DOCSLIB.ORG

Navajo Courts and Navajo Common Law

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Navajo Courts and Navajo Common Law NAVAJO COURTS AND NAVAJO COMMON LAW by Raymond Darrel Austin ________________________ Copyright © Raymond Darrel Austin A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the AMERICAN INDIAN STUDIES PROGRAM In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2007 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Raymond D. Austin, entitled Navajo Courts and Navajo Common Law and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 6, 2007 Robert A. Williams Jr., Professor of Law, Chair _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 6, 2007 Manley Begay, Professor of American Indian Studies _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 6, 2007 Robert A. Hershey, Professor of Law _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 6, 2007 James A. Hopkins, Professor of Law _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 6, 2007 Joseph H. Stauss, Professor of American Indian Studies Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: April 6, 2007 Dissertation Director: Professor Robert A. Williams Jr. 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Raymond D. Austin 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................8 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................10 CHAPTER I. THE NAVAJO NATION...........................................................................15 A. Brief Navajo History................................................................................................15 1. Demographics and Contact...............................................................................15 2. Fort Sumner (Hweeldi) .....................................................................................16 3. Traditional Navajo Government .......................................................................26 4. Modern Navajo Nation Government ................................................................31 CHAPTER II. THE NAVAJO NATION COURT SYSTEM ..........................................37 A. History......................................................................................................................37 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................37 2. Navajo Court of Indian Offenses ......................................................................38 3. Navajo Nation Creates its Court System ..........................................................48 B. Modern Navajo Nation Courts .................................................................................55 1. Structure............................................................................................................55 2. Jurisdiction........................................................................................................59 CHAPTER III. FOUNDATIONAL DINÉ LAW PRINCIPLES......................................62 A. Modern Navajo Law ................................................................................................62 B. Navajo Common Law Underpinnings......................................................................66 C. Finding and Using Navajo Common Law in Court .................................................71 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS — Continued CHAPTER IV. HOZHO (PEACE, HARMONY AND BALANCE)...............................80 A. Overview of Hozho in Navajo Culture ....................................................................80 1. Descriptions and perspectives of hozho............................................................80 2. Levels of knowledge.........................................................................................86 3. Hozho and Hochxo represent right and wrong..................................................89 4. Nayee’ disrupt hozho.........................................................................................90 5. Traditional Navajo problem-solving model......................................................92 B. Hozho as Used in the Navajo Nation Courts............................................................93 1. Theoretical constructs .......................................................................................93 2. Navajo common law informs legal interpretations...........................................95 3. Goal is to restore hozho.....................................................................................98 4. Restoring hozho in individual rights cases......................................................103 5. Restoring hozho in domestic cases .................................................................107 6. Restoring hozho through nalyeeh (restitution)................................................112 CHAPTER V. K’E (SOLIDARITY THROUGH POSITIVE VALUES)......................115 A. Overview of K’e in Navajo Culture .......................................................................115 1. Harmonious relationships ...............................................................................115 2. Kin giving, sharing and support......................................................................121 3. Political affairs................................................................................................125 4. Traditional notions of equality........................................................................127 5. Traditional leadership .....................................................................................128 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS — Continued B. K’e as Used in the Navajo Nation Courts ..............................................................132 1. The court’s duty to use Navajo common law .................................................132 2. The rule on adopting Bilagaana law...............................................................138 3. Principle of Nataah Nibikiyati (Participatory Democracy) ............................143 a. Ashjoni adoolni (“make things clear” rule)..............................................149 b. Application of “talking things out” rule....................................................150 4. Principle of Házhó’ógo (Freedom with Responsibility).................................152 a. Navajo due process ...................................................................................155 b. Leadership standards.................................................................................164 c. Free