URBAN and ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT Loan No

Executing Agency

Government of Nepal Ministry of Physical Planning & Works Department of Urban Development & Building Construction UEIP, Project Coordination Office

URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT Loan No. 1966 NEP (SF)

FINAL REPORT for INITIAL ENVIRONMENT EXAMINATION (IEE) of SANITATION & WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT INCLUDING REED BED TREATMENT PLANT SUB-PROJECT OF BANEPA MUNICIPALITY

September 2009 IMPLEMENTING AGENCY

Banepa Municipality Urban & Environmental Improvement Project (UEIP) Project Implementation Unit(PIU) Banepa, Kavrepalanchowk, Nepal

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abbreviations Executive Summary

1. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT ...... 1

2. THE PROJECT ...... 2 2.1 General Introduction ...... 2 2.1.1 Background ...... 2 2.1.2 Project Objectives...... 3 2.1.3 Impact on Land Use ...... 3 2.1.4 Adverse Impact on the Environment, human life and population pressure ...... 4 2.1.5 Damage to be suffered by local goods or objects...... 4 2.1.6 Relevancy of the Project/ Rational for Conducting IEE ...... 4 2.1.7 Procedure and Methodology Adopted ...... 5 2.1.7.1 Physical Environmental Assessment ...... 5 2.1.7.2 Biological Environmental Assessment ...... 5 2.1.7.3 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Assessment...... 5 2.1.7.4 Evaluation of the Impacts of the Project on the Environment...... 5 2.1.7.5 Overview of IEE Study ...... 5

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 6 3.1 Type of Project ...... 6 3.2 Nature and Type of goods delivered ...... 6 3.3 Proposed Project...... 6 3.3.1 Materials Used...... 6 3.4 Emissions resulting from the Implementation of the Project ...... 6 3.4.1 Solid Waste...... 6 3.4.2 Waste Water...... 6 3.4.3 Air Quality...... 7 3.4.4 Odor Problem...... 8 3.4.5 Noise and Vibration...... 8 3.5 Energy to be used ...... 8 3.6 Manpower Requirements...... 8 3.7 Resource Required ...... 9 3.8 Detailed Particulars of the Project Area...... 10 3.8.1 Maps...... 10 3.8.2 Population and Settlement Conditions...... 10 3.8.3 Particulars of Sensitive Things or Objects within the Project Area...12 3.8.4 Current Situation ...... 12 3.8.4.1 Water Supply...... 12 3.8.4.2 Source of Water ...... 12 3.8.4.3 Existing Drainage Situation ...... 13 3.8.4.4 Sewerage and Sanitation ...... 13 3.8.4.5 Solid Waste Management ...... 14 3.8.5 Arrangement of Disposing/ Processing Waste ...... 14 3.8.6 Paths for Movement in the Project Area ...... 14 3.9 Manufacturing Processes...... 14 3.9.1 RCC Pipes...... 14 3.9.2 Overflow Structure ...... 14 3.9.3 Type of RBT System ...... 14 3.9.3.1 Primary Treatment Unit ...... 15 3.9.3.2 Septic Tank ...... 15 3.9.3.3 Sludge Drying Bed ...... 15 3.9.3.4 Reed Bed Treatment Unit...... 15 3.9.3.5 Outfall...... 15 3.9.3.6 Raw Materials to be used...... 16 3.10 Details of Technology ...... 16 3.11 Project Components ...... 16 3.11.1 Pipe Velocity...... 16 3.11.2 Pipe Size ...... 17 3.11.3 Manholes...... 17 3.11.4 Rain Water inlet...... 18 3.11.5 Water Sources...... 18 3.11.6 Sewer Pipelines or Sewer Channels...... 18 3.11.7 Constructed Wetland/ Reed Bed Treatment Plants...... 18 3.12 Salient Features of Sewer System...... 21 3.13 Salient Features of Reed Bed Treatment Plant...... 23 3.14 Project Activities ...... 25

4. IMPACT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 26 4.1 Impact on the Social, Economic and Cultural spheres...... 26 4.1.1 Construction Stage...... 26 4.1.1.1 Degradation of Cultivated Land...... 26 4.1.1.2 Destruction of Forests ...... 26 4.1.1.3 Impact on Human Health...... 26 4.1.2 Operation Stage ...... 26 4.1.2.1 Impact on Human Health...... 26 4.2 Change in Social, Cultural and Religious norms and values...... 27 4.2.1 Construction Stage...... 27 4.2.1.1 Cultural Values...... 27 4.2.2 Operation Stage ...... 28 4.2.2.1 Impact on Socio-Economic Spheres ...... 28 4.2.2.2 Socio-Economic Spheres...... 28 4.2.2.3 Archaeological and Historical Values...... 28 4.3 Biological Impacts...... 28 4.3.1 Construction Stage...... 28 4.3.1.1 Population ...... 28 4.3.1.2 Flora and Fauna...... 28 4.3.1.3 Natural Habitats and Communities...... 28 4.4 Physical Impact ...... 29 4.4.1 Construction Stage...... 29 4.4.1.1 Land ...... 29 4.4.1.2 Atmosphere...... 29 4.4.1.3 Water...... 29 4.4.1.4 Noise ...... 29 4.4.1.5 Man- made Objects...... 29 4.4.1.6 Land Use Patterns...... 29 4.4.2 Operation Stage ...... 29 4.4.2.1 Land ...... 29 4.4.2.2 Drainage/ Waste water Generation...... 30 4.5 Chemical Impact...... 30 4.6 Nuisance Impact from the Construction of Treatment Plant...... 30 4.7 Beneficial impacts...... 31 4.7.1 Improvement of Sanitation Condition...... 31 4.7.2 Employment Generation ...... 31 4.7.3 Appreciation of Land Value...... 31 4.7.4 Enhancement in Greenery and Aesthetic Value...... 31 4.7.5 Use of By-Products ...... 31

5. ALTERNATIVES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT ...... 32 5.1 Design ...... 32 5.2 Project Site Alternative ...... 33 5.3 Technology Alternative...... 33 5.4 Time Schedule ...... 33 5.5 Raw Materials to be used ...... 33

6. MEASURES TO REDUCE OR CONTROL THE IMPACT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT ...... 34 6.1 Key Issues and their Mitigation...... 34 6.2 Mitigation Measures in Project Construction Phase...... 34 6.2.1 Alignment and Protection Work in Pipe LInes ...... 34 6.2.2 Manhole and Connection Chambers ...... 35 6.2.3 Equipments and Vehicles...... 35 6.2.4 Waste Management and Disposal ...... 35 6.2.5 Safety Measures ...... 35 6.2.6 Prioritize Employment to Local People ...... 35 6.3 Mitigation Measures in Project Operation Phase...... 35 6.3.1 Monitoring System...... 35 6.3.2 Skill Development Training ...... 36 6.3.3 Mitigation Cost...... 36

7. MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT...... 37 7.1 Performance Indicator ...... 37 7.2 Types of Monitoring ...... 37 7.2.1 Baseline Monitoring...... 37 7.2.2 Impact Monitoring...... 37 7.2.3 Compliance Monitoring...... 37 7.3 Monitoring Program ...... 37 7.3.1 Monitoring Plan...... 37 7.3.2 Mechanisms for Monitoring...... 38 7.4 Monitoring Cost...... 38

8. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE OF THE PROJECT...... 44 8.1 Geophysical Profile...... 44 8.1.1 Topography ...... 44 8.1.2 Geology and Soil...... 44 8.1.3 Climate ...... 44 8.1.4 Surface and Ground Water ...... 44 8.1.5 Land Use Pattern ...... 44 8.2 Ecological Profile ...... 44 8.2.1 Flora ...... 44 8.2.2 Fauna ...... 44 8.2.3 Protected Areas...... 45 8.3 Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment ...... 45 8.3.1 Demography...... 45 8.3.2 Ethnic Group...... 45 8.3.3 Occupation and income/ Expenditure Status...... 46 8.3.3.1 Occupation ...... 46 8.3.3.2 Income, Expenditure and Savings...... 46 8.3.4 Health and Hygiene...... 46 8.3.4.1 Personal Health and Hygiene...... 46 8.3.4.2 Diseases/ Morbidity...... 46 8.3.5 Education and Gender aspects...... 47 8.3.6 Quality of Life Value ...... 47

9. PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 48 9.1 Public Notifications...... 48 9.2 Focus Group Discussion...... 48 9.3 Individuals/ Institutions Contacted...... 48 9.4 Public Hearing/ Dissemination of finding of IEE ...... 48 9.5 Comments/ Suggestions/ Issues rose...... 48

10. REVIEW OF ACTS, POLICIES, REGULATION AND GUIDELINES ...... 50 10.1 Acts, Policies, Regulations and Guidelines Reviewed ...... 50 10.1.1 Policies ...... 50 10.1.2 Laws ...... 50 10.1.3 Rules ...... 50 10.1.4 Standards, Guidelines, Manuals and Codes ...... 50 10.2 Description of the Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks ...... 50

11. PROPOSED INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT...... 55

12. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 56

ANNEXES: Annex A: Location Map Annex B: Recommendation Letter from the Municipality, Minutes of Meeting, Public Notification and Public Response Annex C: Photographs Annex D: Construction Schedule Annex E: Checklist of Environmental Monitoring Parameters Annex F: Approved Terms of Reference (ToR) of IEE Annex G: Response to Comments and Suggestions

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB : Asian Development Bank BOD : Biological Oxygen Demand CI : Cast Iron COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand CW : Constructed Wetland DEDCS : Detailed Engineering Design and Construction Supervision DoR : Department of Roads DUDBC : Department of Urban Development and Building Construction DWSS : Department of Water supply and Sewerage IEE : Initial Environmental Examination EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EMAP : Environmental Management Action Plan EPR : Environmental Protection Rules EPA : Environment Protection Act GoN : Government of Nepal ha : Hectare HH : Household kg : Kilogram km : Kilometer lps : Liters per second m : Meter mg/l : milligram per liter mm : millimeter MPPW : Ministry of Physical Planning and Works NGO : Non-Governmental Organization NRs. : Nepali rupees NWSC : Nepal Water Supply Corporation O & M : Operation and Maintenance PCO : Project Coordination Office PISC : Project Implementation Support Consultant PIU : Project Implementation Unit PSC : Project Steering Committee RBTP : Reed Bed Treatment Plant RCC : Reinforced Cement Concrete RoW : Right of Way ToR : Terms of Reference UEIP : Urban and Environmental Improvement Project VAT : Value Added Tax VDC : Village Development Committee WUSC : Water Users and Sanitation Committee MoEST : Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology amsl : above mean sea level Executive Summary

The proposed Sanitation and Waste Water Management Sub-Project is situated in Banepa Municipality, Kavrepalanchowk District of Nepal. It lies along the Arniko Highway at 26 km east of Kathmandu, the capital city. Dhulikhel Municipality lies in the eastern and Panauti Municipality in the southern border of Banepa Municipality. The project proponent, UEIP/PIU Banepa Municipality is responsible for the preparation of IEE report. TAEC Consult P. Ltd. will work on behalf of the project for conducting IEE studies and prepare IEE report using all the prevalent guidelines, acts, policies and rules. Project Implementation Unit (PIU) of UEIP, Banepa Municipality will coordinate this IEE study.

The main objective of IEE study for Sanitation and Wastewater Management Sub-project is to propose the suitable monitoring and mitigation measures for minimizing the potential negative environmental impacts and to augment the positive ones to improve overall performance of the project. The IEE report has been prepared following Rule 7 and Annex 5 of EPR, 2054 (1997) including its amendment, 2055. The National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 1993 and EPA, 2054, will guide the norms for this study.

Banepa Municipality covers an area of 828 ha and consists of 11 wards with 15,586 populations in 2001 AD. Banepa municipality is well served by a storm drainage system except for wards 6, 9 and 11. Total length of the existing storm drain is about 8.25 km which consists of RCC Hume pipe and masonry channel.

The existing storm sewerage system has been converted into combine sewerage by appropriate modification/ rehabilitation works, wherever possible. Hence, the new sewerage system has been designed as combined sewers. The flow obtained from combined sewers has been taken to different sewerage treatment plants to be constructed at different locations of Banepa as described below: Chandeshwori sub-system, North eastern part of Banepa, Chandeshwori Core area and bazar sub-system (Budole & Landfill site), South eastern part of Banepa, Budole. Nayabasti sub – system

While preparing this report, a public notice was published in daily news paper on 2065/07/04BS. Besides this, another notice were affixed in the schools, health posts, public administration office, land revenue office, all ward offices of the municipality and other various public gathering places as described in EPR, 2054.

However, the people of the Nayabasti sub-system have given their written advice not to construct RBTP in that area. Similarly, Banepa Municipality has decided to exclude the implementation of the same in construction phase I. Hence IEE report is prepared for the Chandeshwori and Core area and bazaar sub – systems only.

The service area covered by Chandeshwori sub – system and Core area and bazaar sub – system is as follows:

Dudeichha, Tulti marga, Mukti marga, Arniko highway, Sangam marga, Shanti marga, Ratmate, Karuna marga, Kwon lan, Lakchyaswor, Japali, Prabesh marga, Silathali, Jagannath, Thun lan, Asampha, Bhota marga, Basikhyo tole, Kobha lan, Kobahal, Hansaraj, Wakuhiti, Dathu lan, Dudeicha, Dhasin lan, Kathu lan, Bankhyo lan, Thachhu road, Kwatha galli, Chaitya galli, Sija lan, Sin tole, Kwon lan, Bhakteswor marga, Bus park, Punyamati lan. During the preparation of IEE report, physical impact, biological impact, socio-economic, cultural and environmental impacts after the construction of the sub – project has been studied and their consequences are provided in report in detail.

Based on the study undertaken, it is expected that the proposed sewerage and RBTP system will have very low impacts on environments, which can be easily mitigated through adequate mitigation measures. The local impacts are of limited in nature and low in magnitude. There are very little possibilities of adverse impact on biological and socio-economical environment of the project area too. There shall be significant improvement in personal, household and community hygiene practices and environmental sanitation thereby increasing the quality of life and community health.

The average BOD of raw sewage is assumed to be about 230mg/l is taken for the design of RBTP. After the full fledge sewage treatment through the RBTP, the BOD at outfall of treated sewage shall be obtained 61.24, 81.15 & 81.26 mg/l from Chandeshwori, Budol downstream and Land fill site treatment plant respectively. All treated influent will goes to natural drains. The BOD values are within the standard limit for both sub-systems. However, the BOD value is slightly upper side during the design period due to the land constraint. The BOD obtained after the treatment is much lesser than the raw sewage. It leaves the positive impact on environment.

The DEDCS consultant has recommended for the construction of the sub-project which improve quality of disposed waste water as well as reduces river pollution and make aesthetic environment in the surrounding area and help to survive aquatic life in natural drains and bring about sustainable urban development in the municipality.

A well-defined mechanism for the monitoring of the work has been described in the subsequent chapter and checklist for environmental monitoring is also prepared and provided in annexes.

The municipality is fully responsible for the operation and maintenance of the sewerage system so it needs to train human resources during construction phase to look after the sanitation and wastewater management ie sewerage and RBTP systems’ implementation to improve and provide regularity in environmental quality improvement aspects.

UEIP, Banepa Municipality Final IEE Report

1. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT

The project proponent, Urban and Environmental Improvement Project (UEIP), Project Implementation Unit (PIU) Banepa is responsible for the preparation of IEE report. TAEC Consult P. Ltd. will work on behalf of PIU for conducting IEE studies and prepare IEE report by using all the prevalent guidelines, acts, policies and rules. Project Implementation Unit (PIU) established by Banepa Municipality will be co-ordinating this IEE study.

Address of the Proponent: Banepa Municipality Urban and Environmental Improvement Project (UEIP) Project Implementation Unit (PIU) Banepa, Kavrepalanchowk, Nepal Phone: 011-660571, 011-660572 Fax: 011-660572 E-mail: [email protected]

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2. THE PROJECT

2.1 General Introduction

2.1.1 Background

Although urbanization is a relatively new phenomenon in Nepal and only about 15 percent of the total population lives in urban areas, the rate of urbanization is very high resulting into 50 percent of the population in urban areas by 2035 BS. The rapid and haphazard urban growth is exerting immense pressure on urban environment and municipalities, which often do not have sufficient expertise and resources to deal with the issue of unmanaged and poor quality of sanitation. In this context, urban sanitation has become a major challenge for municipalities and small towns in Nepal. Although data shows that about 80 percent of urban households have access to some kind of toilets but the wastes from these toilets are not well managed. Only 12 percent of urban households are connected to the sewer systems and even where sewer systems exist, waste water treatment is almost non-existent to date.

In this context, Sanitation and Waste Water Management Sub-Project at Banepa Municipality under Urban and Environmental Improvement Project (UEIP) is being implemented by the Government of Nepal (GoN) with a financial assistance of Asian Development Bank (ADB) during the period October, 2003– September, 2009 in nine towns surrounding Kathmandu Valley namely Banepa, Dhulikhel, Panauti, Bharatpur, Ratnanagar, Hetauda, Bidur, Kamalamai and Dhading Besi. Dhading Besi has been removed from nine towns due to not being municipality. Instead of Dhading Besi, Bishnumati link road has been kept. The Executing Agency for the project is Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) through Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC).

The main objective of the project is to facilitate sustainable urban development by addressing critical environmental needs, while supporting the government’s priorities of: Environmental infrastructure improvement of secondary urban centres, Poverty alleviation, Decentralization of authority, and Strengthening municipal institutional capabilities to improve personal hygiene and environmental sanitation to uplift the quality of life of people.

The above objectives are expected to achieve through the implementation of five basic components in each targeted municipalities. These components are: Municipal Institutional Strengthening and Revenue Mobilization, Construction of Major Urban Environmental Infrastructure, Provision of Supplementary Urban Facilities, Community Development Programs and Project Implementation Assistance.

The executing agency DUDBC has established a Project Coordination Office (PCO) to support and manage the execution of the project at the centre under the guidance of the Project Steering Committee (PSC). The implementation activities in the municipality will be taken by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) established in each municipality.

The PIU / UEIP and Banepa Municipality has made an agreement with TAEC Consult P. Ltd. for the implementation of major urban environmental infrastructure and supplementary urban

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facilities. The contract for the same was signed on 29 May, 2006 and services formally commenced from 15 June, 2006.

In recent years, environmentally sustainable development has become one of the major challenges faced by different development institutions. Accordingly, government has introduced a variety of instruments into the country’s development activities. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is one of the tools for the environmentally sustainable development of the town.

Terms of Reference (ToR) is hence prepared to conduct IEE of Sanitation and Waste Water Management Sub-Project at Banepa Municipality under Urban and Environmental Improvement Project (UEIP) as per Rules 3 and 5. The project is screened as Schedules 1 and 2. The proposal falls under schedule 1 and Terms of Reference is prepared based on the format given in the Schedule 3 of Environment Protection Rules (EPR) 2054 (1997) including its amendment.

2.1.2 Project Objectives

The sub-project aims to improve the health and hygiene environment and quality of life of the people residing in the project area with the provision of sewerage facilities. The project objective can be summarized as: To improve sanitation facilities of the core town and provide a hygienic environment. To provide basic urban service in terms of sanitation and sewerage. To minimize the abuse of existing drains.

