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German-Language Printers in the United States from 1780 to 1801: a Study in Cultural Leadership

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German-Language Printers in the United States from 1780 to 1801: a Study in Cultural Leadership W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1998 German-Language Printers in the United States from 1780 to 1801: A Study in Cultural Leadership Dieter Schug College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Ethnic Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Schug, Dieter, "German-Language Printers in the United States from 1780 to 1801: A Study in Cultural Leadership" (1998). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626177. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-7ph3-hn33 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GERMAN-LANGUAGE PRINTERS IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1780 TO 1801: A STUDY IN CULTURAL LEADERSHIP A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College ofWilliam and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Dieter Schug 1998 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Dieter Schug Approved, June 1998 Michael McGiffert eorge V. Strong7 Table of Contents page Acknowledgements iv Abbreviations of the Newspaper Titles v Abstract vii 1. Introduction 2 2. „Like a magnetic field44: Ethnic Leadership in the Context of Migration History 4 3. „I confess that I will be partisan41: Another View on the Concept of freedom of the Press44 11 4. „Examine everything, remember the good part44: The German-Language Press during the Constitutional Debate 20 5. „Do they still not realize that the times have changed?44 The German Element in the Elections 28 6. „Who would not like to be a ,Reading Blue4?44: The „German44 Fries4 Rebellion 34 6.1. The evil that your stinking eagle caused44: The Printers4 Role in Arousing the Insurrection 45 7. Resume 48 Appendix A: Availability of the German-language papers 50 Appendix B: The Printers and Their Papers 52 Bibliography 93 Vita 118 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express his appreciation to Professor John E. Selby, under whose guidance this thesis was conducted, for his patient guidance and criticism throughout the investigation. The author is also indebted to Professors Michael McGiffert and George V. Strong for their careful reading and criticism of the manuscript. Abbreviations of the Newspaper Titles AS Der Amerikanische Staatsbothe und Lancaster Anzeigs-Nachrichten BGS Bartgis General Staatsbothe BMZ Bartgis Marylandische Zeitung BP Baltimore Postbote DLW Des Landmanns Wochenblatt DP Der Deutsche Porcupein und Lancaster Anzeigs-Nachrichten DuP Dulheuer's paper CW Die Chestnuthiller Wochenschrift EB Neuer Unpartheyischer Eastoner Bothe, und Northamptoner Kundschafter GP Der General-Postbothe an die Deutsche Nation in America GZ Germantauner Zeitung HM Unpartheyische Harrisburger Morgenrothe Zeitung (later: Die Harrisburger Morgenrothe Zeitung) LaW Landmanns Wochenblatt LC Lancaster Correspondent LW Lancaster Wochenblatt NUBB Der Neue Unpartheyische Baltimore Bote und Marylander Staats-Register NULZ Neue Unpartheyische Lancaster Zeitung und Anzeigs Nachrichten PC Die Pensylvanische Correspondenz PG Die Pennsylvanische Gazette, oder der Allgemeine Americanische Zeitungs-Schreiber PhC Gemeinnutzige Philadelphische Correspondenz (later: Neue Philadelphische Correspondenz) (later: Philadelphische Correspondenz) PhM Philadelphisches Magazin, oder Unterhaltender Gesellschafter fur die Deutschen in America PhSt Philadelphisches Staatsregister PhW Das Philadelphier Wochenblatt PW Die Pennsylvanische Wochenschrift RA Der Unpartheyische Reading Adler (later: Der Unpartheyische Readinger Adler) (later: Der Readinger Adler) RM Readinger Magazin RZ Neue Unpartheyische Readinger Zeitung und Anzeigs-Nachrichten SnCo The paper by Snowden and Corkle UFV Der Unpartheyische Freiheits-Vogel Und Sudbury Zeitung VB Der Volksberichter VG Virginia Gazette VZ Bartgis' Virginische Zeitung WC Die Westliche Correspondenz und Hagerstauner Wochenschrift (later: Die Westliche Correspondenz) WyP the paper of John Wyeth (title not known) WP the paper of Johannes Weiss (title not known) YG Die Unpartheyische York Gazette (later: Die York Gazette) vi ABSTRACT This paper deals with German-American printers during the two decades after the American Revolution. It asks what functions these printers performed for German-American society. Therefore I scrutinized most of the available German-language newspapers, altogether about 2000 issues. This paper will show that after the Revolution German-language printing was not, as historians have assumed, a declining but a growing