speech................................................................................................166 d. Rights of criminal defendants ...................................................................170 e. Jury trial ....................................................................................................175 f. Miranda rights............................................................................................177 5. Principle of Ch’ihónit’i’ (Equity) ...................................................................181 CHAPTER VI. K’EI (DESCENT, CLANSHIP AND KINSHIP) .................................186 A. Overview of K’ei in Navajo Culture......................................................................186 1. Introduction to k’ei..........................................................................................186 2. K’ei determines relatives.................................................................................188 3. The four basic clans ........................................................................................190 4. Source of Navajo clan system.........................................................................196 5. Traditional marriage........................................................................................198 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS — Continued 6. Traditional divorce..........................................................................................206 7. Traditional property concepts .........................................................................207 8. Traditional probate..........................................................................................209 9. K’ei fosters duties and responsibilities ...........................................................210
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Navajo Baskets and the American Indian Voice: Searching for the Contemporary Native American in the Trading Post, the Natural History Museum, and the Fine Art Museum
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2007-07-18 Navajo Baskets and the American Indian Voice: Searching for the Contemporary Native American in the Trading Post, the Natural History Museum, and the Fine Art Museum Laura Paulsen Howe Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Art Practice Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Howe, Laura Paulsen, "Navajo Baskets and the American Indian Voice: Searching for the Contemporary Native American in the Trading Post, the Natural History Museum, and the Fine Art Museum" (2007). Theses and Dissertations. 988. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/988 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. by Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Brigham Young University All Rights Reserved BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COMMITTEE APPROVAL committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory. ________________________ ______________________________________ Date ________________________ ______________________________________ Date ________________________ ______________________________________ Date BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY As chair of the candidate’s graduate committee, I have read the format, citations and bibliographical
    [Show full text]
  • The Navajo Creation Story and Modern Tribal Justice
    Tribal Law Journal Volume 15 Volume 15 (2014-2015) Article 2 1-1-2014 She Saves Us from Monsters: The Navajo Creation Story and Modern Tribal Justice Heidi J. Todacheene University of New Mexico - School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/tlj Part of the Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons, and the Law and Race Commons Recommended Citation Todacheene, Heidi J.. "She Saves Us from Monsters: The Navajo Creation Story and Modern Tribal Justice." Tribal Law Journal 15, 1 (2014). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/tlj/vol15/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Tribal Law Journal by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. SHE SAVES US FROM MONSTERS: THE NAVAJO CREATION STORY AND MODERN TRIBAL JUSTICE Heidi J. Todacheene After we get back to our country it will brighten up again and the Navajos will be as happy as the land, black clouds will rise and there will be plenty of rain. –Barboncito, 1868 Introduction Traditional Navajos believe the Diné Bahane’1 or the “Navajo creation story” and journey narrative was given to the Navajo people by the Holy Beings. Changing Woman is the Holy Being that created the four original clans of the Navajo and saved humans from the monsters that were destroying the earth. The Navajo tribe is matrilineal because Changing Woman created the clan system in the creation story.
    [Show full text]
  • Diné Binaadââ' Ch'iyáán Traditional Navajo Corn Recipes
    Sà’ah Nagháí Bik’eh Hózhóón Dinétah since 1996 Catalog 2016 – 2017 Naadàà’ Ãees’áán Dootã’izhí Blue Corn Bread Sà’ah Nagháí Bik’eh Hózhóón New Diné Binaadââ’ Ch’iyáán Traditional Navajo Corn Recipes www.nativechild.com PO Box 30456 Flagstaff, AZ 86003 voice 505 820 2204 fax 480 559 8626 [email protected] Bilingual Units Item No Quantity Title Amount 1008 Colors paper edition $ 19.80 1009 Colors card stock edition $ 29.80 2001 24 Shapes paper edition $ 29.80 2002 24 Shapes card stock edition $ 45.00 1003 Feelings paper edition $ 17.80 1004 Feelings card stock edition $ 25.80 1113 Numbers paper edition $ 27.80 1114 Numbers + activities card stock edition $ 37.80 2004 35 Diné Letters: Photo edition card stock in binder $ 65.00 6017 35 Diné Letters: Photo edition laminated, boxed version $ 69.95 2018 Food 70 Photos paper edition $ 89.00 2019 Food 70 Photos card stock edition $ 125.00 2005 50 Animals paper edition $ 65.00 2006 50 Animals card stock edition $ 98.00 2030 60 Plants from Navajoland paper edition $ 78.00 2031 60 Plants from Navajoland card stock edition $ 114.00 2040 50 Traditional Diné items paper edition $ 65.00 2041 50 Traditional Diné items card stock edition $ 98.00 6001 Transportation/Money paper edition $ 29.50 6002 Transportation/Money card stock edition $ 45.00 6005 Nature 35 photos paper edition $ 48.00 6006 Nature 35 photos card stock edition $ 69.00 6015 50 Insects and Spiders paper edition $ 65.00 6016 50 Insects and Spiders card stock edition $ 98.00 6018 50 Birds of Navajoland paper edition $ 65.00 6019 50 Birds of Navajoland card stock edition $ 98.00 Please add 10% to cover FEDEX Shipping and Handling The material is organized in deluxe three ring binders for convenient use and storage.
