previous CounciI Sessions, Papers on nutritive value of natural and artificial foods and quantities eaten by cultivated fish are solicited for the 9th- Session of the It is recommended that member countries Council. lishinp for Rastrelliger implement without delay the proposals contained therein for standard techniques of research on Rastrdige~. The Member Governments are requested to Council noted that these proposals are entirely submit reports on new developments in Chanos consistent with Article IT1 of the Council fisheries to the 9th Session of the Council. It Agreement. was decided, however, to suspend the activities All member countries. and esoeciaIIv of the Chanos Sub-committee pending promul- those having important fisher& or conducting gation by the Council of a plan of action with research on Mackerels, are requested to study regard to the broad problems of fish culture, the more general recommendation ( other than as suggested under that general heading in those dealing with subjects covered by separate this report. proposals in this report) contained in the report of the Training Center and report on the 13. Ever Basin Development feasibility of their implementation to the 9th The Council recommends that Member Session of the Council. Governments be apprised of the importance of Particular attention is drawn to the this problem. Surveys should be carried out proposal that participating countries should on notice being given of impending construc- send records of their length sampling operations tion of dams, and the sites should be cleared to tbe Council's Secretariat for compilation before water is allowed to accumulate, in order and publication in suitable manner. The form to facilitate subsequent exploitation of the given in the Training Center Report should be reservoir. The Council stressed the need for used for this purpose. continuing biological surveys after the compIe- tion of the project. Legislation should in each case be enacted to ensure that such surveys are The Council noted with considerable carried out, that their costs are borne by the interest the early results of experiments on Development Authority and that recommenda- artificial breeding of Mugil in Korea and solicits tions arising from them are given due and further reports at the 9th Session. proper consideration. The results of such surveys should provide the basis of action by 18. Study of Basic Productivity the Government Agency concerned, designed The Council recommends that Member Go- to protect existing fisheries or develop new vernments having facilities and staff available ones. The attention of Governments and at present for this work continue it and report International Agencies concerned is drawn for their progress at the 9th Council Meeting, in example, to this need with respect to the particular those aspects which bear on the lower Mekong Basin Development Project, problems of standardizing the method for which will affect the fisheries of four countries. routine use. 14. Water Pollution 19. Tuna The Council recommends that Member The Council recommends that Member Governments be urged to take early steps to countries continue to report to the Council enact legislative measures to protect the interests new developments in the status of tuna fisheries of the fisheries we11 in time. and research, and re&rms.its recommendation tbat the one-degree square should be the basic 24. Import of Fishing Gecu unit for the collection and presentation of tuna The Council recommended that due catch statistics. consideration should in future be given by 20. Beach Landing Crclft Governments to extending credit facilities for the purchase of modern gear. An account of the work done by FA0 in India and Ceylon on the development of 25. Certification of Fishing Gear mechanized beach landing craft d'esigned to The Council considered that it mas its pass through moderate surf was studied in the duty to point out to Member Governments form of Working Papers Nos. 5 and 27. It that the enforcement of many measures which was appreciated that work to date had been of rendered it necessary for fishermen to recruit a trial nature and, as further conclusions were certificated personnel from outside the fishing expected to be reached during the forthcoming industry not only tended to delay progress but inter-session period, it was decided that FA0 also introduced new social problems and was, should be requested to present its report at in any case, usuaIly unnecessary. the next session of the Council. The FA0 expert present explained how there is a vast 26. Food Technology Research difference between beach landing craft required The Council recommends to Member to pass through surf and the type of vessel Governments that prompt and adequate mea- required to be beached in sheltered bays or in sures should be taken to apply results of areas where there is little or only light surf; research in the industry. the latter class of boat being much cheaper to build. It was decided that the Council should 27. Sgoilaqe oi Dried Fish obtain from Member Governments an indica- It was observed that spoilage of dried tion as to whether they were interested in fish to a large extent could be avoided either beach landing and/or surf boats and, if by packaging dry fish in relatively moisture- so, details of the conditions under which such proof materials. In this connection, the Council craft would be required to be used. suggested that Member Governments might like to investigate the possibilities of using patafiin-iined paper bags or gunny sacks lined The Council decided to urge Member on the inside with bitumen. Governments to appoint suitable well-qualified men as Craft Technicians, in the establishments of their Fishery Departments, to carry out Recognizing that improper sanitation in this training work at the appropriate levels. the fish curing and drying prds in the region are responsible to a considerable extent for 22. New Gear the poor quality of the products, the Council The Council expressed the hope that recommended to the Member Governments to Member Governments would make available to encourage the fish curing yards to introduce their fishery workers the necessary funds simple and practical measures of sanitation. requirede to test light fishing and high opening 29. Fishery Products Manual trawls. The Council decided to concentrate 23, Symposium on Improved Types af Fiinq during the next inter-session period on the preparation of the Fishery Products Manual. The Council therefore decided that the It urged the Member Governments to cooperate Government of India should be approached with the Council and FA0 in this respect. with a request that, in all cases where the stencils are still available, further copies of the 30. St~tisticsTrcliniq Center papers of the Symposium on "Improved Types The Council therefore recommended of Fishing from Small Mechanized Boats " that the Member Goverhments take full ad- might be produced for distribution to Member vantage of the Fishery Statistics Training Governments. Center. It also urged the Member Govern- ments to utilize the services of the participants B. TO F.A.O. who will have been trained at this Center, in 1. Council Procedure the practical application of tbe sampling In connection with the coordination of techniques in their respective countries for work of the Technical Committees and Panels collection of statistics. and to ensure continuity through the inter- 31. Fiery Statistics session period and the succeeding session, the Council recommended for the attention of FA0 The Conncil suggested that Member that each Technical Secretary should be present Governments might consider the desirability at successive sessions of the Council. tbk of centralized colIection of statistics. It was If however specially stressed that &ch centralized could not be arranged, then it would be statistica1 organizations should have on their advantageous if the Staff member assigned as staffs, ofhers specially trained in the IcoIlection Technical Secretary for any inter-session period of fishery statistics and that such officers should could be present at the following session. be made available for collection of statistics in 2. Reierence Books fisheries in preference to those in other fields. The Council examined the draft of a The Council repeated its recommenda- section of the "Handbook of Field Methods tions to the Member Governments for imple- in Fisheries Biology " prepared by FA0 Fish- menting at least a minimum programme of eries Biology Branch, and suggested that statistics. although it is useful for such a book to contain 32. Caoperative Societies accounts of most well-tried methods, it should The CounciI urged Member Governments also give an indication of which method of to assist Fishermen's Cooperative Societies in several available for the same purpose is fulfilling the requirments of : recommended for general use, and might be adopted as a standard, at Ieasr provisionally. 1. Close cooperation of members. The account of stagdard methods of water 2. Efficient management. analysis circulated by FA0 to the committee 3. Economic turnover. during the inter-session period, for comment, by educating the fishermen and providing loans is very helpful; it should be generally dis- where necessary. Governments assisting these tributed, and might form a pattern for accounts societies should, however, exercise a minimum of methods in other 6eIds. It was suggested of control over them. that consideration be given by the authors of such accounts to the desirability of beginning The Council was of the view that where each with an introductory section dealing organization of Cooperative Societies for under- with the means of attacking particular pro- taking marketing of fish and fishery products blems, and grouping together the set of methods were not possible at present, the Government used in attempting to solve each probIem. might consider the promotion of autonomous bodies as a temporary measure to undertake The Council was informed of progress these activities untiI such time as the fishermen made by FA0 in preparation of other cornpila- organized themselves effectively. tions of methods. and discussed the wrocedure by which mimeographed drafts could be 33. Survey of Credit Facilities reviewed by the Council so that amendments The Council noted that the Factaal might be suggested which would make them Survey of Credit Facilities to Fishermen is not conform more closely to the Council's require- complete, since information has not yet been ments. It has been suggested that the Editor, furnished by some Member Governments. The should. for technical reviewine. enlist the aid Council decided to complete this report and of the most qualified and expGienced persons requested the Member Governments to furnish in each field, wherever they might be, and then, the required information expeditiousIp. The when their suggestions have been incorporated Council requested Member Governments to in the text, the revised draft should be submitted supply information on sources and terms of to the Chairman of the Council who would availabIe governmental .and non-governmental request, for each book, a person or group of credit facilities. persons, working within the Region, to study the draft with regard to its suitability for use check-list, (which should include names of all by the Council, and advise him accordingly. comniercialIy important aquatic animals) at These spggestions would then be forwarded least in draft form, before the 9th Session of to the Editor for incorporation in the published the Council. version. Notwithstanding the statement to the contrary contained in the Summary Report of 6. Bibliography the 7th Session of the Council, the Committee The Council recommended that FA0 wishes to record its unanimous belief that, should consider and take action to produce a such compilations of methods be called complete Bibliography covering Fisheries "Manuals", and to avoid further confusion the Science, Marine Biology, Statistics, Craft and term "Handbooks" be applied to compilations Gear, Technology, Processing, Marketing and of results, as is the common usage. Combina- Socio-Economics, and that the Organization tims of the two might be referred to as should take appropriate steps to coordinate " Reference books ". their activities in this regard with the United States Fish and Wild Life Service in connec- 3. Age Determination tion with the publication Commercial Fisheries The Council recommends that Biology Abstracts and current measures being taken Branch, Fisheries Division, Rome, be requested in respect of the American Bibliographies to proceed with a11 possible speed in the pre- related-to Inland Sports Fisheries. paration of a general review of age determina- tion with particular reference to tropical 7. Fish Culture poblems ; and recommends that the report Distribution by FA0 of the review by include the following :- E.D. Le Cren on the application of science Debition and discussion of the to inland fisheries is awaited with interest. applications of age and growth data to practical fishery problems. Certain recommendaticjns from the Train- Discussions of all possible methods ing Center are for action by FAO, and it is of age determination in the tropics. hoped that FA0 will be able to undertake With reference to (i) above, this work. descriptions of alternate methods The Council recommended, therefore, of solving problems that normally that consideration be given by the member require age and growth data for countries and by FA0 to finding means by their solution. which research workers, (including for conti- Clear definitions of areas for further nuity, at least some of the participants in the scientific investigation looking to- Center) can in about three years' time meet to wards solution of the basic problems. appraise the results obtained from the appiica- These will serve as guides to the tion of the proposed techniques of study. scientific programs of the several Such ,a meeting should be conducted as a member countries. workshop at which results would be compared and analped further if necessary. 4. Standardization of Plankton Studies The Council recommended that the report The Council recommended that. FA0 of the Training Center, with the relevant should make available prototypes of the simple sections of this report appended, be published modification of the Hardy PIankton Indicator, by FA0 as soon as possible and widely distri- in order that countries having opportunities buted within the region. It should also be to arrange for the use of such a gear by fishing 'sent to interested workers elsewhere, particu- vessels or other craft may construct copies of larly those concerned with Scombroid fishes. it locally. 9. Redoncd Office Staff 5. Indentifiation of Fish and PIdton The Council decided to ask FAO, if it The Council requests the Fisheries could. explore ways and means of increasing Division of FA0 to publish its proposed the establishment of the Regional Office in Bangkok by the appointment of one further in progress in India ( Bombay ), Hong Kong Fisheries Officer who might be expected to and Malaya. The Council recommended that specialize on craft and gear. the study in these countries should be completed and that further extension should be considered 10. World risking Boat Conmess after a report on this study has been examined. The Council decided that the Secretariat The Council also emphasized the necessity of should write to Member Governments enquiring close collaboration between Universities and whether it was their intention to send a other institutions with the Fishery Departments representative to the 2nd World Fishing Boat in pursuing this study. Congress and if so, whether it would be 15. of possible for the officer concerned to keep a Survey Credit Facilities watcbing bnef on the interests of the Council. The Council requested PA0 to make a suitable questionnaire relating to non-govern- 11. Book on hat Construction mental sources of credit available to Member At the previous session of the Council, Governments at an early date. FA0 had been requested to study the possibi- lity of producing a reference book on the 16. Fish Marketing -techniques of construction of small fishing boats. The Council requested FA0 to organize The FA0 o%cers present at the current session a short Training Center for experienced explained how although there is already a fisheries officers directly connected with fish considerable amount of literature availabIe, marketing in the member countries. none of this has yet been incorporated in a book. The acquisition of funds and, also the C. E~CUTlVECOMMKIEE period of time required, for producing such a AND SECRETAFKAT book would present problems. The Council accordingly decided instead to request FA0 to 1. Technical Committee Meetings release whatever materia1 it may have, if- The Council recommended that the necessary, in mimeograph or pamphlet form. Secretariat should be instructed to explore ways and means to ensure that the Technical Committees and Special Sub-committees should The Council therefore directed the meet at least once between plenary sessions. Secretariat to take adequate measures for the It was also proposed that the possibility eariy publication of a comprehensive report on of holding sub-regional meetings should be Boiled Fish in cooperation with FAO. explored. 13. Preliminary FIsher~Surveys It was agreed that the views of Member The Council requested FA0 to ensure Governments should be sought and the Secretary a wider distribution of this handbook on should prepare a digest of these opinions which Preliminary Fishery Surveys and the Member would be cir~ulated to the Governments Governments to promote its use, wherever concerned. possible. It further requested the FA0 to 2. Fmancial and Budset Resort establish direct contact with the fishery workers in the region to ascertain their The Council decided that a Statement experiences in the use of this handbook. of the Estimated Expenditure of the Council for the period folbwing a proposed Plenary 14. Middleman Session should be circulated to Member Govern- Examining the Report on the function ments along with the proposed Agenda for the of the middleman contained in Volume 2 of Plenary Session not less than 60 days in advance the Report on the International Training of this Session. Center on Fishermen's Cooperatives and Ad- This estimated expenditure should be ministration, the Council expressed the view annotated giving as far as possible a detailed that the Report is primarily based on prelimi- analysis of expenditure under the four main nary observations made during a study currently items and it should be pointed out that such expenditure proposals might be subject to financia1 and administration implications, to modification by the Council in Plenary Session Member Governments and request that their in accordance with further information which views should be presented at the 9th Session. might then be available for presentation to the Council by the Secretariat. 4. Pre-Session Technical Committee Meetings The Council recommended that the The Council directed the Secretary to Budget Estimated for 1960-61should be presented explore the possibility of arranging for meetings to the Director-General, FAO. . of the Technical Committees to commence a few days in advance of the first plenary meeting The Council instructed the Secretariat of each Council Session in order to review to seek ways and means of reducing expendi- work and finalize the report on the Technical ture in connection with interpretation services, Committees' activities conducted during the wbere possible, through the employment of inter-session period. locally available interpreters. Provision should nevertheless be made for expenditure adequate The Council considered that this pro- to ensure the employment of overseas inter- cedure would enable the Committees to give preters if such local interpreters were not more detailed attention to the items on their available. respective agendas during the Council Session and in this way, increase the efficiency of the The Council considered that if the Committees' operations. proposal for inter-session Technical Committee Meetings was acceptable to Member Govern- 5. Time and Place of Kulth Seasion ments, provision should be made for Council No invitation having been received from expenditure in connection therewith and that Member Governments, the matter was referred such expenditure might in practice be covered to the Executive Committee in accordance by savings effected by the utilization of local with the provisions of the Rules of Procednre, interpretation services. Section 11. The Council adopted a recom- mendation that the Ninth Session should be Symposium held during the last quarter of 1960. The Council decided that the Symposium subject for the Ninth Session should be "How 6. Participation in International Meetings to formulate programs of fisheries research and The Council noted that included in technological improvements particuiarly in fish IPFC/C58/WP 22, Schedule of Meetings of handling required for the implementation of interest to IPFC, were meetings in which the national policies for fisheries development, and Council could profitably participate through methods of assessing progress on these programs." appointment of observers wherever possible. The Council instructed the Secretariat In this regard the Council directed the Secreta- to render all possible assistance to the Convenor riat to circuhize the Member Governments ( Mr. D.J. Gates) in the preparation of the with the reports of such observers including a Symposium. list of documents presented and discussed at the concerned meetings. Member Governments hendment to the Agreement could then directly contact the organizers of The Delegate for the Netherlands tabled the meetings to obtain documents in which a poposed amendment of the Agreement which they might be interested. would permit future amendments of the Agree- ment to be passed on a basis of a two-thirds 7. Princijdes of Fisheries Policy majority of Member Governments represented The CounciI requested the Secretariat to at a Session. The Secretary was instructed prepare a questionnaire on this subject for to circularize Member Governments on this consideration by Member Governments and on matter. a basis of the replies to this questionnaire, Occasional Paper 57/3 and Addenda and such 3. Inter-session Technical Committee Meetings other information as could be made available The Council instructed the Secretary to to prepare a draft for submission to Member transmit this proposal, with an indication of Governments. be given to the discussions taking place outside The Council noted with pleasure that this Council with regard to the compilation UNESCO had made available a grant sufficient of oceanographic data on a world basis, and to cover the cost of 12 Marutoku B type the Secretary is asked to prepare a report on zooplankton nets. The Secretazy was instructed progress in this fieId for consideration at the to obtain these nets and send one to each 9th Session of the Council. member country which is not already in pos- session of such a net, and which will be able to use it, either for comparison with other The 9th Session of .the Council should kinds of gear during the next inter-session consider the inclusion of sardine studies on period, or lacking such other gear, to begin the agenda of Technical Committee I, and it plankton survey work. The ne@ should be is hoped the Report of the sardine meeting sent directIy to the persons at addresses listed would be available as a methodological guide. in Annex I to this report, together with an explanation of the recommended mode of use. The Council examined WP 13, Projects and Proposals relating to If FC Region and was The Council deems it desirable to see unable to express an opinion on the projects as the Rice Field Fish Culture Sub-committee the supporting documents were not available. strengthened through the eflective participating The Council directed the Secretariat to keep in its work of other member countries at present Member Governments apprised of developments. practising rice field culture, and instructed the D. secretary to solicit nominations from the Mem- TECHNICAL COMMITTEES ber Governments concerned. - Recommendations relating to the subject matter for consideration by Technical Com- mittees I and I1 and their res~ective~anels The Secretary was instructed to enquire and for the special sub-~omrnikeesare con- from member countries what other data are in tained in Chapters 2 and 3 of this Report. existence and which have not been published or exchanged between member countries, and E. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE to report on the possible ways through which Recommendations adopted by the Council dissemination of this data to intended parties in relation to technical assistance are contained could be achieved. Due consideration should in Chapter 5 of this Report. CHAPTER 7 REPORT ON THE STATUS OF THE INDUSTRY

A. General ...... 125 B. Countries ...... J 126

Anstralia ...... 126 Papua and New Guinea ...... 121 Burma ...... 12'7 Cambodia ...... 127 Ceylon ...... 127 French Territories I South Pacific) ...... 128 India ...... 129 Indonesia ...... 129 Japan ...... 132 Korea ...... 134 Federation of Malays ...... 140 Netherlands Territories ...... 155 Pikistan ...... - 155 Phidippines ...... 157 Thailand ...... 157 United Kingdom ...... ;...... 158

Brunei ...... 158 Sarawak ...... 158 North Borneo ...... 158 Hong Kong ...... 159 Singapore ...... 159

U.S.A. (Pacific Territories) ...... 160 Vietnam ...... 161 REPORT ON THE STATUS OF THE INDUSTRY

