How Do Mammillary Body Inputs Contribute to Anterior Thalamic Function?
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
NS201C Anatomy 1: Sensory and Motor Systems
NS201C Anatomy 1: Sensory and Motor Systems 25th January 2017 Peter Ohara Department of Anatomy [email protected] The Subdivisions and Components of the Central Nervous System Axes and Anatomical Planes of Sections of the Human and Rat Brain Development of the neural tube 1 Dorsal and ventral cell groups Dermatomes and myotomes Neural crest derivatives: 1 Neural crest derivatives: 2 Development of the neural tube 2 Timing of development of the neural tube and its derivatives Timing of development of the neural tube and its derivatives Gestational Crown-rump Structure(s) age (Weeks) length (mm) 3 3 cerebral vesicles 4 4 Optic cup, otic placode (future internal ear) 5 6 cerebral vesicles, cranial nerve nuclei 6 12 Cranial and cervical flexures, rhombic lips (future cerebellum) 7 17 Thalamus, hypothalamus, internal capsule, basal ganglia Hippocampus, fornix, olfactory bulb, longitudinal fissure that 8 30 separates the hemispheres 10 53 First callosal fibers cross the midline, early cerebellum 12 80 Major expansion of the cerebral cortex 16 134 Olfactory connections established 20 185 Gyral and sulcul patterns of the cerebral cortex established Clinical case A 68 year old woman with hypertension and diabetes develops abrupt onset numbness and tingling on the right half of the face and head and the entire right hemitrunk, right arm and right leg. She does not experience any weakness or incoordination. Physical Examination: Vitals: T 37.0° C; BP 168/87; P 86; RR 16 Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and abdominal exam are within normal limits. Neurological Examination: Mental Status: Alert and oriented x 3, 3/3 recall in 3 minutes, language fluent. -
Interruption of the Connections of the Mammillary Bodies Protects Against Generalized Pentylenetetrazol Seizures in Guinea Pigs
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1987, 7(3): 662-670 Interruption of the Connections of the Mammillary Bodies Protects Against Generalized Pentylenetetrazol Seizures in Guinea Pigs Marek A. Mirski and James A. Ferrendelli Division of Clinical Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Electrolytic lesions in the anterior and mid-diencephalon and Morin, 1953; Gellhorn et al., 1959) fields of Fore1(Jinnai, 1966; ventral midbrain in guinea pigs were produced to examine Jinnai et al., 1969; Jinnai and Mukawa, 1970), substantianigra the effects of interruption of the fornix (FX), mammillothal- (Iadarola and Gale, 1982; Garant and Gale, 1983; Gonzalez and amic tracts (MT), and mammillary peduncles (MP), respec- Hettinger, 1984; McNamara et al., 1983, 1984), and several tively, on the expression of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) sei- thalamic nuclei (Mullen et al., 1967; Jinnai et al., 1969; Feeney zures. As a group, all mid-diencephalic lesioned animals and Gullotta, 1972; Kusske et al., 1972; Van Straaten, 1975; had some degree of protection from the electroencephalo- Quesney et al., 1977). graphic and behavioral convulsant and lethal effects of the Recently we observed the selective metabolic activation of drug. Through a composite volume analysis of protected the mammillary bodies (MB) and their immediate connections versus unprotected animals, as well as a retrospective com- during a threshold convulsive stimulus induced by the co-in- parison between MT and non-MT lesioned animals, it was fusion of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and ethosuximide (ESM) demonstrated that small mid-diencephalic lesions incorpo- (Mirski and Ferrendelli, 1983). -
Synaptic Properties of the Mammillary and Cortical Afferents to the Anterodorsal Thalamic Nucleus in the Mouse
The Journal of Neuroscience, June 17, 2009 • 29(24):7815–7819 • 7815 Brief Communications Synaptic Properties of the Mammillary and Cortical Afferents to the Anterodorsal Thalamic Nucleus in the Mouse Iraklis Petrof and S. Murray Sherman Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 Input to sensory thalamic nuclei can be classified as either driver or modulator, based on whether or not the information conveyed determines basic postsynaptic receptive field properties. Here we demonstrate that this distinction can also be applied to inputs received by nonsensory thalamic areas. Using flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging, we developed two slice preparations that contain the afferents to the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus (AD) from the lateral mammillary body and the cortical afferents arriving through the internal capsule, respectively. We examined the synaptic properties of these inputs and found that the mammillothalamic pathway exhibits paired-pulse depression, lack of a metabotropic glutamate component, and an all-or-none response pattern, which are all signatures of a driver pathway. On the other hand, the cortical input exhibits graded paired-pulse facilitation and the capacity to activate metabotropic glutamatergic responses, all features of a modulatory pathway. Our results extend the notion of driving and modulating inputs to the AD, indicating that it is a first-order relay nucleus and suggesting that these criteria may be general to the whole of thalamus. Introduction and Sherman, 2004; Van Horn and Sherman, 2007; Lee and Sher- The thalamus receives input from a multitude of cortical and man, 2008), this is not the case for other nuclei. It needs to be subcortical areas and relays this to cortex, representing the sole noted that the distinction between “traditional sensory” and source of information flow to the latter. -