    [Show full text]
  • Navajo Nation to Obtain an Original Naaltsoos Sání – Treaty of 1868 Document
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE May 22, 2019 Navajo Nation to obtain an original Naaltsoos Sání – Treaty of 1868 document WINDOW ROCK – Navajo Nation President Jonathan Nez and Vice President Myron Lizer are pleased to announce the generous donation of one of three original Navajo Treaty of 1868, also known as Naaltsoos Sání, documents to the Navajo Nation. On June 1, 1868, three copies of the Treaty of 1868 were issued at Fort Sumner, N.M. One copy was presented to the U.S. Government, which is housed in the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington D.C. The second copy was given to Navajo leader Barboncito – its current whereabouts are unknown. The third unsigned copy was presented to the Indian Peace Commissioner, Samuel F. Tappan. The original document is also known as the “Tappan Copy” is being donated to the Navajo Nation by Clare “Kitty” P. Weaver, the niece of Samuel F. Tappan, who was the Indian Peace Commissioner at the time of the signing of the treaty in 1868. “On behalf of the Navajo Nation, it is an honor to accept the donation from Mrs. Weaver and her family. The Naaltsoos Sání holds significant cultural and symbolic value to the Navajo people. It marks the return of our people from Bosque Redondo to our sacred homelands and the beginning of a prosperous future built on the strength and resilience of our people,” said President Nez. Following the signing of the Treaty of 1868, our Diné people rebuilt their homes, revitalized their livestock and crops that were destroyed at the hands of the federal government, he added.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter, Vol 29 No 1, Summer 1998
    SLH NEWSTETTER æ"Íi{": ( è Þ t ö '¿a (Í. { IJJ o 2& ,YtÐ PRESIDENT PRES¡DENT-EtECT Laura Kalman Thomas A. Green Department of History Law School University of California, University of Michigan Santa Barbara SECRETARY.TREASURER Donald G. Nieman Department of History Bowling Oreen State University MANAGING EDITOR R. Mark Phillips Department of History Bowling Green State University ,rtuitE 29, Iro. I TABLE OF CONTENTS Socict)' News of thc Frorl tlre lì'csitlelrt's l)esk I l99tì Ànnual Mce ting 2 r\ll Abotrt Us 2 Who Are'Wc? 4 Sponsoring and Sustaitring Memtrers 4 Don¡ltl St¡tht'rl¿ìlìd Prizù 5 1998 Elcctions/lliographics of the Candiclates 5 44lr9u!!cc!!9rls National Humanities Center Fellows () Wilson Ceuter Fellows, 1998-99 9 Americatr Antitlrrarian Socicty Iìellows 10 Massacht¡sctts Historical Society Fellows 10 Grrggenheir-r-r Fellows for 1998-99 l0 Y¡lc l-aw Jourtr¿l Cottfelt'ltct' l0 Massachusctts I-egal Flistory Journal 10 Stlrtlent Ììssay Compctitiotr 11 National I Iurnanitics Cerrter Fc-llowships, 1999-2000 il Woot-lrow Wilson Center Fellowships for 1999-2000 t1 U.S. Independent Counsel lnvcsti¡¡ations Projcct t2 Suprcmc Court I listorical Society Lecture Serics 12 National Archivcs Digital Classroonr Project t2 Rccent Publications of Interest Articlcs 13 Books 27 UNC Press'l'itles 30 lr !