The main aim of IEE study for UEIP is to follow rule 7 and annex 5 of EPR, 2054 including its amendment, 2055. The norms for this study will be guided by the National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 1993 and the spirit of EPA, 2054. The general objectives of this IEE would be: To identify and analyze the potential environmental impacts on physical, biological, chemical, socio-economic and cultural resources from the location, design and construction of the project structures and associated facilities in the project areas. To propose the suitable mitigation measures for minimizing the potential negative environmental impacts and to enhance the positive impacts. To define and prepare appropriate environmental monitoring plan. To receive public feedback for safeguarding the natural environment with least negative impact on its natural settings and also to adequately assess and document community requirements relating socio-economic and cultural aspects in the project areas. To prepare the IEE report as per EPR, 2054.

In short, the main purpose of IEE is to help decision makers to balance the pressure of immediate gain from exploitation of natural resources with long term sustainable utilization of resources and the protection of human well being and the environment.

2.1.3 Impact on Land Use

The project area is an emerging town and is growing rapidly as a commercial, tourism and residential center. But the problem in this area is lack of proper sanitation. So, if the sewerage and waste water management facilities are not managed properly these will pose threats to the environment in the future. Sewer lines are aligned along the public roads, footpaths and will be reinstated after laying of the RCC Hume pipes. Likewise, the treatment plants are located away from the residential areas. Impact on land is predictable as project implementation requires land

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for laying of the pipes, treatment plants and others. But excavation of the land for laying the pipes will not cause any significant erosion.

2.1.4 Adverse Impact on the Environment, human life and population pressure

As per ADB guidelines on Environmental Assessment requirements, this project is classified as Environment category B requiring only. The initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been done as per the checklist suggested by ADB and GoN's Environmental protection Regulation (1997) and second amendment 2007 (2064).

This sanitations and sewerage subproject intend to improve health and quality of life of the people living in the project town by facilitating drainage, waste water and sanitations facilities by draining households waste water, sewage and rainwater to the river course after treating. The project will provide 24 – hour service to the users within the project area. It will cater domestic needs through private house connections.

2.1.5 Damage to be suffered by local goods or objects

There is no significant damage to be suffered by local goods or objects.

2.1.6 Relevancy of the Project/ Rational for Conducting IEE As per ADB guidelines on Environmental Assessment requirements, this project is classified as Environment Category B, therefore, IEE is required as per the checklist suggested by ADB, GoN Environmental Protection Rules (1997) stipulate that an IEE is necessary. The primary GoN statutory requirement that has to be fulfilled for environmental assessment for any type of development activities in the EPA 2053 and EPR 2054, and as per Schedule 1: IEE study. The different categories mentioned in the above Schedule include (a) Forest, (b) Industry, (c) Mining, (d) Roads, (f) Tourism, (g) Drinking Water, (h) Waste management, (i) Agriculture, (j) Except the projects mentioned in Clause (a) to (i) and those below the standards of those mentioned in Schedule 2 (EIA study) with a project cost of Rs. 50 million to 250 million. The main objective of this project is to improve the sewage quality and quality of life of community people in the specified project area. The proposed project: Sanitation and Waste Water Management Sub-Project falls under Schedule 1 (I – 1 e): Waste Management, activities to be undertaken with the objective providing services to cost more than 5million in sewerage system. Though three reed bed system treatment plants (RBTP) are proposed, two sewerage sub- systems will be constructed immediately to treat the waste water. No hazardous wastes like hospital wastes, industrial wastes, etc. will be brought into the collection systems and treatment plants. Hence, IEE study is rational. Realizing that the economic development of Banepa depends upon the agri-business and enterprises and service sector, emphasis is given for improvements in the environment conservation and proper land use planning and development. The present indiscriminate practice of discharging sewage directly into the storm drain and finally to rivers would be corrected by this proposed sewerage sub-project. Both sewerage sub-systems (Chandeshwori and Core area and bazar sub-systems) will be upgraded with necessary rehabilitation works in existing system as combined sewers. The sewage treatment plant will be provided with appropriate overflow structures, such that only the dry weather flow will enter into the treatment plants. The remaining of the flow will by- pass the treatment plants and flow to the river through overflow structure. The prevailing laws of the land have made IEE study mandatory for the proposed Sanitation and Sewerage Works. Under the prevailing Act, it is also mandatory to suggest and recommend suitable mitigation measures to conserve natural environment ensuring minimum deterioration as a result of project execution.

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As a whole, the project does not lie inside any restricted areas, places of cultural, historical and archaeological importance/monuments, conservation areas, wildlife reserves, national parks, and any other places where the land law prohibits any construction activities.

2.1.7 Procedure and Methodology Adopted

The study team visited the site to identify the potential impacts, both positive and negative of the projects. During the visit, the team has conducted meetings with the local people of different sectors. Apart from these brainstorming sessions, field examinations, data gathering and processing for the project was done during presentation of all sewer sub-systems. The team also walked through the survey area of sewer line of RBTP site to identify the environment structure and potential areas, which needs to be taken into account.

2.1.7.1 Physical Environmental Assessment

Existing environmental constraints and potential impacts in the project area were studied through field surveys, complemented by secondary information from reports and interviews with some of government officials, schools and representatives of the local bodies.

2.1.7.2 Biological Environmental Assessment

The information on biological environment was gathered by reconnaissance survey of the project site and surrounding area. Due attention were paid on vegetation, wild life, and aquatic life of the project area and surroundings. The methods used for the collection of biological information are as follows. Collection of ethno-botanical information on socio-economically important plant species through consultation with local informants. Ethno zoological data have been obtained by conducting interviews and discussion with local informants. Information on local uses of aquatic biota, fish spawning site, migration pattern, and weedy aquatic plants were obtained holding interview with local informants.

2.1.7.3 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Assessment

Social assessment has been attempted to determine the social implication in terms of assumed positive and negative impacts. The primary data for the initial social assessment, which is an integral part of the initial environmental examination (IEE), were obtained through focus group discussion with communities. Additional data were collected from general documents on the districts and households survey questionnaires.

2.1.7.4 Evaluation of the Impacts of the Project on the Environment

The impacts of the project on environment were conducted by grading in the checklists. The checklist used is given in the Annex E of this report.

2.1.7.5 Overview of IEE Study

Following steps were taken by the consultants before preparation of this IEE report a. Preparation of ToR and its approval. b. Public notification. c. Field survey and analysis. d. Meetings and gatherings with locals of the project area. e. Report preparation.

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3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

3.1 Type of Project

The sewerage sub-project is completely service oriented and is highly beneficial as it will improve the health and quality of life of the people residing in the project area. The project provides facilities like drainage, waste water and sanitation in the project area. The proposed project is to be implemented at Banepa municipality, Kavrepalanchowk District in Central development region of the country.

3.2 Nature and Type of goods delivered

The project aims to create hygienic environment by draining household waste water to the river course after treatment. The project will provide 24 hours service to the users within the project area. It will cater domestic needs through private house connections.

3.3 Proposed Project

3.3.1 Materials Used

3.4 Emissions resulting from the Implementation of the Project

3.4.1 Solid Waste

The treatment system consists of a septic tank, bar screen, grease and grit chamber, sludge drying bed, pump house and horizontal flow beds. Due to the land constraint, bar screen, grit and grease chamber have been connected to each other and with septic tank also. Solid waste are collected particularly in bar screen, grit chamber (even though in small volume) and from septic tank when sludge are taken out for drying bed. Large floating matters like rags, plastic bags, textiles etc., which may otherwise clog and choke the down stream units are retained in the bar screen; oil & grease are retained in grease chamber whereas small solid particles, grit are collected in grit chamber. These chambers thus should be regularly monitored and the extracted solids are disposed later in suitable location.

Sludge from septic tank is cleaned in every 2 to 3 months and is dried in sludge drying bed. These wastes can be converted to fertilizer by milling or can be dried to use as fuel brickets.

3.4.2 Waste Water

The proposed sewer system is combined sewerage system. The effluent from the septic tank will be pumped into the horizontal flow reed bed twice daily controlled by level sensors. Before treatment, average BOD of the raw waste water entering the septic tank is found to be 230mg/l. The septic tank removes 30% BOD. The horizontal reed bed removes about 60% of BOD. The

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BOD of the effluent will be reduced to a range of 30mg/l to 100mg/l after treatment from Horizontal filter bed.

Hence, it is expected that the system will meet the NBSM (NS 229-2046) as well as the generic standard produced by MOEST effluent criteria for these parameters which is as presented in Table 3.1

Table 3.1: NBSM Effluent Criteria Parameters Units Values pH 5.9-9

BOD5 mg/l 30-100 COD mg/l 250 Ammonia Nitrogen mg/l 50 Suspended Solids mg/l 30-200 Oil and Grease mg/l 10

The Table 3.2 below shows the BOD of the effluent at each RBTP site during the design year

Table 3.2: BOD of the Effluent in the Deign Year after Treatment from HFB Q Ci Ce RBTP sites (m3/d) (mg/l) (mg/l) Chandeshwori 126 175 61.24 Budol downstream 390 175 81.15 Landfill Site 1172 175 81.26

where, Q = Average daily flow of waste water (m3/d) Ci = Influent BOD (mg/l) Ce = Effluent BOD (mg/l)

The BOD shown in the Table 3.2 will be obtained at the end of the design year. The value of BOD is within the standard limit presented in Table 3.1 for all the subsystems.

The treated effluent obtained from the outlet of horizontal flow beds is then discharged to Punyamata and Chandeshwori khola.

The pumping is proposed in Core area and bazar sub-system for both RBTP sites (i.e. Budol downstream and landfill site) whereas in Chandeshwori sub-system gravity flow from septic tank to horizontal filter has been designed.

Besides these, treatment plants will produce no odor. Aesthetic look created by reed plantation and landscaping will add beauty to the environment.

3.4.3 Air Quality

Some increase in dust concentration may occur during the construction phase due to excavation of sewer line, which will be mitigated by sprinkling water over excavated material and on surrounding area. This is only for a short period and its impact is temporary and is not significant.

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3.4.4 Odor Problem

Immediately after pumping there might be slight nuisance odor. But this is only for a short period of time and its impact is temporary and is not significant once the sludge starts drying.

3.4.5 Noise and Vibration

During construction period the sources of noise may be due to vehicle/ equipment operations and other human activities. But, there are no significant effects of noise and vibration in the Project area and are within the threshold limit.

Chandeshwori sub-system is designed in gravity flow. However, in the core area and bazar sub- systems i.e., in Budol and Landfill treatment plant site, the effluent is pumped from septic tank to horizontal flow reed beds twice daily and sludge from septic tank is pumped every 2 to 3 months into the sludge drying bed. Hence, the little bit affect of noise will be only during pumping otherwise there is no significant affects of noise and vibrations.

3.5 Energy to be used

Chandeshwori sub-system is designed in gravity flow system. Hence, there is no need of energy to be used for this system.

However, the Core area and bazar sub-systems i.e., Budol and Landfill site use electrical energy to pump the effluent from septic tank to horizontal flow reed beds twice daily and sludge from septic tank is pumped every 2 to 3 months into the sludge drying bed.

3.6 Manpower Requirements

Numerous semi-skilled, unskilled labors are required for the construction of sanitation and sewerage collection system and also the treatment plants. Other skilled manpower is also required during the operation and maintenance of the system.

The following is the organization structure envisaged for regular operation and maintenance of the sewerage system. However, Banepa municipality will take care of administrative and financial matters. They will prepare a plan for the regular collection of necessary fund from the users and operate the system successfully.

Municipality Board

Engineering Section Chief/ Municipal Engineer

Sanitation Section Overseer Water Supply Section Infrastructure Section In-Charge

Plant Operator Plant Maintenance/ Sewer Maintenance Electrician Guard Workers

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The annual expenditure required for smooth operation and maintenance for both sewerage and RBTP system is shown in Table 3.3 & Table 3.4

Table 3.3: Annual Expenditure for Personnel Basic salary Annual amount SN Personnel Number Month (NRs.) (NRs) 1 Overseer 1 7,000.00 13 91,000.00 13 2 Plant operator 4 6,000.00 312,000.00

13 3 Plant maintenance/ Guard 4 6,000.00 312,000.00

Sewer maintenance 4 4 5,500.00 13 286,000.00 workers 5 Electrician 3 6,000.00 13 234,000.00 Total 16 1,235,000.00

Table 3.4: Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost Rate Amount SN Item Units Quantity (NRs.) (NRs) 1 Office overhead, fuel and electricity month 31,650.00 12 379,800.00 2 System Maintenance 258,923.80 3 Personnel Cost 1,235,000.00 Total 1,873,723.80 The total annual cost of operation and maintenance for both sewerage and RBTP system of phase I and phase II is NRs. 1,873,723.80. The present scope is phase I (i.e. Chandeshwori sub-system and Core area and bazaar sub system) and phase II (i.e. Nayabasti sub system) will be implemented by the municipality in the future from their other resources. Hence, the operation and maintenance cost of phase I have been determined based upon the total O & M cost of phase I and phase II in pro-rata basis and the figure comes NRs. 1,387,330.03.

The Municipal Engineer/ Engineering section in charge will look after all the development activities and operation and maintenance of the existing infrastructures. The individual section in charge will work on the guidance of municipal engineer. Also the municipality has no provision to recruit separate engineer for each sub-project.

3.7 Resource Required

Waste water from houses, septic tank sullage and storm water is the main source, which is made available through collection chambers and storm water drainage line. Total capital of the project Combined sewer lines O and M equipment Reed bed treatment plants Land area for treatment plants Building and their types Electricity cost

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3.8 Detailed Particulars of the Project Area

The proposed Sanitation and Waste Water Management Including Reed Bed Treatment Plant Sub-Project is situated in Banepa Municipality, Kavrepalanchowk District of Nepal. It lies along the Arniko Highway at 26 km east of Kathmandu, the capital city. Dhulikhel Municipality lies in the eastern and Panauti Municipality in the southern border of Banepa Municipality. The municipality consists of main settlements of Chandeshwori, Core area, Banepa Bazar, Budol etc. Other salient features of Banepa are given below:

Municipality Boundary East : Dhulikhel Municipality West : Nala VDC North : Ugratara VDC South : Panauti Municipality Location : North Latitude 27° 37' : East Longitude 81° 31' Average Altitude : 1,495m above mean sea level (amsl) Area : 828 ha

3.8.1 Maps

Location map, location plan, key plan, plan of each sub-system showing the proposed two sewer sub-systems and plan of the proposed three reed bed treatment plants (RBTPs) are presented in Annex A.

3.8.2 Population and Settlement Conditions

Banepa Municipality covers an area of 828 ha and consists of 11 wards with 15,882 populations in 2001 AD. Banepa municipality is well served by a storm drainage system except for wards 6, 9 and 11. Total length of the existing storm drain is about 8.25 km which consists of RCC Hume pipe and masonry channel. Most of these drains are clogged and are not operating properly due to lack of maintenance. The public who dump solid waste and connect untreated toilet effluent to the drains heavily abuse the drains. There is no separate sewerage system in Banepa municipality. Many houses have illegally connected the waste water pipes from the toilets/septic tank, effluents directly to the storm drains. Some sections of these drains do not have adequate slope resulting in stagnation of waste water. Some cast-iron manhole covers have been stolen and solid waste is directly dumped into these manholes. Some manholes are broken to divert the waste water to the fields for irrigation when needed and then closed using earth when not needed. The clogging problem is more prominent in the east-west sewers and in the southern part of the town due to insufficient sewer slope.

It is therefore proposed that the existing storm sewerage be converted to combine sewerage by appropriate modification/ rehabilitation works, wherever possible. The new sewerage will be constructed as combined sewers. The flow obtained from combined sewers will be taken to different sewerage treatment plants to be constructed at the following two different locations of Banepa. Chandeshwori sub-system, North eastern part of Banepa, Chandeshwori Core area and bazar sub-system (Budol & Landfill site), South eastern part of Banepa.

The following areas will be covered by the above two sub-systems;

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Table 3.5: Population and Household of Banepa Municipality Avg. HH population Growth rate Year HH Male Female Total size % 2001 3015 7882 7940 15882 5.2 2.3

Source: Population Census, 2001

Present population included in two sewerage sub systems is presented in Table 3.6

Table 3.6: Present Population Included in Two Sewer Sub-systems SN Sub-Systems No. of Houses Population Rental Total 2 Chandeshwori sub – system 171 995 403 1398 3 Core area and Bazar sub - system 2253 13099 3915 17014 Total 2424 14094 4318 18412

Source: Field Survey, 2007 The sewerage sub-system is designed for the period of 10 years after its construction completion. Hence, the year 2010 will be the base year, which provide the services by the sewer system and 2020 will be the design year. The necessary design is carried out accordingly. The following Table 3.7 provides an overview of future population to be served by each sewerage sub-system.

Table 3.7: Future Population at each Sewer Sub – System SN Sub – System Future Population 1 Chandeshwori sub–system 1959 2 Core area and Bazar sub–system 24402

The total present population in the proposed service area is presented in the Table 3.6. The population during design year is determined based on growth rate 3.5% per annum. The rental population is kept constant throughout the project period. No projection has been made in rental population.

The people of the Nayabasti sub-system have given their written advice regarding the construction of RBTP in the proposed site. Several meetings and presentations were also organised to explain the importance and necessity of RBTP to include the Nayabasti sub – system in the sub – project. But the people could not be convinced and demanded further time to take their final decision. Based upon the view of the people of Nayabasti sub – system and projects’ time constraint, Banepa Municipality has finally decided (on January 9, 2009 decision no 15) to exclude Nayabasti sub – system for implementation in phase I.

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3.8.3 Particulars of Sensitive Things or Objects within the Project Area

The service area does not possess any sensitive things or objects. However, Hindu temples like Chandeshowori lie in the project area and people frequently visit these areas especially during important religious occasions. The proposed sanitation and sewerage sub-project will enhance the archaeological and historical values of the surrounding area.

3.8.4 Current Situation

3.8.4.1 Water Supply

DWSS has its Division Water Supply and Sanitation Office at Dhulikhel. This is largely responsible for taking the information of water supply and sanitation program in the district. But NWSC, Banepa looks after Dhaneshwor and Sashipani water supply system. These systems serve primarily the built up core areas of the Banepa Municipality. Third system, Chandeshwori WS System is managed by WUSC and serves around the Chandeshwori area.

Table 3.8: Drinking Water Source from Sample Household Survey Types of Drinking Water No. % Piped drinking Water 130 69.52 Public Tap 30 16.04 Hand Pump 0 0 Well 9 4.81 River 2 1.07 Not specified 16 8.56 Total 187 100 Source: Field Survey, 2007

The water supply of Banepa town is very critical with only a few hours supply every day during wet months and an hour supply every alternate day during dry season. The quality of water used by the people is not satisfactory.

3.8.4.2 Source of Water

There are several water supply sub-systems supplying water to Banepa Municipality. Among them the major ones are operated by Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC) which looks after Dhaneshwor and Sashipani water supply system. These systems serve primarily the built-up core areas of the Banepa Municipality. The third Chandeshwori WS System is managed by WUSC and serves around the Chandeshwori area. However, the water supply situation in the town is not very good.

Due to water constraints in the sources, the NWSC is presently providing an intermittent service of about 5 hours a day. However, each and every household have access to alternative sources in the form of shallow and deep tube wells. The situation worsens further during the dry season. Inadequacies in the existing system, poor water quality and less quantities of water availability add up to the woes of the urban population in the Municipality.

At present about 33% of the total municipal population of Banepa in wards 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 is served by the NWSC system. The rest of the population depends on other smaller systems with few public taps, shallow wells, spring and nearby streams for their water supply. Most of the commercial establishments have made alternative source for water supply.