Memory Loss from a Subcortical White Matter Infarct
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.51.6.866 on 1 June 1988. Downloaded from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1988;51:866-869 Short report Memory loss from a subcortical white matter infarct CAROL A KOOISTRA, KENNETH M HEILMAN From the Department ofNeurology, College ofMedicine, University ofFlorida, and the Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA SUMMARY Clinical disorders of memory are believed to occur from the dysfunction of either the mesial temporal lobe, the mesial thalamus, or the basal forebrain. Fibre tract damage at the level of the fornix has only inconsistently produced amnesia. A patient is reported who suffered a cerebro- vascular accident involving the posterior limb of the left internal capsule that resulted in a persistent and severe disorder of verbal memory. The inferior extent of the lesion effectively disconnected the mesial thalamus from the amygdala and the frontal cortex by disrupting the ventral amygdalofugal and thalamic-frontal pathways as they course through the diencephalon. This case demonstrates that an isolated lesion may cause memory loss without involvement of traditional structures associated with memory and may explain memory disturbances in other white matter disease such as multiple sclerosis and lacunar state. Protected by copyright. Memory loss is currently believed to reflect grey day of his illness the patient was transferred to Shands matter damage of either the mesial temporal lobe,' -4 Teaching Hospital at the University of Florida for further the mesial or the basal forebrain.'0 l evaluation. thalamus,5-9 Examination at that time showed the patient to be awake, Cerebrovascular accidents resulting in memory dys- alert, attentive and fully oriented. -
Cytoarchitecture
Brain Structure and Function (2019) 224:1971–1974 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-019-01847-3 SHORT COMMUNICATION Accessory mammillary bodies formed by the enlarged lateral mammillary nuclei: cytoarchitecture Thomas Corso1 · George Grignol1 · Randy Kulesza1 · Istvan Merchenthaler2 · Bertalan Dudas1 Received: 4 October 2018 / Accepted: 8 February 2019 / Published online: 10 April 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Post mortem examination of the hypothalamus of a 79-year-old woman, deceased in cardiac arrest without recorded neuro- logical symptoms, revealed well-defined spherical protrusions located rostro-laterally to the mammillary bodies that appear to be regular size when compared to normal. Cytoarchitectonically, these accessory mammillary bodies are formed by the enlarged lateral mammillary nucleus that is normally a thin shell over the medial. The mammillary nuclei appear to function synergistically in memory formation in rats; however, the functional consequences of the present variation are difficult to interpret due to lack of human data. Most importantly, in addition to the possible functional consequences, lateral mammil- lary bodies can be falsely identified as various neuropathological processes of the basal diencephalon including gliomas; therefore, it is extremely important to disseminate this unique morphological variant among clinicians. Keywords Mammillary · Hypothalamus · Cytoarchitecture · Morphology · Brain · Human Introduction tuberomammillary nucleus indeed resemble the cells of the magnocellular system of the paraventricular and supraoptic The mammillary bodies and the related nuclei occupy the nuclei; however, they are not immunoreactive for oxytocin basal hypothalamic region in the posterior hypothalamus. or vasopressin, instead they secrete histamine, galanin and The mammillary bodies are formed primarily by the medial melanin-concentrating hormone (Airaksinen et al. -
ON-LINE FIG 1. Selected Images of the Caudal Midbrain (Upper Row
ON-LINE FIG 1. Selected images of the caudal midbrain (upper row) and middle pons (lower row) from 4 of 13 total postmortem brains illustrate excellent anatomic contrast reproducibility across individual datasets. Subtle variations are present. Note differences in the shape of cerebral peduncles (24), decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles (25), and spinothalamic tract (12) in the midbrain of subject D (top right). These can be attributed to individual anatomic variation, some mild distortion of the brain stem during procurement at postmortem examination, and/or differences in the axial imaging plane not easily discernable during its prescription parallel to the anterior/posterior commissure plane. The numbers in parentheses in the on-line legends refer to structures in the On-line Table. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol ●:●●2019 www.ajnr.org E1 ON-LINE FIG 3. Demonstration of the dentatorubrothalamic tract within the superior cerebellar peduncle (asterisk) and rostral brain stem. A, Axial caudal midbrain image angled 10° anterosuperior to posteroinferior relative to the ACPC plane demonstrates the tract traveling the midbrain to reach the decussation (25). B, Coronal oblique image that is perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocam- pus (structure not shown) at the level of the ventral superior cerebel- lar decussation shows a component of the dentatorubrothalamic tract arising from the cerebellar dentate nucleus (63), ascending via the superior cerebellar peduncle to the decussation (25), and then enveloping the contralateral red nucleus (3). C, Parasagittal image shows the relatively long anteroposterior dimension of this tract, which becomes less compact and distinct as it ascends toward the thalamus. ON-LINE FIG 2. -