-- Midvvt'st C'l IlAt't'ANlil-Ll for all his u'olk ort ot¡r beh¿rlI in Soattle . Nrl¡!l¡-c¡'st ()ctolrer. 2s (23) Illinois s4 ( s3) Wc krok forn,¿rrd kr sccing yorr in ln thc rÌìt'¿ìntirìl(', n,c hopc y()ll arc having a C()ntìcctictlt 2( 3) I rrcl iana 20 ( le) r.r'ondr.r'ful sunrnìet antl "let's Lre' carcfttl out thcre!" Maiuc 62 (47) lorv¿r 6( 10) M¡ss¡cht¡st'tts 2( ó) Michigan 26( 27) I 99tì Anntrrrl Mcctirrs: .Seattle, October 22-24 Ncrv I l.rnrPshilt' ( s( 3) Minnesota )) )l\ Rhotlc Islarrcl r(2) Missouri 13 ( 13) Make nou' to attencl thc Socir-ty's l!)9tl nrccting in Seattle, rvhere n¡e rt,ill ¡rcct at VorI:ront ¡rlans Ohio 37 ( 35) thc Scattlc I lilton.
    [Show full text]
  • Navajo N a Lion Scholarship and Financial Assistance
    The Department of Dine Education Off;ce o/ Navajo N a lion Scholarship and Financial Assistance P.O. Box 1870 Window Rock, AZ. 86515 (928) 871-7444, 1-800-243-2956, WWW.Onnsfa.org llen D. Yazzie was one of que for high school. In 1942, Allen Athe first Navajo students was drafted. While in the Army, to receive a Bachelor's he saw Africa, Sicily, France, and Degree in Education from Alizona Italy. When he came home, he State College in Flagstaff, Arizona. enrolled in college. Back then , stu­ It was 1953. dents received $1,200. At the time, When he was eight years the Navajo Nation Scholarship old in 1925 Steamboat, A1izona, policy stated, "Recipients of aid his father, Deneb, was prepar- from said funds shall be members ing him for an entirely different of the Navajo Tribe at least one­ future - to be a medicine man­ half Indian Blood, shall be gradu­ teaching him Navajo ceremonies ates of high schools, and shall be and songs. Coming from a family chosen on the basis of previous of six children, he was also needed scholastic achievement, personal­ at home to herd sheep and plant ity, characte1; general premise, and the com fields. He twice asked his ability." ONNSFA Staff (l-R): Rowena Becenti, Carol Yazzie, leon Curtis, Grace father to let him go to school ; twice Today, the Office of Navajo Cooley, Maxine Damon, Kay Nave-Mark, l ena Joe, Winona Kay, Eltavisa Begay, Shirley Tunney, Orlinda Brown, Rose Graham, and Ang~la Gilmore. his father said no. Asking a th ird Nation Scholarship and Financial time, Allen was told, "It's up to Assistance is still dedicated to classes, as well as our own local and foremost, who took the time your mom." She consented.