business. Before describing what the German-language printers wrote I discuss their methods and the atmosphere in which they wrote: The printers as well as their readers were immigrants, and they took part in a process of adaptation to the new society and resistance against it. Within this process the printers were leaders fulfilling important functions for German-American society. First, printers articulated consent and dissent with the new society in their papers. The ideas and attitudes they articulated therefore became tangible for everyone. According to the concept of "freedom of the press" their newspapers at first were open for everyone to insert articles. This concept changed during the two decades under consideration. The function of articulation became more and more monopolized. Second, the German-language papers preserved "German" culture - most important, the German language. Third, they also helped transform Germans into Americans by explaining the new society. Fourth, they mobilized the German part of the population - for example, for elections. Fifth, they helped stabilize German-American society by explaining the new world. The findings suggest that the increase of German papers during the 1780s and 1790s does not only reflect the preservation of German culture but even more the growing need within German-American society for articulation, mobilization, transformation and stabilization. GERMAN-LANGUAGE PRINTERS IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1780 TO 1801 A STUDY IN CULTURAL LEADERSHIP 1. Introduction Many scholars have assumed that the colonial tradition of German-American newspapers did not long survive the formation of the republic. Professors Dinnerstein, Nichols and Reimer claim that "During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the number of German newspapers declined,” and Carl Wittke asserted that after the Revolution there was "no significant revival o f a German-language press" until the beginning of the new immigration in the 1830s.1 This paper will show that there was a vital German language press in the United States during the last two decades of the eighteenth century. This press was not declining but growing in the number of papers published. These papers fulfilled vital functions for contemporary German-Americans. At the end of the eighteenth century about one-third of the Pennsylvania population, about 100.000 people, was bom in Germany or had German ancestors.2 According to Wust and Moos, during the time from the War of Independence to the blockade of the European continent by Napoleon some 30.000 Germans headed for American ports.3 Many Pennsylvania German- Americans still read German papers and books, though others changed to English sheets. It seems that, whereas many of the German books that were read were still imported from Europe, German-language newspapers and almanacs were printed mostly by German printers in America. 1 Leonard Dinnerstein, Roger L. Nicholas and David Reimers, Natives and Strangers: Ethnic Groups and the Builders of America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979). Carl Wittke, The German-Language Press in America (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1957). For a repetition of WHtke's statement see Maldwyn Allen Jones, American Immigration (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1966): 77. 2Dieter Cunz, "Einwanderung und Einordnung der Deutschamerikaner," Deutsche Rundschau (Berlin, Darmstadt) 81 (1955): 134. 3Klaus Wust and Heinz Moos, eds., Three Hundred Years of German-Immigrants in North America. 1683-1983. (2nd rev. edition) (Baltimore: Heinz Moos Publishing Co., Inc., 1983.) 2 3 At least 33 German newspapers and magazines were printed during the first two decades of the early national period - some of them only for one issue and others for decades. Many sheets have been lost, especially for Virginia and Maryland. Nevertheless a huge stock of papers mainly from Pennsylvania remain in scattered archives. Many of them are not yet microfilmed. For my thesis I read most of the available papers, some on microfiche or microcard, others from photographs I was kindly allowed to make at the Library of Congress and at the Lancaster County Historical Society 4 Having obtained an impression of the scope of printing in German during that period, I realized that not much is known about the importance of these papers and their printers for German-Americans of the period. An authoritative history on the German-language press of the colonial period and through 1780 has been written by Willi Paul Adams.5 On the following period there is no general overview. There are only some articles on individual printers.
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