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Notes on Roystonea in Cuba

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Notes on Roystonea in Cuba r9911 ZONA: ROYST0NEAIN CUBA Principes,35(4), I991, pp. 225-233 Notes on Roystoneain Cuba Scorr ZoNe Departrnent ofBotany, (lniuersity ofFlorida, Gainesaille, FL 32611 The Roystonea palms of Cuba are one conservation, who was to accompany me of the most conspicuouselements of that to Guant6namo. flora, yet surprisingly (or perhaps not sur- Toward the end of my stay in Havana, prisingly given their size and bulk), they I had the great pleasure of spending a have received little detailed study. In an morning with Onaney Muffiz, who was well early revision of the genus, L. H. Bailey known to me as the author of manY new (1935) describedtwo taxa from eastern speciesof Coccothrinax.His 1982 catalog Cuba and brought to three the number of of the palms of Cuba, co-authored with taxa of Roystoneaknownfrom that island. Atilla Borhidi, was my guide book to much Bailey's work, however, merely scratched of the fascinating palm flora of that island. the surface ofthe floristic richnessofCuba. We discussedthe status of palm research Shortly thereafter,Le6n (1943) described in the Caribbean, problems in conserva- three species,all from eastern Cuba, and tion, and causesof diversity in the Cuban raised the total number of indigenous flora. His generosity in sharing his ideas Roystonea to six" Le5n's work brought on biogeographyis much appreciated. recognition to the astonishingdiversity of The palm specialistO. F. Cook (1900) royal palmsin the remoteeastern province created the genus Roystonea to accom- of Cuba, then known as Oriente and now modate the Cuban royal palm, R. regia, known as Guantinamo. first collectedby the famed explorersAlex- In mid-Septemberof 1990, I traveled ander von Humboldt and Aim6 Bonpland to Cuba to spendthree weeks studying the around 1800. Carl Kunth, a Germanbot- common Roystonea regia and,the poorly anist working with Humboldt and Bon- known speciesof Guantinamo which had pland's collections,had placed the species not been collected since Le6n's original in the genusOreodoxa, a genusnow known work nearly a half a century ago. to be a rejected synonym of Prestoea. My first stop in Cuba was the Jardin Cook recognized the Cuban royal's dis- Bot6nico Nicional, whose director, Dr. tinctivenessand placed it in Roystonea, a Angela Leiva, is actively conducting genus he named in honor of General Roy research in Cuban palms and has super- Stone, a U.S. Army engineer who served vised the growth of the palm collection at in Puerto Rico. Bailey took up the genus JBN. The collection is extensive, although in 1935 and recognizedl2 taxa, including Angela laments that she still doesnot have two varieties of R. regia that he described all the native speciesof palms in cultiva- from Cuba. He again published a revision tion. The only speciesof royal palm grow- of the genus in 1949, in which he incor- ing at JBN is R. regia, which is proving porated the Cuban species described by to be somethingof a weed. I also met with Le6n just six years earlier, and recognized Dr. Miguel Rodriguez Hern6ndez, who a total of l7 taxa from South America and helped arrange my itinerary, and Dr. Vla- the islandsof the Caribbean.Allen (L952) dimir Moreno, a specialistin forestry and added two more taxa to the genus and PRINCIPES lvor. 35 I. Roystonea regiavar. regia on a hillside in the Municipio de Yateras, Guant6namo. extended its range to include Central white trunk, which is usually ventricose America. At present, the genus includes (slightly swollen) in the middle, but it may approximately 12 taxa, with the center o{ be irregularly swollen or constricted any- diversity in the province of Guant6namo where along its length. It bears a full crown in eastern Cuba. of leaves above a green crownshaft, and produces several infructescences through- out the year. Roystonea regia (Kunth) Cook var. Roystonea regia var. regia, as well as regia other Roysfonea species, is most com- The most abundant and one of the most monJy used in two non-destructive ways in "palma useful palms in Cuba is the real" Cuba: fruits ("palmiche") are used to feed "palma or criolla,'o the royal palm (Fig. hogs, and lea{bases ("yaguas") are used I). It is the nationaltree of Cuba, and its as a waterproof covering for bales of likenessappears in official sealsand crests tobacco. Both uses are current in Cuba as well as in folk art. It grows in fertile, today and are not dying out or being well drained soil throughout the island up replaced with other materials. Another to elevationsof approximatelyI000 m. It common but destructive use of Roystonea is immediately recognizableby its concrete is for timber. Planks are cut from the trunk l99rl ZONA: ROYSTONEAIN CUBA 227 r;f { ,i N:-,$iw A" h .. ':, 't f'': .