Deep Brain Stimulation in Epilepsy: a Role for Modulation of the Mammillothalamic Tract in Frédéric L
RESEARCH—HUMAN—CLINICAL STUDIES Deep Brain Stimulation in Epilepsy: A Role for Modulation of the Mammillothalamic Tract in Frédéric L. W. V. J. Schaper, MD ∗ ‡§ Birgit R. Plantinga, PhD‡§ Seizure Control? Albert J. Colon, MD, PhD¶|| G. Louis Wagner, MD¶|| Paul Boon, MD, PhD¶||# BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT-DBS) Nadia Blom, MSc‡§ ∗∗ can improve seizure control for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Yet, one cannot Erik D. Gommer, PhD Govert Hoogland, PhD‡§|| overlook the high discrepancy in efficacy among patients, possibly resulting from differ- Linda Ackermans, MD, PhD‡ encesinstimulationsite. RobP.W.Rouhl,MD,PhD∗ §|| Yasin Temel, MD, PhD‡§ OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that stimulation at the junction of the ANT and mammillothalamic tract (ANT-MTT junction) increases seizure control. ∗Department of Neurology, Maast- richt University Medical Center METHODS: The relationship between seizure control and the location of the active (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Nether- contacts to the ANT-MTT junction was investigated in 20 patients treated with ANT-DBS lands; ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Cen- for DRE. Coordinates and Euclidean distance of the active contacts relative to the ANT-MTT ter (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Nether- junction were calculated and related to seizure control. Stimulation sites were mapped by lands; §School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maast- modelling the volume of tissue activation (VTA) and generating stimulation heat maps. richt University, Maastricht, The RESULTS: After 1 yr of stimulation, patients had a median 46% reduction in total seizure Netherlands; ¶Academic Center for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe/Maast- frequency, 50% were responders, and 20% of patients were seizure-free. -
Neuroimaging Advances in Deep Brain Stimulation: Review of Indications, Anatomy, and Brain Connectomics
Published August 13, 2020 as 10.3174/ajnr.A6693 REVIEW ARTICLE Neuroimaging Advances in Deep Brain Stimulation: Review of Indications, Anatomy, and Brain Connectomics E.H. Middlebrooks, R.A. Domingo, T. Vivas-Buitrago, L. Okromelidze, T. Tsuboi, J.K. Wong, R.S. Eisinger, L. Almeida, M.R. Burns, A. Horn, R.J. Uitti, R.E. Wharen Jr, V.M. Holanda, and S.S. Grewal ABSTRACT SUMMARY: Deep brain stimulation is an established therapy for multiple brain disorders, with rapidly expanding potential indi- cations. Neuroimaging has advanced the field of deep brain stimulation through improvements in delineation of anatomy, and, more recently, application of brain connectomics. Older lesion-derived, localizationist theories of these conditions have evolved to newer, network-based “circuitopathies,” aided by the ability to directly assess these brain circuits in vivo through the use of advanced neuroimaging techniques, such as diffusion tractography and fMRI. In this review, we use a combination of ultra-high-field MR imaging and diffusion tractography to highlight relevant anatomy for the currently approved indications for deep brain stimulation in the United States: essential tremor, Parkinson disease, drug-resistant epilepsy, dystonia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. We also review the literature regarding the use of fMRI and diffusion tractography in under- standing the role of deep brain stimulation in these disorders, as well as their potential use in both surgical targeting and de- vice programming. ABBREVIATIONS: AL ¼ ansa lenticularis; ALIC -
The Three Amnesias
The Three Amnesias Russell M. Bauer, Ph.D. Department of Clinical and Health Psychology College of Public Health and Health Professions Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida PO Box 100165 HSC Gainesville, FL 32610-0165 USA Bauer, R.M. (in press). The Three Amnesias. In J. Morgan and J.E. Ricker (Eds.), Textbook of Clinical Neuropsychology. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis/Psychology Press. The Three Amnesias - 2 During the past five decades, our understanding of memory and its disorders has increased dramatically. In 1950, very little was known about the localization of brain lesions causing amnesia. Despite a few clues in earlier literature, it came as a complete surprise in the early 1950’s that bilateral medial temporal resection caused amnesia. The importance of the thalamus in memory was hardly suspected until the 1970’s and the basal forebrain was an area virtually unknown to clinicians before the 1980’s. An animal model of the amnesic syndrome was not developed until the 1970’s. The famous case of Henry M. (H.M.), published by Scoville and Milner (1957), marked the beginning of what has been called the “golden age of memory”. Since that time, experimental analyses of amnesic patients, coupled with meticulous clinical description, pathological analysis, and, more recently, structural and functional imaging, has led to a clearer understanding of the nature and characteristics of the human amnesic syndrome. The amnesic syndrome does not affect all kinds of memory, and, conversely, memory disordered patients without full-blown amnesia (e.g., patients with frontal lesions) may have impairment in those cognitive processes that normally support remembering. -
