Host Diversity of Mealybugs in Thrissur District, Kerala State, India Juvin Jose* Neelankavil (H), Choolissery
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Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(3): 973-979 MAY 2017 RESEARCH ARTICLE Host Diversity of Mealybugs in Thrissur District, Kerala State, India Juvin Jose* Neelankavil (H), Choolissery. P.O., Thrissur-680541, Kerala, India *Address for Correspondence: Mr. Juvin Jose, Neelankavil (H), Choolissery. P.O., Thrissur- 680541, Kerala, India Received: 19 February 2017/Revised: 16 March 2017/Accepted: 21April 2017 ABSTRACT- Survey conducted in two summer season. 24 coccoidean species were recorded. They are belonging to the family Pseudococidae (5 species) and Monophlebidae (19 species). Among these Dysmicoccus brevipes, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes and Geococcus coffeae were three root mealybug species recorded. Associate incidence was found among certain species range i.e., Ferrisia virgata, Paracoccus marginatus, Pseudococcus longispinus, Icerya seychellarum and Coccidohystrix insolita from different spots of the district. Anoplolepis gracilipes and Solenopsis geminata and Oecophylla smaragdina were ants observed with different mealybugs colony. Key-words- Season, Mealybug, Polyphagous, Floral diversity, Thrissur district INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Around the world mealybugs are now common pest group. Survey conducted in 2014 and 2015 from February to May. The cosmopolitan pest risk increases in each annual turns. Collections sites were documented with Garmin GPS 60. It is a small white insect with wax covering. They always Pest incidence photos recorded with NIKON COOL PIX hide and attached underneath of stem and leaves. But AW120. Collected samples are preserved in 70% alcohol certain species prefer roots of the plant host. After with proper label. Label comprises name of location, date successful attachment they started sap feeding using their of collection and name of collectors. In field diary the piercing mouthparts. During this succeeding duration they following attributes also recorded viz. climate of the day, secrete honey dew (A sugary solution). This makes ants name of the host, infested plant part, nature of damage and attentive in their colony. Parallelly ants give protection ant movement. Plant host species confirmed using from predation. The sporadic pest show high fecundity and Flowering plants of Kerala ver. 2.0 database of Kerala wide host range. These are major factors of their Forest Research Institute, Peechi. Ant identification and invasiveness and colonization. The sap feeders generally conformation done using keys of research report entitled prefer warmer climate for their localisation. In some ‘Invasive Ant Risk Assessment’. instance mealybugs acts as vector of plant virus and transmitting diseases. In Uganda certain mealybug species RESULTS AND DISCUSSION transmits banana streak virus, this will makes their induced Thrissur is midland district of Kerala. Its coordinates lies o o affect on plant host more worst [1]. between 10 N latitude and 76 E longitude. Total land area 2 In phytogeography of Kerala ravage of the coccoidean 3032 km of the district covered with rich vegetation. species now common. The hemipetran pest damage all Tropical monsoon climate and different agro-ecological floral diversities include agricultural, ornamental and wild. fringes are other important factors of the Thrissur district. Every season a fringe of floral richness damaged due to the Considering the warmer climate affinity survey conducted polyphagous species. So an area wise cataloguing is in two summer seasons of 2014 and 2015. The survey necessary. The relevancy is put forth in this study. revealed 24 coccoidean species from different floral diversity of Thrissur district and belongs to Monophlebidae Access this article online and Pseudococidae family (Plate 1 to Plate 24). It again spread over to four tribes Iceryini (5 species) Quick Response Code Website: Phenacoccinini (8 species) Pseudococcinini (10 species) www.ijlssr.com Rhizoecini (1 species) respectively (Fig. 1). Generally these species are polyphagous. They commonly located and hide in underneath of the leaves and stem. DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.3.2 From terminal bud to root hairs its incidence documented in this survey. Reduced vigour, leaf crinkling and yellowing were the general symptoms showed plants during initial stages of attack. Dieback and premature leaf drop are major Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 973 Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res. MAY 2017 severity effects of mealybug infestation. Across all plant Systematic Account types such as herb, shrub or tree its opportunistic Superfamily: Coccoidea infestation noted. During the survey in 55 plants family Family: Monophlebidae mealybug infestation