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In Situ Thermal Remediation EM 200-1-21 30 May 2014 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY DESIGN: IN SITU THERMAL REMEDIATION ENGINEER MANUAL AVAILABILITY Electronic copies of this and other U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) publications are available on the Internet at. http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/. This site is the only repository for all official USACE engineer regulations, circulars, manuals, and other documents originating from HQUSACE. Publications are provided in portable document format (PDF). This document is intended solely as guidance. The statutory provisions and promulgated regulations described in this document contain legally binding requirements. This document is not a legally enforceable regulation itself, nor does it alter or substitute for those legal provisions and regulations it describes. Thus, it does not impose any legally binding requirements. This guidance does not confer legal rights or impose legal obligations upon any member of the public. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the discussion in this document, the obligations of the regulated community are determined by statutes, regulations, or other legally binding requirements. In the event of a conflict between the discussion in this document and any applicable statute or regulation, this document would not be controlling. This document may not apply to a particular situation based upon site- specific circumstances. USACE retains the discretion to adopt approaches on a case-by-case basis that differ from those described in this guidance where appropriate and legally consistent. This document may be revised periodically without public notice. DEPARTMENTOFTHEARMY EM 200-1-21 U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers CEMP-CE Washington, DC 20314-1000 Manual No. 200-1-21 30 May2014 Environmental Quality . DESIGN: IN SITU THERMAL REMEDIATION 1. Purpose. This Engineer Manual (EM) provides guidance and background for the appropriate screening and selection of in situ thermal remediation (ISTR) technologies, including steam enhanced extraction injection, electrical resistivity heating, and thermal conductive heating. This document is intended to help distinguish proper applications of the technology and identifY important design, operational, and monitoring issues relevant to Government oversight personnel. It is intended for use by engineers, geologists, hydro geologists, soil scientists, chemists, project managers, and others who possess a teclmical education but only the broadest familiarity with ISTR technologies. 2. Applicability. This EM applies t.o all USACE commands having Civil Works and/or Military Programs hazardous, toxic, or radioactive waste (HTRW) project responsibilities. 3. Distribution Statement. This publication is approved for public release and unlimited distribution. 4. Background. A significant number of sites are contaminated with high levels of organic contaminants, including chlorinated solvents, oils and petroleum products, polychlorinated biphenyls, and wood-preserving compounds above and below the water table. These contaminated sites include hundreds ofFederal installations and thousands of private facilities. Many of these sites are known or suspected to contain non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL), either as mobile or residual immiscible fluids. Some of these compounds have low volatility and solubility. These contaminants, especially NAPL below the water tabk, have been difficult to treat with conventional technologies such as groundwater extraction, bioremediatio11, and soil vapor extraction. NAPL often represents a ve1y significantlong-term (decades to centuries) source of dissolved phase contaminants. More aggressive technologies have been sought that would address these conditions. These aggressive technologies include in situ chen1ical oxidation, surfactant/solvent flushing, and ISTR methods. The ISTR methods represent the most aggressive and effective of these techniques. FOR THE COMMANDER: M!l 5 Appendices R. MARK TOY, P.E. (See Table of Contents) Colonel, Corps ofEngine Chief of Staff This Engineer Manual supersedes EM 1110-1-4015, dated 28 August 2009 EM 200-1-21 30 May 14 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 2 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 200-1-21 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers CEMP-CE Washington, DC 20314-1000 Manual No. 200-1-21 30 May 2014 Environmental Quality DESIGN: IN SITU THERMAL REMEDIATION Table of Contents Paragraph Page Chapter 1. Introduction Purpose .................................................................................................................1.1 1-1 Applicability.........................................................................................................1.2 1-1 Distribution Statement .........................................................................................1.3 1-1 References ............................................................................................................1.4 1-1 Background ..........................................................................................................1.5 1-1 Scope ...................................................................................................................1.6 1-4 Organization .........................................................................................................1.7 1-4 Chapter 2. Underlying Physical Principles and Technology Descriptions Fundamental Principles ........................................................................................2.1 2-1 Technology Descriptions .....................................................................................2.2 2-21 Unavoidable and Potential Effects. ......................................................................2.3 2-38 Chapter 3. Site Characterization for ISTR Technology Screening and Design Introduction……………………………………………………………………..3.1 3-1 Data Collection Requirements to Support Remedy Selection and Design .........3.2 3-1 Site Physical Properties and Site Conditions .......................................................3.3 3-1 Chemical Analyses and Contaminant Properties .................................................3.4 3-4 Data Needs Specific to each Technology .............................................................3.5 3-5 Evaluation of Biological Degradation Potential ..................................................3.6 3-10 Chapter 4. Technology Screening and Feasibility Studies for ISTR Introduction ..........................................................................................................4.1 4-1 Identify Remedial Action Strategies ....................................................................4.2 4-1 Measures of Success for ISTR .............................................................................4.3 4-5 Feasibility Evaluation Flow Charts ......................................................................4.4 4-6 Evaluation of Short-Term Impacts of ISTR .........................................................4.5 4-8 i EM 200-1-21 30 May 14 Paragraph Page Chapter 5. Bench- and Pilot-Scale Studies Introduction and Considerations in Determining Testing Approaches ................5.1 5-1 Thermal Conductive Heating ...............................................................................5.2 5-3 Electrical Resistivity Heating ...............................................................................5.3 5-7 Steam Enhanced Extraction .................................................................................5.4 5-8 Chapter 6. Design Considerations Introduction and Overall Design Strategy ............................................................6.1 6-1 Thermal Conductive Heating ...............................................................................6.2 6-1 Electrical Resistivity Heating ...............................................................................6.3 6-14 Steam Enhanced Extraction .................................................................................6.4 6-19 Waste Stream Treatment Options ........................................................................6.5 6-23 Other System Considerations ...............................................................................6.6 6-30 Modeling ..............................................................................................................6.7 6-32 Chapter 7. Cost and Performance Results Introduction ..........................................................................................................7.1 7-1 General Observations ...........................................................................................7.2 7-1 Technology-Specific Applications .......................................................................7.3 7-3 Chapter 8. Performance Monitoring and Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Subsurface Monitoring for ISTR Technologies ...................................................8.1 8-1 Operations and Maintenance for ISTR Technologies ..........................................8.2 8-6 Chapter 9. System Shutdown and Confirmation of Cleanup Introduction ..........................................................................................................9.1 9-1 Shutdown Strategy ...............................................................................................9.2 9-1 Shutdown Criteria ................................................................................................9.3 9-2 Confirmation of Cleanup .....................................................................................9.4 9-7 Chapter 10. Other Issues Patent
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