The Secretariat's report on the Status of the Industry is one of the basic documents for consideration at each session of the Council Throughout 'the region, there has been increasing interest in mechanization of fishing and Member Governments have, from time to extension time, been requested to supply information in craft, the introduction and of the connection with. modern developments and with use of improved methods of fish catching acd current problems reIated to rhe fisheries in- in the training of fishermen. dustries of their countries. Developments in the biological field, parricularIy in relation to research have not Owing to xestricted travel budgets, it is generally been extensive and it has become seldom possible for the Regional Officers to clearly evident that in the majority of coun- complete visits to all countries within the tries, the bias of the Government policy is Region during any given inter-session period. towards exploitation and utilization. Hence for up-to-date information the oflice is compelled tw rely on data presented by Member This is understandable in so far as in all countries in the region, there have been Governments. steady population izcreases and the demaad Much of this data is of course available for protein has increased accordingly. This in departmental and institutional annual reports. increased protein demand has not been met, However since in the majority of cases, these on a regional basis, by the increased prodttction are delayed at least one year in obtaining either of fish or of protein derived from agri- approval and in publication and distribution, cultural sources. the data presented therein is frequently obsolete - Xt appears fairIy clear that in all countries by the time the report is received in the the main factor retarding appreciable expansion Secretariat. in fishing activities and hence in fisheries production has been that of finance. Govern- Some Member Governments have been ments are rarely in the positi an of providing generous in supplying the RegionaI Fisheries even interest-bearing loans of the magnitude Office with regular progress reports in connec- which could be absorbed by the fisheries tion with their fisheries and these are extremely industry, apart from the very reaI problem ai valuable in preparing this important back- organizing the necessary administrative services ground paper. to operate such a loan system. Despite the Council's requests, for Within the industry itself, the demand for official statements indicating the current progress fishing boat engines, mechanized equipment for within the industry, during the past inter- gear handling, the provision of supplies of session period, the response has been extremely synthetic fibers for nets and the establishment poor adoficial statements have been received of shore faciIities for fish handling and storage only from Korea, Federation of Malaya, Hong is increasing annually. Kong, North Borneo and Singapore. In certain countries, emphasis is being However, on the basis of the report.3 of placed on the production of luxury items such Technical Committees and replies received from as crayfish, shrimp and oysters for export to Governments in connection with the activities foreign countries with the consequent improve- within the various fields covered by the Tech- men: in the foreign exchange position. nical Committees, valuable information has been In the secondary phase of the fisheries received. This information is consolidated in industries, the outstanding need is for systems the reports of the Technical Committee I and of quality improvement and within this 11 ( IPFC/C58/WP 18 and IPFC/C58lWP 6 ) and generalized subject fall such ~roblerns as except where official reports are contained improvements of marketing and transport faci- herein, the material so presented has not been lities, greater ice supplies and increased cold- duplicated in this document. storage capacity. In fish processing. some improvements are already being effected, mainly of 1.2 million Ib. was more than double that of at the commercial level, in canneries and the previous year. establishments producing fermented fish sauce and fish paste. Again in 2956-57 only three fishes formed 10 or more of the total marine fish catch : Extra-territorial markets for marine products, particularly the luxury items mentioned Ib. above, appear to be expanding and this fact is Aust. Salmon 12,141,678 well recognized by governments within the Mullet 11,244,208 region when formulating fisheries development Shark 7,7f3,931 policies and program. The interesting feature of the list is the dispIacement of muIIet from its usual first AUSTRALIA place by Australian Salmon. It was a bumper salmon year and the 12.1 million lb. catch Australian marine and fresh water fisheries compares with 7.6 million Ib. in 1955 -56. production in 1956-57 totalled 116,309,669 lb. The mullet and shark catches were steady. (52,868 metric tons, compared with 47,644 tons the previous year). %Marine % + or - Fish Catch 1955-56 Tbe 1956-57 total comprised ( Ib.) : Aust. Salmon 17 + 59 Marine Fish 71,812,901 Mullet 16 - 5 Crustweans 24,816,216 Shark 11 - 3 Mollusks 17$30;172 Fresh Water Fish 1,850,380 Of the three chief trawled fishes, morwong was up from to 2,712,715 Ib. to 3,895,605 Ib., Compared with 1955-56, the marine fish and flatbead from 4,958,097 lb. to 5,014,605 Ib. catch was up approximately 14 crustaceans The nannygai catch which, when there were slightly down, mofiasks slightly up and hsh onb four Sydney-based steam trawlers left water fish slightly down. operating in 1955-56, fell (bv 50 comnared with 1954-55) to 495,153 -1b. dropped to The greater marine fish catch was due to 437,424 Ib. increases of appfoxirnately 38 in South Australia, 36 in Victoria, 28 in New South Wales, and 13 The erratic barracouta catch was one- in Tasmania. third greater than the previous year. Here is how the couta catch has varied in the last six These States all had a very good year. years : In New South Wales the bigger catch was due mainly to an increase of 4,000,000 Ib. in the Ib. motor trawler catch. 1951152 9,892,102 New South Wales, the predominant 52/53 9,469,114 fishing State, produced approximately 36 53154 5,2612'77 of the Australian fisheries catch and Western 54155 5,626,676 Australia 17 But about 24 of New South WaIes 55/56 3,450,311 production was oysters, which are farmed, 56/57 4,602,850 and half the Western Australian catch was crayfish for export. About one third of the The tuna catch of 2,261,117 Ib. was a South Australian catch and one-Mth of the record. It was almost a11 taken in New South Tasmanian were crayfish. Wales ( 1,682,769 lb.) and South Australian (490,000 fb). A breakdown of the species Of the 24.8 million Ib. crustacean catch, taken in New South Wales is not available. three - quarters was crayfish and one-fifrh The South Australian catch was all Southern prawns. Bluefin. Of 17.8 million Ib. rnoIlusk production, The shore-based whaling industry entered 60 was oysters (almost all New South Wales) its tenth year of operation in June 1958, with and 40 was scallops (83 Tasmanian and 17 assets estimated to be M2,250,000 and annual Queensland). The Queensland scaIlop catch output of products in excess of A.&2 miIIion. Pearl and Trochus shell production The development of fisheries cooperatives- decreased from 5,047,520 lbs. in 1955-56 to producer and marketing has been in progress 5,042,035 lbs., in 1956-57. for some years under the aegis of the Department of Cooperatives and Commodity Supplies. State fisheries departments are conducting research with the biology and occurrence of No adequate organization exists for several species of fish of considerable commer- collecting fisheries production statistics nor is cial importance, including grey mullet, red there 8 comprehensive coverage of men, boats snapper, school mackerel and tuna. and gear engaged. Programs for the development and exten- The CSIRO Division of Fisheries and sion of fish culture have been in operation for Oceanography is concentrating the great part of some years but no assessment of the current its research facilities on extended oceanographi- situation is available. cal studies and research with fish physiology and behaviour. A Colombo Plan expert is engaged in a small program of craft mechanization and Investigations in connection with whaling the training of operatives in engine operation and the pearl she11 fishery are being undertaken and maintenance. by the Division of Fisheries, Department of Primary Industry. The production of trawl-caught fish from the Gulf Martaban appears to be increasing as the early consumer resistance to marine fish is PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA being overcome. A promising start in inland fish culture has been made, initially at the subsistance and CAMBODIA village levels, but with the possibility of Action now being taken to deveIop new extension into commercial fields. and improved harbor facilities at Kompong Sam - - is expected to assist in the development of the The Administration is conducting a marine fisheries. From a pre-war estimate of series of fishing experiments designed to about 10,000 metric tons annually, production demonstrate the commercial fisheries potential is believed to have declined to not more than of the waters of the Coral Sea and to attract 5,000 metric tons at present. private enterprise into the industry, Inland fisheries also are believed to have The demonstration is being conducted declined to a small portion of the pre-war level, by the m.v. TAGULA a 60 ft. research vessel, particularly in the region of the Grand Lac. fitted with modern navigational and fishing Surveys being undertaken at present, both the aids, and equipped with a 5-ton capacity larger Mekong River Basin Development Project refrigerator, with an additional 5 tons of non- and a smaller survey directly concerned with refrigerated holding space. the fisheries of the Grand Lac (Tonle Sap ) are expected to yie@ information as to the causes of this decline in and to suggest means for re-establishing these fisheries. Eocal administration of the fisheries A statement of the development pro- industries remains in the hands of provincial gram of the Service Natio~aldes Peches was administrative officers. Technological deve!op- issued in IPFC Occasional Paper 5713. ment and extension service in a11 phases of the industry is largely the responsibility of the CEYLON Fisheries Division of the Land and Rural Development Corporation. The Government's program for fisheries development is proceeding steadiiy. Considera- The Government has recognized the ble advances in the development of improved importance of establishing a Fisheries Depart- road facilities from the coast inland, the removal ment but it is unlikely that finance will be of rocks and reefs which interfere with iishing available for such an undertaking for some time operations,'the establishment of a Fishermen's to come. Accident Compensation Scheme and coordina- tion with other departments for the continuation The introduction of fishing gear made of an Air-Sea Rescue Service have been from synthetic fibers has developed at such a satisfactorily developed. rapid pace that importers ran out of stocks. Steady progress has been made in Shipping difficulties have created an acute mechanization of fishing craft. VaDams which shortage of this type of gear and during the were modified to take in engines are now being past few months the supply has not been designed for the installation of engines. This sufficient to cope up with the demand. type of craft is yet restricted to the Northern The Cold Storage Plant at Mutwal is now part of the Island. It is intended to fish the in full operation. It has a freezing capacity of Pedro Banks with these vallams. Several 12 tons per day and a holding capacity of 500 outrigger canoes have been successfully mecha- tons of frozen fish; 104 tons of block ice are nized with outboard engines. The new interest- also produced daily. free loan scheme recently autlrorized permits the granting of loans witgout any form of SOUTH PACIFIC FBIENCH TERRZTOmS security for the purchase of mechanized boats, fishing gear and payment of insurance premiums. Fishing in New Caledonia is at present Loans up to Rs, 15,0001- are granted to selected confined to activities directed towards the supply full-time fishermen and are repayable, in the of fresh fish consumption by a population hardly case of boats, in 5 years and in the case of exceeding f30,000. These activities are limited fishing gear in 2 years. A parallel scheme for in fact to supplying fish to the population of the issue of loans for engines only is also in Noumea and its surrounding areas (about operation. 25,000), the rest of the island being suppIied from some other sources. ConsequentZy, such a The training program for Government small scale operation cannot yield precise statis- Fisheries Officers of the Extension service has Tics, taking also into account the scattered continued to develop. At the completicln of condition and the low importance of the sources their training period they are attached to the of production and saIes organizations. OnIy several fishing craft operated by the Department. small quantities of fish not consumed fresh are These fishing craft are sent to various fishing salted and smoked. Almost everywhere fishing new villages for practical demonstrations of is done by angling among the coral reefs. This methods of fishins Fishermen from these fact implies that improvement in the situation villages are taken okin the boats and taught to can be expected only in the development of operate the gear. They are given full travelhg commercial fishing, together with a suitabIe expenses and also given a part of the catch as export outlet. compensation for loss of fishing time. Fisher- men who obtain loans for the purchase of Such development has already taken mechanized craft and those who purchased place in the Franco-English Condominium of mechanized craft are also given special training New Hebrides ( Santo Island) in the form of a by officers of the Department before they fishing, canning and export enterprise by joint commence actual fishing operations. Franco-Japanese and Anglo-Japanese Companies, with a fleet of 8 Japanese longliners, a cold In addition to the above, social security store in the process of enlargement, a canning services including housing facilities and other factory under construction, a wharf, a slip, a assistance is being extended through the 0 smokehouse and various installations. The fishermen's communities. precise annual production is not known since

The Statistical Service and the Research. ... the first year's work of the enterprise bas not Organization are maintaining their programs of pet ended and sime the fleet of fishing boats activities. has increased from 3 in the beginning to 8 at present and is likely to reach a size of 2,000 Considerable development in the esploi- tons. No statistics on this activity are as yet ration of fisheries of inland waters is takiqg available. place and there has been extensive development in fish culture operations inchding the stocking In French Oceania, maicly Tahiti, the of impounded waters with several species of fishing industry is practically of the same level edible fish. as in New Caledonia, with the difference that it concentrates more on coastal tuna and skipjack INDONESIA fishing. These fish have just made their Introduction appearance in the Noumea Market. It is noted that the population's consumption is much During the present inter-session period, greater and that the Papeete market retails 500 the Republic of Indonesia has been striving for to 1,000 tons of fish yearly for a population improvements both in the technical field as well amreciablv smaller than that of Noumea. This as in the provision of material for the purpose &h is cohsumed fresh and not chilled or of increasing the fish production and thus help frozen, the deliveries being made daily. to overcome the problem of food shortage. Indonesia's general condition at present, which is unfavorable, hampers the efforts of sohg mm this food problem. In spite of all these diffi- Research in all aspects of'fisheries has culties, however, noticeable progress has been continued at a high level. Of particnlar interest made in the attempts at improving the fisheries. is the application of the pituitary-gland extract The Government and the people realize injection system which has been found success- that the country's natural structure is such that fully to induce spawning in several of the both sea and inland fisheries are important species of "major carps". Refinements of resources for the population's welfare. techniques are being developed. L 4 Fish seed" handlings, including fry and eggs now exceed 11 million annuaIly for distri- Compared with the 1956 sea fishery pro- bution to under-supplied areas. This " fish drrction of 419,000 tons, the 1957 production of seed " is however taken from natural spawning 400,000 tons shows a decrease of 5 %. This grounds. decreased production is partly caused by the late Total fish production exceeded one million season and partly by the many rains during the metric tons in 1956 and there are indications $skiing season. that production is being maintained at s high The production of inland fisheries, which levei. Exploratory fishing is continuing in mounted to 296,026 tons in 1956 was increased many areas and new and productive grounds are to 321,230 tons in 1957, which means an increase being discovered, while known grounds are of 8 %. This increase is a result of the improve- being subjected to a higher degree of exploita- ment of the fish ponds and of the enlargement tion as new fishing methods are introduced and of the fish breeding area. Thus, the total fish developed and the craft mechanization pro- production in 1957 bas increased by 16,204 tons grams advances. or approximateIy 2.15 %, compared with that of previous year. Although an increase has been The Government, on its own initiative recorded, fishery officials are still dissatisfied and also with assistance of FA0 and TCM is with the results and they hope to make a higher increasing its fisheries training program, increase percentage in the years to come. offering facilities for elementary and advanced training in many aspects of fisheries biology and Tecbnicul Training technology. As the shortage of officials with technical With a well-established program covering knowledge is strongly felt in Indonesia, technicaI the biological aspects of Gsheries, Iodia is now training forms one of the main issues. For expanding its program in connection .with this reason much attention and efforts have been advances in fisheries technology and steps are given to this item. being taken to achieve closer coordination betweencentral and State Governments fisheries During the reported period a few new programs. schools were established, such as : 1. The school for inland fishery " rnantris" Statistical services and research are ( field workers ) at : reaching a high level and particular attention has been given to the development and applica- (a) Singaradja for the Nusa Tenggara tion of adequate sampling techniques in zones Province. of the industry, where complete statistical ( b ) Bandjarmasin for the South Kali- coverage is not as yet practicable. mantan Province. ~akass&for the South East Sula- The Inland Fisheries have applied 3 wesi Province. Iiliput dredgers for the repair of supply canals. Kotaagung for the South Sumatra Two of the dredges are placed in the East Java bandeng-culture center l Gresik and Sidoard jo ) Province. , and the other one at Indramaju ( West Java 1. These schools provide a one year training to students after their primary school education. Nearly all of the students become officials after their training. The Inland Fisheries is already in the possession of a new inland fisheries laboratory 2. Senior High School _forInland Fisheries. in Bogor, whereas the sea fisheries s&rvice is It is a &year course and is for junior intending to build a technological laboratory in high school graduates. For the first couple Djakarta. Besides, inland fisheries circles have of years to come, this school will only erected experimental stations at Sengkang educate people for the middle rank (Sulawesi Selatan and Tenggara Province ) and positions at the Inland Fisheries. experimental fish ponds at Depok, near Djakarta. The Sea Fisheries attach more weight to New bandeng ponds have also been made in the courses and training of cadres in the Belawan area (East Sumatra), at Kota Agung following fields : ( South Sumatra ) and at Pagetan ( South Kali- Biology mantan 1. Extension work The bandeng fry for Sumatra was sent directly from Java, whereas that for South Technology Kalimantan was obtained from the Straits of Mechanized fishing Macassar. Courses for engine drivers and By the Sea Fisheries, vatious researches shippers have been made, such as longline, shrimp Additional course for office adminis- trawl, tuna, purse seine, otoshi-ami and rnuro- tration. mi fishing. New Junior Fisheries High Schools have Research work in the field of fish con- been established in Menado ( North Sulawesi 1 servation has been done as usual. Mr. T.H. and Ambon (Moluccas ) beside the already Butler, of the FA0 Dr. Ichsan El Rawi and existing fisheries school in Tegal (Java ). Dr. Oey Kam Nio have rendered valuable as- Besides establishing the above-mentioned sistanc&in this research work. The research schools and courses both the Inland Fisheries on agar-agar from all over Indonesia has been and the Sea Fisheries have sent fisheries workers started with the help of the Research Bureau abroad ( Canada, Japan, Australia, U.S.A. 1 under of Cronulla (Australia 1. the foreign aid program as well as on the State's An extensive Model Fishing Community initiative, for practical training as well as for Development project was nearing completion academic study, And in conclusion, the sea at Kota Baru, Sauth-east Kalimantan at the fisheries has welcomed the arrivals of Messrs. end of 1957 and will provide modern facilities L.E. Wakefield of the USOM and Tatsuzo in a11 phases, production, handling and pro- Tonomura, Japanese Cannery Technician, who cessing of the industry. Training facilities have been appointed to assist the Indonesian are included and essential community services Government in the feld of Fisheries Tekhnology. such as water supply and electricity are being provided, The Sea Fisheries has been continuing Experimental and exploratory fishing for the construction and the distribution of mecha- tuna and shrimp is being continued and the nized fishing boats to the fishermen. Progress extension services aimed at increasing f he of in the fish production as a result of mechaniza- supply fish by inland and brackish water tion has been achieved after a period of fishculture are being maintained at a high level. experiments. People's requests for mechanized An extended program of training in fishing boats have exceeded the Government's fisheries technology and biology as well as capacity to supply them. instruction in navigation and engine repair and maintenance is being implemented. Advantage By the end of 1957,251 fisheries coopera- has been taken of facilities provided by FAO, tives with over 35,000 rnnnbers had been UNESCO, Colombo Plan and ICA to obtain advanced training in GSheries subjects for registered with assets exceeding two million selected Government officers. rupiahs.

INDONESIAN STATEMENT ON THE NON-PARTICIPATION IN THE INDO-PACIFIC FISHERIES YEAR

The Government of Indonesia had the These obstacles are among others : honor to emphasize the importance of the establishment of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Year (a) the amount of available skiIIed or (IPFY trained personnel, to carry out this 1 together with other member countries important work, which covers the_, during the VIIth IPFC Session in Bandung in - entire waters of Indonesia with its? continuation of the 1955 Session held in Tokyo. coastal Iength of not less than three A minimum program for the realization times the equator, is far from suf- of the IPFY was born in Bandung. After the ficient to meet this requirement ; Bandung Session was over, Indonesia as a (b) the communication between the member country undertook initial steps, islands is quite difficult, so that in ", directed to the arrangements of the Trograrn, order to carry out these efforts, a by discussing this important problem with the period of more than one year is authorities concerned, which resuIted in certain needed. There are also certain programs to be carried out. areas which are yet to be serviced A minimum program in the framework of by the various services concerned the IPFY has been composed during the VIIth with this gigantic work ; IPFC Session in Bandung, which covered the ( c 1 the domestic situation in 1958 did following items (a) total fish production of a not aIlow the execution of these country, computed regionally by suitable sampl- activities. ing techniques or by total enumeration when possible, together with break-up of fish landings As a result of the above-mentioned indicating the major commercial species and di6culties which could not be surmounted types of fishing techniques employed, ( b ) total within this year, the Indonesian Government fishing population ( with separate figures for has been actuated to make the following active adult fishermen ), and ( c fishing craft statement: and gear employed in fishing with their ,dis- ( I) Indonesia deeply appreciates the tribution. This program was to be commenced efforts of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries where possible by the 1st of July 1957, but in Council in the field of the IPFY. any case was not to be delayed beyond January (2) All attempts have been made, but 1958. However, for Indonesia, to obtain the Indonesia has been only able to necessary statistical data a more intensive take the initial steps in 1958, so observation effort is required. that this year for Indonesia does It is to be regretted, that in her further not form a year of practice in the attempts Indonesia had to face enormous pro- layout of the IPFY. blems, so difficult to be overcome, that she was ( 3 1 For domestic use, these preparatory compelled not to take part in this important efforts will be maintained and will effort by not carrying out the IPFY in practice. be further carried out Indonesia is anxious to take part Of extreme importance to fish culturists in the following IPFY, since 1958 in South East Asia has been the development has been declared as the first of a technique for the artificial propagation of IPFY by the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Chinese, SiIver and Grass Carp, Refinements Council. of techniques are required, but the work, com- menced 14 years ago, will result in improved Indonesia directs her thoughts to supplies of eggs and fry of these important the coming 1962 Agricultural pond fish. Census, which will be organized by FA0 and which accordingly The total fish production in Japan (except might become an exp'edient solution for whale catches) that maintained an annual level of 4.50 -4.9 million tons for several years for the IPFY problems. in the past, reached in 1957 5.4 million tons, or The facts have shown, that however about 13 per cent above the previous year, minimum the IPFY program may be, as has which breaks a11 the previous records in prewar been arranged at the Bandung Session, Indo- and postwar days. nesia needs comprehensive preparations, for An increased production was seen in by carrying out the program even a little almost all fish species ; especially, the catches inaccurately just in one district of Indonesia of anchovy, mackerel-pike, squid and horse only, it will be suficient enough to upset the mackerel recorded a striking increase, more whole scheme and to decrease the important than 20 per cent above the previous year. The purpose of the IPFY. catches, by coastal fisheries ran up into some It is accordingly to be fuIly regretted, that 2.6 million tons, those by off-shore fisheries, Indonesia is not in a position to take part in into some 1.9 million tons and those by high- the XPFY business in 1958 and that she is seas fisheries into some 0.9 million tons which only limited to tbe preliminary and initial steps show an increase by 13 per cent, 16 per cent of the whole program. The achievements of and 10 per cent above 1956 respectively. The other member countries which have already majm types of fisheries wbich ~layedan im- portant role in such increased production are made certain contributions towards the imple- squid angling, small type trawl fishing and fish mentation of this important and valuable work, culture industry in coastal waters; mackerel- will be of great value in determining our steps pike stick-held dip net fishery, two-boat sur- in the future. rounding fisheries, salmon drift-net fishery and mackerel pole and line fishing in off-shore waters; and skipjack pole and line fishing, tuna Maintaining her immense production of longline fishing, factoryship type tuna^ and over four and three quarters million metric tons, salmon 6sheries in high seas. Among these Japan is seeking every avenue to develop and types, the catches by mackerel pike stick-held improve her fisheries. Technological research dip net fishery amounted to 0.7 million tons or into improvements in craft, gear and methods 29 per cent above the previous year, chiefly is being maintained at a high level under a new because of the gmd migration of stock and the Fisheries Development PIaa designed to carry high efficiency of production by large fishing through until 1975 and incorporating m&sures craft of 30 - 50 tons. for the stabilization of Iiving con'ditions of The outlook of this year, 1958, again farmers, forestry workers and fishermen through seems very bright, became an increased pro- increased production and increased earnings. duction has already been registered horn the The five year program of exploratory beginning of the year in regard to skipjack, fishing in the warm Tsu-shima Current will be anchovy, horse mackerel, mackerel and mackerel- completed this year and the final report is pike; and it is expected that the total fish awaited with interest. The results obtained production will exceed the record in 1957 by have been published for use by the fishing some 10 per cent. industry from time to time and have been of The fishing fleet as of the end of 1937 considerable value in increasing production for consisted of 403,000 vessels ( 1,572,600 gross the area traversed by tbe current. tons 1, of wbich 26,300 non-powered boats ( 12,500 tons and 2,400 powered boats ( 3,400 the canned products of whale, squid, mackerel- tons 1 were operated in inland waters; 219,800 pike, mackerel, and sardine, all of which are non-powered boats ( 216,800 tons ) and 154,600 popular fish and are harvested in great quantity. powered boats (1,340,000 tons) fished in the The production of fish sausage in 1957 amounted sea. In comparing the fleet in 1957 with that to some 37 thousand tons, or 47 oer cent above in 1966, a 4 per cent decrease is seen in the the previous year, or 9 times increase compared number of boats and 20 per cent increase in the with that in 1954. This shows that a gradual total tonnage; namely, in inland waters 5 per change has recentiy occurred in the structure cent decrease in the numbei and tonnage of of people's consumption and the demand for non-powered boats, but 8 per cpnt and 6 per fisheries products according to the moderniza- cent increase in the number and tonnage of tion of their mode of living, and that the powered boats respecti~ely,whiler,in the sea 6 increased demand for comparatively highly per cent and 9 per cent decrease in the number processed products such as fish cake and canned and tonnage of non-powered boats respectively, products bas establisbed s brn and steady but 3 per cent increase and 4 per cent increase condition in the consumption of Gsh. in the number and tonnage of powered boats The exports of fisheries products in 1457 respectively, This increase in the number of constituted ody 8.4 per cent of the total yearly powered boats of over 200 tons as we11 as in the number of powered boats of 0 - 5 to&-and 50 - 99 amount of fisheries production. Compared with tons operated in the sea on the one hand and the previous year, the exports of frozen tuna the decrease in the number of dl other hats showed an increase by 28 per cent, those of on the other hand show an increasing trend of canned products no change, and those of salted the motorization of non-powered vessels and or dried- products a decrease by 6 per cent; on the enlargement of fishing boats. the whole, almost the same as in the previous year, But this year is expected to have a With regard to the equipment of fishing brighter autIook because the exports of frozen boats, more Diesels are being used by small tuna and canned salmon have already shown a boats, and more superchargers are being in- very favorable tone from the beginning. stalled in Iarge and medium sized ing boats equipped with wireless now number As mentioned above, the fish production 154,500, and almost all fishing boats, except for of Japan in recent years maintains a high level. those being operated in coastal waters, are and has a bright prospect of promotion in the provided with wireless stations. Other fishing future. The causes of such favorable condi- gear and aids such as synthetic Gber nets and tions may include not only the recent good ropes, radio buoys, fish finders, direction finders, condition of popular fish migrations, but alscl radars, lorans, etc. of increasing importance for the improvement of hhing boats, the moder- fishing and navigation are widely used by nization of the means of production, the posi- fishing boats as far as the fisheries management tive efforts of fishermen together with the permits. promotive measures of the Government. But the producer price of catches which began to With regard to the consumption of fish- decline Iast vear still continues its downward eries products in 1957, of the total amount of tendency thoLgh the price of fishing materials consumption, 6 per cent was allocated to does not show such sharp downward movement. feeding uses, and 94 per cent to food. Tliere is an increasing trend of allocating them to food Besides, tightness in the money market is now. Of the total amou~ltof food consumption, forcing fishermen to rely strongly on funds 63 per cent was used as raw material of pro- through cooperatives or on loans from the cessed products, 23 per cent as fresh fish and agricnltare, forestry and fisheries finance funds. 8 per cent as frozen products. There is an Consequently there has occurred a strong cry increasing trend towards using fish as raw for rationalization or readjustment of the material for fish sausage, canned fish, etc. management, especially of smaller fishermen. There is an increasing tendency in the number The production of canned products in of small fishermen who are obliged to work on 1957 reached some 14 million standard cases, farms or in other business as a side job. In or about 30 per cent above the previous year. order to cope with such situations, the Go- A remarkable increase was seen especially in vernment has undertaken, especially for the great number of small fishermen operating in not submit to dragnet operations, but the area is coastal waters to improve and rationalize 6sh- seitable for fishing for the oceanic types, abalone eries techniques and production means, technical and sea urchins. and finaricial assistance, the consoIidation of fishermen's cooperatives and the impr~vement of the marketing organization of fisheries pro- The ocean floor of the Yellow Sea is ducts. These measnres will be strongly pro- either sandy or muddy and is, therefore, ideal moted in the near future. for dragnet fishing. It is a good area for ftocnder and other fish found close to the ocezn Boor. The average depth of this area is about 75 meters.