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The existing source has no enough water. Hence, feasibility study for augmentation of water from Roshi tributaries has been carried out for 80 lpcd supply during design year for the three municipalities of Kavre Valley.

A brief situation of the existing water supply systems is given in Table 3.9.

Table 3.9: Existing Major Water Supply Systems in Banepa Flow for backwash Flow for dist. Total designed flow SN Source (lps) system (lps) (lps) Existing: 1 0.06 2.94 3.00 Dhaneshwore 2 Existing: Sashipani 0.11 5.39 5.50 Existing: 3 0.00 0.55 0.55 Chandeshwori Total 0.17 8.88 9.05

3.8.4.3 Existing Drainage Situation

The existing sewers were originally constructed for draining storm water with lesser gradient than required in sewer lines. At present, these storm drains have been used as combined sewers causing siltation and blockage at several locations. Neither tools and equipments are used nor revenue is collected from the sewer users. The level of operation and maintenance is poor. But, the new sewer system is expanding in the areas which have no sewer system.

At present there are 20 existing outfalls that discharge unprocessed sewage directly into Punyamata, Kadeli, Kandho and Chandeshwori rivers. Out of the 20 existing outfalls, 9 outfalls discharge waste water to the Punyamata River, 8 to Kandho Khola, 2 to Kadeli Khola, and 1 to Chandeshwori River without any treatment.

The rivers are very much polluted due to the discharge of raw sewage directly into the river. People in these areas have connected their house sewer directly to the sewer through manhole and even through main sewer pipe by making hole. Hence, the existing sewers need improvement and rehabilitation works.

3.8.4.4 Sewerage and Sanitation

Sanitation condition of Banepa Municipality is poor and there is no sanitary sewerage system. Most of the houses in urban area have toilets with septic tank or double pits (Sulav Sauchalaya).

About 2-4% of population of old ages practiced open defecation in the fields. The following table 3.10 shows the sanitary situation of Banepa municipality.

Table 3.10: Number of Toilets of Sampled Households Location of Toilet Number % Toilet Inside the house 327 86.28 Toilet Outside the house 52 13.72 Total 379 100

Source: Field Survey, 2007

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3.8.4.5 Solid Waste Management

Banepa Municipality collects more than 3.8 tonnes of refuse daily. Solid waste collection is done daily. The waste is disposed on an area located about 2km southwest from Banepa near the right bank of the Punyamata River called landfill site. The part of landfill site has also been used for sewer treatment.

3.8.5 Arrangement of Disposing/ Processing Waste

The new sewers will be constructed as combined sewers. The flow from combined sewers will be taken to different sewage Reed Bed Treatment Plants to be constructed at the following different locations of Banepa municipality after collection of sewer at different locations. Chandeshwori sub-system, North eastern part of Banepa, Chandeshwori. Core area and Bazar sub-systems (Budol & Landfill site), South eastern part of Banepa.

Location Map and Key Plan showing the above two sewer sub-system and proposed Reed Bed Treatment Plants (RBTPs) are presented in Annex A.

3.8.6 Paths for Movement in the Project Area

Black top as well as gravel and earthen roads are available for the movement in the project area.

3.9 Manufacturing Processes

The project will be constructed using cement, bricks, sand, reinforcement steels, RCC Hume pipes, manholes, plastic liner etc.

3.9.1 RCC Pipes

RCC hume pipes are proposed for the sewer line. The collar is provided to join the pipes. The sewer size of class NP3-200mm to NP3-800mm is used in road already been built. Similarly, NP2-200mm to NP2-500 mm is used where there is no road or in designed existing foot trail and the road will not be constructed very soon. NP2-1000 mm dia RCC pipes are proposed for the overflow structures. The total pipe length (both NP3 and NP2) of the proposed sub-systems including overflow structure is 10,462.24m.

3.9.2 Overflow Structure

The overflow structures are provided along the sewer route passing close to the river in Core area and Bazar sub – system to reduce the size and cost of sewer. During rainy season and occasional flood the excess flow will be diverted through overflow structures to Punyamata River and Chandeshwori River. There are 9 nos of overflow structures (1nos at Chandeshwori sub- system and 8nos at Core area and bazar sub-system) provided. Also, the overflow structures are provided in each sub – system just before sewerage treatment plant.

3.9.3 Type of RBT System

The reed bed treatment system is proposed for the treatment of municipal waste water. This is an intermittent feeding system which consists of a septic tank, pump house, bar screen, grease chamber, grit chamber, sludge drying bed and horizontal flow reed beds. The size of the different component varies from system to system depending upon the flow of raw sewage to be treated.

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3.9.3.1 Primary Treatment Unit

A primary treatment unit of bar screen, grease chamber, grit chamber is proposed. Influent sewage passes through bar screen which retain large floating matters and later it will be raked manually. Grease and grits are retained to avoid clogging in the reed bed. The retained matters are later disposed to suitable locations.

3.9.3.2 Septic Tank

RCC septic tank is proposed. The BOD in sewage varies at each home, which depends upon the water consumption and sludge flow into the sewer. The value of BOD will be more during morning time and less during day. The sewage first enters into the septic tank and detained it for about 12 hours. The effluent from the septic tank is pumped to horizontal flow reed bed twice daily and is controlled by level sensors for Core area bazar subsystem. In Chandeshwori subsystem the effluent from the septic tank gravitates through outlet pipe to the horizontal reed bed itself.

Before treatment, an average BOD of the raw waste water entering into the septic tank is found to be 230mg/l. The septic tank removes about 30% BOD.

3.9.3.3 Sludge Drying Bed

Sludge removed from the septic tank is placed on sand beds planted with reeds for air drying called sludge drying bed. In Chandeshwori sub-system, the sludge from the septic tank gravitates through sludge outlet pipe to the sludge drying bed. For other subsystems, due to unavailability of head, the sludge has to be pumped up to the sludge drying bed. Dried sludge in most cases is used as a soil conditioner; sometimes it is used as a fertilizer because of its 2 percent nitrogen and 1 percent phosphorus content.

3.9.3.4 Reed Bed Treatment Unit

2 horizontal reed beds are proposed for Budol, 6 for Landfill site and 1 for Chandeshwori sub systems respectively. The septic tank effluent in Budol and Landfill site is pumped to horizontal flow reed beds twice daily and is controlled by level sensors. However, in Chandeshwori subsystem the effluent from the septic tank gravitates through outlet pipe to the horizontal reed bed.

The horizontal reed bed removes about 60% of BOD. However, there are no national standard for the discharge of the effluent from the waste water treatment plant. The consultants have

therefore assumed the BOD5 of the effluent will be reduced to a range of 30mg/l to 100mg/l after treatment from horizontal filter bed. More the land, number of filter unit can be constructed more and BOD becomes low.

Both horizontal flow beds and vertical flow beds are capable of removing the organic pollutant by 80%. Because of land constraint, only HFB have been chosen for all sewer sub-systems.

3.9.3.5 Outfall

The effluent from the septic tank will exit through outlet pipe and enter into the horizontal flow reed bed. The septic tank, pump house, sludge drying bed and horizontal reed beds are connected by 160 mm dia PVC pipe. Brick masonry outlets are proposed with inside plaster to prevent the leakage. Rectangular brick masonry outlet box with precast RCC slab cover at top are proposed. One outlet is provided for each horizontal flow reed bed system. The treated

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effluent will be discharged into the Punyamata and Chandeshwori Khola through outlet chamber. Near the outlet structure manhole has been provided for the maintenance purpose.

3.9.3.6 Raw Materials to be used

Sand, gravel and river pebbles shall be used as raw materials. The required sand & gravel will be used from the local quarry. Other materials include cement, reinforcement, RCC pipes, HDPE/ PVC pipes. These materials will be procured from the market.

3.10 Details of Technology

The following design parameters have been considered for the design of Sanitation and Waste Water Management Sub-Project.

The system is 24 hours operational Gravity flow Reed Bed Treatment Plants (RBTP)

Waste water quality (treated water quality before discharge) shall be in the range of pH: 5.9-9 BOD5: 30-100 mg/l COD: 250 mg/l Ammonia nitrogen: 50 mg/l Suspended solids: 30-200 mg/l Oil and grease: 10 mg/l

Peak factor adopted in design 2.5

Pipe materials used RCC Hume pipes/ RCC closed channel

3.11 Project Components

The components for construction of sanitation and waste water management sub-project are as follows:

3.11.1 Pipe Velocity

The sewer size is established according to the least cost and velocity criteria using the following Manning's formula. The method is more appropriate for discharge having less than 5 cumec. V= (1/n) *R2/3 * S1/2

Where, V= Velocity (m/sec) R= Hydraulic mean depth, m S = Longitudinal slope of sewer n = Manning's roughness coefficient

The hydraulic mean depth can be calculated by: R = A/P

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Where, A = Cross-sectional area of the drain (m2) P = Wetted perimeter of the drain (m)

The engineering judgment and practical experience is required to establish Manning’s roughness coefficient. Generally, n is taken as 0.013 for concrete hume pipe with smooth surface inside. The following velocities are considered while designing the sewer in half flow in pipe.

Minimum velocity = 0.75m/sec Maximum velocity = 2.4m/sec

The minimum flow velocity has been considered in half flow of pipe is to provide self – cleaning flow and avoid silting in sewer. The maximum velocity has been considered to avoid scoring in pipe surface. However, the velocities in the existing sewer are slightly differed in above values. Similarly, the velocity of sewer is less than the specified value in some stretch at Punyamata bank due to flat topography.

The slope of the pipe is provided to achieve at least minimum velocity at full and half flow conditions.

3.11.2 Pipe Size

The sewerage system follows through the road in most of the places. RCC hume pipes are proposed for the sewer line. The collar is provided to join the pipes. The sewer size of class NP3- 200mm to NP3-800mm is used in road already been built. Similarly, NP2-200mm to NP2-500 mm is used where there is no road or designed in existing foot trail and the road will not be constructed very soon. NP2-1000 mm dia RCC pipes are proposed for the overflow structures. The total pipe length (both NP3 and NP2) of the proposed sewerage sub-systems including overflow structure is 10,462.24m. The size of the existing sewer has been checked. The new pipe size has been recommended if the size of existing sewer is less than required. Similarly, the existing pipe is kept as it is, if the size is equal or more than required. The condition of the existing pipe is kept in consideration during the selection and rejection of the existing pipe. The minimum pipe size 200mm is kept at the beginning of the sewer which covers the future flow in the respective stretch. The pipe size is chosen to allow 80% capacity of dry weather sewage flow and maximum storm water flow. The minimum cover of the pipe is 0.60m. Depending upon the site condition the cover goes up to 1.0m. In some places it goes even more due to topography. In some places the pipes are designed in filling also. In such case, pipe is exposed on top of ground

3.11.3 Manholes

The inventories of the existing manholes are carried out to determine their situation. It is found that most of the manholes are filled with debris and some manhole walls are broken. Necessary rehabilitation works are identified and incorporated. Mostly, brick masonry manholes are proposed which will have inside plaster to prevent the leakage. Depending upon the size of sewer and height of the manholes, three different diameters for manholes are proposed. Type I is used for the inlet & outlet pipe size upto 500 mm dia, Type II is used for the inlet & outlet size 500 to 800 and for more than 800 mm dia pipe Type III is used. Circular brick masonry manholes with CI cover are provided. The spacing of manhole is 60 – 90 m apart. One 150 mm dia NP2 concrete pipe has been connected at rain water inlet box to allow the storm flow from built up area. The HH sewer connection will be made directly to the manhole. Provisions have been made for 4 connections from household at each manhole. There are 4 nos.110mm dia HDPE pipe of 2.50m long piece has been provided in each manhole wall for future connection.

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3.11.4 Rain Water inlet

The inventories of the existing rainwater inlets are carried out to determine their situation. It is found that most of the inlet boxes are clogged and not functional. Necessary rehabilitation works are identified and incorporated. Mostly brick masonry inlets are proposed which will have inside plaster to prevent the leakage. Rectangular brick masonry rain water inlet box with iron grating are proposed at top. Two rainwater inlets at certain interval are provided for a manhole at built up areas only. There are 13 rain water inlet boxes proposed for the core area and bazar sub – systems. No rain water inlet boxes are provided along the Punyamata & Chandeshwori river banks.

3.11.5 Water Sources

Storm water, household waste and septic tank sullage are the main sources of waste water

3.11.6 Sewer Pipelines or Sewer Channels

RCC Hume pipes and RCC covered channel are used to collect and transfer the storm water and waste water of the systems. Alignments of the proposed pipe lines have been fixed. The RCC covered channels are used in some places in existing sewer line.

3.11.7 Constructed Wetland/ Reed Bed Treatment Plants

Constructed wetland (CW) is a biological waste water treatment technology designed to mimic processes found in natural wetland eco systems. These systems utilize wetland plants, solid and their associated micro organisms to remove contaminants from waste water. Wetlands are an excellent treatment process for removing BOD and suspended solids (SS) as well as other particulates from domestic and industrial sewage.

The design population and BOD of influent and effluent are described below in Table 3.11.

Table 3.11: Design Population and Sewage Flow at each Sewer Sub – System Peak BOD of Influent Design Design BOD of Effluent SN Sub – System Sewage entering Septic Year Population to River Flow m3/d Tank 1 Chandeshwori 2020 1959 126 175 mg/l 61.24 mg/l

2 Core area and Bazar 2020 24402 390 - -

Budol downstream a 2020 8134 130 175 mg/l 81.15 mg/l (1/3 flow)

b Landfill Site (2/3 flow) 2020 16268 260 175 mg/l 81.26 mg/l

The population during design year is determined based on annual population growth rate 3.5% per annum. The rental population is kept constant throughout the project period. Hence, no projection has been made in rental population.

The schematic diagram of RBTP systems is as shown in fig 3.1, fig 3.2, and fig 3.3.

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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF RBTP SYSTEM

GRAVITY FLOW PUMP SEPTIC TANK HORIZONTAL FLOW BED OUTFALL TO RIVER

BOD = 61.24 mg/l MAIN SEWER LINE Q=126 m3/d raw sewage BOD = 175mg/l

SLUDGE DRYING BED

Fig 3.1: Chandeshwori Sub-System

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF RBTP SYSTEM

PUMP Q=130SEPTIC m3/d TANK HORIZONTAL FLOW BED BODOUTFALL = 81.15 TO RIVER mg/l BOD = 175mg/l MAIN SEWER LINE raw sewage

SLUDGE DRYING BED

Fig 3.2: Core Area and Bazar Sub-System (Budol Downstream)

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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF RBTP SYSTEM

PUMP SEPTIC TANK HORIZONTAL FLOW BED OUTFALL TO RIVER

Q = 260 m3/d MAIN SEWER LINE BOD = 81.26 mg/l raw sewage BOD = 175mg/l

SLUDGE DRYING BED

Fig 3.3: Core Area and Bazar Sub-System (Landfill Site)

The septic tank removes about 30% BOD. Likewise, the horizontal reed bed removes about 60% of BOD.

Proposed Treatment Process

The Reed Bed Treatment (RBT) method is also referred to as constructed wetland (CW) or root zone treatment (RZT) in various literatures. Wetlands have been used for at least 90 years for the disposal of waste water; most discharges were to natural wetlands (U.S. ERA, 1999). Studies on the use of constructed wetlands for waste water treatment began in the 1950's at the Max Planck Institute in Germany (Seidel, 1976). Research efforts in the U.S. were developing in the 1970's and 1980's. Some systems were installed in the 1970's with an increasing number in the 1980's. The 1990's saw a major increase in the number of these systems as the application expanded for use not only to treat municipal waste water, but also storm water, industrial and mining wastes, and agricultural wastes.

Normally the RBT Plant is constructed with a primary treatment (usually septic tank, imhoff tanks or anaerobic ponds), Horizontal Reed Bed and followed by Vertical Reed Bed. Where the re-use of the effluent is sought, the outflow from the Vertical Reed Bed is further treated in polishing ponds. Putting two reed beds in series (Horizontal followed by Vertical Reed Bed) requires a large area. In the present case, the land is not available to enough extent to include the two types of reed beds.

The present treatment method is proposed with septic tank followed by a Horizontal reed bed. This method of treatment is found to be successful in tropical climate and also found to be operationally easy.

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3.12 Salient Features of Sewer System

1. Project Name: Urban and Environmental Improvement Project, Banepa Municipality 2. Sub - Project: Sanitation and waste water Management (Sewerage System) 3. Sub - Project Location: Banepa Municipality. 4. Sewer sub – system: 1. Nayabasti Sub – System (kept in construction phase II) 2. Chandeshwori Sub – System (present scope, construction phase I) 3. Core area and Bazar Sub – System (present scope, construction phase I) 5. Geographical Location: Latitude: 27037' N Longitude: 81031' E Altitude: 1495m amsl 6. Major activities: Construction of sewer systems, manholes, rainwater inlet boxes, crossing structures, overflow structures, rehabilitation works etc. 7. Sewer Details: Provided in Table 3.12:

Table-3.12: Sewer Details Chandeshwori Core area and Bazar SN Details Sub-System Sub-System Existing (to be cleaned) 346.821m 4190.14m - 2528 (NP3) 1. Length New (m) 330m (NP2) 5498 (NP2) - 1983.74 (NP3 need Existing replace by new larger pipe size) 2. 500mm dia 150mm, 200mm, 300mm, 400mm, Existing 450mm, 500mm, Size 600mm, 800mm dia. (mm) 200mm - 800mm dia NP3 - New NP2 250mm dia 300mm dia Replace by new pipe (NP3) - 300mm - 800mm dia 3 Type(mm) RCC hume pipe RCC hume pipe 4. Combined 0.24547 (m3/s) Flow at 0.00348 (m3/s) 0.05408 (m3/s) outlet Sanitary Budol 0.01803(m3/s) L/F 0.03605(m3/s) 5. 0.745 B – 0.634 Velocity (min, m/sec) L – 0.458

(max, m/sec) B – 0.704 6. Minimum cover 0.6m 0.6m 7. Number of H=2m 0 8 overflow structure at sewer line H=1.5m 1 0 (no.) 8. Existing (to be cleaned) 11 367 1m 10 252 Manhole New (dia) (no.) 1.25m - 15 nos. 1.5m - 0 nos. 110mm dia HDPE 110mm dia HDPE HH HH connection HH connection connection 9. River (Pipe) Crossing (no.) 1 7 10. Rain water inlet chamber (no.) 0 13 11. Road cutting 03 (Arniko Highway) (no.)

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8. The Total Estimated Project Cost for Phase I, including 10% contingencies and 13%VAT (NRs): 67,004,901.21

The abstract of Phase I cost is summarized in Table 3.13:

Table-3.13: Abstract of Cost (Phase I) Phase I SN Description Amount, NRs 1 GENERAL ITEMS 950,000.00 2 NAYABASTI SUB - SYSTEM - 3 CHANDESHWORI SUB - SYSTEM 1,326,223.64 4 CORE AREA AND BAZAR SUB - SYSTEM 51,227,317.15 Total of 1 to 4 - (i) 53,503,540.79 Contingency 10% of (i) - (ii) 5,350,354.08 Sub total of (i+ii) - (iii) 58,853,894.87 VAT 13% of (iii) - (iv) 7,651,006.33 Total of (iii+iv) - (v) 66,504,901.21 Environmental mitigation measures 300,000.00 (Provisional amount) - (vi) Environmental monitoring (Provisional 200,000.00 amount) - (vii) Grand total of Phase I (v+vi+vii) - (viii) 67,004,901.21

9. Contribution percentage and sharing amount of various stake holders for Phase I activities are as given in Table 3.14:

Table- 3.14: Contribution Percentage and Sharing Amount for Phase I Activities Sharing Amount (NRs) for Phase I activities S Sub-System Description Percentage N Core area and Total Chandeshwori Bazar GON Grant from 1 50 1,119,460.50 32,132,990.11 33,252,450.61 ADB/M's Loan Sub Loan from ADB to 2 Municipality through 30 671,676.30 19,279,794.07 19,951,470.36 PCO/ Department 3 Municipal Contribution - - - - Local Users' 4 8 179,113.68 5,141,278.42 5,320,392.10 Contribution 5 GON's Grant 12 268,670.52 7,711,917.63 7,980,588.15 Total 100 2,238,920.99 64,265,980.22 66,504,901.21

Estimated Construction Duration: Twelve months including fifteen days mobilization and demobilization of the contractor plus one year defect liability period.