Download English-US Transcript (PDF)
MITOCW | MIT9_14S14_lec29.mp3 The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free. To make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at ocw.mit.edu. PROFESSOR: OK, instead of a quiz I'm trying to write some homework. And some of them will be extra credit, some of them will be part of the required homework. Now today we still have a lot to do on chapter 26 concerning core pathways of the limbic system. And this is where we finished last time. We may not even get to the part on hormones and brain development and effects on the brain, but we may just do most of that with the reading because I really need the time to talk to you about the recent changes in understanding of the hippocampus and the pathways related to it. OK, we answered this question with the information about the internal environment in the body reaches the hypothalamus via both the bloodstream and sensory pathways. And then I asked this about, well, how do these molecules even get in the brain? We know that there's a blood-brain barrier. Very small molecules can get in, but not the larger, organic molecules. And yet, things like angiotensin II do get in, but they get in only at certain places. Places where the blood-brain barrier is weak. I think the figure in the book is a little better than this one, but this is a similar one. -
Virtual Reality Image Processing for Effective Deep Brain Stimulation Of
ISSN: 2643-4474 Adams et al. Neurosurg Cases Rev 2020, 3:047 DOI: 10.23937/2643-4474/1710047 Volume 3 | Issue 2 Neurosurgery - Cases and Reviews Open Access CASE REPORT Virtual Reality Image Processing for Effective Deep Brain Stimulation of the Anterior Thalamic Nucleus in Epilepsy Patients Crystal N Adams, MD1, Mohamad Z Koubeissi, MD2, Aalap Herur-Raman1 and Donald C Shields, MD, PhD1* 1Department of Neurosurgery, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA Check for 2Department of Neurology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA updates *Corresponding author: Donald C Shields, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery, The George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Ste. 7-409, Washington, DC 20037, Tel: 202-741-2750, Fax: 202-741-2742 social consequences [3]. Abstract Deep brain stimulation of the anterior thalamic nucleus for While surgical resection is the gold standard inter- treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy is a surgical option vention in patients who have an identifiable seizure for patients who are not candidates for resective surgery. focus, many patients are not ideal surgical candidates. One of the challenges of this technique relates to the small These include patients with multifocal seizures or those size of the anterior thalamic nucleus (approximately 10 mm × 5 mm × 5 mm). Stimulation several millimeters outside the with a seizure focus overlapping eloquent brain areas intended target provides suboptimal seizure control. One [4]. In these patients, neuromodulation therapy such as option for achieving accurate stimulation includes the use vagal nerve stimulation, responsive closed loop stimu- of virtual reality software image processing techniques. This lation, or Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) may be consid- report describes the effective use of pre- and post-opera- tive image processing to achieve optimal results in a patient ered as an alternative. -
9.14 Lecture 29: Core Pathways of the Limbic System, and Remembering
A sketch of the central nervous system and its origins G. E. Schneider 2014 Part 9: Hypothalamus & Limbic System MIT 9.14 Class 29 Core pathways of the limbic system, and remembering meaningful places (Limbic system 2) Chapter 26 Limbic system structures Topics • Hypothalamic cell groups • “Papez’ circuit” and the limbic endbrain • The various structures of the limbic system • Connections between limbic and non-limbic system structures • Limbic forebrain activity and mental states • Review of some major pathways 2 Questions, chapter 26 1) The hypothalamus has two major divisions, medial and lateral. What is a major difference between these two divisions? 3 Hypothalamic cell groups Per Brodal’s chapter 19: questions; discussion • Which major hypothalamic division can be divided into multiple distinct nuclei? – This was done, for example, by Le Gros Clark in 1936: see next slide. – See also Larry Swanson’s more detailed figure 6.11 – Comparison of human with rat/mouse/hamster • How can the remainder of the hypothalamus be characterized? 4 Cell groups of the human medial hypothalamus Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see: Clark, WE Le Gros. "The Topography and Homologies of the Hypothalamic Nuclei in Man." Journal of Anatomy 70, no. Pt 2 (1936): 203. “A diagram showing the hypothalamic nuclei projected on to the lateral wall of the third ventricle. This diagram has been made by taking a tracing from a photograph of the brain which was afterwards serially sectioned in a sagittal plane. The extent of the nuclei was reconstructed 5 from the serial sections.” From Le Gros Clark, 1936 Rat / mouse / hamster: Schematic parasagittal section Courtesy of MIT Press.