The fishing waters in the immediate Temperature of the surface water sur- vicinity of Korea are among the best in the rounding Korea ranges from 0-14'C.in February, world. On the west coast of Korea, which to 18-24 in July, according to records of the faces Cbina, are the shakw protected waters Fisheries Experiment Station in Pusan. Tem- of the Yellaw sea : on the east csast warm perature ranges as recorded varied from north and cold currents flowing both north and south to south in the Japan Sea and from the coastal bring with them quantities of whale, Alaska waters seaward into the Yellow Sea. pollack, cuttlehh, mackerel-pike and yellow taiI. In the Straits of Japan, between the southern tip of Korea and the southern-most -- The salinity of the .water surrounding Japanese island of Kyushu, migratory fish are Korea varies from 31 to 34 parts per thousand, easiiy trapped. In the areas southwe7t of %helower salinity being found closest inshore. Chinhae, latitude 35 10' longitude 128 4 and The salinity varies with the season also, being the waters surrounding Ullung-do, latitude least in the fail months. 37 31' lmgitude 130 50', and the area imrne; diately to the sou;!^ of Cheju-do, latitude 33 20 longitude 126 30 are found great quantities Among the important species of fish of mackerel, cod, anchovy and hairtail. caught in Korean waters are Alaska pollack, hairtail, anchovy, saury pike, yellow croaker, mackerel, horse mackerel, sharks, Satfish sad lance, " Kang dari", whip ray, Tongns fish, cod, red sea bream, mullet, bastard halibut, The ocean floor shelves off rapidly, other croakers, yellow tail, skate ray, Spanish Depths of 2,000 meters are found within a mackerel, flathead, sea eel, sharp toothed few miles of the coast, The bottoms of these eel, common sea-bass, pomfret, rock fish, coastd waters are rocky and do not lend " Jan-tchi bIzck sea gouneles, rock trout, red themselves to dragnetting operations. The ", Gurnard, fin tuza, "Ban-chi, eel, big-eyed deeper outer waters are utilized principally blue for schoaIfishing. Until the recent disappea- herring, atka fish, hickory-shad, cottoids, sand rance of the sardine from these waters, they fish, and various fishes belonging to the cottoid were ths principal source of the Korean sardine and Blennie family. catch Looking at the fishing population in Korea after the liberation, the number of fishermen Waters of the Japanese Straits average increased considerably from 400,000 immediately 125 meters in depth, and shoal to an average after the liberation to 780,000 as of 1937. The of 80 meters in the sout$ern coastal area. majority of the fishermen, however, are poor Here, too, the ocean fioor is rocky and does and small scale operators who are engaged in

*Note: The tables submitted with this report are omitted from the present document. They are retained on the files of the Secretariat Secretary. fishing by small sail boats, laver and oyster for repairs, to very good installations with culture. numbers of ways capable of handling larger vessels of up to 9,600 tons class. Some larger 3. Marine Prodnotion yards, with steel fabricating eqnipment, well- The peak year for Korea in the fish equipped carpenter shops, machine shops, catch was 1937, when landings amounted to blacksmith shops and foundries, are capable of 2,115,000 metric tons. After 1937, except 1939, fabricating both steel and wooden vessels, the annual catch has been decreasing each Lack of capital and materials in particular year. In 1942, the landings aggregated only has retarded fishing boat wnstructioo. Fishing 845,782 metric tons ( including both South and boats have been continuously constructed with North Korea's landings ). South Korea's catch fishermen's own funds andlor economic assis- in 1942 excluding 50,902 tons of sadines, which tance funds. ICA has been spending a large have now disappeared, was 397,066 metric amount of its funds to import material and tons. After the liberation up until 1955, the equipment required for fishing boat construction landings fluctuated. From 1956 however, marine alogn with cargo vessel construction, and production began to increase, the total catch in training technicians. 1957 being as much as 403,157 metric tons. Boat Supplies 4. Production Facilities Immediately after the liberation and Fiing Vessels especially after the Korean war, the fishing A majority of the Korean fishing .vessels fleet suffered seriously from a shortage of are sailing vessels of mall tonnage. Out of repair and operating supplies. A shortage of 37,752 fishing boats reported for 1957, the boat lumber, engine parts, sail canvas, nets majority are sailing vessels : only 4,598 were and Manila rope were the most serious handi- powered vessels. Vessels of small size are caps to the fleet operations. Boat paints, nails, generally limited to inshore operations ; there wire rope, and other supplies have been needed is, consequently, a large demonstrable 'need for in large quantities. Domestic production of larger vessels to exploit the rich off-shore boat supplies has been very low, largely because fishing grounds to the south and west of Korea, of the Iack of raw material. Fuel and lubri- used to only a minor degree at the present cating oils have been occasionally in short time. The tonnage of the fishing boats for supply. But, supply has been fairly good most Korea in 1957 is 105,346 tons. of the time lately because these materials and or equipment have been procured from abroad Fishing Ports Harbors along with other supplies and manufacturing There are about 60 fishing ports, large facilities by the foreign economic assistance or small, along the coast of south Korea which agencies such as UNKRA, FOA and ICA. provide fair to good facilities for the 6shing Beet. Many of these ports have good mooring Type of Gear and docking facilities and have been improved The moat important types of gear are with breakwaters, sea walls, wharves, and most bottom drag or trawl nets, in all of their various of the facilities needed for loading and forms, purse seines, drift and set gillnets, beach unloading. Very little maintenance and repair seines, traps and weirs, longfines and hand lines. work had been done for a number of years, Diving, both with and without the use of a and many of the ports were badly run down mechanical diving suit, is very common. especially during the Korean war, but with tbe Government subsidies and the economic Net and Rope Production assistance funds by FOA and ICA, most of the major fishing ports have been rehabilitated. Production facilities for fishing nets, twine and rope are generally in good condition. There are major fish net and twine-making Shipyards are located in most of the factories, and in addition, some netting is major fishing ports. A total of 142 shipyards fabricated at home by hand or by the use of existed as of December 31, 1958. The yards band-operated machines. A total of 31 fish vary from the simplest beaching facilities, or net factories exist in Korea at present and crude ways for hauling out the smaller boats their production can sufficiently meet the demand of fish net except nylon and for coasts of Korea. A five year program has been Kuralon nets. They ~roduced 1,075 metric undertaken to propagate 4 species of shellfish tons of various types of fisb nets in 1957. and 2 species of seaweeds whicb are commercial- Nylon and Kuralon fish nets and or their ly valuable. The shellhsh and seaweeds will materials we imported from abroad because be propagated over 3,268 acres of the areas there are only a few nylon fish net factories in each year, a total of 16,340 acres during he Korea. years. Upon the compIetion of this program Rope production facilities are good, but in 1963, a total of 93,600 metric tons of marine the shortage of Manila fiber ' and other good products, 91,800 metric tons of shellfish and fibers has limited domestic rope production to .1,800 metric tons of seaweeds, valued at a poor grade made of domestic hemp fibers, of 5,600,000,000 Hwan* will be harvested, This very little value in fishery activities. There plan aims at bringing benefit to the poor are 13 rope factories in Korea with an estimated fishermen. yearly production capacity of 4,000 metric tons, Culture of fresh water fi sufficient for the present estimated fisheries and There exisf two national fish hatcheries industrial needs. The rope plants produced a in Korea, which chiefly distribute carp finger- total of 1,474 metric tons of various sizes of lings to fish culturists whose number aggregates rope in 1957. Large quantities of abaca are 48 at present and for release in rivers, ponds imported from abroad every year. and reservoirs. There are 15 main rivers of 5. Msrsine mil fresh water prodnets culture a total extended length of 6,652 kilometers and Oyster culture "vast inland water areas of 55,489,880 square kilometers (natural lakes of 282,238 square Oyster culture is one of the important -kilometers, reeervoirs of 1,283,161 square industries along with laver culture in Korea. kilometers, and ponds of 430,695 square Since laver culture farrners cannot make their kilometers) which are mutually suited for fresh living from laver culture, due to the limited water fish to inhabit. Approximately 100 market for their products, a five year plan for species of fish inhabit the water area, but a oyster culture is being undertaken to assist in little more than ten species among them are solving this problem and render a great con- suitable for culture for they are commercially tribution to the industrial economy of the valuable. Carp is the major species which are nation. being cultured at present. If those uncultivated Oyster culture, in comparison with laver rivers, streams, Iakes and ponds are utilized for culture, not only involves high installation culture of adaptablespecies of fish, more than costs and much labor, but also brings more 63,000 metric tons of fresh water fish can be profit to the fishermen, because oyster collec- easily produced annually. But, the present ting devices once prepared can be used for a catch of fresh water fish reaches not more relatively long period of time. This industry than 2,000 metric tons a year, and only 26metric will also play an important role in extending tons out of the catch are cultured fishes. markets and in earning foreign exchange, It is due to shortage of young fisb with because oyster products are suited for the incomplete facilities of fish culture. Annual taste of the people of the European, American demand of young fish at the present time is and South East Asian couMries. approximately 100,000,000, but, 4,500,000 fishes which are equivalent to only 5%of the demanded If 6,500,000 pyung ( about 390,000,000 quantity are available generally from the square feet 1 of seashore suited for oyster hatcheries. culture is cultivated, a Iaige scaIe industry can develop which could produce about 60,000 tons The &st step toward the goal is to of oysters and earn about 6,000,000,000 Hwan release 100,000,000 young fish on the irrigated at the current price. rice paddies which are considered to be easy and efficient for fish cultnre. A year after the Cultivation of Shallow Water and Tidal Areas release of the bb, 10,500 metric tons of young There are about 1,640,000 acres of tidal and fish of a year oId will be harvested ; of the shallow water areas along the south and west harvested 6sh of a year old, 5,250 metric tons

500 Hwan =; USfi1.00 at oBcid rates of exchange. will be sold as fresh fish for food, and the other Agency Project. The two canneries will half will be released again in lakes, ponds and chiefly produce the canned fish for both domes- reservoirs. Those fish will be bested when tic markets and for export purposes. they become three years old. The national hatcheries will release about 1,500,000 young ~~e&escanned at present igcclude fish of a year old into the main rivers and mackerel, horse-mackerel, ligament, ear shell, streams and will have an annual production of top shell, sea eel, white clam, red clam, oyster, 750 metric tons. It is then planned to hatch fish gellowtail, shrimp, crab, etc. artifi&Ily and release them into the inland water area, where favorable water temperature exists to produce 250 metric tons of fish annually. Can making industry in past years wbich Finally, 50 hatcheries to be privately operated supplies empty tin cans chiefly to fish canners will be annually installed by grinting of was not as active as it is at present due to Government subsidies in order to produce 2,500 insnfficient production facilities and shortage metric tons of fish annually. Thus, upon con- of tin plate. Since the Korean War large pletion of the five year plan, approximately quantities of canned fish have been consumed 40,250 metric tons of fresh water fish wilI be by the military, The military furnished the annaally harvested. can maker with tin plate; but the empty cans which are used for packing canned products for the domestic market and export purpose are in short supply. In order to increase foreign export of canned fish, the Fish canning was started in Korea about 50 years ago. The operation of canneries on a Government is planning to import various can iarge scale business basis began after 1930. making machines from abroad which will be Production of canned fish and shellfish reached able to make types of cans that can meet foreign the peak of 6,106 metric tons in 1940 when demand. Japan needed canned fish so badly because of its military consumption during the world war II. The figure. was equivaIent to 10% of tfie total Although agar-agar has accounted for a seafood production. large portion of the foreign trade since 1945, its industry is now facing severe difficulty After Korea was liberated from Japan, for mechanical agar-agar products have recently $duction of canned bh sharply decreased appeared in the foreign markets. Three Giving to the nonavailability of tin plate and modernized mechanical agar-agar plants are foreign markets and shortage of funds. During under constrnction with the US. International the Korean hostilities, the production of canned Cooperation Administration fund of $755,000, fish suddenly increased in order ta meet the two of which will be completed within a few demand by the military. As a result of the joint months. The three plants will be able to efforts by the Government and civilian ezterprise operate and export their within this in improving techniques and in modernizing' year. Besides these plants, there exists another production facilities, there exist 38 canneries mechanical agar-agar which was con- at the present time, which have a total pxo- structed in I956 and is being operated by a production capacity of 400 million cases of private enterprise. The four plants will produce canned fish annualIy whereas 300 million cases approximately 400 metric tons of agar-agar were produced by 44 canneries which were in annualiy. On the other hand, 300 metric tons existence prior to 1945. However, the exports of natural agar-agar will also be continuously of canned fish has not been realized as had exported. We are making efiorts to improve been expected. the quality of agar-agar and cut down the production cost of the natural agar-agar in On the other hand, two modern fish order to maintain foreign markets for the canneries have been built and are in operation, products. Thus, by exporting a total of 800 one at Po-hang Port and the other on Naro-do metric tons of agar-agar each year, we plan Island, with the aid funds of $324,500 under to earn 2 million dollars worth of foreign FY 1954 United Nations Korean Reconstruction exchange annually, Ice Making, Cold Storage and Freezing fishery products. Distribution of fresh fish by Facilities these means is generally unsatisfactory, although suitable for salted, dried, canned fish and other There are 6!5 ice pIants at fishing ports processed marine products. Processed marine along the coast and major cities of Korea. products axe available in practically every food About one third of the pIants are equipped store throughout Korea. In order to supply with cold storage and freezing facilities. Their seafood promptly from the fishing port without capacities per day are: ice making-approximate- loss of the quality, the Government is planning . ly 1,500 metric tons, ice storage-24,000 metric to import some refrigerated cars to transport the tons, freezing260 metric tons qdcold storage fish. - 7,670 metric tons. The total annual production of ice can sufficiently meet the demand of the EXBorts of Marine Products fishing fleet and fish markets. Marine products which is second to The freezing of shrimp is a growing mining products in Korea in earning foreign industry in Korea because there are large exchange play an important role in the national markets for the product in foreign countries. economy. The marine products which are exported to Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Free Sdfing and Drymg China,Ryukyu,Ceylon and the United States are Facilities for salting and drying fish in of 25 species. The main species among the Korea range from cottage operations, in which products exported are live fish, and dried cattlefish the fish are nailed to the fences or hung out which are mostly exported to Hong Kong and an strings, to the large commercial operations Japan. Agar agar used to be exported to Hong where the salting tanks may be as large as 8 -Kong, but at present mechanical agar-agar are feet high and 10 feet in diameter. The exported to the United States, West Germany Office of Marine Affairs is planning to import and Hong Kong. Fisheries exports will be modernized dryer facilities in order to prevent promoted in the future because the Government waste of marine products at peak seasons. is making all possible efforts to expand foreign markets and to improve the quality of fisheries products. Domestic distribution 8. Stmctare of the Fisheries Administration Most of the Korean catch is sold by auction Office of Maline Affairs through 5shing guilds at their fish markets. Between them and the consumer are numerous The Burean of Fisheries was set up and middle men, wholesalers and retailers whose organized directly ander the Ministry of Com- percentage fees, plus transportation costs, merce and Industq when the Government of the increase the retail fish price by 100-150 percent Republic of Korea was inaugurated on August over the price received by the fisherman. At 15,1948. The Bureau of Fisheries was placed each 6shing guild is a consignment sales market under the jurisdiction of the Office of Marine (fish market ) where members of the guild land Mairs on February 17,1955 due to the reform their catches for sale. A modern fish market is of the Government organizations to unify the to be installed in Pusan which is the largest administration of marine affairs. The Office of fishing port of Korea. 1nstaIlation of more fish markets with modern facilities is being planned. Marine Affairs is a semi-autonomous government Retail 6sh markets will be also modernized with agency under the Ministry of Commerce and sanitary facilities. Industry comprising three bureaus, i.e., Bureau of Fisheries, Marine Transportation and Instal- Transportation, in general, controls the lation. The Bureau of Fisheries is organized fresh fish market. By long distance hauling by into five sections : rail, communities on the main line, and ports with main line connections, are fairly well General Affaits Section served. Delivery, however, even by railroad is slow and the amount of fish that can be shipped is Management of personnel, budget and limited. Many ports and towns depend on boat accounting, Government-owned property, Law & truck, for deIiveries of fresh hh and other and Regulations. AdmInistrtltlon Section appropriated a large amount of funds for the Establishment of fisheries policy, fisheries stations this year since the stations play a very statistics, supervision of fishermen's organiza- important role in improving the fishing industry. tion, fisheries financing, supply of fisheries The two hatcheries are raising mainly carp and material and equipment, and fish net and rope tilapia which were brought from Thailand five making. years ago.

9. Fisheries Cooperative Orgaaiaations - Direction of fishing, conduct of fisheries, The organizations are incorporated to the investigation of fishing grounds, study of produc- articles of the Korean Fisheries Organizations tion of fishing gear and equipment, management Law. Their purposes are in general joint of boat construction, supervision of fishing port purchase of fisheries material and equipment, construction, and issuance of fishing licenses. marketing member's catch. installation of joint facilities and financing. There are three types Processing Section of fishermen's organizations: Supervision of general processing, foreign, trade, can production, ice manufacturing and Fishing Guilds storage plant construction, production of fish There are 168 fishery guilds at 5shing meal and fish oil, issuance of licenses for villages or ports aIong the coast throughout fisberies manufacturing and management of Korea. These are essentially community fishing culture of aquatic animals and plants. cooperatives for the procurement of fishing supplies and consignment and marketing of the Coast Guard Section cat&. Patrolling of fisheries conservation zone Unions of Provincial Guilds and protection of beacons. These unions are located one in each 3cqioncd Offkes and Branch Offices province except in Cholla Namdo Province ?. , where two unions exist ; a total of 9 unions of There are nine regional offices of marine fishery guilds are established throughout Korea. affairs, one in each province with the exception The unions make loans to individual guiIds for of Cholla Namdo Province, where exist two conducting their activities in operations beyond regional offices directly under the Central Office the capacity of individual guild. of Marine Aftairs in Seoul. These regional offices and branch offices have fishefies sections Fishery Associations or sub-sections, with functions similar to the The fishermen (boat owners) who operate Central Bureau of Fisheries. - the same type of fishery also form Fishery Fisheries Iaspecfion Stations Associations. The culturists or processors of marine products who conduct same types of Fifteen inspection stations are located in production business also organize the fishery the coastal areas, including the Central Fisheries associations fox their mutual interests. There Inspection Station located in Seoul to inspect are 18 such fishery associations including processed marine products, investigate the diving-unit fishery associations, motor dragnet packaging of marine products and check on fishery associations, deep sea fishery association, saIes and transportation of processed marine deep sea tuna longline fishery association, purse products. seiners' association, three set net fishery associa- Fiieries Experiment Station tions, sail dragnet fishery association, anchovy fishery association, fish culturist's association, There is one large main hsheries experi- oyster culture association, agar-agar manufac- ment station in Pusan and branch stations turing association and canners' production located at Churnunjin, Pohang, Cheju-do, Yosu, association. Mokpo and hchon. The stations have six research vessels. Besides the stations, there The Korea Cent4 Fieties Federation exist two fish hatcheries one at Chihae and the As a central body of the fishamen's orga- other at Chung-pyung. The Government has nizations, the Central Fisheries Federation is ' organized and located in Seoul. All unions of to help build and or rehabilitate variotts fisheries fisheries guilds and assmiations are members of production facilities such as ice plants, fish the Federation. Aside from the functions of the canneries, shipyards, etc., and to teach fisheries guilds, unions of guilds and associations, the techniques. federation has established an insurance policy The Bureau of Fisheries has been making for fishermen to assist them when their boats strong efforts to send Korean fisheries techni- meet sea disasters. cians abroad to learn advanced techniques of foreign countries. Only four have so fa^ been 10. Deep-sea Tuna Long tlne PYshing to the United States to study and observe seafood MS. CHINAM-HO of the Jaidong Indus- manufacturing, freezing, fishing operation and trial company made her maiden voyage to Indian fisheries management under the US. ICAtraining Ocean in June, 1957 to participate in the program. In the near future another trainee is demonstration fishing operation project under to participate for training in trawling under the ICA aid program of Fiscal Year 1957. Fifteen FAOIETAP Fellowship program of 1958. ' days of fishing operations of the vessel resnlted The Office of Marine Affairs also runs a in catching approximately 50 metric tons short term training school within tbe country of various species of tuna. The vessel also to train technicians: a training school on the collected valuable data on the fishing grounds operation and handling of Diesel engine is being of the Indian Ocean. The vesseI left again on operated in Pusan. January 21, 1958 for her second fishing voyage for the tuna fishing grounds off the Samoa Islands of the United States Territory. The FEDERATION OF PlrLKX3IYA395?? Jaidong industrial Company has made a General contract with the Van Camp Company as to the fishing operation of the vessel and sale of its The fishing industry of the Federation of catch. The Vam Camp Co. has its canneries on Malaya has made rapid strides and may no the island. In addition to M.S. CHINAM-HO, longer be described as a backward peasant the M.S. HAEYUN-HO left for Samoa Island industry. Mechanization and industrialization for tuna catching. have proceeded apace to an extent where developments may compare, albeit in a small way, witb those of the bigger nations. Korea has 15 fisheries educational institu- The principal fishing ground exploited by tions at present. The Pusan Fisheries College, local fishermen extend from inshore waters and on the coast several miles northeast of Pusan is comprise a belt of not more than thirty-five the main advanced fisheries school in Korea. miles of water round the Peninsula. Traditional- The college has five courses such as Gshing, ly the inshore waters, especially those in the aquatic biology and culture, aquatic chemistry Straits of Malacca, have been fished intensively and manufacturing, shipbuilding and fisheries witb a great variety of gears including fishing economics courses. It has approximately one stakes, beach seines, boat seines and drift-nets. thousand students. In the offshore waters there is an equal array of proven and productive gears, amongst which There are fourteen other fisheries schools may be mentioned the purse seine and sunken at the major fishing ports through Korea' at the long lines on the West Coast and the traditionaI high school level with a total of over 4,000 Malay lift net ( pukat tangkok ) and boat seine students. These schools teach fishinn- tech- (~ukatpayang 1 on the East Coast. niques, seamanship, seafood curing or processing There has not been any major type of new and iish -culture. So far approximately 6,000 into students have graduated from the school. gear introduced Malaya, but these have been modifications of existing gears to adjust them Various foreign aid programs have brought to the use of motor driven craft. The most several hheries exports to this country after the productive of these is the purse seine which is liberation and especially after the Korean War now used for catching the Malayan shad, or - t *Note: The tables submitted with this report are omitted from the present document. They are retained on the files of the Secretariat Secretary. ikan terubok, and the Malayan chub mackerel, opening of the East Coast Railway stimulated or ikan kernbong. A modi5ed form of this net the export of high grade fish from Tumpat to has also been used since 1956 on the East Coast Singapore. Similarly, the opening of the Maran (Trengganu and Pahang) for catching the Road connecting the East Coast with Kuala Malayan anchovy, the ikan bilis. This modified Lumpur by a short route has stimulated the purse seine is gaining as it eenables fisheries of North Pahang and Trengganu and operation on the anchovy shoals well out to sea, lorries loaded with fish in ice are a regular instead of having to wait for the shoals to come feature on this road when the fishing season is inshore, as is necessary in the case of beach open. Further, the improvement of road m- seines, or pukat tarek which are hauled in from munication between Kuala Treagganu and Kota the beach. In addition, mechanized daft have Bahru has also greatly stimdated the export of been used with increasing success for the Malay fresh fish from Besut and Kuala Trengganu to lift net, the pukat tsngkol, the Malay boat seine, Kota Bahru. the pukat payang and the Chinese beach seine, the pukat taubang or pukat kenka. Until recent The total landings for the year were years the fishing fleet never fished more than 35 110,863 tons against 111,000 tons for 1956, the miles from the coast, except on the rarest lower landings recorded for the West Coast occasions. But today fishing craft are found being compensated for by increased landings fishing regularly 65 to 75 miles away from their for the East Coast. base. Mechanization at sea is being followed Structure of the Industr~ up with similar developments ashore. Such The basic structure of the industry has developments as the use of mechanical ice changed little, but there is now a growing crushers at fish packing plants, the use of awaresless of the value of cooperative effort, a derricks and hoists for bringing fish ashore, the direct result no doubt of the new Government use of refrigeration and chilled ice-water storage policy of encouraging the formation of co-I for holding 6sh from periods of glut to periods operatives in ail primary industries. On the of shortage, and the canning of fish in multi- whole it may be said that fishermen operate purpose canneries all point to a healthy process with borrowed money and the man who p-ovides of evolution. While the use of outboard capital has control of the fish. He in turn, motors on traditional craft is still widespread, distributes the fish to the major consuming the development of heaIthy inboard Diesel- centers and the rural districts through consign- engined craft is gaining momentum and at the ment agents. There are a large number of end of 1957 there were 1,494 such craft licensed registered companies owning boats and gears and operating as compared with 996 in 1956. and employing their fishermen on a share basis ; Weather conditions for the year under there are aIso considerable numbers of private review have followed the normal pattern. On boat owners and small gear operators who sell their catch to purchasing agents ashore, often the East Coast, particularly in ' Kelantan and Trengganu, fishing activities were very limited closely linked with an advance payment system. during January and February because of the On the North-West Coast, a " secret auction " or system of whispering tender prevails. monsoon. , However, conditions improved consi- derably from then onwards with the result that On the East Coast there is a system of open for the higher grades of fish, there is aiways a bidding at the landing points on the beacbes. consumer demand which will depend again on At the major urban centers of Alor Star, the supply position of these grades, rather than fish landings for the whole of the East Coast on the avaiIability of bsh supply in general. from Kelantan to East Johore were higher than This factor of consumer preference has always that for 1956. On the North-West coast, it was been one of great significance in Malaya where reported that the continued presence of jelly the population is diverse and types of fish fish had spelled the failure of the bag net &hew. available are so varied. This coupled with a period of stormy weather due to the South-West monsoon, caused an Ice was available throughout the country appreciable fall in landings compared with at an average price of M$30 per ton to the previous years. In the South-West zone however, industry. In places where transportation was fishing conditions were satisfactory throughout difficult, the charges were generally higher. The the year, particularly with the drift-net fleet of Malacca and Pulau Ketam ;the latter were in The Salt Fzsh Industry fact reported to have doubled their catches as compared with previous years. The Malayan The salt fish indnstry on the East Coast shad or ikan terubok again failed to appeaz this continued to find ready markets during the yeat, year and this together with the poor catches of the bulk of exports being sent by sea from Malayan chub mackerel or ikan kernbong, led to Kuala Trengganu and Kuantan to Singapore. Considerable quantities too were sent by seat financial distress among operators of the lorry transport to Kuala Lumpur for eventual purse seine fleet at Pangkor and Kuala Kedah. distribution to the urban centers-on the West Indeed, it was anticipated that many nets would Coast. On the West Coast, the production of be laid up in 1958 if the poor fishing conditions, the Malayan chub mackerel (ikan kembong) which began in 1956 and were attributed to was not sufficient to meet local demand for fresh clear water and changes indirection of currents, kembong, hence was were to continue into 1958. The North-East and boiled there little monsoon set in early in November followed by surplus for preparation of salted kembong strong winds and heavy seas, with the result Boiled kembong continued to be in grea that most of the fishing stakes off Southern demand and with the expansion of refrigeratioi Pahang and Jobore were vacated very early by and cold room facilities on the West Coast, the the fishing operators on these stakes. It will product was being marketed in a11 the inland be remembered that similar exceptional bad towns and new villages. weather conditions swept these coasts in No- Utilization vember 1956 causing the loss of 53 lives among the operators of fishing stakes. As a result of An analysis of the utilization, import of this disaster a regulation has been introduced fish from other territories and the export to which requires the operating staff of fishing other territories shows that the Federation of stakes off Johore and Pahang to vacate them Malaya had a net available supply of 903,888 before 10th November. This was a normal pic& out of a total production in the Federa- precaution which had worked well. Some tion of 1,862,503 piculs. Of the total domestic relaxation of this ban, however, is required in production,348,449piculswere processed to make the case of fishing stakes lying to the lee of salted and dried fish. Another 193,796 piculs islands off the Pahang and Johore coasts and were utilized as agricultural fertilizer or as pig stops were in hand to cope with these. and duck food; 90,238 piculs of small shrimps The average retail prices of the higher were processed to make blachan, and 197,500 grades of fish remained fairly constant tbrough- piculs were utilized for making dried prawns. out the year whilst the lower g-rades showed a This gives a total of 829,983 piculs of wet fish small downward trend in June, July and August, taken from the total production for normal which coincided with heavy landings of the processed products. Fresh fish was imported MaIayan chub mackerel ( ikan kembong) at from a number of places. Higher grades were Pangkor. This downward trend however was imported from Singapore to the extent of not maintained and prices far the Iower grades 34,144 piculs. Into Malacca and Port Swet- thereafter rose to a slightly higher level com- tenham and some of the nearby smaller towns a pared with prices for 1956. It is thus clear that total of 22,909 pimls was imported from heavy landings of the Iower grades of bh can Sumatra, the bulk of this fish consisting of the only affect prices within those grades and that Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca and Singapore, Spanish mackerel " ikan tenggiri" and " ikan there are wholesalers who, by a system of daily terubok. " Other sources including present telephone calls to their consignment agents, shipments brought in by sea and lorry shipments maintain a balance in the distribution phase of from South Thailand accounted for 52,592 the trade. It is a common fallacy to describe piculs. The total imports of fresh hh were the wholesale agents as forming a monopolistic therefore 109,645 piculs. Exports were mainly hh ring. This could not be further from the to Singapore and this amounted to 237,950 truth, for the handling and distribution of fish piculs, the bulk of this hh was of the middle in Malaya, where it is a highly perishable com- and lower grades, and is ntilized largely by the modity, is a most competitive business. How- laboring population of the Colony. Fish ex- ever, the physical handling and distribution is ported to other destinations outside the Feders-f '--v UP to date. tion of Malaya was 329 piads. Ibhhcdmtiion of craft and gear ire concerned, the increase in Whilst the strumre of the industry has the number of powered boats has continued as pot changed to any great extent, in so far as the financing of the indnstry and ownership is shown in the following table:

hndings Number of Number of Powered Non-Powered " Tons Fishermen Gears Boats Boats

It will be noticed that there was a con- Mechanization came rather late to Pahang tinued reduction in the number of non-powered in the South-East zone, but even here the boats and the number of fishermen, followed by number of Diesel-engined boats increased from an increase in the number of gears. This 17 in 1956 to 37 in 1957. Similar increases were indicates that the efforts of the Department to recorded for East Johore. The number of diversify the fishing effort of the fishermen is outboard engined boats remained static. slowly bearing fruit. In the past there has On the West Coast, there was a general been too much reliance upon a single gear to increase in powered-boats in Kedah, fenang, provide fishermen with their livelihood, but Perak; Selangor and West Johore. In Selangor during the past two years an attempt has been there was an increase of 21 per cent over the made, witb some success, to persuade fishermen number in 1956. Malacca and Negri Sembilan to own a series of gears, so that they may totals showed a slower rate of mechanization adapt their eEort to the changing seasons. The whilst the large increase in SeIangor was due to number of powered boats is about 27 per cent rapid conversion of the Tanjong Sepat and Pulo of the totd registered number of boats, but it Ketam drift-net fleet to power. must be noted that quite a number of the registered boats consist of very small craft As a result of the degree of mechanization operating in estuarine and very shallow in- achieved there is now a great tendency for shore waters, or which are engaged only in fishermen to move round the coasts following part-time hhing and these do not offer a the seasons. Two purse seine ( pukat jeroot 1 potential for mechanization. boats, one from Kedah and the other from Port Swettenham fished 08 Trengganu during the Genead features of mechanization in the year, one condition being that the boats should ditferent zones operate in waters beyond the twenty fathom In the North-East zone which comprises line and fish for moving shoals of the Malayan Kelantaa and Trengganu the most: notable chub mackerel, the ikan kernbong. Both boats Eeature was the rate of mechanization which faiied miserably, the reason given being that the continued unabated. Bigger boats are being fish were in loose shoals. Fishing with the use built and engines with higher h.p. are being of lures ( tuas 1 to aggregate fish shoals appear installed. Outboards have practically given still to be the only successful method in dealing way to inboard Diesels in KeIantan, Besut and with most of the pelagic species on the East Kuala Trengganu areas. They are, however, Coast. It might be mentioned that these lures still being used in the KemamanIDungun area are widely used by Polynesian fishermen in the particularly at those villages which lack safe East Indian Archipelago. Similarly twenty-one anchorages for the bigger types of engined bubn and handline Diesel-engined boats moved boats. Of the types of Diesels in use the most to the North-West zone from Bemt and Kualnt popuIar is the Japanese Yanmar Diesel of 4 H.P. Trengganu before the monsoon broke on the to 24 H.P. Of the British engines, Lister of East Coast in October. These boats based 20-30 H.P. are popular. themselves in Penang and Kuala Muda and were able to exploit the weH known redsnapper (ikan promoted throughout the country in aiI phasei merah) grounds to the West and North-West of the industry and trade, in order to stimulate of Pulau Perak. These grounds have for years thrift and capital improvement. Secondly, that been the fishing grounds of Chinese longline a fund should be available to the Ministry of fishermen from Penang, but are at present Agriculture to provide capital assistance to under-exploited because of a shortage of fishing cooperative societies. A sum of $3 million has crew. The present development of bubu-fishing been made available for this purpose and a part with Malay crew from the East Coast is there- of it was used for the training of Assistants to fore noteworthy and indeeddtimely and deserves guide in the education of fishermen in cFpera- close study, especially as it is known that the tive principles and in the organization and grounds are also being fished during the North- running of cooperative societies. East Monsoon by longliners based at Singapore. A direct result of these recommendations A powered sekechi from Kuala Trengganu was that great effort was made to promote the operated fish traps (bubu-fishing ) from KuaIa formation of fishermen's cooperative societies Selangor during the year. during the year under review. It was decided The rapid mechanization of fishing boats because of simiIarities in the methods of fishing poses a number of problems particularly on the employed and in the capital structure of the East Coast. There is a need for expert guidance industry that a firm start be made in the North- to be given boat builders in the design of the East zone to include North Pahang up to hull and tbe installation of engines in order Kuantan. Accordingly, after a month's pre- that full beneficial results may accrue to the paratory training at the Petaling Jaya industry. There is also an urgent need to Cooperative College, the field staff in the evolve a suitable type of beach-landing craft Northeast zone were fully committed to assist for fishing villages on the exposed coasts. This ing st& of the Department of Cooperative latter question is important if the fishermen in Development in encouraging firstly the forma- these villages are to derive benefits from tion of fishermen's cooperative societies, one mechanization with Diesels. They have for the in each of the fishing villages, and latterly time B&ng to fall on the ubiquitous outboard in helping the assessment of the value of enginGZwith its enhanced cost of operation. It various gears which were then pooled in as is understood that a request under United capital assets of the societies. Thirtyone Fish- Nations Technical Aid has already been sub- ermen's cooperative Credit and Marketing mitted by R.I.D.A. for the services of a naval Societies have now been registered on the architect to assist in the design of suitable North-East coast. Them societies have formed types of boats for the R.LD.A. dockyard in themselves into the East Coast Fishermen's Trengghu. On the question of suitable beach- Cooperative Transport and Marketing Union landing craft, this department is currently in with Headquarters in Kuala Trengganu and in communication with the FA0 Naval Architect, November and December this Union started a Mr. Tranng, who has similar problems on hand pilot scheme for the joint marketing of fish for Ceylon, India and Pakistan. Anotlyr press- ing problem is the need for shore facilities from the Kuantan area to the inland towns of which must develop quickly. In many of the Temerlob and Mentakab. Eventually Kuala fishing villages there is also an urgent need to Lumptu will be the main objective. Owing to build suitable Jetties and other facilities to various diffimlties the Union did not begin service these powered boats. paying out loans under the Scheme of Assis- tance to fishermen through cooperative societies, Fishermen's Cooperative Societies until about Sptember. By December 31st the The Federal Fisheries Committee whose Union had paid out $229,909 to 74 groups report was accepted by the Federal Legislative with a total of 377 fishermen. Distribution of Council in 1956, made two major recommenda- this payment by cooperative societies is sum- tions. Fitly, that cooperation was to be marized below : Name of Society No. of Number of Amount of loans group members granted Tan jong Lumpur 11 33 $34,980 Mengabang Telipot F.C.S. 7 53 31,500 Telaga Nanas F.C.S. 3 25 35,000 Kijang F.C.S. 2 32 30,700 Ayer Tawar F.C.S. 5 15 12,370 Sobrang Takir F.C.S. 7 63 28,800 Telong F.C.S. 3 24 9,430 Sungai Ular F.C.S. 28 76 22,537 Kerteh F.C.S. 3 23 12,722 Oalam Rhu F.C.S. 1 8 11,300 Kampog Sebak F.C.S. 1 8 10,000 Kuala Besut F.C.S. -3 -17 26,600 Grand Total -74 377- $229,909