Note: Nayabasti sub-system has been excluded from construction Phase I. Hence, its information is not provided.

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3.13 Salient Features of Reed Bed Treatment Plant

1. Project Name: Urban and Environmental Improvement Project, Banepa Municipality 2. Subproject: Sanitation and Waste Water Management (RBTP) Sub-Project 3. Subproject Location: Banepa Municipality. 4. Service Subsystem: Construction of Phase I activities • Chandeshwori Subsystem • Core area and Bazar Subsystem (treatment at two places one at downstream of Budol and second at Landfill site) Phase II • Nayabasti Subsystem (kept in construction Phase II)

5. Geographical Location: Latitude: 27°37' N, Longitude: 81°31' E & Altitude: 1495m amsl 6. Major activities: Construction of septic tank, horizontal flow reed beds, pump house, bar screen, grit and grease chamber, sludge drying bed, stone masonry retaining wall, river training works, outfall and outlet structures etc. 7. No. of RBTP: 3 8. Treatment Plant Land Area: Land Acquired Land Required SN Name of Sub-System by Municipality as per Design Remarks (Ropani) (Ropani) 1 Chandeshwori 3.0 2.50 For 2 Core area and bazar structure a) Budol downstream 7.4 4.50 only b) Land fill site 30.0 12.50

9. Land Area Required for each Component Area Required for each Component (m2) Total Bar Acquired S Name of Sludge Required Septic Screen/Grit/ Pump Horizontal Area N Sub-System Drying Area Tank Grease House Reed Bed (Ropani) Bed (Ropani) Chamber 1 Chandeshwori 85 5 84 12 750 2.5 3.0 2 Core area & bazar a Budol downstream 260 10 261 12 1600 4.5 8.0 b Landfill site 675 17 670 12 4750 12.5 30.0

Note: 1 Ropani = 508.90 m2

10. Outfall Discharge: Name of Sub-System SN Discharge (m3/sec.) Core area and bazar Chandeshwori Budol Landfill site 1 Outfall discharge 0.00348 0.01893 0.03785

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11. Component of Treatment Plant and Numbers: Name of Sub-System SN Type of Structure Core area and bazar Chandeshwori Budol Landfill site 1 Septic tank 1 1 1 2 Sludge drying bed 1 1 1 3 Horizontal flow beds 1 2 6 4 Pump house 1 1 5 Bar screen 1 1 1 6 Grit chamber 1 1 1 7 Grease chamber 1 1 1 8 Outlet chamber 1 2 3 9 Outfall structure 1 2 1

12. Size of Structures (m): Name of Sub-System SN Type of Structure Core area and bazar Chandeshwori Budol Landfill site 1 Septic tank 12.6 x 5.85 22.35 x 10.8 35.85 x 18.05 2 Sludge drying bed 29.0 x 3.0 30.0 x 8.75 37.5 x 18.0 Bar screen, grit and 3 6.15 x 0 .75 11.10 x 1.05 18.35 x 1.05 grease chamber Horizontal flow 30.0 x 15.0 4 35.0 x 14.0 37.0 x 15.0 beds 44.0 x 15.0

13. The total estimated project cost for phase I, including 10 % contingencies and 13% VAT is NRs. 58,210,300.38

14. Contribution Percentage and Sharing Amount of Various Stake Holders for Phase I Activities: Sharing amount (NRs) for Phase I activities S Description Percentage Sub-System N Total Chandeshwori Budol Landfill GON Grant from 1 50 3,351,588.35 8,139,862.69 17,363,699.16 28,855,150.20 ADB/M's Loan Sub Loan from ADB to Municipality 2 30 2,010,953.01 4,883,917.61 10,418,219.50 17,313,090.12 through PCO/ Department Municipal 3 - - - - - Contribution Local Users' 4 8 536,254.14 1,302,378.03 2,778,191.87 4,616,824.03 Contribution GON's 5 12 804,381.20 1,953,567.05 4,167,287.80 6,925,236.05 Grant Total 100 6,703,176.69 16,279,725.38 34,727,398.32 57,710,300.39

15. Estimated Construction Duration: 11 months including fifteen days each for mobilization and demobilization of the contractor plus one year defect liability period.

Note: Nayabasti sub-system has been excluded from construction Phase I. Hence, its information is not provided.

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3.14 Project Activities

The major project activities are as follows Laying and jointing of RCC Hume pipes. Construction of inlet chambers, manhole chambers, diversion weirs. Excavations along the municipal road, highway, footpath, river bank etc. for laying the pipes. Construction of Reed Bed Treatment Plants. Planting of Reeds for treatment plants. Construction of boundary fencing etc.

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4. IMPACT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Environmental impacts on the physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural aspects are identified and predicted based on the existing environmental condition with respect to the proposed project interventions in terms of their magnitude duration and extent during implementation and post implementation phase of the project. The proposed Banepa municipality Sanitation and Waste Water Management Sub-Project by its nature, size and the technology to be adopted is a small one, which will improve sanitation facilities over the existing ones with minimum physical interventions. It is assessed that there will be minimum impact on the environment, which can be easily mitigated.

4.1 Impact on the Social, Economic and Cultural spheres

4.1.1 Construction Stage

4.1.1.1 Degradation of Cultivated Land

Land use changes with the proposed project implementation will basically due to the purchase of land for project purposes. Structural components like treatment facilities and pipe laying activities require land. For the location of treatment facilities, PIU has already finalized the three sites namely Chandeshwori sub-system, north eastern part of Banepa, Chandeshwori; Nayabasti sub- system, North western part of Banepa, Karuna Marg; Core area and Bazar sub-system (Budol & Landfill site), South eastern part of Banepa, Budol. The construction cost for the Reed Bed Treatment Plant shall be funded by ADB through UEIP to Banepa Municipality. The Nayabasti sub-system has been discarded in the present scope because the people of that area are not willing to construct treatment plant and also WUSC is not formed in the specified period.

Components like rain inlet chambers, sewer inlet chambers etc will be carried primarily on public right of way. Government owned or vacant land has been utilized for most of the situation. Pipe laying along the RBTP treatment sites may align on private property. Banepa Municipality should clear it before laying the pipe.

4.1.1.2 Destruction of Forests

The pipelines and the allied structures like sewer inlet chambers, rain inlet chambers and manholes will be constructed within the public right of way. All the three sites for construction of treatment plants possess only shrubs and grasses. The effect on the environment due to the construction of treatment plant is minimum and destruction of forest is least.

4.1.1.3 Impact on Human Health

Due to lack of proper management and supervision, the spreading of overthrown construction materials may impact air quality which will negatively affect public health. Blockage of sewer, noise and vibration during construction may be a nuisance in the surrounding area.

4.1.2 Operation Stage

4.1.2.1 Impact on Human Health

In the case of irregular clearing of debris and weeds, disturbance in the flow path will take place resulting to pounding of beds. This causes favorable condition for mosquitoes breeding. Survey result carried out in the field shows that most of the household members have a feeling that

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unsafe and contaminated water/food; poor sanitary conditions and lack of hygiene are the major causes of water borne communicable diseases. The table 4.1 and 4.2 depicts the degree of impact on human health.

Table 4.1: Checklists considered in Health Impact Assessment to identify if any of the groups are adversely affected by the decision S.N Impact Yes No 1 Whole population affected X 2 Social and economically deprived communities, for example Dalits X affected 3 Minority ethnic groups affected X 4 Older people affected X 5 Children affected X 6 Pregnant women affected X 7 Women affected X 8 People with specific diseases affected X 9 Any other group with particular susceptibility affected X

Table 4.2: Factors Identified to observe if the project affects any of these factors Effect on health SN Factors Good None Bad 1 Employment X 2 Income X 3 Workplace X 4 Housing X 5 Transport X 6 Built environment X 7 Air pollutants X 8 Water pollutants X 9 Noise X 10 Amenity X 11 Lifestyle X 12 Social cohesion X 13 Family cohesion X 14 Parenting X 15 Education X 16 Use of health services X 17 Other cause of public concern X

The overall aim of the project is to improve the quality of health in the community by improving sanitation through provision of Sanitation and Waste Water Management Sub-Project. This project will also encourage the construction or improvements of traditional style household composting latrines in private family houses through education training courses.

4.2 Change in Social, Cultural and Religious norms and values

4.2.1 Construction Stage

4.2.1.1 Cultural Values

Each caste and ethnicity is characterized by its customs, tradition, culture and nature of occupation with which they are associated. Newar, Chetris and Brahmins are the most prevailing

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groups. During the construction, minor cross cultural conflicts are likely to happen as the workers from multicultural background may assemble.

4.2.2 Operation Stage

4.2.2.1 Impact on Socio-Economic Spheres

With significant percentage of literacy rate within the municipality, Banepa municipality is growing in terms of population and several other economic activities. Occupational pattern of local people is changing. Traditional occupations are being replaced by foreign employment, industry, trade, business and service for their livelihood. The project will create job opportunities to the surrounding local people and will lead to the proper and managed sanitation condition.

4.2.2.2 Socio-Economic Spheres

Although, the project serves the main town, the service area population is a mixture of rural and urban population with exposure to the outside world and business oriented in nature. Socio- economic pattern is guided by traditional values. The society is cohesive in nature and love to work in a group as well. The project has positive impact on socio-economic values.

4.2.2.3 Archaeological and Historical Values

The direct impact area of the project is not a site of archaeological and historical values. However, some Hindu temples like Chandeshwori and Asta Mangal Ganesh exist in the project service area where people residing at Banepa as well as out of Banepa Municipality frequently visit especially during important religious occasions. The proposed sewer management project will enhance the archaeological and historical values of the places by reducing the pollution of the surrounding area.

4.3 Biological Impacts

4.3.1 Construction Stage

4.3.1.1 Population

The construction activities during the project implementation will have no any negative impact on and around the project area instead the project area will be relatively hygienic.

4.3.1.2 Flora and Fauna

The pipelines and the allied structures like sewer inlet chambers; rain inlet chambers, and manholes will be constructed within the public right of way. All of the sites for treatment plants possess only shrubs/ bushes and grass. Hence, no change in forest cover/ forest clearance, extinction etc. will occur in the project areas due to implementation of the project.

As the project lies within urban area, there will be no changes in the terrestrial wildlife, avifauna and aquatic life including fish as well as no extinction of rare and endangered species.

4.3.1.3 Natural Habitats and Communities

As the project areas are within urban area and the pipelines, allied structures will be constructed with in the public right of way there will be no impact on natural habitats and community.

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4.4 Physical Impact

4.4.1 Construction Stage

Physical impact covers resources like water, soil, rocks etc. No negative physical impact is expected due to the laying of sewer pipes and appurtenances and construction of treatment plants.

4.4.1.1 Land

The excavated land for the laying of sewer lines reinstated will cause no soil erosion. For the protection of Reed Bed Treatment Plant, stone masonry retaining walls are provided to emerge in the naturally balanced environment. As the size of structures proposed for treatment system is relatively small, the impacts to be emerged in the naturally balanced environment do not seem to be significant

4.4.1.2 Atmosphere

During the construction phase of this project, increase in dust concentration might cause some problem but sprinkling water on the earthen, gravel roads will mitigate this. This is only for a short period, temporary and is not significant. The nuisance odour during drying of fresh sludge in the drying bed will emit. But, this odour is only for a short period and its impact is temporary and is not significant once the sludge starts drying.

4.4.1.3 Water

As described below in 4.4: chemical impact, the treated water quality will meet the NBSM criteria.

4.4.1.4 Noise

Since the sewer system does not involve activities like blasting, 24 hours of works on shift, heavy machineries and equipment substantial increment in the noise and vibration levels over the existing ones the impact due to noise do not seem to be prominent in our case. The pumping of effluent twice daily from septic tank to Horizontal bed may not lead to high noise pollution.

4.4.1.5 Man- made Objects

Man-made objects except the public road/ footpath from where sewer lines are to be laid will experience no significant impact. The road, footpath will be reinstated after laying of Hume pipes.

4.4.1.6 Land Use Patterns

The project area is an emerging town, and is growing rapidly as a commercial, tourism and terrestrial centre and will pose problems later if sewerage and waste water management facilities are not provided sooner. Sewer lines are aligned along the public property like roads, footpaths and will be reinstated after laying of Hume pipes. Treatment plants are situated far from the core settlements.

4.4.2 Operation Stage

4.4.2.1 Land

The clogging of the system due to the deposition of debris, leakage, unwanted plant growth and sewage flowing into the nearby cultivated land may affect the surrounding cultivated land

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degrading the soil quality. Hence, the treatment system should be regularly monitored and may require several times cleaning for smooth performance which will otherwise affect in the cultivated crops and vegetation.

4.4.2.2 Drainage/ Waste water Generation

The storm water and waste water generated due to sewer facilities and improved hygiene behaviour will result in increase in collection of waste water. The sewer is a combined system, which carries both storm water and domestic sewage. Thus, the waste water generated will be collected and only treated water will be discharged into respective watercourse.

4.5 Chemical Impact

The alignment of sewer pipelines runs mainly through town area. Only the domestic collected waste water is treated through Reed Bed Treatment Plant. Water will be discharged into the natural course only after the treatment. The discharged water will meet the standard defined by Nepal Bureau of Standards and Measurements (NBSM) (NS 299-2046) is shown in Table 4.3. Thus, due to the implementation of the project environmental impacts on the vegetation and natural ecosystem do not seem to be significant.

Table 4.3: NBSM Effluent Quality Parameter Unit Values pH 5.5-9 BOD5 Mg/l 30-100 COD Mg/l 250 Ammonia nitrogen Mg/l 50 Suspended solids Mg/l 30-200 Oil and grease Mg/l 10

4.6 Nuisance Impact from the Construction of Treatment Plant

Sewerage is a dilute mixture of various types of wastes from the residential, public and industrial areas. The characteristics and composition of sewerage mainly depends upon the source. It contains organic and inorganic matters, which may be dissolved, suspension and colloidal state. It also contains various types of bacteria, algae etc. Some of those are pathogens and harmful to human and animal life. As such, a proper design of the plant is a need of the society. There are different methods of sewage disposal like natural method (dilution, land treatment), artificial methods, primary and secondary treatment methods etc. Following are some of the troubles which occasionally occur at the site of the treatment plant Odor nuisance Ponding nuisance Fly/ mosquito breeding nuisance

For the treatment of the waste water, Reed Bed Treatment Plants have been proposed in three different locations at Chandeshwori, Budol and Landfill site for two sewerage sub-systems namely Chandeshwori and Core area and Bazar sub-systems. These are similar in appearance to subsurface flow constructed wetlands, which consists of channels or trenches filled with sand or road to support emergent vegetation. Thus, as the design and construction of treatment plant is based on reed treatment technology, there will be no harmful nuisance from the implementation of the plant.

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Feeble odor is produced while cleaning the septic tank and drying sludge in sludge drying bed. The septic tank is expected to clear once in every 2-3months. The odor of fresh sludge in sludge drying bed will last for few days and can be felt around 100m peripheries of the drying bed. Lime spraying in sludge shall be done to suppress the foul odor. Also, this is only for a short period and its impact is temporary and is not significant once the sludge starts drying. There are no residential houses within 100m periphery from treatment plant.

Ponding and fly/ mosquito breeding also cause nuisance around the treatment plants. These occur due to the bed clogging, which can be avoided through regular maintenance of the system. Hence, proper and timely maintenance of this system shall avoid these problems.

4.7 Beneficial impacts

4.7.1 Improvement of Sanitation Condition

Under the core areas of the Banepa municipality, there will be a combined sewerage system. People will be able to connect their toilet and other domestic waste water into sewer directly without any on-site treatment. The improvement of sanitation will have a good impact on the health situation. Human sufferings will be reduced due to reduction in diseases caused by poor sanitation. Besides, economic benefits will derive on account of reduced expenditure on health care both for the individuals and the community. The water pollution would be reduced and overall sanitary condition will be improved.

4.7.2 Employment Generation

The proposed project will generate direct employment opportunities to some technical and non- technical manpower. The employment opportunities are the direct benefits to the local peoples. Similarly, this project generates employment opportunities for many people for short period during construction phase and for some people for long period in operation. So, it helps in the local economy.

4.7.3 Appreciation of Land Value

Due to the sewerage facility in the project area the land value may increase and local people may get benefit from the land value change.

4.7.4 Enhancement in Greenery and Aesthetic Value

Planting of reeds in the treatment plant will increase the greenery and enhance aesthetic status of the environment. This will also help to protect and increase biodiversity to some extent. The harvested reeds can be used as thatching materials for low income group of the society and can also be used as cooking fuel also.

4.7.5 Use of By-Products

The harvested reeds can be used as thatching material for low-income group of the society and/or can be used as cooking fuel. The dried sludge can be converted to briquette that can be used as cooking fuels and or powder of dried sludge can be used as organic fertilizer. Revenue can be collected by selling these.

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5. ALTERNATIVES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT

Nancy et al in Assignment Report to the Asian Development Bank carried out alternative analysis following Least Cost approach. (Barnes E. Nancy and Tamrakar Noor Kumar, Revisions to Water Supply Schemes and Least Cost Sewerage Analysis, September 2002)

The assignment report has compared the cost between the proposed Reed Bed Treatment Plants with Conventional treatment plant. The cost of conventional treatment plant has been based on the earlier studies of waste water treatment plant made for Kathmandu in year 2002 by Metcalf and eddy. The report has stated that the unit cost had been revised to include inflation to arrive at the rate of considered year. The following Table 5.1 shows the results of the least cost analysis.

Table 5.1: Summary of Alternative Analysis Sewerage System with Reed Conventional system Bed System Least Town Capital O and M Capital O and M Cost NPV Cost Cost NPV Cost Cost Option (NRs.) (million) (million) (million) (NRs.) Banepa 125.215 1.387 113.34 113.77 0.73 93.85 Reed bed

The conventional system uses considerable numbers of electro-mechanical equipment consuming electricity as power source. Whereas reed bed treatment system is designed to consume only gravitational energy and locally available plants like reeds and available materials like river pebbles.

The PPTA of the UEIP project has also emphasized to implement RBTP. The same has been mentioned in DEDCSC ToR also. In this context RBTP has been designed. Also, the discussion has been held at PCO regarding the alternatives of RBTP. Finally, it is concluded that the RBTP will be cheaper than any other alternatives such as oxidation pond, mechanical treatment etc.

Flow of waste water under gravitational energy is the alternative for pumping in reed bed treatment system. This is possible only in Chandeshwori sub-system where the sludge from the septic tank gravitates through sludge outlet pipe to the sludge drying bed. But, for the other subsystems due to unavailability of head the sludge has to be pumped up to the sludge drying bed.