-:,1 2. Destructive uses of Raystonea. A. Wood planks cut from -RoTstonea sp. and used for rural home construction, Vega Larga, near Baracoa. Thatch is coqonut, Cocos nucifera. B. Iurniture at the Jardin Bot6nico Nacional made from the trunks of R- regia var. regia- Note the royal palm motif. PRINCIPES lVoL. 35 and used for siding in rural houses (Fig- According to the Food and Agriculture 2a). Furniture is also made from the wood Oreanization of the United Nations, Cuba (Fig. 2b). imforts virtually all of its vegetable oils, Modern statistics for the use of yaguas including 400 MT of olive oil and 95,000 (FAO are lacking, but La Rosa(1974) reported MT of sunfloweroil annually l9B7). that in the province of Las Villas alone On severaloccasions, palmiche oil extrac- (now the provinces of Sancti Spiritus, Villa tion facilitieshave operatedin Cuba to take Clara, Cienfuegos,and part of Matanzas) advantage of this abundant natural a nearly 2.I million yaguas were used to resource. Ruebens (1968) provided facil- wrap bales of tobacco. Four yaguas are detailed description of an extraction had requiredto cover one bale. Although 2.1 ity near Rem6dios,Villa Clara, which of million may seem incredible, Ruebens the capacity to produce 5.8 MT/day ( 1968) estimatedthat there are more than palmiche oil for industrial use. The plant, I I million individualsof R. regiavat regia ho*"rret, is no longer operational.I suspect on the island of Cuba! that the difficulties in harvesting palmiche Palmiche is a valuable commodity all and providing the quantity of fruit needed over Cuba. It is the preferred foodstuff for by the plant made the facility economically fattening hogs. Ideally, a hog enclosure unfeasible,However, economic conditions make includes one or more royal palms so that in Cuba's fulure may once again the hogs can feed on the fruits as they palmiche oil a profitable proposition. drop to the ground throughout the year. Onaney Muffiz related to me an inter- If the hog enclosuredoes not include royal estins anecdotethat during the Prohibition palms, skilled climbers, ca\feddesm'ocha- Era,"the notorious Chicago gangster Al dores (Fig. 3), cut infructescences while Capone operated a facility in Havana for the fruits are still red (i'e', before they turn -ukitrg laundry soap with palmiche oil. his purple-black and drop oft), and the fruits The facility was merely a front for are allowed to ripen in a shaded place illegal rum running business,and after Pro- before feeding to the hogs' Alternatively' hibition was repealed, he sold the soap the fruits are allowed to ferment, and the factory. Onaney mentioned that although fermented fruits are fed to the hogs as the soap was of excellent quality, the fac- silage. tory soon went bankrupt without the clan- Falmicheis rich in oil. Ruebens(1968) destine support from the rum business. found that on average, fresh palmiche freshseeds mesocarpis IO.7% oil and that Roystonea l€gid var. maisiana Bailey 2!7o oil. Unlike most oils derived from are and var. Pinguis BaileY palms, palmiche oil is unusually high in to unsaturatedfatty acids,the more desirable Bailey described these varieties were only fatty acids for edible oils. Stillman and accommodateplants that he felt R. regia Reed(1934) foundthat the fatty acid com- slightly different from the comrnon positionof palmiche kernel oil is as follows: var. regia. Roystonea regia var. maisia- it is 16.0% myristic acid,,7 .57o palmitic acid, na (Fig.4), endemicto Maisi, where less I.O7o stearic acid, 32.07o lauric acid, abundant, is much more slender and mea- 28-5% oleic acid, g.STolinoleicacid, and ventricosethan the typical variety. I 5.07o capric acid. By comparison,oleic sureda populationof R. regiavar. maisia- at acid, an unsaturated fatty acid, comprises na and,found that the trunk diameter : 13.O-24.4% of the oil of Bactris gasipaes breastheight averaged 36.5 cm (N t l)' (N kernels and only L0.5-IB-5% of the oil comparedwith an averageof 46.9 cm : from Elaeis guineensis kernels (Lleras and 25) for a populationof R. regia vat. Coradin t98B). regia. This species would be an elegant l99ll ZONA: ROYSMNEA IN CUBA Julio Escalante, a skilled desmuchador, climbing Roystonea regia var. regia near Baracoa. PRINCIPES [Vor. 35 r99ll ZONA: ROISMNEA IN CUBA tal palm for cultivationobut virtually nothing Roystonea violacea Le6n is known of its horticultural requirements. 'oPalma o'palma morada," criolla azul," In contrast, R. regia var. pinguis is, "palma accordingto Bailey(1935), a more robust or roja" is still abundant in the palm, describedfrom the Imias River region region of the Rio Maya in Maisi. Having never seen this species, of the southern coast of Guant6namo. I before we passed found the Roystonea palms at the type by several individuals before noticing that the color of their trunks was not locality to fit the descriptionof R.
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