WhiIst full attentionbonthe formation of year. The Society also operated a fuel purchase fishermen's cooperatives was focussed on the scheme during the year, a contract having been North-East coast, a few fishermen's cooperative signed with the SheH Company to supply the societies on the West Coast which were in Society with 80,000 gaIlons of Diesoline per existence before the acceptance of tbe Federal annum at the wholesale price of 58 cents per Fisheries Committee's Report, continued to gallon against the retail price of 62 cents per function. These societies have not as yet gaIlon. Similarly the Society has successfully received aid under the $3 million Scheme due negotiated with the Malayan agent for Japanese to a shortage of the necessary trained st& to " Yanmar " engines and the agent for Fetter supervise the Scheme. The Fishermen's Co- engines for substantial discounts which will be operative Society at Kuala Muda continued to passed to the members. The largest single ex- function but incurred a loss in 1957. The Malay penditure incurred by the Hengwha fishing fleet Cooperative Sodety at Kampong Pmcher, Perak, is the purchase of ice which totals some $7,000 which was formed specifically for the farming per month. The Society is now looking into of cockles reported satisfactory progress. Its the questim of building its own ten-ton ice- venture into boatseine fishiag (pukat payang) has plant. A suitable piece of State land has, it is not however met with the access anticipated. In understood, been obtained for the purpose. Selangor the Sementa Cooperative Society, the The estimated cost of plant equipment and only Fishermen's Society in the State, continned installation is $90,000 to which must be added to make modest but steady progress. The $30-$40,000 for buildings and land. Society was established in 1952 expressly for the preparation and marketing of shrimp paste. Fishermen's Tzainins It has a small factory and has been extremely The Fishermm's Training Course in care successful in obtaining good prices for its and maintenance of engines and in helmsman- product in the KuaIa Lumpur markets. The ship which was started in 1953 with Rural and two Fishermen's Cooperative Societies in Industrial Development Authority funds and Negri Sembilan namely that at Pasir Panjang continued in 1956 with departmental funds, was and Telok Kemnang continued to market their maintained during the year. The course which members' catches at fishstalls in the Port was previously held at the Junior Technical Dickson market. At Malacca excellent pro- Trade School, Penaag, and the premises of gress was made by the Hengwha fishermen's the Local Masters & Gunners' Institute, Penang ( Chinese ) Cooperative Credit and Marketing was transferred to the departmental workshop Society Ltd. The Society operated a fishing in Glugor in 1957; 42 Federation fishermen materials purchase scheme for the direct pur- participated in two courses. Of these 16 chase of hemp twine from Italian manufacturers obtained the Helmsmanship Certificate of Com- through a commission agent. This was es- petency and 38 the Engine Repair and Main- timated to save the Society some $10,000 a tenance Certificate. The sinall number of passes in the Helmsmanship Certificate Ex- insight into the intricate problems of fish amination was due to some of the trainees marketing in Kelantan. It is the intention that being under-age for the examination. A few the building and other facilities afforded by the were debarred either because of lack of the Scheme be eventually taken over by the East required sea-time or because of failure in the Coast Fishermen's Cooperative Transport and stringent eye test which necessarily includes Marketing Union when this is firmly established. that for color vision. Relationship with RLD.A. In addition to the above trainees, two members of the staff of- Government Depart- One of the recommendations of the ments one from the Marine Department and Federal Fisheries Committee was th~tR.I.D.A. one from the Telecommunikations Department should gradually cease to provide capita1 lorn to were accepted for training in engine maint- the fishing industry and that this should be enance and repairs. Both passed the ex- taken over by the $3 million Aid Scheme. amination. There has consequently been a tailing off in R.I.D.A. aid which was called upon only Kelantan Fish Marketing Scheme in those areas where the $3 million Aid The Kelantan Fish Marketing Scheme at Scheme had not commenced operation. This Bachok which was originally financed with a R.I.D.A. aid was given only Pahang, Johore, grant of $194,200 from the Colonial Develop- Kedah, Penang and Malacca, during the ment and Welfare Fund, but since taken over year. In Negri Sembilan R.I.D.A. aid was by the Department and run with Federal funds continued particularly in 5shponds, and from the middle of 1956 continued during the eleven new applications were dealt with. At the same time an intensive follow-up investiga- year under the Deputy Manager who was directly - tion made by the Department has shown that in responsible to the Director of Fisheries. Tbe - the past R.LD.A. projects have had varied amount of fish handled was 1,176piculs compared 14 with 1,016 piculs for 1956. The Scheme, however, success. Of 42 ponds listed, were reported continued to meet with strong opposition from successful, 15 abandoned and 13 either not middlemen during the course of the year. operated commercialIy or had been disposed of WhiIst the Scheme cannot be said to be a by sale or rental. Thus it may be stated that financial success, one of the chief aims of the approximately one-third of R.I.D.A. pond pro- Scheme, that of influencing fish prices so that jects have proved successful, one-third have ftshermen in tbe Bachok area may obtain a fair totally failed and one-third maintained below price for their fish has been achieved. The the level of commercial intensity. Of the Malay Scheme branched out during the year into pond projects, the two main factors responsible for failure the lack of attention to red at or were preparation of salt-fish, belachan ( shrimp control and insufficiency of fertilizer treatment paste 1, budu ( a Iocal formented fish paste) Out of a sample of 20 Malay projects no less and " bilis sauce " in anticipation of good sales than nine were found to be abandoned and only during the monsoon months. However, owing two claimed success. The Chinese carp projects, to continued landings of fresh fish in good however, invariably combine with pig breeding quantities throughout the monsoon months from and they concentrate on the culture of Chinese fishermen based at PuIau Redang, the sale of carp. They all met with general success. Out budu and saltfish was poor. Similarly, although of nine ponds, seven obtained success and one the shrimp paste produced was of high quality had grossed $4,000 or three times his Ioan and its preparation was based on the same 8m011nt. method as that used by the best manufacturers in Penang, sale was disappointing as the local In view of the varied success attained, Kelantan people preferred the less expensive, no doubt a result of the lack of fundamental albeit lower grade, local product. Suitable knowledge on the technical aspects of pond markets will therefore have to be found for cultnre among the Mday raayat, the Depart- this shrimp paste on the West Coast. ment continued with the pond culture course it started in 1956. In 1957 a course on pond The Scheme has now been in existence culture was held in Ampangan (Negri Sembilan) for two and hdf years, and although it cannot on 10th and 11th December and was attended be considered a success, it bas provided much by 10 pond owners. Bruckishwatex Fisheries: Prcrwnponds and of the West Coast, with the encouragement cockle Cdture and advice of the Fisheries Department. The The entire coastline in the North-West progress recorded in past years has continued. region particularly that of Penang, Kedah and In Perak there are now some 2,000 acres Province WelIesley has been surveyed during of muddy foreshore under cultivation and the the year in an endeavour to find a suitable site bulk of the cockles consnmed in Malaya are for an experimental prawn-pond. fn general produced here. Tbe cultivation of cockles the mangrove swamps in this region appear to has made an almost unbelievable difference to be too high for the purpose. As prawn pond the general standard of living in the villages construction involves heavy costs of bunding, it along tbe mangrove fringes over the past ten is unlikely that private enterprise will invest years. The people employed as colfectors earn in the industry until it can be shown to be an a better Iiving than most fishermen and although economic proposition. the work is hard the income is regdar. The Prawnponds are, however, an important estimated production for Perak for tbe last six feature of Singapore fisheries, and it has been years is as fo~Iows: estimated that something like 230 tons of Produaioa of cockle in Perak prawns and fish are produced annually from 1,300 acres of ponds constructed from mangrove (mainly from culture beds) swamps round the islands. Pic& 1952 ... 27,030 It is therefore clear that there is tremen- 1953 .. . 36,300 . dous potential for development of prawn ponds 1954 32,670 in the Federation, particularly in the mangrove ... - - 1955 ... 44,750 belts of Southern Johore, SeIangor and Perak. 1956 ... 78,309 With the improvement in emergency conditions, 1957 88,711 it is believed that there is keen interest among ... prawn pond operators in Singapore to extend The areas under cuItivation are the mud flats operations into South Johore. If this is true it of Gula, Larut and Mataag. For 1958, there should be welcome as it will help to initiate what is every indication that production will show has become an important industry in neighboring further increases. In Penang too, cockle culture countries like Indonesia and the Philippines spread rapidly from 1950 onwards, first with where thousands of acres of mangrove swamps imported seed cockles from Kuala Selangor have been converted into ponds for the culture and Kuala Jmm Mas and later with suppIies of prawns and fish. from the natural beds of Kuda Jalan Bahru The department has under its DeveIop- and Sungei Pinang on the West Coast of the ment Plan aproject for the setting up of a island. To date, temporary occupation licences brackish water fish culture- station in Johore. have been issued for all available suitable This should help in accelerating the development sites on Penang Island and the culture has of prawn ponds in the Federation. now spread to Pulaa Aman and to the Province Wellesley coast. The total area under cultiva- An important postwar development in tion in Penang is estimated at 600-700 acres Malayan fisheries bas been the cultwe of with an annual production for 1957 of 20,000 Anadara granosa, the Malayan cockle. It was picuis. Apart from these there is also s smaIl round about 1948, that the headman of Bagan production from the natural grounds off Selangor, Paacbor, a fishing village off Kuala Jarum Mas, particularly Beting Gopal. Tbm the total first experimented in the sowing of seed cockles production of cockles for the Federation for obtained from the natural cockle bed at Kuala 1957 is estimated at some 110,000 picuIs, a Jarum Mas, on the patch of muddy foreshore figure more than twice that recorded for 1938 in front of his village. The experiment was (last published data available before the War), a great success as the young cockles registered which stood at 43,000 The bulk of this phenomenal growth rates in the newly laid production was consumed in the major towns out areas compared with those in the natural of the West Coast and in Singapore. A small bed. Since that time the culture of cockles quantity was exported to the East Coast via spread rapidly throughout the mangrove aseas Kuantan. In 1956, the recorded export of shellfish, which consisted mainly of cockles, of the Kaantan estuary and other similar to Singapore was 2,973 tons valued at $502,425 locations on the East Coast, cockle culture wholesale. The corresponding figure for 1957 can only be successful in the period between is expected to be some 3,700 tons. As a direct the monsoons. This raises the problem of iesult of this increased production, the canning having to import seed cockles every year from of cockles in soya sauce which was demonstrated the West Coast. However, since cockles are by the Department at Kuala Kurau before the marketed at 30 cents a katty in Kuantan War, was taken up by two canneries, one in against 10-15 cents a katty on the West Coast, Penang and the other - in Singapore. The it may yet be an economic proposition to start Singapore cannery drew its supplies of cockles a cockle indnstr~lon the East Coast based on in the form of cooked cockle-meat packed in regular imports of seed cockles from the West ice, from Kuala Kurau. Coast. The extension of cockle cuIture to other Fresh water Fisheries States has received attention, both at policy level and on the ground. In the North-West The additional stag recruited for Fresh Region four trials were carried out, namely Water Fisheries in 1956 enabled a much more at Kuala Kedah, off Tanjong Dawai, at Kuala extensive program of work to be. carried Perlis and at Kuah, on PuIau Langkawi. out in 1957 than was previously possible. Of the additional staff, one junior fisheries It was found that seed cockles grew at assistant was posted to Malacca, and two a phenomenal rate at Kuala Kedah but the were posted to each of the Statea of Trengganu, area for cultivation was limited. Further trials Pabang and Negri Sembilan to undertake win now be made on the exposed sea-shore to advisory and survey work and the stocking of see whether wave action during the South-West open waters in those States. This work has monsoon will allow of this development here produced a clearer picture of the possibilities or not. Tanjong Dawai was a failure as few and limitations of fish mlture work in rural live cockles were recovered and they were areas and has resulted in renewed interest in generally in poor condition. the rearing of fish. The remaining fresh water Kuala Perlis was suitable but again the st& continued to operate from the Headquarters sheltered area available is limited. The problem at Penang where they have continued with here is the same as in Kedah; i.e. trials will survey and extension work in North-West need to be made to see if the exposed fore- Malaya and have carried out further work on shore along the coasts can be utilized. Kuah stocking ponds, irrigation schemes and dams. registered a failure as few live cockles were The &st indications of success in these experi- recovered. ments appeared during the year as Sepat siam In the South-West zone, seed cockles (Trichogaster pectoralis) appears to have establi- were sent out late in the year from Penang to shed itself in the Kubang Pasu canal systems Sementa off Selangor, but it is too early as in the North-West, whilst in the South-west, yet to say if the experiment will register Tilapia mossambica has established itself in Gedang Tebat near Sri Menanti, a natural success. Two attempts were made to send swamp adjoining ~adiGelds. It is reported seed cockles to Johore duri'ng the year. Both Tilapia met with failure as the seed cockles died on that are now regularly seen in these the way. fields. In addition, Sepat siam has been successfulIy introduced into Sungei Balang Dua In the South-East zone, two experiments sawaks in Johore. In all a total of 12,025 were started of Tanjong Lumpur near Kuantan. Sepat siam ( Trichogaster pectoralis 1, 15,648 In the first, the seed cockles sent from Penang Tilapia rnossambku, 90 Kalui (Usphronernus gora- were destroyed by rays as a lot of crushed my), 4,270 Lampam Jawa or Tawes ( Puntius sheus were recovered. In the second, the seed jaoanicus), 50 Ketutn (Oxyekotris rnrzrmuratus), cockles showed good growth until the onset 100 Cbow Hu ( Ctenopharygodon idellrrs) and of the monsoon bringing with it a huge influx 1,280 Lee Koh (Cyprinw carpiol were distributed of flood waters. The cockles were discovered dnring the pear, several more varieties than to have been killed by this influx of fresh had been distributed in 1956. The numbers water. It is clear therefore that in the case of hparn Jawa or Tawes and of Lee Koh which were distributed are of particular signi- Fish BmJdiw ficance as the breeding of these two types of Fry The techniques of spawning the Common fish was carried out at the Tapah Federal Carp and Pudw javaniua acquired by the four Breeding Station for the &st time. The depart- Jmior Fisheries Assistants in Indonesia, where and ment also sent 380 Sepat siam 32 Kdui they were sent to undergo a fish culture to New Guinea at the request of the Australian course, were demonstrated successfully at the Government in order to help in the establish- Tapah Fish Breeding Station to other Fisheries ment of fish culture there. Simifarly 200 Sepat siam were sent to the Central Fisheries Assistants who had not gone overseas. - At Department, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, the Bayan Lepas farm, Penang, local pond Government of Pakistan on 10th July 1957 at keepers were introduced to the Indonesian the request of ICA through the U.3. Consul in method of breeding the common carp. Penang. The breeding of Puntius jauanhs was Further importation totalling 10,000 Cab carried out snccessfulfy during the year for time Catla fry were made during 1957 in order to the first at the Tapah Fish Station. One continue with observation studies on this fast male and three females were employed and a: growing fish. In addition to the above in. the total of 29,300 fry was successfully reared to latter part of the year a start was made on the 2 in - 3 in for distribution to pond owners. clearing and re-stocking of abandoned mining Course on Prawn Pond operatiomi pools with fast-growing fishes. This work involves the eIimination of all predatory fishes All the Fisheries Assistants (Fresh water) from the pools, which are potentially a very were given a course on prawn pond operations promising source of fresh water fishes for the in. -Singapore from 2lst-27th June 1957 by rural population in the tin mining areas. A Dr.. Tham Ah Kow, Chief Fisheries OfKcer, newly recruited Fisheries Officer ( Research ) Singapore. carried out a series of experiments to test the &cacy of various insecticides, namely " She11 " (Macrobrachiurn carcinas) Endrex, " Shell " Dieldrex and " Shell " Aldrex in clearing ponds of fishes and laboratory The Department has during the year results were successfully applied in the field. carried out experiments on the culture of Eight mining pools in Kaki Bukit (Perlis), Udang Galah, a freshwater prawn known scien- Taipiag and Batu Gajah, of a total area of 84 tifically as Macrobrachiurn carcinus. This much acres were cleared of predatory fishes and sought after prmn is found in most of the subsequently stocked with Tihpia and Puratius rivers and swamps of Malaya and fetches very javarsicus. high prices in the 1ocaI market. The experiments have not been a success and will be continued As part of the Department's policy to in 1958. expand the services available to persons who are interested in fish culture, land has been AsakWna to ex.Specid Constablea and others acquired near Kuala Kangsar for building a The Department assisted a group of Regional Fry Breeding Station from which fry ex-Special ConstabtbIes at Kampong Sahom, will be distributed and at which experiments Kampar, in reconditioning old fish ponds which can be carried out on the spawning and rearing were excellently Iaid out by the previous of local fish from the nearby Perak River. owners. Labour was diverted from the Fish The Federal Fish Breeding Station at Tapah Station at Tapah for the work. On completion, has been extended and goats and Sindhi crossed the ~ondswere stocked with TiEapicr mossadieo. calves have been introduced as a source of Kalui, common carp, Purstirss jaucuziew and fertilizer for the ponds. Chinese grass carp and were then handed back to the exSpecial Constables to look after. Staff from the department continued to visit A survey of existing fish ponds and the ponds and to advise on the management. mining pools in the district of Larut and Field staff of the department also Matang, Kuala Ksmpar, Temoh, Tapah, Bidor rendered assistance to a- pond owner at Baling Mambang Di-Awan was made during the year. to rid his ponds of predatory hhand to restock it with Puntius javanicus, common carp and meat are sun dried, crushed and put through Kalui. tbe hammer mill. The two processes, although simple involve quite a lot of labor. The meat Experimental work dedout during the year meal is apparently suitable for animal feed and the Agriculture Department is canying out feeding trials. Two analyses of this meal were During 1957 all the Departmental vessels made; they were roughly the same and the were fully engaged to the limits of the finan- results of the second are given below : cial aIlocation made -for operating them. Besides routine survey and inspection work of % dry basis % as received varied program of experimental work was car- XV. Moisture 3 - ' 770 ried out. In the North-east pne TEN=, Ash 3.66 3.38 prior to being transferred to Penang, was engaged Protein 85.99 79.37 in exploratory drift-net fishing experiments in Fat 6.59 , 6.08 deeper waters than fished by local fishermen. Analpis of ash % on ash % as received The vessel was also used to encourage longlining CaO 7.20 0.27 among Malay fishermen in the waters beyond 39.51 1.34 PuIau Perhentian, with considerable success. Pzos Following its transfer to the North-west zone, The estimated wholesale price for this MV. TEN= was used for investigations into meal is 46 c per katty. the possibilities of using chemicals as a means of driving dolphins away from areas where The bone meal is reported as being suitable pukat jeroot was being operated as dolphins for use as a fertilizer as regards nitrogen and cause considerable damage to the nets when phosphate content but as lacking in potash. they attack the catch. The Department obtained a yield of M.V. TONGKOL continued the work on approximately 15 per cent by body weight of bubu-fishing in waters 40-50 miles from land. meat and 2 per cent of bone meal. It wouId This work started in 1956. The difficulties appear therefore that one picul of raw dolphin in finding suitable floats and markers for traps is worth just over $7.00 when processed; the were finally overcome and the necessary work process is therefore not an economic possibility. preliminary to carrying out comparative experi- Oil from the bfubber is a possible additional ments between traditional and modified bubu source of income but the income from this {fish pots) with a view to improving the would be ma11 and it is unlikely that this efficiency of traditional traps has been would make the processing of dolphins economic- compf eted. ally possible. In the North-west zone comparative (c) Fish Icing Fsrniments experiments to determine tbe advantages of A series of experiments designed to test nylon fishing nets over the traditional cotton and the marketing side of the industry's often ramie nets in drift-net fishing were carried out repeated statement that iced fish invariably and will be continued in 1958. loses weight in transit and storage were carried out on two of the cheaper types of fish; ikan I c) Dolphin meal kernbong (RastreWiger Sp.1 and ikan gerut-gerut During the year a total of twelve small (Podasys hmta. l dolphins (average body weight just over 30 The iish was weighed before icing and katties each) were received from Kdah where then packed in boxes similar to those in common they were caught by pukat jeroot. These were use in the markets using a similar icing processed in the Department's fish meal plant. technique. The fish was then drained and A fairly simple method of processing them was weighed at six hourly intmafs. foand after a first trial, the bodies are 0ensed . and then butchered, the meat being cooked The experiments showed that as long as - then boned roagbly, minced and sun dried; the fish remained in good fresh condition there - the dried minced meal can then be put thgh was a gain in weight of roughly 5 per cent in :a hammer milI. The bones, with attached most cases. While there was considerable vari- ation in these increases, in no case was a loss in Scheme attended an FAOIETAP course of weight recorded. training on Fishery Cooperatives and Adminis- In order to follow marketing practice as tration in Australia. Those Fisheries Assistants closely as possible the 6sh was iced only after having to deal with administration were sent to the Police College at Kuda Kubu Bahm to landing (up to eight hours after it was caught). Consequently there wm some deterioration in undergo a course in court procedure md the criminal procedure code. Canadian Colombo quality and some of the weight increase was 24 Plan Aid was secured for sending a trainee for lost after about hours in ice. gear technology to be eventually posted as It is however apparent &at provided that Principal of the Marine Fisheries School, and fish is properly iced as soon as*possible after for sending two Fisheries Assistants for a course landing there will be an increase in weight on Fisheries Cooperativesan d Administration in between the time of landing and the retail sale Canada. These trainees are expected to leave since very little fish is more than 36 hours out for training in early 1958. of the sea when retailed. Prevention oi Loss of Life d Sea Admidsfration of fishing stakes A scheme for the rescue of fishing boats Fisbing stake is one of our most important was introduced immediately before the outbreak gears in the North-west, South-west and South- of the monsoon in October. Under this scheme east regions. Its operation, however, leads to fishermen were asked immediately to notify the many disputes with net fishermen, as derelict Police of cases of boats capsizing or missing at poles are left on the seabed and these foul the sea. Further, fishermen were notified over the nets. The settling of disputes between these radio of impending strong winds. The scheme two groups of fishermen has therefore been a has been successful in so far as the relaying of perennial problem to the Department. In news by the Police was concerned. Because of conformity with a recommendation of the the heavy surf at river mouths, exits of motor Federal Fisheries Committee, steps have been boats on rescue had not always been possible. taken by several States during the year, with One life was reported to have been Iost as a the advice of the Department to improve result of the monsoon. This bappened to a pakat legislation on the licensing of fishing stakes. In tangkol boat which capsized off Kuala Pahang. general there is now a limitation to the number of licences issued and an increase in the amount of deposit held against a licence for removal of derelict poles. The rapid development of mechanization in Kelantan and Trengganu has enabled In the South-west zone, particularly off fishermen to fish during a great part of the Selangor, there is an acute shortage of mangrove monsoon months. There is now an urgent need poles for fishing stakes and this problem is likely to develop offshore bases from which they can to spread to other areas. The Department has operate. The Pulau Redang group of islands consequently approved the experimental trial of have long been frequented by fishermen from the Japanese set-net (Otoshi-a&). One of these Kelantan and Trengganu during the monsoon will be operated by private interests off Selangor months and as many as 500 fishermen and their and one off Kedah. I*& felt that should this families have recently been over. To cope with net prove successful it will pave the way for the this development two Iong-houses were con- gradual elimination of fishing stakes and all structed during the year under the supervision their concomitant administrative problems. of the Fisheries Officer, North-east, on Pulau Pinang in the hlau Redang group. The project Tdninq Staff was financed with State and Federal funds. Staff of the Department have been sent Further development in the form of a jew, ice for training locally and overseas. A number of and fuel store, and net and fishdrying racks is Fisheries Assistants underwent a course on co- required and this has been ~rovidedfor in the operative development at the cooperative College 1956-60 Development Plan. Apart from Pnlan in Petsling Jaya. Four were sent overseas fara Redang, another island fishing base which fish-culture case in Indonesia The Deputy should soon be developed to seive Pahang and Manager of the Kelantan Fish Marketing East Johore is Pulau Tioman. The Department is currently making investigations into reqnire- The research section of the Headquarters mats on this island. of the Department which was kept in abeyance pending development of the Singapore Regional Colambo PhAid Fisheries Research Station and the Fish Culture Canadian Colombo Plan Aid has been Research Institute was resuscitated at the close enlisted for the supply of refrigeration equipment of the year by the filling of three Division I for five ice-factories on the Nortb-east coast. posts with locally born Honors graduates in These factories will be established at a number Science from the University of Malaya and of centers to swefishermen's cooperatives and London University. At the same time the will eventually be taken ovpr and run by the Division I post of Distribution and Marketing Cooperative Marketing and Transport Union, Officer was filled by an Asim who is an Honars which has kdybeen established. Supplies graduate in Economics of the University of of cheap rce should go a long way towards Malaya furthering the objective of economic disposal of East Coast fish in the urban markets on the Cockle Resea~ck West Coast. hing t'be year the temporary Research Development OEcer appointed in late 1956 Visits Overseas continued with his study in Penang on problems Tbe Director of Fisheries accompanied associated with the cockle industry. He has the Minister of Agriculture on his official visit made population studies, both at tbe culture to Japan in September, as tbe guests of the beds and the natural beds and taken physicaI Japanese Government. They were shown and chemical observations such as ,temperature various aspects of the Japanese fisheries and salinity. Biological observations on growth, but concentrated attention chiefly on tuna- gonad development, spatfall and toleration to fisheries and fisheries education in general. A salinity ranges have also been made. Drift direct result of this visit is a plan to introduce bottle experiments have been conducted to tuna fishing into the Federation of Malaya. determine the pattern of the tidal drifts in ordet Negotiations are in hand for establishing the to prove or disprove the assumption that the necessary facilities on Penang Island. natural beds on the West Coast of Penang derive their spawn from the culture beds on the Resecuch &t Coast. The OfEcer has since been appoint- The Government of the Federation con- ed to one of the permanent research posts on tributed to the Singapore Regional Fisheries the Headquarters establishment. Research Station up to 31st March 1957 when Research mn Piiiddes the Station was closed down owing to lack of financial support from the participating ter- The extensive program which the depart- ritories. ment initiated for the stocking of disused mining pools with desirable types of food fishes The Fish Culture Research Institute at poses the problem of eradication of predatory fish Malacca was completed during the year and was such as aruan ( Ophiocepfcabs sp) and Keli ogcially opened on 21st Auguet 1957 by the (Clorim batrachusj both of which are natural High Commissioner, Sir Donald MacGilliuray, fauna of these pools. Experiments were there- It is a regional station to serve all British territo- fore conducted to find a cheap and efficient ries as we11 as the Federation of Malaya and piscicide. The Chinese pond keepers make these territories will be asked to contribute use of tea seed cake and derris root (tuba ) for towards the recurrent costs, the capital costs for the purpose. However both are expensive. A the buildings and the ponds which amount to cheap and effective piscicide has now been a 250,000 having been met from Colonial Welfare faand in "Shell" Endrex at a concentration of and Development Fund. Since the date of 0.007 p.p. million. Tbis is now extensively independence, administration of the affairs of used by the Department for the purpose, and the Institute ha41 been transferred directIy to the is most economical. Secretary of State for the Colonies. Dr. C.F. Hickling, Fisheries Adviser to the Secretary of State, arrived in Malacca in November and is During the mseof the year, there was now the Acting Director of the Institute. a significant reduction in rbe number of boats operating from Port Swettenhm and Malacca emoluments of the Pan-Malayan Department of on the fresh fish barter trade with Sumatra. Fisheries was $645,752. The amount voted for This is particnlady so with operations from the Regional Marine Research Station as Port Swettenharn. the share of the Federation of Malaya was $73,371, and making a total of Federal experditive of Nylon fiber or a mixture of nylon $719,123. There was no State expenditure. The other synthetic fiber is now used exclusively by drift-net fishermen from Pulau Ketam. revenue collected in respect of fishing, fishing gear and boats etc. was 3288,247. Their catches have more than doubled previous - years' landing and they attribut* it to the new Statistics The detailed tables submitted with Japanese synthetic drift-nets. this report are omitted from the present A conference of Division I officersof the document. They have been retained on the Headquarters staff and the Chief Fisheries files of the Secretariat Secretary. mcer, Singapore was held in December. The Conference was opened by the Minister of FEDERATION OF MAIAYA 1958 AgricuItnre and was held to discuss the imple- mentation of a program for the study of the (January - August ) Rastrelliger (kembong) fishery based on that put Essential statistics covering the whole of forward by the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council. the Federation such as numbers of gears in The Director of Fisheries attended the operation, number of fishermen, and boats have IX Pacific Science Congress held in Bangkok not been compiled and will only be available in November-December. after the end of 1958, when the annual report of the department is written. However the During the year the Department took salient features for the period are as under:- part in a number of civics courses and members of the st& visited all parts of the country to Production give advice and demonstration on all aspects The most important feature is the change- of the Department's work. over from traditional ramie drift-nets in the The Kedah Fish Committee appointed fishery off SeIangor, Malacca and Johore to by the State Government consisting of Govern- Japanese synthetic fiber drift-nets of the Tavilon- ment Officials and Representatives of the Fishing nylon type. These have increased landings sub- Industry completed its report on the present stantially in respect of this gear, thereby causing stage of the fishing industry in Kedah with an appreciable drop in the prices of fish normally recommendations for improving conditions, and caught by this gear namely Sconboromorus Spp. this report has been submitted to the Kedah and Chirocentrus dorab. However the increased Government. landings which were then double their previous landings for the same period, more than com- Mr. M.L.Parry, Fisheries Officer, Pedera- pensate for the lowered prices. tion of Malaya, spent six months on a survey of The change-over started from late 1957 the Johore fishing industry before his retirement and by August 1958, a fleet of some 1,600 under the Mdayanization Scheme. His report units of drift-net boats changed over to Japanese is now under consideration by the Johore synthetic fiber nets off Johore, Selangor and Governkent. Malacca. The total capital involved in this Malayankation replacement is of the order of well over $2,000,000 all of which have been provided Three senior officers of the Department by the industry itself without Government including the Director !etired during the year assistance. under the Malayanization Scheme. Fonr local o&cers with Honors degrees in Naturd Science and Economics have been recntited to fiI1 The increased income arising from in- vacancies on the Headquarters establishment. creased catches has stepped up mechanization Finandcrl Provision of fishing boats in these areas and at the end of August some 350 new boats with inboard The total cost to the Federation of Malaya Diesel and about 150 boats with outboard engines for annually recurrent expenditure and personal have been registered. Fishermen's Cooperatives In many areas these pools are being A farther sum of $470,000 was released regularly fished and Tikrpk mssambicu are now by the Federation Government for loans to appearing in the village markets. Fishermen's Cooperative Societies on the East Further stocking will be carried. Coast. A number of Fishermen's Cooperative Marketins Section Societies have started to market their catches jointly in the major towns of the East Coast. The marketing section of this Depart- ment has carried out a Federation-wide survey Fishermen's Truining on the movement of fresh fish supplies. The Courses in navigatron and engine main- survey team consisted of the Distribution and tenance and repairs have been continued. Marketing Officer as head, a Fisheries Assistant Special Grade, and two Statistics Cterks from Researches tbe Headquarters. The team was also assisted by Statistics Clerks and a few Fisheries The Research Division of the Depart- Assistants in respective Fisheries Zones. The ment has continued with its studies on the I958 following problems :- team started out on 5th May, and it took about two and a half months to complete its ( a ) Cockle culture. field work. ( b ) Stocking of disused mining pools The daily data colIected were figures with desirable types of fishes. showing amount of fresh fish handled by fish wholesalers or consignors in the main market- The Rastrelliger fishery. ( c ) ing and producing centers in the Federation (dl Salinity pattern of the North over the month of April 1958. These daily Malacca Straits from hgsa Bank - data were obtained from the receipts and sales to Penang from samples collected - records kept by the wholesalers orland con- regularly at Lighthouses. signors themselves. They were then transferred Fresh water Fisheries on to two forms speciaIIy prepared for the purpose by the Department. Tbese data are A survey is being carried out on the now in the process of tabulation by the Head- numbers and size of fish ponds and also the quarters staff of the marketing section. Tbe types of fish reared, throughout the country. So tabulations when completed wiIl shof the far some 700 ponds have been catalogued. foIlowing :- Research on Piscicides (1) Fish supplies handled by so many wholesalers in such and such center Shell " Endrex" which was found to be from April 1st to April 30&, 1958 such a cheap and efiective piscicide was used by sources of supply in katties or extensively daring the year for clearing disused piculs. mining pools and ponds of predatory fishes so many mainly (Ophiocephdus and Clark). The trade (2) Fish supplies handled by preparation "Endrex" contains the active princi- wholesalers in such and such ple Endrin at a concentration of two Ibs Endrin center from Aprii 1st to April per Imperial gallon. This "Endrex " is used on 30th, 1958 by types and sources of ponds and mining pools, at a ancentration of supply. 0.008 p-p.m. of Endrin and was very effective. (3) Average quantity handled by each Its cheapness can be gauged by the fact that wholesder in such and such center a pool of about 10 acres in extent and varying dlving the month. in depth from 1 to 22 ft. needed only $841- f 4 1 Re-consignment by so many whole- worth of " Endrex " to poison it. sales in such and such center by A total of 65 mining pools of a total destinations. acreage of 108 acres have been treated with The survey is expected to yield funda- "Endrex " and stocked with Puntius jwanincs mental information regarding the volnme of and Tikpia nzossambicca. fresh fish trade (over a of one month) that goes through the wholesale fish markets There is a rapidly growing awareness in the Federation; hence the importance of among the fishermen of the qualities of nylon each wholesale center and the directions of and related synthetic fibers for fishing nets. 6sb movements. The quantitative data thus The present demand is in excess of the amount obtained from the survey will provide a basis of foreign exchange which can be allocated for for studies of marketing problems in the the purchase of these materials. Federation. Redamation of Derelict Water Areas in NETHEWANDS NEW GUWEA East Pclk'itan (by Dr. Nazir Ahmud, Director -of Fisheries, East Pakistan) : To combat the effects There have been no reports of major of diminishing supplies of fish and production developments except that an active program of from inland waters at less than the maximum hhing craft mechanization is being imple- sustainable yield, the Director of Fisheries of mented. Pakistan has initiated a scheme for the re- Using native dugout canoes, outboard habilitation and development of derelict inland ' motors have been fitted in a number of cases water areas. The scheme is expected to extend and the use of this means of propulsion has over 5 years at a cost of Rs. 7.7 million and to resulted in an appreciable increase in the bring into production 15,000 acres of derelict quantities of fish caught. water. Estimates of area expenditure, produc- A program covering the improvement of tion and revenue from 22 of the 90 unit areas native fishing gear, exploration of fishing are listed, totalling 6,282 acres, with a yield of grounds and an intensive survey of the pearl 55,056 maunds, valued at Rs. 1,183,017/-for an oyster 6sheries is being implemented. expenditure of Rs. 897,378/-. Formerly plentiful, fish is now getting scarce in East Pakistan. The natural result is that The construction of the Karachi Fish the consumers, who Iove to take fish with rice are Harbor is well-advanced and it is expected to forced either to eliminate it altogether or to effect be completed by 1960. Modern facilities for drastic reduction of this item from the daily die- fish landing and handling, cold storage and tary. In East Pakistan with its extensive network marketing are being provided as well as of rivers and streams, bheries, beeki, baors, ponds, arrangements for boat and engine repair and barrow-pits, paddy-fields and estuarine creeks, maintenance. there is immense scope for developing fisheries. According to a preliminary survey carried out A consignment of 70 Diesels for installa- by the Directorate of Fisheries, there are 239,135 tion in fishing boats has been received and impoundments, including 4,016 beels (inland marks an important step forward in the vessel lakes). Some of these water areas are from mechanization program. 50 to 60 square miles. In East Pakistan arrangements are in train to conduct a three year survey of the For various reasons, the production poten- fishing grounds of the Bay of Bengal. A tial is not being achieved. Of 6sh producing 73 ft. 6: in. exploratory fishing vessel is under waters 95,029 ponds and 2,OG beeIs are lying construction. derelict, and the rest are not maintaining maximum sustainable yield due to faulty Problems of fresh fish marketing in management. These water areas which could Karachi are being resolved through the installa- have contributed considerably in fighting the tion of two cold storage plants and the con- food shortage are now lying fallow and 'struction of 22 modern-fish stalls appropriately aggravate the spread of wa&-borne diseases. distihted. The Directorate of Fisheries is executing Approval has been granted for the con- with success a number of schemes aimed at struction of a Marine Biological Laboratory on increasing fish production. Recently the the Karachi sea-coast to study marine fauna Directorate has started operation of an ambition conduct research into the problems connected scheme to extend over 5 years and to cost Rs. with the development of the fisheries and 7.7 million, under which it is proposed to ancillary industries of the area. reclaim 15,000 acres of derelict water area For administrative purposes the entire working of the other units and the number of area bas been divided into 90 units, each com- unit@can be appropriately increased or de- prising about 160 acres. Work on 8 units was creased without substantial change in the main started last year, 40 units are being taken up scheme. this year and the rest will be reclaimed during the next year. The unitwise basis of the The expenditure incurred in the execu- working program is meant to ensure more tion of the scheme is expected to be recovered methodical distribution of work to obtain the with profit by the sale of the fish produced in best economic results. Moreover the units will these fisheries. After the first five y5ars the be distributed in such a manner so that all work will be continued and with the initial areas of East Pakistan get equal attention in development phase over, the expenditure will fisheries development program.' decrease resulting in greater profit. The scheme maunds Each unit will be commerciauy self- envisages production of 270,000 of fish valued at 8.1 million rupees at the most sufficient and economically independent. The conservative estimates. expenditure and income have been so distributed among the units that the saccess or failure of A brief resume of the units is given a particular unit will not vitalIy efiect the below :-

UNITS UNDER DEVELOPMENT

District Unit Area Expenditure Production Estimated acxes Rs. ( est. ) Revenue, Rs. maunds ( to 1962 )