5.1 Design

The primary objective of the project is to provide clean and hygienic sanitary environment to the people at minimum expenditure. RBTP is low cost effective and eco friendly technology than conventional sewage treatment technology. Construction of sewage treatment plant incorporating chemical treatment would be costly and non affordable by local people. During the design of the system, flow of waste water, its quantity, peak flow, collection chambers, manholes, track of sewer line etc have been accounted. Present proposed project is designed with due consideration of these aspect. So, present proposed design of sewer line and RBTP has no other alternatives.

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5.2 Project Site Alternative

The proposed RBTP site is not in dense settlement. This proposed site is totally out of ecologically sensitive zone and slope and bed is suitable for RBTP construction. Construction of RBTP in higher altitude than settlement is not feasible to operate due to clogging and back flow of water. Therefore, the proposed site is satisfactory. Thus, there is no other site alternative.

5.3 Technology Alternative

A good mix of modern construction technology and local resources shall be adopted. This will Minimize the requirement of temporary camps Reduce the fuel wood requirement Enhance the local skills/economy Strengthen the relationship between project and the local people

5.4 Time Schedule

The project implementation schedule for both sewage and RBTP is prepared separately and included in Annex D.

5.5 Raw Materials to be used

Sand and gravel shall be used as raw materials from the project area. The required sand and gravel will be used from the quarry site in the vicinity of the Banepa municipality.

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6. MEASURES TO REDUCE OR CONTROL THE IMPACT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT

Environmental impacts on physical, biological, chemical, socio-economic and cultural resources are identified and predicted based on the existing environmental condition with respect to the proposed project interventions in terms of their magnitude duration and extent during implementation and post implementation phases of the project. The proposed Sanitation and Waste water Management sub project will improve sanitation facilities of the core town of Banepa municipality, provide a hygienic environment and minimize the abuse of existing drains.

The sub-project will have less adverse impact on physical, biological and socio- economical environment. Some of the possible impacts identified are also of temporary in nature and insignificant in magnitude. However, suitable mitigation measures for minimizing the potential negative environmental impacts have been suggested to enhance the positive impacts.

6.1 Key Issues and their Mitigation

To address the key issues identified and the associated environmental impacts, the mitigation measures have been proposed in Table 6.1:

Table 6.1: Key Issues and their Mitigation Measures Key Issues Mitigation Measures No storm water in dry weather • Periodic flushing and cleaning of all the sewer components and possibility of blocking of particularly in dry weather sewer pipes • Educating beneficiary groups not to throw solid waste in sewer lines Nuisance odor from the sewer • Periodic flushing of rain inlets and sewer inlets particularly lines in the street in dry weather Ground water seepage from • A 0.22mm thick plastic liner (SIKLPAULINE) has been treatment beds placed in between two layers of 50mm fine sand to seal the bed of horizontal reed bed and for the sludge drying bed plastic liner has been placed under the 10mm gravel layer. The plastic liner provides adequate seal to the wetland. Nuisance odor from sludge • Application of lime powder @ 1kg per 3sqm drying bed Overtopping of reed beds while • Design and construction of storm water drains raining Mosquito breeding in reed • Flow and water level should be checked regularly. Sub beds surface flow (SSF) from wetlands should be checked to see that surface flow is not developing

6.2 Mitigation Measures in Project Construction Phase

In order to minimize the issues and mitigate the adverse impacts on environment during construction phase, some precautions have to be adopted. Though simple and less costly these measures will help will reduce negative impacts to the environment to a great extent in future.

6.2.1 Alignment and Protection Work in Pipe LInes

Before commencing the laying of sewer pipe line works, a quick study should be done to avoid unnecessary earthwork excavation. The sewer pipe line should be aligned to have minimum disturbances in the existing water supply lines and other infrastructures.

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Proper attention should be done regarding protection works when the pipe line passes across the paved and unpaved wide road. This will prevent side fall and pipe damage in rainy seasons. The trench should be well compacted which will otherwise result the flow of soil during rainy season and damage to pipe lines.

6.2.2 Manhole and Connection Chambers

The manholes and connection chambers should be water tight and should not cause nuisance to the surrounding environment.

6.2.3 Equipments and Vehicles

The equipments and vehicles used during construction period should not create noise and air pollution. The equipments should be properly checked by technicians before the commencement of work. This will also enhance the safety situation of workers. Working in night shift with equipments producing high noise should be prohibited.

6.2.4 Waste Management and Disposal

Proper waste management and disposal system should be done during construction period. Temporary toilets at suitable locations should be installed for the workers. Proper disposal of wastes should be developed at project site avoiding direct disposal in water bodies.

6.2.5 Safety Measures

Precautions should be taken regarding major injuries that may occur at construction site. Hence, first priority should be given to the safety of the workers at construction site. Adequate amount of first aid medicine should be provided in construction site. Adequate safety equipments like hard cover helmets, gloves and boots should be provided to the workers.

6.2.6 Prioritize Employment to Local People

Priority should be given to local people while employing laborers for the project works. The child labor should be prohibited.

6.3 Mitigation Measures in Project Operation Phase

To reduce the adverse impacts on environment some mitigation measures have to be adopted in the operation phase of the project.

6.3.1 Monitoring System

For the smooth operation of the project after implementation, the project should develop a well monitoring system with adequate skilled staff. Lack of proper monitoring mechanism, the system may not operate properly and provide targeted service to its consumers. Well monitored project will have less impact on the environment.

The monitoring system will include routine testing of the influent and effluent waste water quantity and quality, monitoring of the grit and grease accumulation in the inlet chambers, grit chambers etc.

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6.3.2 Skill Development Training

Appropriate and adequate training for the operation of sanitation and waste water management system shall be imparted to the personnel involved in the operation and maintenance works.

6.3.3 Mitigation Cost

In order to address the issues and mitigate the impacts on environment during implementation and post implementation and maintenance phases, the following cost is estimated. The mitigation cost for construction phase has been included in the cost estimates of the project and the mitigation cost required for post implementation phase would be considered in the O and M annual budget by the municipality.

Table 6.2: Mitigation Cost (Construction Phase) S. Estimated cost Activities Remarks N. (NRs.) 1 Spoil management along and across the road for frequent traffic and pedestrian Mitigation cost for movement sewer component 2 Provision of safety measures to workers NRs. 300,000.00. and trench protection as per requirement

3 Repair of drinking water supply pipes that may damage during construction 4 Road side tree protection and afforestation 5 Clay liner and geo-membrane liner Mitigation cost for application at the beds and walls for the RBTP component double safety of the same NRs. 300,000.00. 6 Storm water drains Total NRs. 600,000.00

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7. MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT

7.1 Performance Indicator

The project also includes performance for:

Effluent Quality

BOD5 test of the discharged water from treatment plants Number of independent effluent quality surveillance Number of toilets using safe sanitation technologies Decline in the number of cases of parasites Number of awareness programs organized, attendees and simple pre and post evaluation to assess the efficiency of training

Lack of Sanitation and Environment Health Number of households with access to safe sanitation and environmental hygiene facilities Cases of diarrhoea in children under five years of age due to poor sanitation

7.2 Types of Monitoring

7.2.1 Baseline Monitoring

Usually pre-project information is often compared with the information obtained during the project operation. Any change that has occurred during the period of time should be recorded.

7.2.2 Impact Monitoring

In order to examine the occurrence of impacts that are identified and predicted, impact monitoring is carried out. In the process, examination of impacts that has actually occurred, mitigation measures adopted and effectiveness have to be examined.

7.2.3 Compliance Monitoring

In order to examine whether the compliance of the condition prescribed in laws and regulation have been followed in the implementation of sewerage project at Banepa municipality. Different types of monitoring have been described and monitoring schedules, parameters, method indicators and agency responsible for all components of monitoring have been included in the report in descriptive form.

7.3 Monitoring Program

7.3.1 Monitoring Plan

The Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) have the overall responsibility for environmental monitoring of this project. The DUDBC under MPPW has established Project Implementation Unit (PIU) in Banepa Municipality. As the municipality has shortfall of environmental management skills, human resources should be trained for 1. Pesticides and animal manure from agricultural runoff should be monitored twice a year. 2. Grease, metal pieces and other inorganic wastes that are likely to be connected illegally from garage, workshop etc. should be monitored monthly.

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3. Effluent parameters like BOD, COD etc should be monitored monthly. 4. Hazardous waste water from hospital should be monitored monthly. This should not be entered into the sewer system. 5. Seasonal fluctuations in the waste water should be recorded. 6. Fencing of treatment plant site and maintenance of pipelines should be thoroughly checked quarterly to prevent leakages. 7. Cleaning of gravel at RBTP floor.

7.3.2 Mechanisms for Monitoring

The EIA/ IEE Report Review Committee under MPPW have the overall responsibility from planning to construction and operational phases of the project, mainly for impact and compliance monitoring. Monitoring cost is included in Table 7.1: Mitigation Cost (Operation and Maintenance Monitoring) and Table 6.2.

The UEIP/ PCO under DUDBC have a Project Implementation Unit in Banepa Municipality. For baseline monitoring, a committee should be formed at local level consisting of representatives from municipality, civil societies and local user community. Secretary of Banepa should act as member secretary of monitoring committee. This committee should be assigned the following duties and responsibilities. The committee should meet at least twice a month. The committee should collect all complains from the local people concerning distribution, pipeline etc and should discuss in the meeting for final decisions. The monitoring committee should identify the mistakes and deficiency regarding the project and should discuss in the meeting for the purpose of correction. Any negligence regarding the water quality should be considered and take necessary action. The committee should also supervise and suggest necessary instructions. Examine monitoring reports periodically and take necessary actions if required etc.

7.4 Monitoring Cost

The following Table 7.1 shows the tentative monitoring cost.

Table 7.1: Monitoring Cost Estimated Cost S.N. Activities Remarks (NRs) 1 Skill development training for plant operators/ 100,000.00 plumbers 2 Monitoring cost (expenses for experts for 50,000.00 observation and monitoring during construction) 3 Public awareness program 50,000.00 4 Sewer testing Equipment 100,000.00 5 Miscellaneous 100,000.00 Total 400,000.00

The checklist of environmental monitoring parameters is presented in Annex E.

The details on the types of impact, monitoring parameters, mitigation measures and responsibilities are provided below in Table 7.2.

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Table 7.2: Types of Impacts, MONITORING Parameters, Mitigation Measures, Responsibilities and Cost Parameters to be Cost Types of impacts Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Monitored Pre construction Phase After At respective submission Already included Review of Design / Estimate Technical design PCO/PISC/PIU offices of design in cost reports After Technical specifications At respective Already included submission Review of specification of work regarding materials and offices PCO/PISC/PIU in cost of design workmanship reports Public Consultation and Meeting workshop group At PIU Office Already included Once PIU/UCs awareness program discussions in DEDCSC cost Users committee At PIU Office PIU/DEDCSC/ Formation of Users Committee Once - PCO/ PISC At PIU Office PIU/DEDCSC Establishment Effluent quality Effluent criteria Once - /PCO/PISC Physical Environment Construction Phase 1. Spoil Management • Excavated soil placed safely • Stacking of soil At Twice a week Contractor/PIU Included in along and across the against erosion. • Quantity of soil remained construction /DEDCSC Contractors roads for frequent • Reuse of excavated soil • Drain lines, flowing of sites bidding traffic and pedestrian properly during backfilling the rain water, debris in documents movement Disposal of pipeline trenches... drains Earthwork • Proper drainage in treatment plant area and leakages of pipelines should be monitored regularly. • Prohibition on leakage of oil and grease • Prohibition on littering and discharge of toxic and non toxic waste 2. Disposal of • Safe disposal of excavated soil • Check the slope of the At Every day Contractor /PIU Included in

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Parameters to be Cost Types of impacts Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Monitored Earthwork due to • Quantity of soil excavated will disposed soil construction /DEDCSC Contractors Landslide, erosion and be backfilled in the pipeline • Control on use of the site bidding soil Instability trenches. same quantity of the documents remained soil 3. Air Quality (Dusty • Frequent sprinkling of water • Dust in Air Wherever Every day Contractor /PIU No separate cost Environment earth work is /DEDCSC required. The going item is covered by the specification of the works provided to the contractor. 4. Noise and Vibration • Provision of restriction on • Control on use of All Every day Contractor /PIU No separate cost blowing horns haphazardly blowing horns construction /DEDCSC required. The • Equipment maintenance • periodic maintenance sites item is covered • Mufflers fitting to noisy record by the equipments • controlling speed specification of • Speed restriction the works provided to the contractor. 5. Pavement • Proper reinstatement of the • Control on use of All Every day Contractor /PIU The estimated Demolition pavement works including the blowing horns construction /DEDCSC cost for road and footpath to original • periodic maintenance sites reinstatement of state. record the various paved • controlling speed roads is calculated separately in cost volume and included to the contract part. Operating Phase 1. Blocking of Sewer • Periodic flushing of all the • Frequency of blocking Along sewer At the Municipality/ Covered by lines particularly in dry sewer lines • No. of cases of blocking lines meeting of UCs Annual O&M cost weather • Educating beneficiary groups • Number of awareness UC not to dump solid waste in the discussions sewer lines 2. Nuisance odor from • Periodic flushing of rain inlets, • Nuisance odor Along sewer Monthly Municipality/ UCs Included above the sewer lines in the manholes and household sewer • Dirt in house connection lines User group TAEC Consult P. Ltd. 40 UEIP, Banepa Municipality Final IEE Report

Parameters to be Cost Types of impacts Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Monitored street inlets particularly in dry weather chambers 3. Ground water • Not to damage liners that are • Less flow from outlet Treatment Monthly Municipality Cost incorporated seepage from applied during construction units in design by treatment plant applying geo- membrane liner for safety. 4. Nuisance odor from Application of lime powder @ 1 • Nuisance odor Treatment Whenever Municipality Covered by sludge drying bed kg per 3 sqm. units sludge is dried operating cost (generally 3 days in every 60 days) 5. Mosquito breeding • Cleaning of clogged outlet • Mosquito Reed beds Monthly Municipality Operators to in reed beds pipes, chambers carry out the works. No separate cost required. 6.Chemical /hazardous • Strong monitoring unit setup • Effluent Criteria eg BOD, At treatment Biweekly Municipality Laboratory waste water delivery to • Regular monitoring of illegal etc units equipment and collection chambers connection training are proposed in monitoring cost 7. Production of • Periodic flushing • Biweekly testing of - sewer lines At dry Municipality Laboratory substandard effluent ( • Cleaning of settling tank effluent parameters like - Treatment seasons equipment and River water pollution) • Rooting out unnecessary BOD5, etc. plants Every three training are weeds/ plants other than reeds. months proposed in • Adequate O & M monitoring cost Biological Environment Construction Phase 1. Impact on natural • Restricting use of fuel wood in • smoke, coal -Contractor Weekly • DEDCSC vegetation and ecology the labor camp. • cleared area labor camp • PIU officials. (Disturbance and loss • Provision of minimization of • afforested area, -Treatment of natural vegetation vegetation clearance numbers of trees planted unit site and ecology) • Forestation where ever needed -road side, Four times a treatment site year 2. Loss of Habitat • Environmental awareness Appearances of fauna Treatment unit Biannually • DEDCSC (Clearance of bushes/ program. site • PIU officials. vegetation in the

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Parameters to be Cost Types of impacts Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Monitored treatment plant area) Operational Phase 1. Impact on aquatic • Strong monitoring unit setup. • Illegal connection - Sewer Monthly • Municipality Laboratory life (Sub standard • Regular monitoring of illegal • undisturbed flow Sludge connection pit equipment and effluent pollutes river) connections. production training are • Periodic flushing. • Effluent parameters proposed in • Cleaning of settling tank. • Sludge production monitoring cost • Rooting of unnecessary weeds, Cleaned treatment units Treatment Four times a • Municipality plants other than reed. units year Office.

• cleaning gravel of reed bed and Cleaned treatment units Treatment Four times a • Municipality monitoring units year Office. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment Construction Phase 1. Impairment to • Existing damaged pipeline has • uninterrupted water Along sewer Daily • DEDCSC Included in infrastructure to be repaired. supply lines • Contactor contractors (Construction activities • Water supply connection to be • uninterrupted human bidding may impair some of reinstated. movement document. the existing community • Temporary bridge (wooden infrastructure such as plank etc) to be provided. water supply lines, foot trails etc 2. Cultural Practices • Instruction to all workers to act • behaviors of workers Construction Weekly • PIU nil (Intervention/ in a responsible manner. • alcohol bottle, quarrels workers camp • DEDCSC disturbances on social • Prohibition of alcohol and • Contractor(s). structure and cultural gambling. • UC practices) 3.Employment of Local • Has positive impact on the • Appearance of local Construction Weekly • Municipality nil people (Economic project. people in workforce site • PIU condition of local • Contractor(s) people increases) • DEDCSC 4. Occupational Heath • Instruction to adopt safety • Use of safety measures Construction Biweekly • PIU Included in and Safety (Impact of measures viz. Helmet, mask, boot, site • DEDCSC contractor’s heath depending upon • First aid at hand at working gloves, safety belt etc • Contractor(s). bidding working condition) area. document.

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Parameters to be Cost Types of impacts Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Monitored 5. Cultural conflict with • Cultural awareness of local • Orientation/ Group Construction Whenever • Municipality Included in outside work force communities to out side work discussion with labors site new lots • PIU contractor’s force. • Behavior of labors /contractors of workers • DEDCSC bidding document • Orientation to outside work site arrive • Contractor(s). force office/labor • UC camps

6. Pollution from out • Proper sanitation of labor camp • Sanitation , proper place Construction biweekly • Municipality Included in side work force • Collection of solid waste in fixed for collecting of garbage, site/ labor • PIU contractor’s place proper drainage etc camps • DEDCSC bidding document • Periodic cleaning • Contractor(s). • UC

Operation Phase 1. Connection Conflict • Regulation for sewer connection • Checking household Along sewer weekly • Municipality (Conflict may arise • Disturbance of ground lines • UC among users while near sewer pit connecting to sewer inlet chambers/ Illegal connections) 2. Migration of people The system has been designed • Increase in the shop Main town Every six Municipality nil from other places and for the annual population growth numbers month economic condition of rate of 3.5%.Due to migration of • Increase in the size of within service people (Higher the people the project will not be shops area population and affected till the design period. • Increase in the no. of economic condition houses. higher will be the sewage /waste water production.

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8. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE OF THE PROJECT

8.1 Geophysical Profile

8.1.1 Topography

The topography as a whole consists of mountains, valleys and ridges. Banepa is located at longitude 81° 31' East and latitude 27° 37' North. The town is situated at an elevation of about 1,495m above mean sea level (amsl) in the Mahabharat Range.

8.1.2 Geology and Soil

Banepa is located in Mahabharat Range. The hill slope is mostly composed of colluvial soil made up angular rock fragments from the uphill. The river terrace at the foot of the mountain slope made of silt soil and thickness varies from one meter or more with organic materials. Sand and gravel deposits filling are found along the river channel. Sand is generally coarse to fine. Residual soils and decomposed rocks are also observed around the area.

8.1.3 Climate

It has a sub-tropical climate with temperatures ranging from -1 to 33 °C. Rainfall averages 1,300 mm per year.

8.1.4 Surface and Ground Water

There are few springs and rivulets and perennial rivers such as Punyamata, Kando and Chandeshwori in Banepa. Some of these are being used as sources of water to serve the local communities in terms of irrigation, as well as for drinking water (most upstream area). The groundwater table fluctuates from 2 to 4 m.