recorded. Maximum plant host Subfamily: Monophlebinae reported in Asteraceae family followed by Fabaceae, Tribe: Iceryini [2] Malvaceae and remaining plant families. The successive 1. Crypticerya jacobsoni Morrison, 1928 distribution on wide host range accomplished by Host: Mangifera indic a, Bridelia retusa, Ficus mutualistic interaction of ants. Apart from this ant gives religiosa, Morus alba and Cleistanthus collinus [2] protection from predation also. Mealybugs secrete a honey 2. Icerya aegyptiaca Douglas, 1890 dew secretion from its body this makes ants attentive in Host: Codiaeum variegatum, Ficus religiosa and mealybug colony. Simultaneously the honey secretion Gliricidia sepium causes sooty mold growth on plant host which makes plant 3. Icerya pilosa Green, 1896 host dingyblack appearance. This effect Plant Host: Cymbopogon nardus [2] photosynthesis adversely. Aside from this they inject toxic 4. Icerya seychellarum Westwood, 1855 saliva into plant body by piercing mouth part and feed plant Host: Aporosa cardiosperma, Areca triandra, juice. Sometimes they act as vector of viral pathogens and Bauhimia purpurea, Bridelia retusa, Ficus inducing viral diseases. The integral adversity resulted in heterophylla, Hemidesmus indicus, Hi biscus rosa mass destruction of plant flora. sinensis, Limnophila aromatic, Mecaranga peltata, Musa sp, Ocimum sanctum, Psidium guajava, Rosa damascene, Rosa indica, Solanum melongena, Vernonia ci nerea and Calopogonium mucunoides. 5. Perissopneumon ferox Newstead 1900 [3] Host: Dioscorea esculenta, Ixora coccinea, Brideilia retusa, Eupatorium odoratum, Tectona grandis, Jasminum sambac, Mangifera indica, Phyllanthus reticulatus, Azadirachta indica and Vigna unguiculata. Family: Pseudococidae Sub family: Pseudococcinae Tribe: Phenacoccinini 6. Coccidohystrix insolita Green, 1908 [2] Host: Cajanus indicus, Clitoria ternatea, Commelina benghalensis, Cyclea peltata, Fig.1: Tribe wise number of species reported Physalis angulata, Sida acuta, Sida cordata, Sola num aculeatissimum and Solanum melongena. Combinative incidence is seen certain species and they 7. Nipacoccus viridis Newstead, 1894 [2] belogs to the tribes Pseudococcinini and Phenacoccinini i.e Host: Ailanthus excels, Artocapus heterophyllus, Ferrisia virgata and Paracoccus marginatus from Manihot Bridelia retusa, Cajanus indicus, Clerodendrum esculenta, Paracoccus marginatus and Pseudococcus viscosum, Clitoria ternatea, Euphorbia hirta, longispinus from Manihot esculenta, Icerya seychellarum, Gliricidia sepium, Hemidesmus indicus, and Coccidohystrix insolita from Solanum melongena, Jatropha multifida, Leucas aspera, Mimosa Pseudococcus longispinus and Ferrisia virgata from Musa. pudica, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Phyllanthus These are combinative species observed in different emblica, Phyllanthus emblica, Rauvolfia locations. Three root mealybugs were reported in this serpentine, Rosa santana, Urechites lutea, survey, which are Dysmicoccus brevipes, Dysmicoccus Urima lobata and Ziziphus oenoplia. neobrevipes and Geococcus coffeae. Dysmicoccus brevipes 8. Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, 1898 [2] spotted from roots and fruits of Ananas comosus. Host: Abelmoschus esculentus, Abutilon indicum, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes spotted from Musa paradisica. Aerva lanata, Agerotum conyzoids, Amaranthus Geococcus coffeae documented from Tricosanthes anguina viridis, Amarathus tricolor, Blumea lacera, and Plectranthus rotundifolius. Anoplolepis gracilipes, Boerhavia diffusa, Capsicum annuum, Cosmos Solenopsis geminata and Oecophylla smaragdina were ant sulphureus, Cuccumis sativus, Datura wrightii, species observed different mealybug colony. Anoplolepis Desmodium tortuosum, Dipteracanthus prostratus, gracilipes and Solenopsis geminata were the ants observed Eleutheranthera ruderalis, Emilia sonchifolia, associated with Coccidohystrix insolita. Oecophylla Eupatorium im patience, Eupatorium odorata, smaragdina seen associated with Icerya seychellarum and Euphorbia hirta, Glandularia pulchella, Gomphrena Paracoccus marginatus. globosa, Gossypium herbaceum, Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Indigofera tinctoria, Justicia gendarussa, Copyright © 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Page 974 Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res. MAY 2017 Lantana camara, Lycopersicum esculentum, Manihot diplotricha, Morus alba, Musa, Nelumbo nucifera, esculenta, Mikania micrantha, Passiflora foetida, Piper longum, Piper nigrum, Pongamia pinnata, Portulaca grandiflora, Pothos scandens, Psidium Portulaca gradiflora, Psidium guajava, Rauvolfia guajava, Ruellia tuberose, Ruellia tweediana, Ruta tetraphylla, Scoparia dulcis, Solanum melongena, chalepensis, Scoparia dulcis, Sida acuta, Sida Tagetes erecta, Tecoma stans, Tectona grandis, Urena cordata, Sida cordifolia, Solanum indicum, Solanum