Jessore : Bahdar Baor Joydia Baor Habulla Rustampar Baor Dacca : Bogra : Raktadaha Beel Narail Bee1 and Shakharia danga Rangpur : Bamandanga Bee1 Kushtia : Chand Bee1 Ganges-Kobadak Lake Chandona Doha Bhanderdah Shampur 'Mora Bee1 Baleswar-Kutiakuri BeeIs, Chowka Baor Diara Nadi Sharbamangal Dova, Beta1 and Khama Beels Dinajpur : Dinajpur Sylhet : Fateganj Bee1 Anduganj Bee1 Koibara fishery PaIui Bee1 Aralikona Bee1 Moragong fishery ably-the number of fish distributed to ponds and Fisheries production is reported to have lakes increased from 112,000 in 1947 to about 6 increased from 254,000 to 404,000 metric tons million in 1956. in 1956 and 1957 respectively, including both Although the Gulf of Thailand has yet to fresh water, brackish and marine products. be thoroughly surveyed for its potential com- Plans have been completed for the mercial value, experts believe that on the basis of continuation of the extended program of research present catch from peripheral, areas the entire Gulf holds great promise. Plans are being finalized in marine fisheries developed uilper the guidame for a comprehensive survey of the Gulf, contrac- of a FAOIETAP expert. ted through ICA and the Scripps Institute of The increasing catch has stirdulated further Oceanography on the request of Vietnam and interest in the establishment of modern fish Thailand. The Japanese are already at work canneries. in the Indian Ocean off the West Coasts of An extensive Raw Material Resources Thailand and have sent in vessels, equipment and Survey, concerned with primary products, experts to deveIop the fisheries of the continental minerals, timber, agricultural products and shelf whose edge is about 60 miles off the coasts. fisheries products is in progress as a coordinated It is hoped that per capita consumption effort between the several government depart- which is now about 20 Ib. per annum, can be ments concerned. raised to 35 Ib. Supplementary to the important CIcanos About 600 people in the village of Nong- culture industry, the Bureau of Fisheries has korn in the Ubol Province recently took part in established a "Fry Bank " program to permit an-experiment that may have a radicaI effect the stocking and development of lakes, rivers %pan the diet of this protein-hungry and other public waters where there is evidence part of Thailand. Under the supervision of of depletion. FA0 nutritionists, I50 families received a daily The Government's fisheries training ration of 15 g. of fish meal. They were insimcted program is expanding and a number of in its use and given simple recipes supplied dL pensionados" have been sent to USA and by the Thai Health Department. Japan for uaining in biology, gear construction and use, repair and maintenance of electrical The flour, which also is a good source of fishing aids and other subjects. calcium, is ~roducedat Chumporn, 468 miles from Bangkok, by the Fish Marketin@;Organiza- Preliminary studies on pond culture of tion, and is made from " m la tzl" and some a teathid fish locally known as " samoml " or 6L slipmonth" fish. The factory can turn about " padas " reveal excellent possibilities for 28 tons of fish into 5 tons of flour every day and development. can use the smaller fish which previousIy had Improved methods of oyster culture are little or no market. increasing production in the rich oyster grounds Action is now being taken to provide of Bacan Bay. shortwave ship-to-shore radio services for the fishing fleet and to assist in the provision and operation of modern fish-finding equipment on Substantial progress has been made by the fishing vessels. the Thai fisheries industry daring the past decade. Mechanized boats increased from 121 Plants to develop and extend facilities for in 1947 to 1,082 in 1956 ;the quantity of gear in fisheries training at Kasetsart University are use in the Gulf of Thailand increased from 4,148 under consideration, and Fisheries Department's to 11,439; the annual catch increased from training program for fisheries operatives in 154,000 metric tons to almost 213,000 tons; navigation safety at sea and engine operation, exports of salted fish soared from 2,882 tons to repair and maintenance is continuing. almost 20,000 tons. Facilities for training in boatbuilding The Government's programs of stocking have been installed and are operaring at inland waters has likewise progressed remark- Ban Pae Marine Station. the remaining 75% Tilapia (T.mossambica) and common carp (Cyprinu carpi01 and with a very small proportion of Sepat Siam (Trichogaster Little information is available concerning pectoralid and Gorami lOsphronemus goramy ). the development of the fisheries industries of Pond fish fetch good prices in the inland this State. Data on production and on person- markets-from $1.20 to %2.00perkatty-provided ' nel and equipment engaged in the industry do that they are sold alive and are reasonably not appear to have been compiled+ large sized. The fishing op&ation undertaken are Tilapia and common carp are the species mostly very primitive, the {boats used are srndl, commonly cultured in small ponds, while in propelled by sail or paddles and the gear is the larger ponds Chinese carp and male Tilapia mainly of locally available materials. Some Monosex " culture) are kept. imported cotton is used in the construction of nets and lines. Stocking of natural swamps and rivers with TiXapia has been particularly successful The Government of the State of Brunei in the districts of Papar, Tenom, Keningau has advised the Secretariat of the Council that and Tambunan; the fish have done much to it is not in the position to participate in the improve the nutrition of the local people. Council's activities. However, Council docu- ments and publica#ns are transmitted for In pond culture trials the two local information. species namely: Ikan Belian (Labeobarbw tarnbra) and Ikan Limbungan (Leptobarbus hoeveni) were SABAWAK found unsuitable, while Ikan Biawan or Kissing As yet no comprehensive national fishery Gorami (Helostoma temmicki) showed promise. has been formulated and it is unlikely that such a policy will be drafted until the Artificial breeding of the Common carp, appointment of a fully qualified Fisheries using the Javanese method, has been success- Officer to take charge of the Fisheries Branch fully applied since early 1958 at the Government of the Department of Agricul~re. Central Fry Breeding Station, Tuaraa. Fisheries development activities have pro- ( 2 Marine Fisheries. ceeded along the lines of simple extension With the exception of the recent intro- projects such as loans to assist fishermen to duction of trawl fishing in the Marudu Bay area, instal inboard engines in their boats and the there has been Iittle change in marine fishing distribution of hsh fry to encourage the develop- in other parts of the Colony, where it is mainly ment of fresh water fisheries. confined to small scale operations inshore and Consolidating legislation has been intro- in estuaries. duced in relation to marine fisheries. Trawl fishing in Marudu Bay commenced No research programs have as yet been in June, 1958. One trawler of 90 tons gross drafted or initiated. tonnage and of Philippines origin was granted a licence to operate there for an initial period of six months. Very good catches have been reported from this fishing ground, but the greater ( 1) Freshwater Fisheries. part of these catches consisted of low quality The total number of fsh ponds in the fish. Colony at the end of 1957 was 617 totalling 34.9 acres. About 5 acres of fish ponds were Mechanized fishing boats, using both built during the first eight months of 1958. inb~ardand outboard engines, are becoming increasingly popular. There was a marked Total pmductim of fish ponds in the increase of outboard fishing boats on the West Colony mas estimated to be about 12 tons for Coast in 1957. A total ~f $14,0001- in loans year 195'7. Same 25% of this yield were Chinese was granred to fishermen by the North Borneo carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Aristichrhys Credit Corporation for the purchase of engines nobilis and Hyjmphthalnaichthys molitriz) and and fishing gear in 1957. Export of marine products, mainly in the HONG HONG The total quantity of fish landed was forms of dried fish and prawns, and trochus slightly more than during the previous year shells, in 1957, was recorded as 1,213.03 tons pd, at the same time, the highest figure since ~1945. Recorded below are details of the and $1,224,596/-- in value which is about 200 quantity and value of fish sold through the tons rnd some $400,000/-.lower than in the Fish Mmketing Organization. These figures include the controlled landings of foreign previous year. - -&. - (.. Japanese ) fish. /

Year Fresh Fish SaltIDried Fish Total

Piculs Value Piculs Value Piculs Vaiue ( Tons ) $ ( Tons ) $ ( Tons )

1956157 608.058 43,288,947 88,788 4,521,485 696,346 47,810,432

( 36,194 f (5,285) ( 41,479 )

1953/56 572,194 33,354,140 3,854,090 662,162 3'7,204,430

( ~~059 ( 5,355 ) ( 39,414 )

The increased landings were mainly due ~dy63,895 catties valued at $132,414 in to the good seasons enjoyed by a large number 1955156) were also exported. 11,000 catties of of mechanized junks, particularly the junk fresh shrimp (6.5 tons) valued at about $23,231 trawlers and large longliners. Fish prices during (as against 10,398 catties valued at 820,814 in the two previous years ( 1954155 and 1955156 1 1955156) were processed into slices and noodies had been the lowest on record but fortunately for export. 61,822 catties of silver shrimp for the fishermen, these improved considerably worth $21,415 (as against 116,971 catties worth during the year under review. The average $42,555 in 1955156) were processed into sauce price per picul for fresh fish increased from and paste for export. 37,238 catties (22.2 tons) $58 to $71 ( an increase of 22.4%) while that of spotted fish valued at $90,565 ( as against for saltldried fish went up from $43 to $51 36,315 cattie? worth $83,770 in 1955156 were (or 18.62%). During the year the mechanized shipped overseas. A total of 4,100 blister fleet increased from 968 to 1,524 vessels, an pearls were cultivated at Kato during the increase af 629. ' course of a commercial pilot scale experiment. The estimated total production from fish These were sent to Japan for processing. ponds was 6,900 piculs (i.e. 410.7 tons) valued Fishermen working in the To10 Harbour area, at $1,400,000. Figures for the previous year harvested about 98,240 catties (58.5 tons 1 of (1955-56) were 4,950 piculs (294.6 tons) valued Fan Mussels valued at approximately $200,000. at $800,000. Due to thedifficulties in obtaining fry from China, Hong Kong dealers ex&x,rted SINGAPQBE onIy 5,932,309 fry during the year (as compared The inshore fishing groun&.af Singapore with 23,397,M in 1955-56 and 25,146,950 in are extremely limited. The expansion of the l954-55). offshore fisheries is however steadily progressing. During the year, 1,596,302 catties ( ie, The production of local fishing units increased 950.2 tons) of fresh oyster meat valued at from 9,500 tons in 1956 to 13,500 tons in 1957. $1,280,000 was harvested from the Deep Bay Local companies are operating pair trawlers beds. (Figures for 1955-56 were 15,763.2 piculs chartered from Japanese companies. The results (938.3 tons) valued at $1,300,000). The bulk of these operations are satisfactory and the of this oyster meat was processed and exported demand for offshore fish is gradually increasing. to U.S.A. 703,5603 catties (418.8 tons) of fresh At present eight trawlers are in operation and frozen shrimp valued at $1,604,150 (as against forty apprentices are being trained. Arrange- ments to increase the trawler fleet to twenty (b) Construction and repair of fishing vessels are being made. The total catch of nets and gears. tbese 8 trawlers amounted to 1,650 tons in ( c 1 Operation of various types of fishing 1957. nets and gears. 2. Many of the drift-netters are now replacing their ramie nets with nylon nets to (d) Building and repair of small boats. ' increase their production. The instruction in ( e ) Engine maintenance and repair. the maintenance and =pair of engines given to these drift netters during the last few yews ( f ) Rule of the Road at Sea. appears to be bearing fruit. They have been ( g ) Preservation of fish. able to increase their fishing time and range of operations. The catches of these drift Such instruction is considered necessary in netters increased from 850 tons in 1956 to order to select boys who have an aptitude for 1,800 tons in 1957 although the number of fishing so that they could eventually be selected units in operation was not increased. Tbis for further training in'offshore fisheries. large increase in catch may be due to a higher ava~lability of Scorhberomorus spp. ( Spanish mackerel) resuIting from the higher availabili~ of Stolephorus spp. (Anchovy) on which Scom- beromorzls spp. feed. Results derived from data and informa- tion collected by the Pacific Oceanic Fisheries 3. The catches of the fixed traps (the Investigation have resulted in important kelongs) also increased considerably from 4,860 developments with increased catches in the tons in 1956 to 6,540 tons in 1957 as a result equatorial and adjacent waters of the Pacific. of gregter availability of Stolephorus spp. (Anchovy). The number of kelongs in opera- Studies of fish school behavior are tion was increased in 1957. No marked changes yielding information of considerable practical were noted in respect of other fisheries. value and, in conjunction with oceanographic 4. Prices of fresh fish in Singapore have and plankton studies, are aimed at the develop- been kept steady during the greater part of ment of a prediction service. 1957.in spite of increasing demand. Towards the end of 1957 a downward trend in the Shrtage of suitable bait fish in some prices of certain types was noted. This of the areas prompted experiments in the downward trend continued into the first half transpIantation of numbers of Marquesan of 1958. sardines. Early indications suggest that these introductions have a good chance of becoming 5. Assistance to Gshermen in the pur- established and so providing a much needed chase of fishing materials at bulk prices was supply of hit for live-bait tuna fishing in areas maintained through the Fishing Materials hitherto under-exploited. Purchase Account. The Fisheries Mobile Unit continued its operations in instructing the Oceanographic studies from a helicopter fishermen on the maintenance and repair of have been initiated. Valuable for swiftly their fishing boat engines. A st& warning locating fish schools and thence advising service was also initiated throrzgh local radio fishing vesseIs in the vicinity, this type of broadcasts. The water supply service to fishing aircraft abo offers usef uI facilities for achieving boats was also maintained. Facilities were certain scientific objectives including estimates also provided for the loading of crushed ice of fish school abundance, collection of water and fuel into fishing vessels. samples and measurement of sea temperature. 6. A pilot scheme for traiaing boys in Preliminary trials indicates that the schoals in fishing villages in subjects relevant operational costs of the helicopter surveys are to fishing operations was initiated. Tbe subjects somewhat less than half that for similar ship taught include : surveys and there is an appreciable saving in (a ) Elementary hydrology ar,d marine time,while successive 'Stations" can be occupied biology. with niinimum time-lapse. Gulf of Thailand. On a basis of this survey, plans for the exptoitation of these resources In 1957 the hheries administrative wiil be developed. orgznizations,formerly operating as two separate Services concerned respectiveIy with Maxine Fisheries cooperative societies are well and Inland Fisheries, were amalgamated into estaMished, wit% a total membership of over a Fisheries Directorate. Simultaneously a com- &000 in 33 societies. Government provides prehensive development plan was formulated advice and controls the. issuance of loms to and steps taken to implement the primary phase these societies. of the plan. An extensive programnze for the develop- Jointly with the Government of Thailand, ment of inland fisheries particuIarly those assistame mas sought through ZCA to conduct associated with the periodical -flooding of tbe a detailed survey of the aquatic resources of the Mekong River is being implemented. APPENDIX: I LIST OF DELEGATES AND OBSERVERS

Designcuion Address

Australia Mr. 5.~.Gates Senior Research Officer Commonwealth Fisheries {Delegate) Qffice. Department of Pri- ma~gIndustry, Barton. Canberra, ACT.'Australia.

Mr. I. Starey 3rd Secretary Australian High Commis- (Alternate) sion. 2nd Floor, Grand Oriental Hotel. Colombo 1. Ceylon.

ylon Mr. D.T.E.A. de Foaseka Director Dept- of Fisheries. P.O. (Delegate) Box 531, Colombo, Ceylon.

Mr. L. F. Tirsevera. Assistant Director singhe (Alternate)

Dr. S.W. Ling El?l/ETAP Fish Cul- c/o FA0 Mission Office. (Expert) tarist P.O. Box 1505, Colombo. Ceylon.

Dr. L. Bernbe Director Canadian Fisheries Project, (Expert) Colombo Plan, P.O. Box 531, CoIombo, Ceylon.

Mr. E.R Kvaran FAO/ETAP Marine c/o FA0 Mission Office, (Expert) Fisheries Superinten- P.O. BOX 1505. Colombo, dent Ceylon.

Mr. E.R. Barliad FAOIETAP Fisheries (Expert) Engineer

Mr. C. Fernando Economist Planning Secretariat Co- (Expert) lombo 1, Ceyion.

Mr. G. Crane Manager Fisheries Plant Rock House (Adviser) Lane, Colombo 15, Ceylon.

Dr. G.H.P. de Bmin Reeearcb OBcer Department of Fisheries, (Adviser) P.O. Box 531, Colombo, Ceylon.

Mr. G.N. de Silva (Adviser)

Dr. T.P. Goonewardene Research Officer (Adviser)

Mr. S.R. Asirwatham Asst. Commissioner of Cooperative Dept., Echelon (Adviser) Cooperatives (Fish. SquareCdmbo 1, Ceylon. Div.) --

Names Address

Mr. C. Gunasekera Research Chemist Department of Fisheries, (Adviser) P.O. Box 531. Colombo, Ceylon.

Mr. L.D. Gunasekera Assistant Manager Fisheries Plant Rockhouse (Adviser) Lane, Colombo 15, Ceylon.

Mr. H.H.A. Xndrasena Superintendent, Fresh Department of Fisheries, (Adviser) Water Fisheries P.O. Box. 531, Colombo. Ceylon.

Dr. N. Mahadeva Research OBcer (Adviser)

Mr. AS. Mendis Research OEcer (Adviser)

Mr. V.L.C. Pietersz Assistant Director of (Adviser) Fisheries

Mr. T.G. Pillai Superintendent, Brac- (Adviser) kish Water Fisheries

Mr. S, Sivalingam Research OBcer (Adviser)

Mr. V. Selveratnam Engineer Fisheries Plant Rock House (Adviser) Lane. Colombo 15. Ceyiqn.

Mr. C. Cbanmugam Assistant Secretary Ministry of Industries & (Adviser) Fisheries, New Secreta- riat, Colombo 1, Ceylon.

Mr. MS. Perexa Member, Fisheriee Sirimahal, 42 Lady de Soysa (Adviser) Advisory Board Drive, Uyana, Moratuwa. Ceylon.

Sir Philip Rodrigo WasaTa Walauwa, Rodrigo (Adviser) Place. Colombo 15, Ceylon.

Mr. V. Suppiah Thondaimannar, Ceylon. (Adviser)

Xnstitut Brancais d90ceanie. France Mr. M. Angot Marine Biologist (Offict (Delegate) de la Recherche Scien Noumea. P.O. Box 4, New tiiique et Techniqui Caiedonia. daoutre-Mer)

Central Inland Fisheries. India Dr. B.S. Bhimachar Chief Research Officer (Delegate) Research Station, 66 Up- per Circuiar Road, Cd- cutta 9, India.

Chief Fresh Water Fisheries Japan Dr. K. Kuronuma Research Lab. Hinomachi. {Delegate) Tokyo, japan. --

+dpCian dddrdsr - I 1st Secretary I Japanese Embassy, Co- j lombo, Ceylon. i Mr. 1. Cbiba 3rd Secretar,y 1 Japanese Embassy, . Co- (Adviser) ; lomh, Ceylon. ! Mr. S. Jimboh CoIombo Plan Fisheries : Fisheries Dept., Box 531 (Adviser) ' Colombo. Ceylon.

Mr, K. Ishii i (Adviser) I

Korea Mi. Pyong Sik Son 1st Secretary Korean Embassy ; Saigon. {Delegate) Vietnam.

Mr. Sang Kyu Nam Chief Fisheries Section. OBce (Alternate) of Marine Maire. Seoul. Korea.

Mr. H. Timmis O.E.C. Fisheries Expert TJMC/OEC. A.P.O. 301, San (Adviser) Francisco, California, U.S.A. (Inter Area).

Federation of Mr. Soong Min Kong Director Fisheries Dept.. P.O. BOX Malaya (Delegate) 459. Penang. Malaya.

Mr. AbduJ Halim Abu Acting Fisheries officer, c/o Fisheries Dept., Kuah Yamin North East. Fed. of - Trengganu Federation of {Alterdate) Malaya. MaIa ya.

Netherlands Dr. JJ. Schnnrman Lecturer in Fresh & Agricultaral University. (Delegate) Brackish Water Pish- Wageningen. Nether- eries. lands.

Mr. C.T.F. Thurkow 2nd Secretary go ~alNether1 ands Lega- (Alternate) tion. 29 Gregory's Road, Colombo 7,Ceylon,

Thailand Mr. Wit Yorsaengrat Deputy Director Fisheries Dept., Ministry of (Delegate) Genera Agriculture, Rajadamnern Avenue. Bangkok.

Mr. Sant Bandhukd Secretary (Alternate)

U.K. (for Hong Dr. F.D. Omrnanne y Director Fisheries Research Unit, Hang) (Delegate) PoBfnlam Road, Universi- ty of Hong Kong, Hong Rong.

Mr. W.D. Orchard Fisheries Officer Dept. of Agric.. Fish. and (Alternate) Forestry, Kom Tsum Street, ~ai~hikok,EOW- loon. Hoog Kong. I U.K. (for Hone Mr. I. Petersen ; Marketing Olcer CoopmaEve & Marketing Kong) (Adviser) 1 D+.. Tung Knn Street. Yaumati, Kowloon, Bong I Easrg. Mr. Y.K. Chau Fisherfes a-ch Unit. (Adviser) Powtun Bod, Universi- ty of Hong Kong. Hong Kmg.

Mr. G.1. Murphy Padc eeanic Fishery (Delegate) Investigations. Fish and 'WWife 'wrvice. . P.O. Box 3#0. HonoluIn, Hawdi.

Vietnam Mr. Nguyen Nhn MghI -wef of Fisheries In- Direction of Fisheries. (Delegate) dustry W*aistry of National Economy. 116. Rue aichnd Saigon Vieham.

Mr. TrG Van Tri Chief of Water Re (Alt-te) wces Exploitation Service

Mr. Le Ban Dang Fisheries Inspector In- (Adviser) - land Pisheri~

Mr. RJ. Schoettler c/o American Embassy. (Advis~) Box 32. Saigon. Vietnam. 1s

OBSERVER ORGANIZATIONS AND NON-MEMBER GOVERNMENTS

Ceylon Mation Dr. C.H. Fernapdo Dept. of Zoology Univ. of for the Advance (Observ~~) Ce ylw, Colomb03,Ceylon. ment of Science MI. E.L. Samarosinghe

UNTAB Resident Qepresenta- 45. Alfred House Gardens. tive of the TAB, Colombo 3, Ceylon. Ceylon

Univeralty of Mr. P. ~irtisinghe Lecturer Dept. of Zoology Univ. of Ceylon (Observer) Ceylon, Colombo 3. Ceylon.

Dr. A.C.J. Weerakoon (Okver)

South Pacifc Mr. M. Angot Marine Biologist (Oflice Zmtitat Fransais dSOc8aaia Commission de la Recherche Noumea. P.O. Box 4. New Scientiflque et .Ted- Caledonia. nique dd'ontre-Mer)

Gal' 0 y a Deve- Gal Oya Development lopment Board. Board. Ampaxai, Ceylon. Ceylon FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

I Deputy Regional Representative #A0 Regid O%ce far Asia and the I Far East, Miwan Mansion, Phra I Atit Road, Bangkok, Thilmd. I Mr. G. Mdgxue I Regional laformation Adviser I. Dr. AG. Black I FA0 Countrg Representative FAO Mission Mce, 75 Alfred House / for Ceylon Gardens, P.O. Box 1505, Colombo, i Ceylon.

Mr. R. Gurtner Ii FAOlETAF Nasal Architect 121063, 70 Fleet Road ( Opposite GI- i lege Grounds) Ernakuh, KeraIa, India.

Mr. C. Ulugason FAOlETAP Master Fisherman do Director of Fisheries, Mysore, Bangalme, tad& I FAOlETAF Fisheries Techno- Central Ksberies TechologicaJ Station, Mi. H. Miyamoto I logist XXI129 Wangadi, Cocbia 5, Ker& i state, India.

IPFC SECRETARIAT

t Mr. J.A. Tubb Secretary of the IPFC Regional Fisheries Officer, FA0 Regional Office for Asia and the Fax East, Maliwan Mansion, Pka Atit Road, Bangkok, Thaild. i Mr. S.J. Holt j Technical Secretary, I Chief, Research Programs Section, Fish- Tech. Corn. 1 eries Biology Branch, FAO, Vide ! delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. I Mr. H. Kristjon~son : Technical Secretary, Chid, Fishing Gear Section, TecbnoIogp : Tech. Corn. 11, Panel A Branch, Fisheries Division, FA0 Viale deUe Terme di Caradla, Rome, Italy. I Dr. M.R. KSan ; Technical Secretary, Assistant Regional Fisheries Weer, FA0 Regional 03ie for Asia and : Tech. Corn. 11, Pane1 B t the Far East, Maliwan Mension, Phra Atit Road, Bkgkok, Thailand. - ; Technical Secretmy, Fisheries Economist, Economics Branch, Tech. Com. II, Panel C Fisheries Diaisiun, FA0 Viale delIe Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy-

-. A. Sdier Conference Of6cer Technid Assistant, Fisheries Division, FA0 Regiond Office for Asia and ihe Far East, Mdiwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road, Ihngkok, Thailand.

Miss. E. Heclinger - do - 5, Chemia de Malambre, Geneva, I Switzedand.