8.1.5 Land Use Pattern

8.2 Ecological Profile

8.2.1 Flora

A sub-tropical forest dominates in this area. It is confined to the lower reaches where Schima wallichi (chilaune) and Castanopsis indica (Katus), Alnus nepalensis (Utis) and Pinus roxburghii (Khote Salla) are highly abundant.

8.2.2 Fauna

Mammals

Banepa municipality supports a huge number of large as well as small mammals. These include Jackal (Canis lepus), Indian fox (Vulpus bengalensis), Barking deer (muntiacus muntijack) and Leopard (Panthera pardus). Likewise, Common Marten (Martes fonia), Indian civet (Viverra indica), Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) are common small mammals.

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Birds

The avian diversity is mainly confined to patchy and fragmented forests around this area. Black shouldered Kite (Enalus caereleus), Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus), Great barbet (Megalaima virens) and jungle Myna are some common species.

Reptiles

Reptiles are commonly distributed along the sub-tropical region of the area. They are Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor), Common Monitor Lizard (Vranus bengalensis), Green Pit Viper (Trimeresrus albolabris) and Water Snake (Ntrix stolata).

8.2.3 Protected Areas

There are no protected areas of significance in the Banepa municipality. However, there are some community forests, which have arrested the deforestation to great extent.

8.3 Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment

8.3.1 Demography

The population of Banepa municipality is as given in Table 8.1 below:

Table 8.1: Population of Banepa Municipality HH Male Female Total Avg. HH population size Growth rate % 3015 7882 7940 15882 5.2 2.3

Source: Population Census, 2001

8.3.2 Ethnic Group

Caste and ethnicity have quite important implications in the socio-economic development and conservation of natural resources. Each caste and ethnicity is characterised by their customs, traditions, culture and nature of occupation with which they are associated. Like Dhulikhel, Banepa is also developing as a bilingual society with diversified groups inhabiting with co- existence and mutual harmony.

Newar, the indigenous community of Banepa are the dominant ethnic group dwelling in the project area. Newar population represent 82.77 percent of the population followed by Brahmin (12.18%), Chhetri (3.21%). Occupational ethnic groups that include Tamang, Gurung, Magar, Kami, Damai, and Sarki are about 3 percent. The population by ethnic and caste group is presented in Table 8.2

Table 8.2 Population by Ethnic and Caste Group

Total Total Caste Group % HH Population Brahmin 393 2044 12.18 Chhetri 106 538 3.21 Newar 2397 13899 82.77 Tamang 9 61 0.37 Magar 14 100 0.6

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Total Total Caste Group % HH Population Tharu 1 4 0.03 Gurung 1 4 0.03 Rai 2 6 0.04 Damai/Kami/ Sarki 22 89 0.53 lama 5 48 0.29 Total 2950 16793 100.00 Source: Field Survey, 2007

The sample survey reveals that 95 percent of the population is local and residing in the town from decades. Remaining 5 percent population are migrated from the neighboring are such as Bhaktapur, Chautara, Dhulikhel and Kavre.

8.3.3 Occupation and income/ Expenditure Status

8.3.3.1 Occupation

Almost all of the population residing in the project area depends on agriculture to meet the basic needs. About 32%of the Banepa municipality stated that the main source of their income is agriculture. Apart from this, business is also another source of income like retail, trading, hotels, live animal marketing, and restaurants etc. People are also involved in construction activities, tailoring, and labour.

8.3.3.2 Income, Expenditure and Savings

As per the survey carried out by DEDCS Consultant, the average income in the project area is not so satisfactory. In this context, expenditure occupies the significant portion of their income and saving is also the less.

8.3.4 Health and Hygiene

Deterioration water quality, unsatisfactory sanitary conditions and lack of personal hygiene are often the sources of diseases. The sample household survey conducted during study on availability of health facilities to respondents' shows that 71% of the respondents receive health facilities from the government hospitals.

8.3.4.1 Personal Health and Hygiene

As per the survey conducted by DEDCS Consultant, almost all households showed their knowledge regarding the causes of disease due to unsafe water. Children are mostly affected by other water borne diseases like dysenteries and worm than women and men. Skin diseases are high among women and men than children. The level of knowledge about the causes of water borne diseases through poor sanitation, improper disposal of human faeces and waste materials and lack of health education is found satisfactory.

8.3.4.2 Diseases/ Morbidity

As per the survey, most of the people in Banepa municipality die because of cold, fever and also diarrhoea. Diseases like typhoid, jaundice, skin diseases are also prominent in the project area due to the use of raw water.

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8.3.5 Education and Gender aspects

The literacy rate of the Banepa municipality is about 70% as per the survey carried out by the DEDCS Consultant and 20% of the population is illiterate. The municipality consist of different level of school education. Among 20% of the population have passed SLC or above. The gender representation among the students in the project area is equitable but the proportion of women- teachers is significantly lower than the male teachers. All over the municipality, most of the households are headed by the female members. Among these, women literacy rate is very low and the remaining people have received education up to primary level and only few to secondary level.

8.3.6 Quality of Life Value

This sewerage project will enhance the eminence of life of people around the area without adversely affecting the environment, cultural and recreational resources by improving personal households and community hygiene practices and community health.

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9. PUBLIC CONSULTATION

During the detailed design DEDCS Consultant has carried out total household survey in the service area. Various queries including household income, expenditure and saving patterns; affordability and willingness of the households to pay for the improved water supply and sanitation services; knowledge on health and hygiene; attitude and practice of sanitation as well health status, etc. were made. This information also provides an opportunity to interact with the beneficiaries and to read their insight feeling about the project and was able to aware up to some extent about the project. The outcome of the household survey is briefly described in Section-4.1 (Impact on the Social, Economic and Cultural Spheres).

Besides the outlines given in PPTA, the locations of the proposed sewer lines and RBTPs to be designed and constructed were discussed and decided by Municipal Steering Committee and Ward members. The location of RBTP is different than proposed site in PPTA.

9.1 Public Notifications

While preparing this report, a 15-day public notice was published in the Gorkhapatra, a national daily newspaper on 2065/04/07 BS, i.e. October 2oth, 2008 requesting for comments/ suggestions. Copies of these pubic notices are included in Annex B. Besides this notices were pasted in the schools, health posts, district administration office, district development committee office, land revenue office, ward offices of the municipality and other various public gathering places as described in EPR-2054. The feed back given by the various personnel are attached in the Annex B.

9.2 Focus Group Discussion

Forming public groups in the vicinity of the respective sewerage sub-systems, focus group discussion were done.

The minutes of focus group discussions are included in the Annex B

9.3 Individuals/ Institutions Contacted

In the course of preparation of IEE report, each sub-committee of sewerage & RBTP individuals/ institutions were contacted for the relevant information. Based upon the information the IEE report has been compiled.

9.4 Public Hearing/ Dissemination of finding of IEE

The DEDCSC described about the Project in detail and disseminate the requirement of Terms of Reference (ToR) for IEE Study and findings of IEE.

Copies of public hearing notice and attendance of the present personnel is included in the Annex B. Also, the photographs taken during public hearing/ dissemination of finding of IEE and focus group discussions are also included in the Annex C.

9.5 Comments/ Suggestions/ Issues rose

Issues were raised by the participants during discussions, public hearing/ dissemination of finding of IEE, focus group discussions:

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The DEDCS Consultant explained about the design of the sub-systems and assured to incorporate the suggestions and the comments received during discussion.

Most of the comments, suggestions are taken care off by improving design and are also described in the Table: Key Issues and Mitigation Measures.

No comments/suggestions were received from the Institutions/ Organizations within the given timeframe, where the notice was pasted. Also, no written comments/suggestions were received from the public within the given timeframe notified through national as well as local daily newspapers.

The Nayabasti sub-system has been postponed in construction phase II, which will be executed later by the Municipality from their own resources. The people of the area disagreed for the construction of RBTP.

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10. REVIEW OF ACTS, POLICIES, REGULATION AND GUIDELINES

The following acts, policies, regulation & guidelines were reviewed while preparing this IEE report.

10.1 Acts, Policies, Regulations and Guidelines Reviewed

10.1.1 Policies Three year Interim Plan 2007-2010 Public Infrastructure Build, Operate and Transfer Policy, 2000 Forest Policy, 1993

10.1.2 Laws Child labor (Prohibition and Regularization) Act, 1997 District Development Committee Act, 1991 Electricity Act, 1993 Environment Protection Act, 1997 Forest Act, 1993 Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 Labor Act, 1991 Land Acquisition Act, 1977 Local Self –Governance Act, 1999 Plant Protection Act, 1973 Public Road Act, 1974 Solid Waste (Management and Resource Mobilization) Act, 1987 Water Resources Act, 1992 Water Supply Management Board Act, 2007

10.1.3 Rules Environmental Protection Rules, 1997 Forest Rules, 1995 Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board Regulations, 2007 Solid waste (Management and Resource Mobilization) Regulations, 1989 Water Resources Regulation, 1993

10.1.4 Standards, Guidelines, Manuals and Codes National EIA Guidelines, 1993 Environmental Guidelines published by MoEST, 2006 Effluent Standard Public Works Directives, 2002 National Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2006

10.2 Description of the Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks

Following Table 10.1 summaries the consulted act, rules and regulations in the course of preparing this report.

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Table 10.1: Summary of act, rules and Regulation Name of Act, Rules and Remarks Regulations Policies Three year Interim Plan 2007-2010 The main goal of this plan is to work to build the prosperous, modern and justiceful Nepal. Emphasis is given for peace and reconstruction. This plan focuses on the sustainable and inclusive development. Programs will be built and implemented to meet the target of the millennium development goals including health and sanitation. This policy states that the GoN may acquire the Public Infrastructure Build, Operate necessary land and provide it to the and Transfer Policy, 2000 concessionaire as per prevailing rules but the cost shall be born by the private sector. The proposed project does not cover any forest Forest Policy, 1993 areas. Laws Child labor (Prohibition and Clause 2(k) defines a person under 16 years old Regularization) Act, 1997 as child. Clause 3 (1) states not to employ the child below 16 year old as labor. Similarly, clause 3(2) states not to employ child in hazardous business or works, and construction business are defined as hazardous business. This shall be done by contractor. Electricity Act, 1993 The clause 24 of the electricity act 1993 states about the environment which reads No Substantial Adverse Effect be made on Environment further it states While carrying out electricity generation, transmission or distribution, it shall be carried out in such a manner that no substantial adverse effect be made on environment by way of soil erosion, flood, landslide, air pollution etc. Environment Protection Act, 1997 In clause 2 (f) of EPA 2053 has defined IEE means a report on analytical study or evaluation to be prepared to ascertain as to whether in implementing a proposal, the proposal does not have significant adverse impacts on the environment or not, whether such impacts could be avoided or mitigated by any means. This report is prepared as per this act. The proposed project does not cover any forest Forest Act, 1993 areas. Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 Clause 35 (5) The State shall make necessary provisions to keep the natural environment clean. The State shall also prioritize special arrangements for the protection of environment and endangered wildlife species by not allowing physical development activities to exert negative impact on environment, and generating awareness on environmental cleanliness. The State shall make provisions for equitable distribution of benefits from conservation and sustainable use of forests, plants and biodiversity.

Clause 16. Right to Environment and Health:

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Name of Act, Rules and Remarks Regulations (1) All citizens shall have the right to live in clean environment. (2) Every citizen shall have the right to free basic health service in accordance with the provision made by the government in the law. Labor Act, 1991 In chapter 3, clause 16 it is stated not to take service of employee or worker more than 8 hours a day or 48 hours a week. Further, it states to provide a leave once w week.

This shall be monitored during construction supervision period by DEDCS Consultant and PIU. Land Acquisition Act, 1977 The project requires land for housing in treatment units. Municipality has provided the land directly by purchasing from the private owners for three RBTPs sub-systems. Local Self –Governance Act, 1999 The proposed sub-project has been conceived under UEIP and provisions of the Act are fulfilled. Public Road Act, 1974 Clause 29 states that if any office of Government of Nepal (GoN) has to excavate/dig public road or its rights of way (RoW), it has to take prior approval of Department of Roads (DoR) for such works. Further it states that the concerned office has to abide by the method or condition, if any, set by the DoR for such excavation of public road or its rights of way (RoW). This shall be done by PIU. Solid Waste (Management and This Act was exclusively formulated for the Resource Mobilization) Act, 1987 management of solid waste. The Clause 4.1 to 4.9 of Act and rule 2.1 to 2.10 is concerned with the management and control of the solid waste. The act instituted the Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Center (SWMRMC) with the authority and responsibility to manage all aspects of solid waste including categorization of hazardous waste and collection, treatment, and disposal of solid wastes in the Kathmandu valley and other municipalities as well.

The provisions related to environment could be summarized as: • Provides construction of public convenience, bathroom, mobile toilets and slaughterhouses etc at appropriate places. • Sets out rules for the involvement of private sectors in collection and transportation of solid wastes to dumping sites. • Authorizes to impose a fine from NRs 50 to NRs 5000 for offense such as dumping of solid wastes in public places and soiling roads etc. Water Resources Act, 1992 As per Act, Users Committee should be constituted for the project. Related clauses 8, 19 and 20 have been accounted for by the project. These committees shall look after the sanitation and sewerage sub-project as well. Water Supply Management Board Act, The service area of the project includes the

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Name of Act, Rules and Remarks Regulations 2007 municipality area and as per clause 3, the government may constitute a management board. Misuse of drinking water and controlling pollution come under the board's jurisdiction. In chapter 2 of first amendment of EPR 2054, it is Rules stated that a proponent shall be required to carry out the IEE of the proposals mentioned in Environmental Protection Rules, 1997 Schedule 1. Forest Rules, 1995 The proposed project does not cover any forest areas. Kathmandu Valley Water Supply The Kathmandu Valley Water Management Management Board Regulations, 2007 Board Act, 2006 has made mandatory to get permission to extract the ground water. The regulation and guidelines of the act has not been endorsed yet, the project shall follow the necessary regulation and guidelines as mentioned in the Act. Standards, Guidelines, Manuals and Codes National EIA Guidelines, 1993 After the endorsement of National EIA guidelines 1993, the environment Impact Assessment in development projects was started in Nepal. The National EIA guidelines 1993 outline the lists of projects, thresholds and sensitive areas as criteria to assist EIA. This guideline clarifies objectives, methods for screening the projects that requires environmental assessment, scoping, impact identification and prediction, report review, monitoring and evaluation and impact auditing. The guideline also contains the methods for ensuring the public participation during the preparation of the EIA report, including the need of clear documentation of the impact mitigation measures. The guideline has also set the provisions for identifying socio-economic, biological and physio-chemical and cultural impacts and prescriptions of mitigation measures to avoid, eliminate and/or minimize the adverse effects and to augment the beneficial impacts resulting from the project implementation (GoN, 1993). Environmental Guidelines published The Environmental Guidelines published by by MoEST, 2006 MoEST (2006) contains the following components: • Methods for screening of the projects requiring an application of Environmental Assessment Scoping, impact identification and prediction, report review, monitoring and evaluation and impact auditing; • Methods for ensuring public participation during the preparation of the EIA report, including the need for clear documentation of the impact mitigation measures in the EIA report; • Provisions for identifying socio- economic-cultural, biological, and physical impacts and prescription of mitigation measures to avoid, eliminate

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Name of Act, Rules and Remarks Regulations and/or minimize adverse effects and to augment beneficial impacts resulting from the project implementation; and • Emphasis on the adoption of monitoring, evaluation and environmental auditing frameworks in the EIA report.

Besides above mentioned acts and regulations, District Development Committee Act, 1991, Plant Protection Act, 1973, Solid waste (Management and Resource Mobilization) Regulations, 1989, Water Resources Regulation, 1993, Effluent Standard , Public Works Directives, 2002, Parks and Wild life Conservation Act, 2030, National Environment Impact Guidelines, 1992, National Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2006, National Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2006 were also reviewed.

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11. PROPOSED INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT

One of the major financial objectives of the project is to encourage the financial responsibility of the consumer/ user for the improved facilities by requiring up-front co-financing of 8% of the capital cost of the sub project, with additional 30% cost-recovery of the loan funds for the construction of sewerage & RBTP. The WUSC of each sub-system has been formed and have taken responsibility to collect the said upfront cash for the Sanitation and Sewerage Sub-project.

Willingness to pay (WTP) analysis was also undertaken by NJS forming focus group workshop on 5/1/2001 for Banepa town. Of the total sample households in Banepa, 98% are willing to pay for successful implementation of any public projects such as water supply, sewerage, solid waste and liquid waste management etc., while remaining 2% are not. Their findings for the average willingness to pay for the level of services proposed to be provided for the sewerage services is reported as Rs. 29.10 per month. However, as per house survey carried out by DEDCS Consultant (TAEC), it is revealed that as many as 89.2% of the total house holds expressed their willingness to pay monthly water tariff for water supply. A certain percentage of it could be levied as sewerage charges for the services so provided. Generally, the service charge for sewerage is included in the water bill as some percentage of the water charges. Presently, the municipality/or the existing committee does not levy any tax on sewerage. It is suggested that sewer charges is to be collected at the rate of at least 50% on the existing water bill. This has been implemented by other municipalities as in Kathmandu Metropolitan City. Thus, it is expected that there would not be problem for collecting cash from the community for O&M of the system.

The Consultants have been encouraging community participation during construction phase in the form of cash contribution.

There are quite a few clubs and local NGOs in the project area carrying out some kind of social programs. They will be effective for future use especially in awareness generating programs provided they are given training. School children and community social workers will be used in

awareness generating programs.

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12. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

It is expected that the proposed sanitation & waste water management sub-project will have very small impacts on environment which can be easily mitigated through adequate mitigation measures. There shall be significant improvement in personal, household and community hygiene practices and environmental sanitation thereby increasing the quality of life and community health.

The proposed sanitation and waste water management sub-project aims at providing sanitation facilities to the communities of main town of Banepa. Hence, the project is expected to bring a significant improvement in environmental condition and enhance the quality of life and health of that area. No significant adverse or harmful impacts are expected due to the execution of the project. Based on the study undertaken, it is expected that the planned sewerage system will only have a low impact on the environment and can be easily mitigated through the proposed mitigation measures. The proposed project is expected to bring a significant improvement in personal, household and community hygiene practices as well as environment sanitation and thereby increasing the quality of life and community health. From this study, it can be seen that no adverse or harmful impacts of any significance are expected, so a full scale EIA is not required. The project falls under category B of ADB guidelines for which only an IEE is enough.

There are no major objections from the locals in Chandeshwori and Core area & bazar sub- system except that the manpower should be employed locally and local resources should be used as far as possible, and some on the job training related to capacity building should be conducted to train locals. Proposed mitigation measures should be implemented wherever applicable in the course of conservation and operation of the proposed project.

The municipality has shortfall of environmental management skills. As the municipality is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the sewerage system, trained human resources are required to look after the sewerage system, the environmental issues and the monitoring aspects.