    [Show full text]
  • Navajo Indians of the Southwest History Worksheets
    Navajo Indians of the Southwest Americans built a fort, named Fort Defiance in Navajo territory in September 1851. The Americans seized the valuable grazing land around the fort. In 1860, when the Navajo’s livestock strayed onto pastures, U.S. soldiers slaughtered a number of Navajo horses. The Navajos raided army herds in order to replenish their losses. The Navajo eventually led two attacks against the fort, one in 1856 and one in 1860. Nearly 1,000 Navajo warriors attacked the Fort in the 1860 raid, but Maneulito (below right) and Barboncito (right) did not have enough weapons to take the fort. Navajo continued their hit and run attacks. A militia unit, the Second New Mexico Mounted Volunteers, was formed to fight the Navajos and Apaches. In January 1861, Maneulito and other leaders met with Colonel Canby to sign a new peace treaty. The Navajo were anxious to get back to their crops and livestock and signed the treaty. A second fort, called Fort Fauntleroy, was built in 1860. (Later it was renamed Fort Wingate.) Manuel Chaves became the commander of the fort. The Navajo gathered at the fort for rations and friendly horse races. There had been heavy betting. Allegations of cheating in a horse race led to a fight between Chaves’s men and visiting Navajos. Chaves ordered his men to fire at the Navajo. In all, the troops killed twelve Navajo men, women, and children and wounded around forty more. In 1862, Fort Wingate was moved. The Civil War was in full swing. Navajo raids increased. Citizens in the area complained that nearly 30,000 sheep were stolen in 1862.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the International Debate on the Right to Peace in the Context of the Human Rights and Intergovernmental Bodies of the United Nations
    Analysis of the international debate on the right to peace in the context of the human rights and intergovernmental bodies of the United Nations “Analysis of the international debate on the right to peace in the context of the human rights and intergovernmental bodies of the United Nations” Mr. David Fernández Puyana Doctoral thesis UPF/2014 Tutor: Dr. Santiago Ripol Carulla (Professor of international law at the University of Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona) 1 Analysis of the international debate on the right to peace in the context of the human rights and intergovernmental bodies of the United Nations Acknowledgments The enforcement and promotion of world peace requires the collective effort of many people, and the same is true for this doctoral thesis. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all the people and NGOs who have wholeheartedly supported the process in favour of the recognition of peace as a human right of all individuals and all peoples. I am most indebted to Ambassador Christian Guillermet-Fernández, Chairperson- Rapporteur of the Intergovernmental Open Ended Working Group on the right to peace at the Human Rights Council, who trusted me to assist him on the legal field during my tenure as a member of the dynamic team of the Permanent Mission of Costa Rica to the United Nations in Geneva. I benefited greatly from the edition process carried out by Donna Perry, the University of Massachusetts, Worcester (USA). Especially valuable was the support and friendship of Jussi Ojala, Elina Korhonen and Aaro Rytkönen (Finnish Church Aid), Christina Papazoglou (World Council of Churches) and Jaime Aranzadi, Miguel Bose and Juanes (Foundation Peace without Borders).
    [Show full text]
  • Conflicting Laws in a Common Market? the NAFTA Experiment
    Chicago-Kent Law Review Volume 76 Issue 3 Symposium on the Structures of Care Article 16 Work April 2001 Conflicting Laws in a Common Market? The NAFTA Experiment H. Patrick Glenn Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation H. P. Glenn, Conflicting Laws in a Common Market? The NAFTA Experiment, 76 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 1789 (2001). Available at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol76/iss3/16 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago-Kent Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. CONFLICTING LAWS IN A COMMON MARKET? THE NAFTA EXPERIMENT H. PATRICK GLENN* Globalization, it has recently been said, means the end not of history, but of geography, in the sense of the importance of geophysical boundaries.1 Like most statements on globalization, this one is also an exaggeration. Yet many close and familiar boundaries have recently declined in importance, whether they are geophysical, political, or legal.2 Regionalization is an important part of this process, since we define the new regions not so much in terms of geophysical boundaries, though in a large sense they are still present, but in terms of new political and legal boundaries that surpass those of the state. The European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement ("NAFTA") 3 are only two examples of contemporary regionalization, yet they illustrate the diversity of structures it may represent.