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Mr.3.T.E.A. de Fwka Mr. L.F. Tissev&nghe Mr. c. Chanmngam Mr. AS. Mendis W.W.A. Solomodsz APPENDIX 11. IPFC NOMINATIONS FOR THE PERIOD BETWEEN 8th & 9th SESSIONS

AUSWA The Sscretary.Department of External Mrs. ~.h.W-iUings. Division of Fish- Affairs. Canberra, Australia. wies and Ocaanogrlzghy. CSIRO. P.O. Box 21, CronuiZa. N.S.W, Australia,

BURMA The Secretary. Ministry of Agricdturs U Ba Kyaw. Executive Officer, Division & Forests, Union of Burma. Rangoon. . of Fisheries. Land & Rural Develop- Burma. ment Corporation.-Corner of DaI- honsie and Thompson Street. Ran- goon. Bnrrna.

CAM BOD^ Monsieur Sao Leang ~hef;:de Division Monsieur R. Lafont. Charge, I'Institut des Peches de Kandal. Direction des de Recherche8 Piscicoles, Phnom Eanx et For&ts. Phnom -Penh, Cam- Penh, Cambodia. bodia. --. cms Director of Fisheris, Department of Director of Fisheries. Department of Fisheries, P.O. Box 531, CoIombo, Fisheries. P.O. Box 531, Colombo, Ceylon. Ceylon.

FRANCE Le Directeur de l'OBce de la Re- Le Directeur de IaOffice de La Be- cherche Scientiaque et Technique cherehe Scientifique et Technique d'thtre-Mer, %rue Monsieur, Paris !d'~utre-~er.20-me Monsieur. Paris VII. France. VII. Prance.

INDIA Dr. N.K. Panikkar. Fisheries Develog- Dr. D.V. Baf, Director, Institute of ment Adviser,Department of Agricul- Science, Mahatma Gandhi Road. Port ture, Ministry of Food & Agriculture, Bombay. India. New Delhi. India.

INDONESIA I Mr. R.M. Soe~antoKoesoemowinoto. Mrs. S.' Boediningsih Soenjoto, Seae- : Chief, ~echkcalGeneral Divisfon. tary, National IPFC Committee of Sea Fisheries Service. 22 Djalan Xndonesh. Sea Fisheries Service. ; Kerapu, Djakarta. Indonesia. 12 Djalan Kerapu. Djakarta. Indo- j nesia.

i hh. Y. Ohkawara, Chief Economic & Dr. N. Sasaki. Data and Statistics I SocialSscticln, UnitedNations Bureau, Section, Fisheries Agency, 2-2 Kasu- I Ministr jof Foreign Affairs, Chiyoda- migaseki. Chiyoda-Bu. Tokyo, Japan. i ku. Tokyo, Japan.

: Mr. Chee ChouI Keun, Director. Fish- Mr. Nam Sang Kyu, Chief, Fishing : eries Bureau.OEca of Marine Affairs. , Section, Bureau of Fisheries. Office : Seod, Korea. of Marine Affair*. Seoul. Korea. Mr. Abdnl Rahman Hamidon, Assistant Mr. Soong Min Kong. Director of Fish- Secretary. Ministry of Agricultum eriw Malaya, Ffsherieg Department, KuahL.nmpur,Federation of Malaw P.O. Box 459, Penang Federation of Malay%

Mr. W.A. Maekenzie, Inspector of SsSr Dr. K.F. Vaas. Cobefstraat. Leiden. Fisheries, Department of Agricdture Netherlands. & Fisheries. HoUandia, Netherlands Mew Guinea.

Dr. M.R. Qureshi, Director, '~entrd Dr. M.H. Qadri, Department of Fisheries Department. Fish Harbour Zoology, University of Karachi, Bnildings, West Wharf. Karachi-2. Karachi. West Pakistan. Pakistan.

Mr. C. Martin, Chief, Fisheries Re- Mr. LA. RonquiIlo, Fishery Biologi~t. search Division. Bureau of Fisherjes, Fisheries Research Division, Bureau M.H. del Pilar Street, Manila, Philip- of Fisheries, PULH. del Pilar Street, pines. Manila. Philippines. Mr. Boon Indrambaryo, Direetor- Mr. Jinda Thiemmedh. Faculty of General. Department of Fisherie Fisheries. Kasetsart University. Rajadamnern Av., Bangkok; Thai Bangkhen. Bangkok, Thailand. land.

U.K. (for Singapore, U.K. Liaison Oficer with U.W. Orga- Dr. F.D. Ommanney. Director, Fish- Borneo t Sarawak ) nizations. First Secretrtr y, British eries Research Unit, Pokfulum Road. Embassy, Bangkok, Thailand (29). University of Hong Kong. Hong Kong,

U.K. (forHong Kong) Director. Department of Agridtute. Director. Department of Agricnltnre. Fisheries & Forestry, Kom T~un Fisheries & Forestry. Kom Tan Street. Laichikok, Kowloon. Rong Street. Ldcbikok, Kowloon, Hong Kang. Kong.

U.S.A. Mr. Garth I. Murphy. DireFt,or, Paciflc Mr. J.E. King. Fishery Research Biolo- Oceanic ~ishery~&e&ations, P.O. gist. POFI, P.O. Box 3830, HonoluIq BOX3830. Honolulu, Hawaii (3). Hawaii.

Le Seerktaire d'Etat L I'Economle Dr. Ngo Ba Thanh, Directeur d& PGches Nationole, 59 Boulevard Gia Long, Seerktariat h IJEconomie Natiode. Saigon. Vietnam. B.P. 340, Saigon, Vietnam. IPFC TECHNICAL COMMITTEE 1-PANELS A & B

Menrber Governmenu Technical Comrnlrres I Pmel A (Iahd Firhsriea) -- -- AUSTRALIA Dr. G.F. Humphrey, Chief Division Dr. A.G. NicholIs, Senior Research Dr. J.M.Thomson Senlor, Research of Fieheries & Oceanography, OBcer Division of Fisheries and Oftlcer Division of Fisheriee 6t CSIRO, Box 21, Cronulla N.S.W., Oceanography CSIRO, Box 21, Oceanography CSIRO, Box 21, Australia. Cronulla, N.S.W., Australia. Cronulla, N.S.W.,Australia.

BURMA U. Ba Kyaw. Executive Oficer, (No nomination) U. Tint HIaing Division of Fish- Division of Fisheries, Land eries, Land Rural Development Rural Development Corpora- Corporation, Corner Dalhousie tion, Corner Dalhoueie & & Thompson Street, Rangoon, Thompson Street Rangoon, Burma. Burma.

(No nomination) M. Sao-Leang Chef de Division (No nomination) des PBC~~Sde Kandai, Direction des Eaux et For& Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mr. S. Sivalingam, Researich Director of Fisheries, Fisheriee Mr. A.!. Mendie. Research OfBcer. OfIicer, Fisheries Research Sta- Research Station. P.O. Box 531, Fish ries Research Station, P.O. tion, P.O. Box 531, Colombo, Colombo, Ceylon. Box 531, Colombo, Ceylon, Ceylon.

FRANCE Mr. J. Lemasson, Centre Technique Mr. J. Lemasson, Centre Technipue Mr. M.P. Legand, Marine Biologist, Forestier Tropical, 45 Bis Avenue Foreetier Tropical, 45 Bis Avenue Laboratoira dnOcbanographie de de la Belle, Gabrielle, Nogent- de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent- L'Inetitut Franfais d'0~6anie sur-marne (Seine) France. sur-marne (Seine) France. 1.F.O. B.P. & Noumea, New Cale- donia. INDIA Dr. B.S. Bhimachar, Chief Re- Mr. K.H. AIlkunhi Research Offtcer, Dr. S. Jones, Chlet Research search Officer, Central Inland Central Inland Fisheries, Cut- Offlcer, Central Marine Fisheries Fisheries Research Station, 66 tack, Orissa, India. Station, Mandapam Camp, P.O. Upper Circular Road, Calcutta S. India. 9, India.

Mr. Hasanuddin Saanin, Chief, M. R. Gelar Wiraatmadja, Chief, Mr. Mochamad Unar, Assistant Laboratory for Inland Fisheries, Education Divfsion, Inland Piah- Biologist, Sea Fisheries Service, 1 Sempur, P.O. Box 51, Bogor, eriea, 17 Dialan Selabintana, 12 Djalan Kerapu, Djakarta, I ndonesla. Sukabumi, Javac Indonesia. Indonesia.

JAPAN Dr. K. Kuronuma, Chief, Fresh Dr. K. Ktironuma, Chief, Fresh Mr. 2. Nakai, Chief, Marine Re- Water Fisheries Reaearch La Water Pisherise Research La- sources Section. Tokai Regional boratory, Hinomachi, Minami. boratory, Hinomachi, Minami- Fisheries Research Laboratory, C, tama.gun, Tokyo, Japan. tama-gun, Tokyo, Japan. Tsukishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. $ Member Cousrnmen# Penel A (Inland Fisheries) Pancl D (Sea Fishsrirn)

KOREA Mr. Chee Choul Keun, Director, Mr. Chung Moon Ki, Chief, Ftah- Mr. Chee Choul Keun. Directof. Bureau of Fi~heriss. Omce of eriem Inspection. Station, Ofice Bureau of Fiaherie~, Ofice of Marine Affalra, Seoul, Korea. of Marine Aftairs, Seoul, Korea. Marine Affqir8, Seoul, Korea.

FEDERATION Mr. Soong Min Kong, Director of Mr. A.B.O. Marican, Fisheries Mr. D. Pathansali, Fisherlea Re- OF MALAYA Flsherlee, Fisheriea Dept.. P.O. Research Oficer, H.Q. Fi~heries search Officer H,Q. Flsherha Box 45B, Penang, Federation of Dept., P.O. Rox 459, Penang, Dept,. P.O. Rox 459, Penang, Malaya. Federation of Malaya. Federatlon of Malaya.

NETHERLANDS Dr. J.J. Schuurman, Van Iddek- Mr. J. de Vrler, Department of Mr. W.A. Mackenrle, Inspector of ingeweg 56 Groningen, Nether- Agriculture and Fisheries, Hol. Sea Fiaheries, Departmant of lands. landfa, nether land^, New Agriculture & Fishbrie~, Wol- Guinea. Imdia, nether land^, New Guinea.

Dr. N. Ahmad, Director of Fiah- Mr. K.A. Huaain, Warden of FieR- Mr. A.G. Ruaaeln, Deputy Director, eries, Government of East erieb, ,2 Saoda Road, Lahore, Centr a1 Fisheries Department, Bengal. Eden BulIdIng, Dacca, Weet Pakistan. Fish Harbour Bld. West Wharf, Eaat Paki~torn. , Karachi 2, Weat Pakiatan.

Mr. LA. Ronqulllo. Flehary Biolo- Mr. P. Acosta, Fhh Culturist, Mr. LA. Ronquillo. Flahery Biolo- gist, Fisheriae Raeaarch Divi. Inland Fitlheries D 1 v i s io n , glet, Finheries Reeerrch Divi- don, Bureau of Fisheries, M.H. Bureau of Fiaherlee, M.N. 6el sion, Bureau of Fiaherfes, M.H. Be1 Piiar Street, Manlla. Philip- Pilar Street, Manila, Philippines. del Pilar Street, Manila, Philip- pinea. pines.

THAILAND Mr. Prida Knrnaaut, Chief, Divi- Mr. Ariyr Sidhimunka, Head. Mr. Sant BandhukuI, ~iakeriem sion of Inland Fieheriea, Depart- Inland Flmheriea Station (Bung OfiCer, Department of Fisheries, ment of Fisheries. Rajadamnern Borapet) Makornsawan. Thal- Rajadamnern AT., Bangkok, Av., Bangkok, Thailand. land. Thai1and.

U.K; Mr. Y.K. Chau, Senior Research Dr.G.R.FIah,FishCultureResearch Dr. F.D. Ornmanney. Director, OBcer. Fieheries Research Unit, Institute Batu Berendam, Malac- Fisheries Re~learch Unit. Pokfulurn Road, University of ca. Federatlon of Malaya. Pokfulum Road, Unlverslt y of Hang Kong, Bong Kong. Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

U.S.A.

VIETNAM Mr. Le Van Dang, Fisherlea Xn- Mr. Cao Thien BUU, Chef du Dr. Ngo Ba Thunh, Dlrecteur Be iapector Inland Fin$ rlea, Direc- Service de Pisciculture, B.P, Aches du Vietnam, B.P. 340, tion of Fisheriea, ," Phinieitry of 340, Salgon, Vietnam. @aigon. Vietnam. Natlonal Economy, 118, Rue Rlchaud, Saigon, Vietnam. 1.PJ.C. I'ECHNICAL COMMITTEE 11-PANELS A, b & C

Punel A (Craft aud Gear)

Mr. F.F. Anderson, Direc- Mr. F.F. Andereon, Direc- Dr. J.R. Vickery, Dfvfrlon Mr. A.C. Bogg, Senior tor, Commonwealth tor, Commonwealth of Food Pre~ervation Research 0f~c8t,Fi~h- Fisheries Oilce, Dept. Flslieries Ofice, Dept. & Transport. CSIRO exfee Dlvirion, Degt. of Primary Industry, of Primary Endustr y, Homebush, N. S. W . . of Primary Industry, Barton, Canberra, ACT. Barton, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Canberra, ACT. Aus- Auatraiia. Australia, tralia.

BURMA U Ba Kyaw, Executive U: Ba Kyaw, Executive (No nomination) (No nomination) Oficer, Divfdon of Fieh- Omcex, Division of Fi~h- aria, Land & Rural eriea, Land & Rural Development Corpora- Devalopmsnt Corgora- tion. Cornor Dalhouaie tion, Corner Dalhousle & Thompaon Street, & Thornpaon, Street, Rangoon, Burma. Eangoon, Burma.

(No nomination) (No nomination) Mons, M.R. LaFonf, Mom. Sao Lenng, Chef Charge, I'Institut Be de Division dea Pechee Recherche8 Pi~ctcolee, da Kandal, Direction Phnam Penh, Cambodia. dee Eaux st Foreta, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

CEYLON Mr. L.P. Tisseverasinghe Mr. L.F. Tiaaeveradnghe Mr. C.E.St. C.Gunaaekera, Mr. V.L.C. Pisteras, Aast. Alist. Director, Fish- Asat. Director, Piah- Research Chemist, Fish- Director, Fiaheries eries Research Station, eries, Rasearch Station. eries Research Stotlaa. Research Station, P.O. P.O. Box 531, Colombo, ROO.Box 531, Colombo, P.0,Box 531, Colombo, Box 531, Colombo, Ceylon. Ceylon. Ce ylan. Ceylon.

FRANCE Mr. R. Serene, Adviser, (No nomination) (No nomination) (No nomination) Institut Oceaaagrap- hique ds Nha Trang, Station Maritime de Cauda, Nha Trang, Vietnam.

Mr. R. Chidambaram, Mr. K. Gopinatb Pillai, Mr. R, Vsnkataraman, Dr. C.V, KuIkarhl, Direc- Department of Agri- Director of F!sherles Central Fisheries tor of Fieheriea, Tara- culture. Ministry of Kerala State, Trivan- Tecl~nological Station. porewala Aquarium, Food and Agriculture, drum 3. India. Cochin, India. Marine Drive, Bombay, -IC, New Delhi, India. India. w .---

Member Governme~l Panel B (Food end Teobnologg)

IIYnOFlESIA Mr. G.M. Charidfie Kaw Mr. R. Soanarto, Chief Mr. Soenjoto Darmoredjo Mr. ~ddhtwan, Chairman, ma, Deputy Head, Flshfng Technique Re- TechnologicaI Rsaeareh Federation of Indo- Sea Flaheriea Ssrvlce ~earch Divialon. Sea Offleer, Sea Fbheriea nesian Ffsheriee Co- 12 DJalan Kerapu, Fisheries Service, 12 Service, 12 Djalaa operatives, 12 Djalan Djakarta, Indonesia. DjaJan Ksragu. Djakar. KerPrgu, Djakarta, Indo. Kernpu, Djakarta, In- ta, Indoneah. nesia. donesia.

JAPAN Mr. N. Oka, Chlef, Data Mr. 5. Takaymma, Chief, Dr. H. Higashi, Chiel Mr. N. Oka. Chief, Data and Statfstica Section, FhhingGear andMethod Marine Product Utiliza. and Statisti- Seetjon, Ffaheries Agency, Kasu- Section, Tokai Regional tion Sectlon, Toltai Fiaherierl Agency, migasski, Chi yoda-ku, Fisheries Research La* Regional Flaherles Be. Kaaumlgaaekl, Chi yoda- Tokyo, Japan. boratory, Taukiahima, fiearch Laboratory, ku, Tokyo, Japan. Chuo-ku,Tokyo, Japan. Ieuklshlma, Chuo - ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Mr. Rhee Im Do, Chief, Mr. Rhee Tm Do, Chief, Mr, Rhee Bong Nae, Chief, Mr. Chee Choul Keun, Central Fisheries Re- Central Fi8liedieH Re- Proceasing Section, Cen. Director, Bureau of march Statlon, Pusan, asarch Statlon, Pusan, tral Flaherles Research Ffsheriea, Omce of Korea. Korea. Statlon, Puean, Korea. Marine Affairs, Seoul, Korea.

Mr. J.S. Scott, Deputy Mr. R.C. CoIe, Figherim Mr. V. Selvarajab, Fish- Mr. Abdul Ballm, Ag. Director of Fl~herlea, Oacer, North - West, erie~Research Olcar, Fisheries Omcer. North. H.Q. Finherlea Dept., Fisheries Dept., P.O. Fiaheriea Dept.. P.0, east, Kunla Trsngganu, P.O. 459 Box Penang, Box 459 Penang, Feder- Box 450 Penang, Feder- Trengganu, Federation Federation of Malaya. otton of Malaya. ation of Malaya. of Malaya. (No nomination) Mr. W.A. Mackende, In. (No nomination) {No nomination) epector of Sea Fiah- eries, Dept. of Agrlcul- ture and Fisherlea. HoIlandia, Netherlands New Guinea.

Dr. M.R. Qursshl, Direc- Mr. M.A. Burney, Fish. Mr. S.A. Afi, Deputy Mr. S.A. JaIeel, Amaristant tor of Fisheries, Central erlem Gear Teehnolo- Director, Directorate Director, Central Flsh. Fisheries Department, glat, Central Fiaheriea of Fisheries, Cornilia, erlea Dept, Fish Bar. Fiah Harbour Bld,, West Department, Fish Har- East Pakfatan. bour Bullding, West Wharf, Karachi 2, West bour Building, We~t Wharf, Karachi 2, West Pakistan. Wharf, Karaclll 2, Weat Pnkietan. Pakfstan. Mr. C. Martin, Chief, Mr. S.B. Baealan, Fiaher y Mr, J.I. Sulit, Chemlmt, Mr. J. Montemayor, Firah. FisheriesRettearch Divi- Technologist. Marine Flaharies Bemlrreh Divi. erp Statiaticfan, Fish. ion, Bureau of Flsh- Fisherlea Divlalon. don, Bureau of Fish- eries Research Division, erim, M.H. del Pilar Bureau of Fisherlea, eriea, M.H. Be1 Pilar Bureau of Flahariee, Street, Manila. Phillp- M.H. Be1 PiIar Street, St.. Manila, Pliilltpghes. M.H. del Filar St., pines. Manila, P.$ illppinea. Manla, Philippine#, Pawl C (%PIP-Eaonomioe and Technical Commdrloe I1 Paid A (Craft and Gear) Punel B (Food and Tdnology) SmtImdad "..." - - Mr. Tuanthaf Bamraj- Mr. Sanan Ruamraksa, M,C. Koaol Suriyathlt Mr. Klan Suwanr~t,Head, Arlnpai, Chlef, Divialon Head, FIah Section, De- Surlyong, Head, Tech- Statiritice Section. De- of Fisheries Inveatiga, partment of Fisheries, nology Section, De- partment of Fl~h%rfes, tlon, Dept. of Flrheries, Rajadamnern Av. Bang- partment of Fisherlee, Rajadamnern Av.. Bang- Rajadamnom Av, Bang- kok, Thailand. Rajadamnern Av. Bang- kok. Thailand. kok, Thailand. kok Thailand,

Mr. W.D. Orchard, Fhh- Mr. W.D, Orchard, Flab Mr. I. Peteraen, Market- Mr. C.Y. Chu, Aaab Re- erfea Officer, Depart- eriels OfXlcer, Depart- ing OfRcer, Coogera- search OfBcer, Bish- ment of Agrleulture, ment of Agriculture, the Mar kating Depart- erlee, Research Unit, Fiaheriee and Foremtry, Fleberiee and Fore& y, ment, Tung Kun St.. Pokfulum Ed., Unfver- , !,&om Tsun St., Laichl- Kom Trlun St. Laickl- Yaumatl, Kowloon, ~ity'of Hong Kong, 0,Kowloon, Hong kok, Kowloon, Bong Hong Kong. Hong Kong. Kong. Kong.

U.S.A. Mr. G.I. Murphy, Dlrectar. Mr. A. Akana, Pacifle (No nomination) (No nomlnatfon) , Pacific Oceanic Fhhsr y Fiehery Investigations, Investigations, Fiah & Fiah & Wfld Life Ser- Wild Life Service, P.O. vice, P.O. Box 3830, BOX 3830, HonoIulu, HonoIulu,, Hawall. Hawaii.

Mr. Tran Van Tri, Chef Mr. Tran Van &I,' Chef Mr. Nguyen Nhu Nghi, Mr. Pham Ngoe Dong, du Service diexgloita. du Service d'exploita- Chef du Service dss Chef du Service Socio tion de~Beaaources tion des Ressource~ Induatrie~ dea Pecher, Economique des Peches, Aquatiquea, B.P. 340, Aquatiquea, B.P. 340, B.P. 940, Suigon, B.P. 340. Saigon, Viet- Saigon, Vietnam. Saigon, Vietnam. Vietnam. ' nam. Fhh Cnl#um in Rlcr Member Corernmn P'lclJn ~U~-COIII~IP~IIH

Mr. C.G. Setter, Aa (No nomination) (No nomination), Dr. A.M. Rapmon (No nominatlon) sistsnt Directo: DivIaion of Fid Common W ealtl miss, (Papua d Finheriel Ofice New Gulnea), Por Dept. of Prlmar: Moreaby, Terrl Induetry, Barton tory of Papua r Canbera, A.C.T. New Guinea, Aua Australia. tralfa.

(No nominatlon) 3 Ba Kyaw, Execu (No nomination) (No nomination) (No nomination) tive Officer, Dig1 don of Fisherlee hnd & Rural De velopment Corm poration, Cornel Dalhousie & Thornpaon St., Ran goon, Burma.

(No nominatlon) (No nomination) (No nomination) (No nomlnation) (No nomination)

Mr.L.D. Gunasekera (No nomination) Dr. T.P. Goonewar- Mr. T.G. Pillai, Mr. H.H.A. Indra- Asat. Manger, dena, Research Of- Supdt. Brackish sena, Supdt. Fresh Mutwal Fiaheriec flcer, Dept. of Fiah- Water Fisheriee Water Fisheries Project, Roekhousc eriea, P.O. BOX331, Research Station, Research Station, Lana, Colombo 15, Colombo, Ceylon. P.O. BOX 531, Co. P.O. Box 531, Co- Ceylon. lombo, Ceylon. lombo, Ceylon.

(No nomination) (No nomination) (No nomination) (No nomhation) (No nominatlon)

Mr. P.X. Chacko, Dr. T.V,R. Pfllay, Dr. G. Seshappa, Mr. P.R.S. Tampy. Mr. C.P. Varma, Aast. Director of Rsaearch Oflcsr, Asst. Remarch Of- Asat. Research Of- Fisheries Develop. Fi~heriea.Govt. of Central Inland flcer, Central Ma- ffcer, Central Ma- msnt Officer, Madras, Madras, Fi~herleaResearch rine Fisheries Re. rine Fisherlea Sta- Patna, India. India. Station, 66 Upper aerrch Station, tion. Matidatlam Circular Street, Mandapam Camp. Calcutta 9, India. P.O. South Indla. INDONESIA Mr. R. Soekarno, (No nomination) Mr. V. Soesanto, Mr. B.M. Tjiptoa- Mr. M. Ahfar, Chief, Clifef, Socio -Eco- Chief, Ellological minoto, Chief, In- Inland Fisheries nomic Division, In- Section, Sea Fish- land Fimherlea, Service, West land Fiaherlea Yer- erlee Service, 12 Bast Java Pro- Java Province. 17 vice, 2 Nuaantara, Djalan ICeragu. Inrlone~ia.vince, Surabaja, Djalan Wastu Djakarta, Indo- Djakarta, Indo- Rentjana, Ban- nesia. nesia. dung, Indonesia.