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Annexes Annex A: Location Map Annex B: Recommendation Letter from the Municipality, Minutes of Meeting, Public Notification and Public Response Annex C: Photographs Annex D: Construction Schedule Annex E: Checklist of Environmental Monitoring Parameters Annex F: Approved Terms of Reference (ToR) of IEE Annex G: Response to Comments and Suggestions

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Annex A: Location Map

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Annex E: Checklist of Environmental Monitoring Parameters

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Annex E: Checklist of Environmental Monitoring Parameters for Sanitation and Wastewater Management Sub- Project

IEE (D) Action Affecting Impact to Environment Recommended Feasible SN Environmental Resources Significant Effect (B) Protection Measures (C) No. and Values (A) Significant Small Moderate Major effect (D1) (D2) (D3) (D4) A. Environmental Problem 1 Addition of industrial waste Increase in cost for water from garage, workshop treatment upstream of waste discharge 2 Household connection conflicts Social conflicts 3 Resettlement/ compensation Social inequalities inadequate 4 Impairment of historical/ cultural Loss or depreciation of monuments/ areas these values B Problems Relating to Design Phase 1 Connection of household and Urban run off problems. Awareness. Imposing septic tank Sludge to the road Un hygienic sanitation fines for illegal connection side drain 2 Increase in the category of Treatment problem waste water 3 Increase in sewege production Sewege over flow in urban Flushing environment 4 Inadequate disposal of sludge Nuisances to affected properties 5 Inadequate buffer zone Nuisances to neighbors Security fencing and good and/or hazards of damage drainage and security to to system facilities be provided at treatment side 6 Water and sewer pipes in same Hazards of Contamination Distribution pipes of water trench/ drain supply to be kept away from surface drain

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7 Problems from Trunk and Hazards of Contamination Joints are to be made Conveyance main water tight and leak proof a. Encrochment into ecology Loss of precious ecology b. Impairment in environmental Loss of environmental aesthetics aethetics c. Continuing soil erosion from Soil erosion, cloging pipes, non-resurfaced areas chambers 8 Problem of road damage Road damage, road Proper reinstatement of providing connections to aesthetics, nuisance to road consumers pedestrians C. Problems relating to Construction State 1 Soil erosion/ silt runoff/ setting Soil erosion plus damage Precautionary measures of street surface from to water quality/ land to be taken during construction activities values and nuisance to construction to avoid pedestrians caving/ Safe disposal of excavated material. Construction to be avoided in rainy season. Propor back filling of excavated trenches

2 Other Contruction stage Dependes upon stage Do hazards

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3 Inadequate monitoring Contraactors not likely to Consider worker safety comply with constraints measures during excavation, pipe laying, and settling tank construction. Contractor should be responsible for all safety measures, eye protection, chemical handling and provision of hard hats (helmets), safety boots and sanitation in camps. Locals to be hired as far as possible D Problems Relating to Operations 1 Delivery of Hazardous/ Toxic Destruction of aquatic life, Strong Monitoring units Chemical waste water to Vanish of reeds planted, regular training, Fine for collection system due to O&M defunctioning of treatment illegal connection etc. deficiencies plants 2 Inadequate sewerage system River water pollution Regular monitoring monitoring 3 Delivery of non quality effluent River water pollution Regular maintenance, due to inadequate O&M periodic flushing

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Annex F: Approved Terms of Reference (ToR) of IEE

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Table of Contents

Page Acronyms

1. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT ...... 1

2. THE PROJECT ...... 1 2.1 General Introduction ...... 1 2.1.1 Background...... 1 2.1.2 Project Objectives...... 2 2.1.3 Location and Accessibility...... 2 2.1.4 Service Area...... 3 2.1.5 Geophysical Profile ...... 4 2.1.6 Levels of Services...... 4 2.2 Relevancy of the Project/Rational for Conducting IEE ...... 5 2.3 Aims and Objectives of IEE...... 6 2.4 Objectives of TOR ...... 6

3. PROCEDURE TO BE ADOPTED WHILE PREPARING THE REPORT...... 7

4. REVIEW OF ACTS, POLICIES, REGULATIONS & GUIDELINES...... 9

5. PREPARATION OF THE REPORT...... 9 5.1 Timeline...... 9 5.2 Estimated Budget...... 9

6. SPECIFIC IMPACT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSAL ON THE ENVIRONMENT...... 10 6.1 Physical Issues...... 10 6.1.1 Construction Stage ...... 10 6.1.2 Operation and Maintenance Stage...... 10 6.2 Biological Issues ...... 10 6.2.1 Construction Stage ...... 10 6.2.2 Operation and maintenance Stage...... 10 6.3 Socio economic and cultural Issues ...... 10 6.3.1 Construction stage...... 10 6.3.2 Operation maintenance Stage ...... 11 6.4 Chemical Issues ...... 11 6.4.1 Construction stage...... 11 6.4.2 Operation maintenance Stage ...... 11

7. ALTERNATIVES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT ...... 12 7.1 No Implementation of Proposed Project...... 12 7.2 Project Site...... 12 7.3 Technology, procedure of operation, time schedule, raw material to be used ...... 12 7.4 Other matters...... 12

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8. MATTERS CONCERNING THE PREVENTION OF THE IMPACT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSAL ON THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 13 8.1 Physical Aspects...... 13 8.2 Biological Aspect ...... 13 8.3 Socio-economic and Cultural Aspects...... 13

9. MONITORING PROGRAM ...... 14

10. REPORTING FORMAT (AS PER SCHEDULE 5 OF ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT, 1997 AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION RULES 1997)...... 16

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Acronyms

ADB : Asian Development Bank BOD : Biological Oxygen Demand COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand DUDBC : Department of Urban Development and Building Construction EPR : Environmental Protection Rules EPA : Environment Protection Act EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment GoN : Government of Nepal IEE : Initial Environmental Examination MPPW : Ministry of Physical Planning and Works MoEST : Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology amsl : above mean sea level m : Meter PCO : Project Coordination Office PIU : Project Implementation Unit PSC : Project Steering Committee RBTP : Reed Bed Treatment Plant RCC : Reinforced Cement Concrete TAEC : Technicians Architects Engineers Collaborative TOR : Terms of Reference UEIP : Urban and Environmental Improvement Project VDC : Village Development Committee WUC : Water Users Committee

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13. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT

The project proponent, Urban and Environmental Improvement Project (UEIP), Banepa is responsible for the preparation of IEE report. TAEC Consult P. Ltd. will work on behalf of the project for conducting IEE studies and prepare IEE report using all the prevalent guidelines, acts, policies and rules. Project Implementation Unit (PIU) established by Banepa Municapility will be coordinating this IEE study. Address of the Proponent: Banepa Municipality Urban and Environmental Improvement Project (UEIP) Project Implementation Unit (PIU) Banepa, Kavrepalanchowk, Nepal Phone: 011-660571, 011-660572 Fax: 011-660572 E-mail: [email protected]

14. THE PROJECT

14.1 General Introduction

14.1.1 Background

Although urbanization is a relatively new phenomenon in Nepal and only about 15 percent of the total population lives in urban areas, the rate of urbanization is very high resulting into 50 percent of the population in urban areas by 2035. The rapid and haphazard urban growth is exerting immense pressure on urban environment and municipalities often do not have sufficient expertise and resources to deal with this issue. In this context, urban sanitation has become a major challenge for municipalities and small towns in Nepal. Although data shows that about 80 percent of urban households have access to some kind of toilets, wastes from these toilets are not well managed. Only 12 percent of urban households are connected to the sewer systems and even where sewer systems exist, wastewater treatment is almost non-existent.

In this context, Sanitation and Sewerage Sub-Project at Banepa Municipality under Urban and Environmental Improvement Project (UEIP) is being implemented by the Government of Nepal (GoN) with a financial assistance of Asian Development Bank (ADB) during the period October 2003 – September 2009 in nine towns surrounding Kathmandu Valley namely Banepa, Dhulikhel, Panauti, Bharatpur, Ratnanagar, Hetauda, Bidur, Kamalamai and Dhandingbesi. The Executing Agency for the project is Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) through Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC).

Main objective of the project is to facilitate sustainable urban development by addressing critical environmental needs, while supporting the government’s priorities of: Environmental infrastructure improvement of secondary urban centres, Poverty alleviation, Decentralization of authority, and Strengthening municipal institutional capabilities

The above objectives are expected to be achieved through the implementation of five basic components in each targeted municipalities. These components are: Municipal Institutional Strengthening and Revenue Mobilization

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Construction of Major Urban Environmental Infrastructure Provision of Supplementary Urban Facilities Community Development Programs Project Implementation Assistance

The executing agency DUDBC has established a Project Coordination Office (PCO) to support and manage the execution of the project at the centre under the guidance of the Project Steering Committee (PSC). The implementation of the activities in the municipalities will be taken by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) established in each municipality.

The PIU / UEIP and Banepa Municipality has made an agreement with TAEC Consult P. Ltd. for the implementation of major urban environmental infrastructure and supplementary urban facilities. The contract for the same was signed on May 29, 2006 and services formally commenced on June 15, 2006.

In recent years, environmentally sustainable development has become one of the major challenges faced by different development institutions. Accordingly, the Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (MoEST) has introduced a variety of instruments into the country’s development activities. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is one of the tools for the environmentally sustainable development.

14.1.2 Project Objectives

The sub-project aims to improve the health and hygiene environment and quality of life of the people residing in the project area with the provision of sewerage facilities. The project objective can be summarized as: To improve sanitation facilities of the core town and provide a hygienic environment To provide basic urban service in terms of sanitation and sewerage To minimize the abuse of existing drains

14.1.3 Location and Accessibility

The proposed Sanitation and Sewerage Sub-Project is situated in Banepa Municipality, Kavrepalanchowk District of Nepal. It lies along the Arniko Highway at 26 km east of Kathmandu, the capital city. Dhulikhel Municipality lies in the eastern and Panauti Municipality in the southern border of Banepa Municipality. The municipality consists of main settlements of Banepa Bazzar, Nala bazzar, Chandeshwori, Sheer Memorial Hospital, Janagal, Budol etc. Other salient features of Banepa are given below: Municipality Boundary East : Dhulikhel Municipality West : Nala VDC North : Ugratara VDC South : Panauti Municiplaity

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Location : North Latitude 27° 37' : East Longitude 81° 31' Average Altitude : 1,495m above mean sea level (amsl) Area : 828 ha

14.1.4 Service Area

Banepa achieved the status of a municipality in 1982 (2038 BS), being formed from the entire area of the former Chandeswori VDC, Banepa VDC, Dakchuu Tole VDC and ward 5 of Shreekhandapur VDC. Banepa Municipality covers an area of 828 ha and consists of 11 wards with 15,586 population in 2001 AD.

Banepa municipality is well served by a storm drainage system except for wards 6, 9 and 11. Total length of the existing storm drain is about 8.25 km which consists of RCC hume pipe and masonry channel. Most of these drains are clogged and are not operating properly due to lack of maintenance. The drains are heavily abused by the public, who dump solid waste and connect untreated toilet effluent to the drains. There is no separate sewerage system in Banepa. Many houses have illegally connected the wastewater pipes from the toilets/septic tank, effluents directly to the storm drains. Some sections of these drains do not have adequate slope resulting in stagnation of wastewater. Some cast-iron manhole covers have been stolen and solid waste is directly dumped into these manholes. Some manholes are broken to divert the wastewater to the fields for irrigation when needed and then closed using earth when not needed. The clogging problem is more prominent in the east-west sewers and in the southern part of the town due to insufficient slope.

It is therefore proposed that the existing storm sewerage be converted to combine sewerage by appropriate modification/ rehabilitation works, wherever possible. The new sewerage will be constructed as combined sewers. The flow from combined sewers will be taken to different sewerage treatment plants to be constructed as separate sewer at the following three different locations of Banepa. Chandeswori Sub-system, North eastern part of Banepa, Chandeshwori Nayabasti Sub-system, North western part of Banepa, Karuna Marg Core area and bazaar Sub-system, South eastern part of Banepa, Budole

Location Map and Key Plan showing the above three sewer sub-system and proposed Reed Bed Treatment Plants (RBTPs) is provided hereunder.

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Map: Project Location Map

14.1.5 Geophysical Profile

Topography

Geology and Soil

Banepa is located in the Mahabharat Range. The hill slope is mostly composed of colluvial soil made up angular rock fragments from the uphill. The river terrace at the foot of the mountain slope made of silt soil and thickness varies from one meter or more with organic materials. Sand and gravel deposits filling are found along the river channel. Sand is generally coarse to fine. Residual soils and decomposed rocks are also observed around the area.

Climate

It has a sub-tropical climate with temperatures ranging from -1 to 33 °C. Rainfall averages 1,300 mm per year.

Surface and Ground Water

There are few springs and rivulets and perennial rivers such as Punyamata, Kando and Chandeshwori in Banepa. Some of these are being used as sources of water to serve the local communities, in terms of irrigation as well as for drinking water (most upstream area). The groundwater table fluctuates from 2 to 4 m.

14.1.6 Levels of Services

Water Institutions and Supply System

DWSS has its Division Water Supply and Sanitation Office at Dhulikhel. This is largely responsible for the information of water supply and sanitation program in the district. But NWSC, Banepa looks after Dhaneshwor and Sashipani water supply system. Also there exists Chandeshwori Water Users Committee (WUC) at Banepa. The committee is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the existing Chandeshwori water supply system. The maximum charge for the individual household is Rs. 215.

Table 1: Drinking Water Source from Sample Household Survey Number of Households Drinking Water Source No. % Pipe Water 137 46.0 Public Tap 100 34.0 Hand pump 0 0.0 Well 41 14.0 River 7 2.4 Other ( Specify) 10 3.4 Total 295 100

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The existing water supply system is available to 70 percent population who has connected individual taps. Another 16 percent are using the tap water from public taps. The water supply of Banepa town is very critical with only a few hours supply every day during wet months and an hour supply every alternate day during dry season. The quality of water the people are using is satisfactory.

Sewerage and Sanitation

Sanitation condition of Banepa Municipality is poor and there is no sanitary sewerage system. Most of the houses in urban area have toilets with septic tank or double pits (Sulav Sauchalaya). About 10-20% of people practice open defecation in the fields.

Table 2: Number of Toilets of Sampled Households Location of Toilet Number % Toilet Inside the House 327 86.28 Toilet Outside the House 52 13.72 Total 379 100

Solid Waste Management

Solid Waste of the municipal area except Ward No. 1 is managed by the Banepa Municiplaity. The Municipality collects several tonnes of refuse daily. The collected waste is dumped at landfill site of Banepa Municipality.

Existing Drainage Situation

At present there are 19 existing outfalls that discharge wastewater which discharge raw sewage directly into Punyamata, Kadeli and Chandeshwori rivers. Out of the 19 existing outfalls, 8 outfalls discharge wastewater to the Punyamata River, 8 to Kadho Khola, 2 to Kadeli Khola, and 1 to Chandeswari River.

The rivers are very much polluted due to the discharge of raw sewage directly into the river. There is a particular need for new sewer lines in Ward No. 11, new built up areas to the south of the Arniko Highway, the Municipality Building and Bhimsen Marga and some other areas.

14.2 Relevancy of the Project/Rational for Conducting IEE

As per ADB guidelines on Environmental Assessment requirements, this project is classified as Environment Category B, therefore, IEE is required as per the checklist suggested by ADB, GoN’s Environmental Protection Rules (1997) stipulate that an IEE is necessary. The primary GoN statutory requirement that has to be fulfilled for environmental assessment for any type of development activities in the EPA 2053 and EPR 2054, and as per Schedule 1: IEE study. The different categories mentioned in the above Schedule include (a) Forest, (b) Industry, (c) Mining, (d) Roads, (e) Building housing and town Development (f) Water Resources (g) Tourism, (h) Drinking Water, (i) Waste Water Management, (i) Agriculture, (k) Health, and (l) Except the projects mentioned in Clause (a) to (k) and those below the standards of those mentioned in Schedule 2 (EIA study) with a cost of Rs. 50 million to 250 million. The main objective of this project is to improve the sanitation quality and quality of life of community people in the specified project area. The proposed project: Sanitation and Sewerage Sub-Project falls under Schedule 1 (I – 1 e): Waste Management, activities to be undertaken with the objective providing services to cost more than 5million in sewerage system.

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Though three reed bed system treatment plants (RBTP) will be constructed to treat the waste water, no hazardous wastes like hospital wastes, industrial wastes, etc. will be brought into the collection systems and treatment plants. Hence, IEE study is rational. Realizing that the economic development of Banepa depends upon the agri-business and enterprises and service sector, emphasis is given for improvements in the environment conservation and proper land use planning and development. The present indiscriminate practice of discharging sewage directly into the storm drain and finally to Rivers would be corrected by this proposed sewerage sub-project. All three sewerage sub-systems will be upgraded with necessary rehabilitation works in existing system as combined sewers. The sewage treatment plant will be provided with appropriate overflow structures, such that only the dry weather flow will enter the sewage treatment plants. The remainder of the flow will by-pass the treatment plants and flow to the river through overflow structure. The prevailing laws of the land have made IEE study mandatory for the proposed Sanitation and Sewerage Works. Under the prevailing Act, it is also mandatory to suggest and recommend suitable mitigation measures to conserve natural environment ensuring minimum deterioration as a result of project execution. As a whole, the project does not lie inside any restricted areas, places of cultural, historical and archaeological importance/monuments, conservation areas, wildlife reserves, national parks, and any other places where the land law prohibits any construction activities.

14.3 Aims and Objectives of IEE

This Terms of Reference (ToR) is hence prepared to conduct IEE of Sanitation and Sewerage Sub-Project at Banepa Municipality under Urban and Environmental Improvement Project (UEIP) as per Rules 3 and 5. The project is screened as Schedules 1 and 2. The proposal falls under schedule 1 and Terms of Reference is prepared based on the format given in the Schedule 3 of Environment Protection Rules (EPR) 2054 (1997) including its amendment. The general objectives of this IEE would be: i. To identify the potential environmental impacts on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural resources, both beneficial and adverse resulting from the location, design and construction of project structures and associated facilities in the project areas. ii. To propose the suitable mitigation measures for minimizing the potential negative environmental impacts and to augment the positive ones to improve overall performance of the project. iii. To define and prepare appropriate environmental monitoring plan. iv. To receive public feedback for safeguarding the natural environment with least negative impact on its natural settings and also to adequately assess and document community requirements relating socio-economic and cultural aspects in the project. v. To prepare IEE report as per EPR 2054.

In brief, the main purposes of IEE is to help decision makers to balance the pressure of immediate gain from exploitation of natural resources with the long term sustainable utilization of resources and the potential of human well being and the environment.

14.4 Objectives of TOR

i. To concentrate the studies in to the environmental and socio-economic issues associated with the project. ii. To provide the guidelines for the detail IEE study.

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15. PROCEDURE TO BE ADOPTED WHILE PREPARING THE REPORT

The IEE study for this project will be based on the collection of data for the impact assessment and evaluation purpose. At all stages of this study, the procedural methods will comply with the provision of EPR and other Nepal Government Acts and Rules. The procedure and methodology to be adopted while preparing the IEE report will be as follows.

Step 1: Desk Study

Identification of waste water quantity and quality issues associated with each phase of project/action under consideration. This involves collection and review of reports/documents associated with project/action under consideration pertaining to environmental standards. Meeting and discussion with municipality, local residents and other stakeholders for fixing size of the project, its design and implementation strategy.

Step 2: Review of Acts, Policies, Regulations and Guidelines

Identification of laws, regulations, Criteria and Other legal and administrative structures related to issues identified in step 1 and/or appropriate for the geographical region under analysis. Literate Review: This involves review of literature associated with legal guidelines. Professional Judgements: Guidelines may not always cover all of the concerns and may need self judgements by the professionals. Consultation: There may be local regulatory bodies that may conflict between different laws; through consultation with key persons such issues can be identified.

Step 3: Field Investigation

Describing the existing environment in terms of the issues identified in Step 1. Banepa town project, UEIP/PIU Dhulikhel and other offices that exist within project area will be contacted as and when required during the field observation. Various checklist and questionnaires will be prepared for the field study. Direct observation, focused group discussion, participatory appraisal and meeting with local government bodies will be carried out in identifying the impacts. Many commercial and industrial activities can have an impact on the water environment; therefore field investigations can provide a significant amount of information.