    [Show full text]
  • Socal Justice and Comprehensive Law Practices: Three Washington State Examples
    Seattle Journal for Social Justice Volume 5 Issue 1 Article 22 November 2006 Socal Justice and Comprehensive Law Practices: Three Washington State Examples Heather E. Williams Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/sjsj Recommended Citation Williams, Heather E. (2006) "Socal Justice and Comprehensive Law Practices: Three Washington State Examples," Seattle Journal for Social Justice: Vol. 5 : Iss. 1 , Article 22. Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/sjsj/vol5/iss1/22 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Publications and Programs at Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Seattle Journal for Social Justice by an authorized editor of Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 411 Social Justice and Comprehensive Law Practices: Three Washington State Examples Heather E. Williams1 “[D]issatisfaction is not inevitable.”2 Our courts have a very tough job. Scholars and citizens may disagree over whether our courts and legal processes are, at best, inefficient or, at worst, broken; but it is safe to say that there is a large degree of dissatisfaction. Still, judicial systems at the tribal, state, and federal levels accomplish a tremendous feat every day, serving society by hearing and adjudicating claims by parties great and small. While efficiency may not be a hallmark of the American judicial system, the existing infrastructure has proved remarkable in its ability to let each case be heard. Hard-working judges, attorneys, clerks, and staff endlessly turn the cogs and wheels of our adjudicative machinery in the pursuit of justice.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Legislation
    Table of Legislation Belgium Private International Law Code (‘Code de droit international prive´’), 16 July 2004. Canada Alberta First Nations Sacred Ceremonial Objects Repatriation Act, RSA 2000, c. F-14. An Act to Amend and Consolidate the Laws Respecting Indians, SC 1880, c. 28. An Act Further to Amend The Indian Act of 1880, SC 1884, c. 27, s. 3. An Act to Amend the Indian Act, SC 1918, c. 26. An Act Respecting Indians, SC 1951, c. 29, s. 123(2). Cultural Property Export and Import Act, RSC 1985, c. C-51. European Union Council Regulation 2001/44/EC of 22 December 2000 on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters/ Brussels I Regulation (OJ L 12, 16 January 2001). Council Directive 93/7/EEC of 15 March 1993 on the Return of Cultural Objects Unlawfully Removed from the Territory of a Member State (OJ L 74/74, 27 March 1993). K. Kuprecht, Indigenous Peoples’ Cultural Property Claims, 193 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01655-9, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 194 Table of Legislation France Act No. 2002-323 of 6 March 2002 concerning the Restitution of the Mortal Remains of Saartjie Baartman from France to South Africa (‘Loi relative a` la restitution par la France de la de´pouille mortelle de Saartjie Baartman a` l’Afrique du Sud’). Act No. 2010-501 of 18 May 2010 aiming at Authorising the Restitution of Ma¯ori Heads from France to New Zealand and on the Management of Collections (‘Loi visant a` autoriser la restitution par la France des teˆtes maories a` la Nouvelle- Ze´lande et relatives a` la gestion des collections’).
    [Show full text]
  • American Indian Law: a Discourse on Chthonic Law
    North Dakota Law Review Volume 89 Number 1 Article 2 1-1-2013 American Indian Law: A Discourse on Chthonic Law Gregory Gagnon Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/ndlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Gagnon, Gregory (2013) "American Indian Law: A Discourse on Chthonic Law," North Dakota Law Review: Vol. 89 : No. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://commons.und.edu/ndlr/vol89/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Dakota Law Review by an authorized editor of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AMERICAN INDIAN LAW: A DISCOURSE ON CHTHONIC LAW GREGORY GAGNON* ABSTRACT This discourse on Chthonic Law, a theory propounded by H. Patrick Glenn among others, is the occasion for describing advantages and disadvantages of the introduction of customary American Indian law (Chthonic law) into the courtroom. Remarks on the theory, considerations of its merits and weaknesses and illustrations from American Indian societies lead to the conclusion that Chthonic law should become part of the admissible evidence in American courts. A major criticism of Chthonic Law theory is that it tends to describe a fictionalized version of society. Examples of American Indian violence, use of punishment, and private property law counter the idyllic construction of Chthonic law. Examples of the actual operation of a different legal system do exist, particularly the use of compensation and the justice goal of restoration after offenses.
    [Show full text]