Mr. N. Oka, Chief, (No nomination) {No nomination) {No nomination) Dr. K. Kuronuma, Data and Statistics Chief, Fresh Water Section, Fislierien Fiaheriea, Re- Agency, Kaeumi- search Laboratory. gaseki,Chigotla-ku, Binomachl, Mina- Tokyo, Japan. mitamigun, Tokyo, Japan.

Mr. Kim Myung (NO nomination) (No nomination) (No nomination) (No nomination) Nyun, Chief, Pro. cessing Section, Bureau of Fi~haries Ofice of Marise Affairs, Seoul, Korea;,

FEDERATIOM Mr. Heong Kok Hee, (No nomination) Mr. D. Pathanoali, (No nomhation) Mr. A.B.O. Merican, of MALAYA Distribution & Flsherlee, Re- Fisheries Research MarlFeting Section, search Officer,H.Q. Ofleer, H.Q, Fish- H.Q. Firlheries De- Fiaheriee Dept, eries Department, partment, P.O. Box P.O. Box 459, P.O. Box 459. 459, Penang, Penang, Federa- Penang, Federa- Federation of Ma- tion of Malaya. tion of Malaya. laya.

(No nomination) (No nomination) Mr. W.A. MCKsnmie, (No nomination) Mr. Reelkamp, Dept. hapector of Fish- of Agriculture and erlea. Dept. of Agri- Fisheries. Hollan- culture and Fish- - dia, NetherIwnds eries, Hollsndia, New Guinea. Netherlande New Guinea.

CHAIRMEN AND RAPPORTEURS

Chairman - Mr. Soong Min Kong (Fed. of Malaya ) Rapporteur - Dr. BS Bhimachar ( India ) PANEL A Chairman - Mr. A S. Mendis ( Ceylon > PANEL 3 Chairman - Mr. GJ. Murphy ( USA. )

Chairman - Mr. L.F. Tisseverasinghe ( Cey Ion Rapporteur - Mr. V.L.C. Pietersz ( Ceylon 1 PAMEL A

Chairman A Mr. W.D. Orchard ( U.K. -Iiong Kong ) PmEl B J - Chairman - Mr. CJ3. St. C. Gmasekera (Ceylon 1 PAPEL C Chairman - Mr. ~bdulHaIim (Fed. of Malaya )

Chairman - Mr. I. Petersen ( U.K. -Hang Kong ) Bib Chairman - Dt. T.V.R. Pilfay ( India ) BostreKer Chairman - Mr. Smt Bandhukul ( Wmd) chams Chairmaa - I Activity suspended for inter-don period ) FiI Culture in Biae Fmb (Vietnam ) APPENDIX IIT LET OF DOCUMENTS

General Information - IPFC 8th Session-issued in advance unnumbered. Provisiond List of Delegates and observers. List of Documents. IPFC Nomination Forms. Provisional frogram. Twrs for hdo-Pacific Fisheries Council Delegates. General Information. IPFC Nominations for period between 8th & 9th Sessions. Program for Wcid Opening Ceremony of the 8th Session IPFC. Opening Statements.

WORKING PAPERS: IPFCIC58TwP 1 A Motion for the Amendment of the Agreement and Rules of Procedure. rPFClC58lWP 2 Provisional Agenda and- Annotations. 2 (Fr.) Ditto in French. 3 The Work of the Indo-Pacihc Fisheries Council and its Relation to Nation81 Fisheries Policies. 4 Uqited Nations Conierence on the Law of the Sea. 5 The 'Boat and the Beech. 6 Report of Technical Committee 11 (between 7th & 8th Sessions 1. *6 Add: 1 Appendix for Technical Committee TI. Report by the Fishing Section, Bureau of Fisheries-Korea. 6 Cor: 1 Amendments to Technical Committee IL Report (page 51-52). 6 Add: 2 Additions to Technical Committee 11. Report Statistics & Socio-economics. ( page 53-67 1. 6 Rev. 1 Report of Technical Committee I1 - Part A Period between 7th & 8th Sessions of the Cwncil (revised 1. 7 Communication concerning a Central Agency for 14C determination (Measurements of primary in the Sea) at Charlot- twland, Slot, Denmark. 8 Report on tbe Statas of the Industry. 8 Add: Addition to the above. General Situation of Japanese Fisheries 1958 (page 49-51) 9 4th FA0 Regional Conference for Asia and the Far East. 10 Proposed Method of Operation of Councii and Technical Committees during the Session. I1 Report of the Execctive Committee. 12 Tndo-Pacific Fisheries Year. 13 Projects and proposals related to the Indo-Pacific Region (UNESCO). 14 FA0 Indo-Pacific Tsining Center in Fisheries Statistics. 15 Report of the Sub-Committee on Fish Marketing. Review of Government Fish Marketing Activities in the Ind*Pacihc Region. 16 FA0 Indo-Pacific Training Centre in Fishery Cooperatives and Administration. 17 Provisional Agenda - Technical Committee 11 18 Record of exchanges made by Technical Gmmittee I in the inter- session period since the 7th session of the Council with regard to the subjects under discussion at the 7th Session, Part A. *18 Add: 1 The Reports to Technical Committee I, 8th Session TPFC, Colombo, by the Fishing Section, Bureau of Fisheries-Korea. 18 Add: 2 General note on the Procedures of Technical Committee I and on the status of its work. 19 Questionnaire on edible MoIlusks. 20 FA0 Fisheries Activities in the Region. 21 Note for IPFC on Training Centers. 22 Schedule of Meetings of interest to IPFC. 23 Symposium: Improved types of fishing from small mechanized boats. 24 Report of the Chairman of the Working gronp on Fish Culture in Rice Fields. 25 Synopsis of Biological data on milk hh,Chos chanos (Forskal) 1775. 26 Repart of the Work of the Hilsa Sub-Committee during the period after the 7th Sesbion of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council. 27 Note on the present position regarding the development of a surf going beach landing fishing boat in India. 28 Report of the htern'ational Training Center on the Methodology and Techniques of Research w Mackerel (Rastrelliger) Bangkok, Thailand 20 October - 28 Novembex, IS, by S.J. Hok 29 Notes for Technical Committee II. 29 Add: 1 Extract from Summary Record of the 6th Session TPFC, Japan. 30 Summary Record of 1st Session, Technical Committee I. 31 Summary Record of 1st Session, Technical Committee II. 32 Technical Committee 11 - Elections. 33 Operational Plan for the World Scientific meeting on the Biology of Sardines and related species. 34 The Work in fishcry economics and statistics in 1960 and 1961. 35 Programme for Technical Committee II. 36 Classified List of Documents. 37 Plan of work for Technical Committee I. 37 Rev. 1 Ditto (revised) 38 Summary Record of the 2nd Session, Technical Committee 11. **39 Draft prospectus far a proposed Fishery Surveys Center far the countries

of the Indo-Pacific Region. \ 40 SecretarJs Report on Credentials. 41 Report by the Sub-Committee on Marketing.

*~cte: 13 vvq 1imItt.d sllppl?, **In req limited numbers. IPORKING PAPERS : ( contimed ) fPFC/CSBlWP 42 Technical Committee X Report-Part B - ( kft ) 43 Statement by the Delegate for Korea regarding the Report on the Indo- Pacific Fisbkries Year. 44 - Report of the Ad Hoe Committee to consider the Executive Committee's Report. 45 Resolution on BibIiograpbies by the Delegate for Australia. 46 Resolution by the Delegate for USA on TechnicallSnb-Committee Meetings. 47 Summary Record of 3rd Session. Technical Committee TI. 48 Record of meeting of Ad-Hoc Committee on Budget ProposaIs. 49 Proposal for the Amendment of the Agreement submitted by the Delegate for tbe Netherhnds. 50 Report of Technical Committee 11-Part B. 51 Pmposed by the Delegate for France-Operation of Technical Committees. 51 Rev :1 Ditto (revised ) 51 Rev :1 ( fr.) Ditto ( French ) 52 Recommendations-proposal by the Debgate for Vietnam. 53 The Organization of the Central Fisheries Technotogical Research Station, Cocbin, India, and Outline of the Program of Work in the Station. 54 IPFC Publications. 55 Report of Editorial Committee. 56 Technical Conpittee I-Propma3 regarding Committee Meetings, Sub- Committees & Panels.

FILM SHOWS : Dec 11th. Kuremona Manfyo &lour ZB Mins. FA0 No. 194 Pride and Progress BIack & White 30 ,, Ceylon Fish Spoilage Control Colour 10 ,, FA0 No. 120 Outboard Fishermen of &e USA CoIour 27 ,, FA0 No. 251 Dec. 19th. Californian Tuna Fishermen Colour -25 ,, New Cdedonia The Trawl in Action Pt. I Black & White 15 ,, Ceylon Pt. 11 Black & White 30 ,, Ceylon Fishermen of Negombo 51 25 ,, Ceylon Shark Fishing ,I 15 ,, FA0 No. 319 Wonders of the Depths IS 15 ,, Ceylon Slides-Grass Carp Dr. K. Kuronuma.

TECHNICAL PAPERS: Mote :- Where Abstracts andlor Summaries have been provided they have been embodied in the paper. Subject TPFCICWTECH 1 Experiments on Fishing Net Presemation...... Craft and Gear H. Miyamoto and A.T.Shariff 2 Storage of Dried Fish ...... Fwd J.S. Scott Technology 3 Lowwing the Solidification Point of Cocwut Food Oil ...... TechaoIogy H. Hardjohutomo SPbiecl Note sur la prkparation de kine de poismn ?t Food . partir des rhsidus provenant de la fabrication Technology des graisses de poissons d'eau du Casnbodge : Utilization directe dam f'dimentation des volailles de farine non deshailee ...... R. Lafont Some Aspects of Cockle (Anadara granosa L.) sea Culture in Malaya ...... Fisheries D. Pathmsali & hagMin Kong Production of Dehydrated Fish Meat ...... Food J.I. Sulit, D.L. Ga1vez and F.R. Gomales TechnaIogy Studies on the Processing and Storage of Fod Dried split-salted Bisugo (Nemipterua spp.)... Technology 3.1. Sulit and S.V. Laron Fishing Efficiency of Otter Trawl aided with Craft and a Kite ...... Gear Shigene Takayama Notes on Fisheries TecbnoIogicaI Research in Food Thailand ...... Technology R. Suriyong, B. Kasemsam, S. fanjamapirom, P. Nittayachinta and U. Sunthornvipat Common Economic and Commercial Fishes Biology of Indonesia ...... Mohmmad Unar-ltnd M. Sachian Notes on Tests in Tbailand on the Accepta- Food bility of Good Quality Fish Meal for Human TechnoIogy Consamp tian ...... Uthai Bisalyapatra and Kosol Snriyong Utilization of Fish Liver Residues ...... Food C. Gunasekera TechnoIogy General Features and Productivity of the Sea Wdge Bank. Contribution No. 3 The Ariids Fisheries ( Cat fishes ) ...... S. Sivalingam Reclamation of DereIict Water Areas in East Inland Pakistan...... Fisheries N. had Some Statistical Data on Fisheries in !hi0 Economic Indonesia ...... & Statistics ,K.Koestedjo. Preliminary Report on Transportation of Fish Culture Chnos-Fingerlings with Aerating System...... R. Roestami Djajadiredja Preliminary Experimentation on the Use of Fd Coconut oil in Canned Fish and the Suitabili- Technology ty of Processing Methods ...... Soejarwidodo. Subm The Transportation of Chmos Fingerlings Fish Culture and their MortgIity ...... R. Wjoko Tjiptominato and M. Sachlan. Some Observations on Chws Culture in Fish Culture Fresh Water, ...... R. Roestami Djajadixedja md Rnchiat Amidjaja Relation between Fish Culture in Rice Fields Fish Culture and Malaria ...... Gelar Whmtmadja & R. Djmhzlr. The Use of Endrin as a Piscicide in ini in^ Fish Culture Pools and Fish ponds in Malaya ...... M.K.Soong & A.B.O. Meria Fisheries Finance in Japan...... Sdobnomics Kohei Teshima The Motorization of Fishing Craft at Vietnam Craft & Gear Tran Van Tri Contribution i 1'6hzde da Nuoc-mam condense Food au Vietnam ...... Technology Ngayen Nhu Nghi Underwater Eiectric Lamps for Light Fishing Craft & Gear H. Kristjonsson Consideratr'ahs on Fishermen's Training ...... SdoEconomics P.A. Lnsyne

SYMPOSIUM PAPERS : " SYMPOSIUM OR FISH BEHAVIOR " ZPFCIC58lSYM 1 Prmpectus for the Sppsium on Fish Behavior 2 Preliminary Results of Underwater Observations of Tuna Schools and Practical Applications of these Results D.W. Strasburg and HSH. Yuen 3 Fish Behavior and the Planktonic Environment: The Role of Field Observations R.S. GIover 4 Les migrations de Poissons dam les Eaux douces Tropicales Ahbaines J. Daget 5 Symposium on Fish Behavior. Analysis of Behavior in Commensalism. 6 The Commercial Vdue of Studies on Fish Behavior with Particular Reference to Lake Victoria R.S.k Beauchamp 7 Some Preliminary Observations on the Avoidance of Obstacles by Herring l Ciupe5 Harengus L1 . J.H.S. Blaxter, F.G.T. Holliday & E.B. Parrish. 8 Some Notes an Estabfishment and Maintenance of .: Atlantic Herring (Chpea Eweragus L) in Aquaria 3.B. Parish, J.H.S. Blmer + F.G.T. Rolliday 9 A Contribution to the Study of Fish Behavior S.G.Zusw 10 Research on the Behavim of Atlantic Salmon at the Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B. M.H.A. Keenleyside 12 Notes on : The Elementary Actions G.L. Kesteven. 13 Reactions of Fish to Stimtdi F.R. Harden-Jones. 14 Notes on : The Basis, Control and Integration of Behavior G.L. Kesteken 15 The Experimental Study of Behavior in Fish F.E.J. Fry 19 Notes on : The Patterns of Behavior G.L. Kesteven. 20 Some Terms used in Behavior Research G.L. Kesteven. 21 Fish Behavbr with Special Reference to Pelagic Shoaling Species: Lajang ( Decapterus sp.) Soernaxto. 22 On the Behavior ofLemum, SardiMla AUceira I RAF ) at Bali Strait R. !%erjodinoto. -. 23 Some Knowledge on Behavior of Fish SchooIa M. Nomura 24 Report on the Symposium. Note : NOS 11, 16, 17, 18 aIlocated to papers which eventually were not presented.

CONTRIBUTED PUBLICA TIONS: Please note that the following pablicatiuns have been made available to the Cuuncil in limited supply. These have been distribzlted as widely as possible. When numbers of copies have been small, distribution has been limited to heads of Delegetions only. IPFCIC%/CP 1 Films on Fisheries and related Subjeets-Mimeo FA0 E8i 11337, 1957, Rome ( Revised ) Zoop!ankton - Factors affecting its Abundance and Distribution, with special consideration to the relation to phytoplankton and fisheries by T. Laevastu. Mimeo, FA015814/2-529,FA0 Fisheries Div. Rome. March lm. -' The oceanographied conditions for Iife and abundance of phytoplankton considered with respect to fisheries by G.L. Kesteven and T. Laevastu. Mimeo, FA01581513749, FA0 Fisheries Div. Rome, May 1958. bnomic survey of Pla - Tu salting Industry 1956. AgriculturaT Economic Division, Ministry of Apiculture, Bangkok, Thailand,. 1958.- 2nd World Fishing Boat Congress Prospectus, April 1959. Mimeo- FA0 581513942, Fisheries Div., Rome. Prawn and prawn fishery of East Pakistan by N. Ahmad. East Pakistan Govement Press, Dacca, 1957. IPFC Expanded Technical Assistance Programme, Far East Regional Training Centre, Mimeo, IPX, Occasional Paper 5811. Bangkok. 1958. Lists of A. Manufacturers of nylon yarn and other synthetic fibres B. Manufacturers andlor suppliers of nets, nettmgs and twines made of Nylon or other synthetic fibres C. Manufacturers and lor suppliers of hhing Iines made of Nylon or other synthetic fsbre materials. by the Technology Bmch, Fisheries Division, FAO, Rome. Mimeo, FA0j58111107, December 1957 ( Second compilation 1 Saving Water in Dams, CSIRO Leaflet series No. 15, Melbourne, Australia, 1956. Craft and gear utilized in the Rustrelliger Fisheries by V. Soesante and W. Soebany. RastreUiger Landings 1954-57 by V. Soesanto. Indoor Drying of salt fish in South BrazifMimeo, FA0 Fisheries papers No. 13, August 1958. Study on the Toxicity of Agricultural control chemicals in relation to Freshwater Fisheries Mana ement No. 1. General summary of the studiqs on the toxicity of agricultural insecticides for freshwater fishes by mearls of the Bio-assay method (part 1 11) by Sekio Kirnura and Yoshihiro hbtida. Reprint Bull. Fresh- water Fisheries Research Laboratory, 7 (2): 51-53, 1958. Study on the Toxicity of Agricultural control chemicals in relation tw Freshwater Fisheries Managment No. 2. Toxicity of agricultud insecticides to Daphnia Curinata King by Yoshibiro Matida and Noriko Kawasaki. Reprim Bull. Freshwater Fisheries Research Laboratory, 8 (1) : 1-6, 1957.

Bibliography on Fish Marketing for the' Indo - Pacific Region (draft) Mirneo FA015811017798, Fisheries Div. Rome. Some problems for Biological Fishery Survey and Techniques for their solution. Interna fional Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Special Pnb!ication No. 1, 1958. Mechaaization of Fishing Craft and the use of improved fishing gear by ERA. de Zylva. Fisheries Research Station, Dept. of Fisheries, Ceylon Bull. No. 7, 1938. Fish Prcductim and Consump:io:: ir. West Java by Rabbul Bshari (English version ). Also pubfished in 'Berita Perikanan (Tzdonesian version), Xo. 7;8, Sept.lOct., Vol. 10, 1938. Fish Production and fish trade with special reference to the areas of Bandjar and Hulu Sungai (South Kalimantan) by R. Soekarno (English version). Also in Berita Perikanan (Indonesian version) No. 9, Vol. 10, 1958. The function and significance of fish culture in relation to the Regional Village economy by R. Soekarno (English version). A!so publshed in Berita Perikiuran (Icdonesian version) No. 11\12, JanJFeb., VoI. 10,1953. A guide to the Fisheries of Ceylon. Fisheries Research Station, Depart- ment of Fisheries, Ceylon Bulletin No. 8, 1958. Hong Kong University Fisheries Journal No. 2, Sept, 1958. Net materials of Synthetic Fibers by k von Brandt. Reprint, F.A.O. Fisheries Bulletin 10, (4). Oct!Dec., 1957. Some experiments on Tuna fishing with a new method in the Indonesian waters by M. Unar. (Mime01 Sea Fisheries Service, Djakarta. Indonesia. Supplementary notes to "Study on the Toxicity of Agricultural control chemicals in relation to fresh water Fisheries Management No. 1 by Y. Matida & S. Kimura (Mimeo) Freshwater fisheries Research Laboratory, Hinomachi, Tokyo, Japan. Studies on TrawI Net I. A Net-Mouth stretcher working as kite principle by S. Takayama and T. Koyama. Reprint. Bull. Tokai Reg. Fish Res. hb. No. 19. 1958. Annual Departmental Reports 1957 - 58, Registrar of Cooperative Societies and Director of Marketing, Hmg Kong. The progress of mechanization of fishing craft and the use of improved gear in Ceylon by E.R.A. de Zyha (Mimeo, in the press) The vaIue of ~il-entous Algae for the growth of Chanos chanos (Forskal) by J.J. Scbunrman. Reprint. Report of the FA0 Training Centre in fishery Co-operatives and Adminis- tration VOL. I & 11, FA0 1953. Description of four types of feeding by shoaling fish and the protein values of some fish foods by A.M. Rapson. Extract, Papua and New Grtnea Agrie. Journ. 2 (3) : 1956. Japanese Fisheries: Tbeir devekpment and present status. Asia Kyokai, Tokyo, 1957, MINUTES IP.FCIC58IM 1. Minutes of the official opening of the Eighth Session of the Tndo - Pacific Fisheries Council. Minutes of the First Plenary Meeting - Dec. 8 Minutes of the Second Plenary Meeting - Dec. 8 Minutes of the Third Plenary Meeting- Dec. 9 Minutes of the Fourth Phary Meeting- Dec. I1 Minutes of the Fifth Plenary Meeting - Dec. 12 Minutes of the Sixth Plenary Meeting - Dec. 15 Minutes of the Seventh Plena- Meeting - hc. 16 Minutes of the Eighth flen~y Meeting - Dec. 19 Minutes of the Ninth Plenary Meeting - Dec. 19 Minutes of the Final Plenary Meeting - Dec. 22. CONTRIBUTED PUBLICATIONS UNNUMBERED: Handbook on field methods in Fisheries Biology, Section 3. Plankton, Benthos, Birds, Nekton in general. Fish field observations and measure- ments. Mimeo, FA0 Fisheries Division ( Biology Branch ) FA0 A81715871, January 1958. Parliamentary Procedure at a Glance, 0.Garfield Jones, 1949. Current Bibliography for Fisheries Science-EAO Fisheries Division (Biology Branch), Rome, September 1958. Mimeo document FA0/5811017477. Symposium: "Improved types of fishing from small mechanized boats" Gochin: 281 lot58 - 3111015& ( 1 set of documents. ) Small scale manufacture of Fiah Meal by T. Sparre. Reprint, FA0 Fisheries Bulletin. 6 (1-2): 1953. Some modern methcds of fish detection -Echo sounding, Echo ranging and aerial scouting by D.H. Cushing, Finn Devoid, J.C. Mmr & R. Ektjonsson Reprint, FA0 Fisheries Bulletin. 5 ( 3-4 ) : 1952. The Larsen Mid - water Trawl by A. Gianville. Reprint, FA0 Fisheries Bulletin 9 (3) :1956. Danish Seining by A. GIanville. Reprint, FA0 Fisheries Bulletin 6 (3): 1953. Variations diurnes du hplancton autour de Nouvelle Cakdonie-Institut Francpis d'Oc8anic-Section. Ocbanographie, Noumea, Mouvelle Caledonie. Rapport Scientihque No. 6. Mesare de la prductivit8 primaire en eau de mer par la technique du C-14 Znstitut FranQais d'Oc8anicSection, Ockanographie, Noumea, NozlveIIe Caledonie. Ripport Scientifique No. 4. Paddy-cum-fish culture!by N. Ahmad. Reprint, Agriculture Pakistan, 7 (1) r l956. ORSOM III Compte-rendu des croisibres du dwxikme serneswe 1957- Institut Fr'ran~aisdP0&anie, Nouvelle-Caledonie, Rapport de Croisibre No. I, 1958. ORSOM TII R6sulta ts biologiques de l'exp8ditim EQUAPAC ( Croisi&es groudes 56-4 et 56-5 1 par M. Legand. Institat Fmqais dYOehieSection Oceanographic Nonmea, Nwvelle Caledonie. Rapport Sciwtihque No. 1, 1957. ORSOM 111. Exp&dition EQUAPAC Oc~anographie Fhysiqne Inst itut Franpis dYOc8anieSection Odanographie Noumea, NouveIle - Caledonie. Rapport Scientif~queNo. 3,1957. ORSOM EI O&aograp.phic Physique Croisibre 56-5. Institut Frangais d'Ocbanie, Nouvelle Coledonie. Rapport Scientifique No. 5,1958.

PFC PUBLICATIONS : Summary Report of the 7th Session, IPFC, Bandung, Indonesia, May 13 - 27, 1957 Mimeo. Agreement, Rules of Procedure and Terms of reference of the Technical Committees. IPFC Special Publication No. 4 - Annotated'BibIio grapby on Fishing Gear and Methods. FA0 Rome, 1958. CEYLON GOVERPJMENT PUBLICITY BUREAU:

IPFCIC58IP 1. Message of welcome by the Hon'bIe Prime Minister of Ceylon, Mr. S. W.R.D. Bandamnailre. 2. Opening addrem by the Hon'ble M.P., P.H. William de Silva, Minister of Industries 8 Fisheries, Ceylon. 3. Address by Dr. B.R. Sen, Director Genaral of the Fdand Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 4, Address by the Chairman of' the Indo - Pacih Fisheries Council. Dr. K Kmnuma 5. Cable message from Dr. D.B. Finn, Director of the FA0 Fisheries Division, Rome.