Step 4: Study of Specific Issue

The following specific issues of the implementation of the project on the environment will be considered during the study. Social and Economic, Cultural and Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Nuisance from implementation/construction of treatment plant.

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Step 5: System Alternative and Monitoring Plan System Alternative: The options of designing this project with phase wise construction of sewerage system of lateral sewer will be discussed with the UEIP/PIU in detail. The alternative locations to the proposed outfalls of the sewerage systems will also be explored within the vicinity. Monitoring Plan: Matters to be monitored while implementing the project will be studied and an environmental monitoring plan on implementation of the project will be prepared and included in the report.

Step 6: Public Consultation Program and Public Notice

Assessing the significance of the predicted impacts in Steps 2 and 3 comparing them with the laws and regulations identified in Step 2. Public input is a valuable tool for determining significance. This will be done by both in house and open methods. To know the feedback and comments of the concerned people, the process as outlined in Rule 7 and 10 of the EPR will be followed. A 15 day notice will be pasted to the project implementation VDC/Municipality and concerned organizations/offices to get written feedback on the positive and negative environment upon implementation of the project. Similarly, 15 day notice will also be published in a national daily newspaper to get written feedback/suggestions on environment upon implement of the project. A public hearing in the project implementation VDC/Municipality will be also be organized during the preparation of the report to receive public feedback and suggestions for safeguarding the natural environment with least negative impacts on its natural settings on environment upon implementation of the project. Minutes of the hearing will be prepared. Incorporating all the above said suggestions/comments/feedbacks from VDC/Municipality/ Organizations/Office and public hearing, report will be prepared. The minutes of the meeting/hearing, report will be prepared. The minutes of the meeting/hearing will be included in the report.

Step 7: Reports Draft Report: The data collected will be analyzed to identify both positive and negative impacts of the project on the environment and the consultations will submit the IEE Draft report within 37 days after approval of TOR. The consultant will incorporate the comments and suggestions made by the Ministry/PCO/PIU/Municipality in the Final IEE Report including opinions of the experts in the subject matter. Final Report: The consultant will submit the final IEE report within 15 days after receiving comments from Ministry/PCO/PIU/Municipality; it will be submitted.

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16. REVIEW OF ACTS, POLICIES, REGULATIONS & GUIDELINES

The IEE report will be prepared considering the following Act, Rules and Regulations: Policies • Three year Interim Plan 2007-2010 • Public Infrastructure Build, Operate and Transfer Policy, 2000 • Forest Policy, 1993

Laws • Child labor (Prohibition and Regularization) Act, 1997 • District Development Committee Act, 1991 • Electricity Act, 1993 • Environment Protection Act, 1997 • Forest Act 1993 • Interim Constitutional of Nepal, 2007 • Labor Act, 1991 • Land Acquisition Act, 1977 • Local Self –Governance Act, 1999 • Plant Protection Act, 1973 • Public Road Act, 1974 • Solid Waste (Management and Resource Mobilization) Act, 1987 • Water Resources Act, 1992 • Water Supply Management Board Act, 2007

Rules • Environmental Protection Rules, 1997 • Forest Rules, 1995 • Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board Regulations, 2007 • Solid waste (Management and Resource Mobilization ) Regulations, 1989 • Water Resources Regulation, 1993

Standards, Guidelines, Manuals and Codes • National EIA Guidelines, 1993 • Environmental Guidelines published by MoEST, 2006 • Effluent Standard • Public Works Directives, 2002 • National Water Quality Standards

17. PREPARATION OF THE REPORT

17.1 Timeline

Activity Duration TOR Approval - Public Notification 15 days Field Investigation and collection of public opinion 7 days Preparation and submission of Draft Report 15 days Presentation, Collection of comments and suggestions 15 days Preparation and submission of Final Report 15 days

17.2 Estimated Budget

Estimated budget for this IEE study is NRs. 100,000.00

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18. SPECIFIC IMPACT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSAL ON THE ENVIRONMENT

18.1 Physical Issues

18.1.1 Construction Stage 1. Change in Land use 2. Earthwork excavation 3. Aesthetic problem due to spreading of overthrown material on the road 4. stockpiling of construction materials 5. Negative Impacts on surface water, ground water 6. Noise and vibration 7. Air quality 8. Solid waste management 9. Nuisance of nearby properties 10. Interference with drainage pattern 11. Location of sewerage treatment plant 12. Disturb to Access of individual household due to earthwork excavation

18.1.2 Operation and Maintenance Stage 1. Deterioration in the ambient air quality 2. Riparian flow as well as minimum discharge of the river / water sources after abstraction of the design flow 3. Potential problem of smell 4. Over flowing of sewer lines due to inadequate regular cleaning 5. Sludge drying bed and clogging

18.2 Biological Issues

18.2.1 Construction Stage

7.2.1.1 Flora (forest and terrestrial vegetation): Timber exploitation, fire-wood extraction etc. due to the project will be studied to assess to the losses to the vegetation.

7.2.1.2 Wildlife and terrestrial fauna: Change in the terrestrial wildlife, avifauna and aquatic life including fish, extinction of rare and endangered species, loss of habitat, sensitive habitat, migratory routes, construction disturbances, hunting and poaching by work force etc.

18.2.2 Operation and maintenance Stage

1. No impact expected during operation phase

18.3 Socio economic and cultural Issues

18.3.1 Construction stage 1. Influx of labor from outside 2. Public Health and sanitation 3. Occupational health and safety 4. Social security and cultural aspects 5. Labor wage issue 6. Land Acquisition (Remove this if not applicable) 7. Land value changes and population movements 8. Slum creation

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18.3.2 Operation maintenance Stage

1. Health and Safety 2. Odour Nuisance 3. Poundings Nuisance 4. Fly Nuisance

18.4 Chemical Issues

18.4.1 Construction stage 1. Change in water quality and soil quality due to leakage of diesel etc

18.4.2 Operation maintenance Stage 1. Impacts due to leachate because of construction sewer line

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19. ALTERNATIVES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT

The alternatives analysis of the project in the following aspects will be conducted during the study to minimize the possible negative environmental impacts.

19.1 No Implementation of Proposed Project

An alternative assessment will be made and evaluated. Alternative options such as design configuration, sewerage collection chambers, traps, etc. component will be evaluated and least affecting one will be recommended.

In regard to the design of treatment plant, a few alternative designs like sewage farming, oxidation ponding, mechanical treatment plant, etc. were assessed. However, it is found that the proposed Reed Bed Treatment Plant (RBTP) design is the most environmental friendly and least cost effective, as the treatment is done using river beds/reeds and no mechanical or electrical means are required to operate the system. Also, the RBTP system is almost free from maintenance and requires a least maintenance cost.

19.2 Project Site

The sewage treatment unit and allied structures, overflow unit and other associated facilities including the conveying routes may be diverted to save the natural environmental setting if warranted.

19.3 Technology, procedure of operation, time schedule, raw material to be used

The proponent will consider the alternatives for technology, implementation procedure, and raw materials requirements in close coordination with the design team. In general, choices will be considered in the context of cost effectiveness, labour intensive and with low risks of environmental hazards.

19.4 Other matters

No project option is always open.

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20. MATTERS CONCERNING THE PREVENTION OF THE IMPACT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSAL ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Suitable, cost effective and environmentally friendly mitigation measures will be recommended during the preparation of IEE report for all the perceived impacts to minimize the environmental impacts of project implementation after the prediction of extent, magnitude and duration of the impacts. In general the following area will be covered while preparing mitigation measures. i) Project construction phase ii) Project operation and maintenance phase

Concerned agencies like UEIP, DUDBC and local agencies, local administration, police office, schools, colleges, etc. will be consulted during the implementation of the mitigation measures. For the prevention of the impact on the environment, concerned matters in the described field are given below:

20.1 Physical Aspects

Preventive methods for the protection of land, water air quality and noise reduction etc. will be applied.

20.2 Biological Aspect

Forest and terrestrial vegetation, wildlife and terrestrial fauna including aquatic lives will be protected from the suitable measures during construction, operation and maintenance phase.

20.3 Socio-economic and Cultural Aspects

This is wide ranging in nature. So the study will incorporate the factors like: occupational health and safety, health and sanitation, land acquisition and compensation, women and children, local economy, migration problems, resettlement and rehabilitation problems, change in land use pattern, change in nearby land values, slum creation, impacts due to influx of workers and resulting cultural differences hazards.

Following mitigation measures will be considered to minimize all possible adverse impacts.

i) Creating awareness: Creating awareness to the work force, user groups, local CBOs in terms of protection of environment, protection of cultural heritage etc. by providing various types of training.

ii) Involving local people for monitoring: This participatory approach of monitoring local environment is quite effective.

iii) Corrective Measures: Users will be trained to find processes to decrease water usage and reduce wastewater or reuse wasted water.

Users Committee will be provided support services in kind and training for regular water quality monitoring and others.

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21. MONITORING PROGRAM

Monitoring programs designed to measure effectiveness of controls and warn impending problems will be formulated. The following activities will be monitored. a. Physical/biological characteristics of the sewage will be monitored in a routine basis. b. Grease, metal pieces and other inorganic wastes that is likely to be connected illegally from garage, workshop etc. will be monitored monthly. c. Connection of hazardous waste water from hospitals/industries to the proposed sewer lines will be monitored monthly. d. Seasonal fluctuation in the waste water will be recorded. e. The effluent after treatment will be monitored regularly so that it meets the set standards for discharge into the Kholsis.

Checklist of Environmental Parameters for Sanitation and Sewerage Sub-Project

SN Actions Affecting Environmental Resources and Values A. Environmental Problem 1 Addition of industrial waste water from garage, workshop upstream of waste discharge 2 Household connection conflicts 3 Hazard of land subsidence 4 Resettlement /compensation inadequate 5 Impairment of historical / cultural monuments / areas B Problems Relating to Design Phase 6 Connection of household and septic tank sullage to the road side drain 7 Increase in the category of waste water 8 Increase in sewage production 9 Inadequate disposal of sludge 10 Inadequate buffer zone 11 Water and sewer pipes in same trench / drain 12 Problems from Trunk and Conveyance main a Encroachment into ecology b Impairment in environmental aesthetics c Continuing soil erosion from non-resurfaced areas 13 Problems o road damage providing connections to consumers C Problems relating to Construction Stage 14 Soil erosion / silt runoff / setting of street from construction activities 15 Other construction stage hazards 16 Inadequate monitoring D Problems Related to Operations 17 Delivery of Hazardous / Toxic Chemical wastewater to collection system 18 Inadequate sewerage system monitoring 19 Delivery of non quality effluent due to inadequate O&M E Other Possible Problems

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Generic Standards – Tolerance Limits for Industrial Wastewater (effluents) to be discharged into Inland Surface waters issued by Nepal Bureau of Standard and Measurement. S.N. Characteristics Tolerance Limit 1. Total Suspended Solids, mg/L, Max 30 – 200 2. Particle size of total suspended Shall pass 850 micron Sieve particles 3. pH 5.5 – 9.0 4. Temperature Shall not exceed 40 degree C in any section of the stream within 15 meters down stream from the effluent outlet 5. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 30 – 100 for 5 days at 20 degree C, mg/L, Max 6. Oil and Grease, mg/L, Max 10 7. Phenolic Compounds, mg/L, Max 1 8. Cynides (as CN) mg/L, Max 0.2 9. Sulphides, (as S) mg/L, Max 2 10. Radioactive Materials: 11. a. Alpha emitters, c/ml, Max 10 -7 12. b. Beta emitters, c/ml, Max 18 -8 13. Insecticides Absent 14. Total Residual Chlorine, mg/L 1 15. Fluorides (as F), mg/L, Max 2 16. Arsenic (as As) mg/L, Max 0.2 17. Cadmium (as Cd), mg/L, Max 2 18. Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr), mg/l, 0.1 Max 19. Copper (as Cu), mg/L, Max 3 20. Lead (as Pb), mg/L, Max 0.1 21. Mercury (as Hg), mg/L, Max 0.01 22. Nickel (as Ni),mg/L, Max 3 23. Selenium (as Se), mg/L, Max 0.05 24. Zinc (as Zn), mg/L, Max 5 25. Ammonical nitrogen, mg/L, Max 50 26. Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L, 250 Max 27. Silver, mg/L, Max 0.1

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22. REPORTING FORMAT (as per Schedule 5 of Environment Protection Act, 1997 and Environment Protection Rules 1997)

1. Name and address of individual or institution preparing the report: 2. Summary of the proposal (To briefly mention the following matters in regard to the possible impact of the implementation of the proposal on the environment): a. Objectives of the proposal b. Impact on land-use c. Adverse impact on the environment, impact on human life and population pressure, d. Damage to be suffered by local goods or objects e. Other necessary matters

3. The following matters must be explicitly mentioned in respect to the proposal:

a. Type of proposal 1) Processing 2) Manufacturing 3) Installation 4) Service delivery 5) Others

b. If related to delivery, the nature and type of goods to be delivered c. Proposal's 1) Installed capacity 2) Number of hours to be operated per day or year

d. Materials to be used (quantity and year to be mentioned) e. Emission resulting from the implementation of the proposal (The time of operation and the consequent volume of emission to be specified) 1) Solid 2) Liquid 3) Air 4) Gas 5) Noise 6) Dust 7) Others

f. Energy to be used: 1) Type 2) Source 3) Volume of consumption (per hour day and year)

g. Manpower requirements h. Resources required for the implementation of the proposal: 1) Total capital 2) Working capital 3) Land area 4) Buildings and their types 5) Machinery and tools 6) Others

i. Detailed particulars of the area where the project is to be implemented: 1) Maps, 2) Population and condition relating to resettlements in the area as well as in the nearby areas, 3) particulars of any sensitive things or objects, if any, located close to the area where the proposal is to be implemented, 4) Current situation, 5) Sources of water, 6) Arrangements made for disposing or processing waste, 7) Paths for movement in the area where the proposal is to be implemented j. Manufacturing processes k. Details of the technology l. Other necessary matters

4. Impact of the implementation of the proposal on the environment: a. Impact on the social, economic and cultural spheres: 1) Impact on human health 2) degradation of cultivable land 3) Destruction of forests 4) Changes in social, cultural and religious norms and values 5) Others

b. Biological impact: 1) Population 2) Flora and fauna 3) Natural habitats and communities

c. Physical impact 1) Land 2) Atmosphere 3) Water 4) Noise 5) Man-made objects 6) Others

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5. Alternatives for the implementation of the proposal 1) Design 2) Project site 3) Process, time-schedules 4) Raw materials to be used 5) Others

6. Measures to reduce or control the impact of the implementation of the proposal on the environment 7. Matters to be monitored while implementing the proposal 8. Other necessary matters

Note: Data, maps, photographs, tables, charts, graphs etc. shall be enclosed, as required, while preparing the report.

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Annex G: Response to Comments and Suggestions

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Incorporation of the comments made in presentation of IEE report of Banepa Municipality by MPPW on 2066/2/27

S.N. Comment/Suggestions Response/Action Taken Remarks 1. Include recommendation letter from Included the Municipality 2. Include approved ToR in the report included 3. Add the beneficial impacts and Incorporated accordingly in mention it in serial wise article 4.7 (page 31) 4. Mention mitigation measures and Mentioned in Chapter 6 in monitoring by issue wise detail. 5. Separate the impacts for construction Incorporated accordingly in and operation phase Chapter 4. 6. Specify the source of population and Specified below the table. household data in page 9 7. Add the electricity cost in resource Incorporated accordingly (page required 9) 8. Add the role of sanitary engineer (in Described in article 3.6 annual expenditure also) 9. Explain the cause for the different Explained in pg 37. mortality rate of child under 5 year old 10. Clarify the responsible institution for Clarified in section 12. clearing gravel of reed bed and monitoring 11. Clarify the alternative for pumping Incorporated accordingly in section 5 (page 32) 12. Correlate Acts/policies/guidelines Incorporated accordingly. given in page 34 with page 35 13. Include the Water Management Board Incorporated accordingly. Act in table 36: summary of Rules/Acts, replace Tenth Plan with Three Year Interim Plan 14. Maintain the similarity in the date of Incorporated. Acts and include the related Rule/Acts 15. Include the alternative for the reed Incorporated accordingly in bed in alternatives for the section 5 (page 32) implementation of the project in page 20 16. Clarify the cost of reed bed and Clarified in section 11 (pg 55) willingness to pay in terms of sustainability 17. Clarify the flushing/cleaning velocity, This has been provided in since there’s 3 time variation in detail in the design. Minimum minimum and maximum flow velocity in the pipe has been maintained. 18. Include the cost for public awareness Incorporated accordingly in Table 7.1. Provisional sum has been allocated in DEDCS contract that can be used if

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necessary

Incorporation of the comments from PCO S.N. Comment/Suggestions Response/Action Taken Remarks 1. Include Abbreviation sheet. Included 2. Annex A: Include lay-out plans of Included sewerage system and treatment plant. 3. Include section 2.1.4: Adverse impact Included. on the environment, impact on human life and population pressure. (Refer Schedule 5, of EPR) 4. Section 3.13: Salient Features of Included Reed Bed Treatment Plant, Para 13: Include the cost estimate of Phase – I instead of Phase – I & Phase – II. 5. Section 3.4.1: Solid waste, Delete the Deleted sentence "In some places the inlet and outlet pipe will pass through the private land". 6. Table 3.5: Include the design Included population also in the given table. 7. Section 3.10: Mention the value of The effluent quality to be wastewater quality after treatment. discharged into the River is well described in section 3.4.2. The BOD of the effluent at each RBTP site during the design year is tabulated in table 3.2 which is within NBSM standard. 8. Include amended threshold limit at the Included. end of Section 2.1.5 (Relevancy of the Project) 9. Line diagram: Include Line Diagram of Incorporated in Table 3.11.and wastewater treatment plant showing shown in schematic diagram designed year, designed population, fig1, fig2 and fig3 respectively. Dry weather discharge and influent parameter of domestic wastewater and expected effluent parameter. 10. Public consultation. Describe how the The minutes of the activities comments/suggestions raised by are attached in the Annex community were addressed. List milestones in public involvement such as dates, attendance and topic of public Meetings. 11. Monitoring and Mitigation Cost (Table Incorporated in Table 7.1 and 6.2): Monitoring and Mitigation cost 6.2. have been included in single table which is not clear. The budget for mitigation works as allocated in Detailed Design Report is NRs

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S.N. Comment/Suggestions Response/Action Taken Remarks 600000.00 (both for sewerage system and treatment plant). Hence it is suggested to mention the items of proposed mitigation works along with cost estimate for individual items. A sample table is given below; 12. Monitoring Cost: Please highlight the The activities are well monitoring activities. The budget for described in Table 7.1. monitoring works as allocated in Detailed Design Report is NRs 400000.00 (both for sewerage system and treatment plant). Hence it is suggested to mention the items of proposed monitoring activities along with cost estimate for individual items. A sample table is given below; 13. Chapter 7. (Maters to be monitored Included in Table 7.2. …..): Include Generic Monitoring Table (ADB's Environment Guideline) at the end of this chapter. Also include the Checklist of Environmental Parameter for Sanitation and Wastewater Management sub-project. (Please contact PISC for sample formats). 14. Environmental Management Action Deleted Plan (Section 10.2) is not required for IEE. Hence delete the section. 15. Include approved Terms of Reference Included (TOR)