Cour Internationale De Justice LA HAYE International Court of Justice the HAGUE

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Cour Internationale De Justice LA HAYE International Court of Justice the HAGUE Uncorrected Non-corrigé CR 98/1 Cour internationale International Court de Justice of Justice LA HAYE THE HAGUE ANNEE 1998 YEAR 1998 Audience publique Public sitting tenue le lundi 2 mars 1998, à 10 heures, au held on Monday 2 March 1998, at 10 a.m., Palais de la Paix, at the Peace Palace, sous la présidence de M. Schwebel, président President Schwebel presiding en l'affaire de la Frontière terrestre et in the case concerning the Land and maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and (Cameroun c. Nigéria) Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria) Exceptions préliminaires Preliminary Objections ____________ _______________ COMPTE RENDU VERBATIM RECORD ____________ _______________ Présents : M. Schwebel, président Present: President Schwebel M. Weeramantry, vice-président Vice-President Weeramantry MM. Oda Judges Bedjaoui Oda Guillaume Bedjaoui Ranjeva Guillaume Herczegh Ranjeva Shi Herczegh Fleischhauer Shi Koroma Fleischhauer Vereshchetin Koroma Mme Higgins Vereshchetin MM. Parra-Aranguren Higgins Kooijmans Parra-Aranguren Rezek, Kooijmans juges Rezek MM. Mbaye Judges ad hoc Ajibola, Mbaye juges ad hoc Ajibola M. Valencia-Ospina, greffier Registrar, Mr. Valencia-Ospina _______________ _______________ Le Gouvernement du Cameroun est The Government of Cameroon is represented représenté par : by: S. Exc. M. Laurent Esso, ministre de la H.E. Mr. Laurent Esso, Minister of Justice, justice, garde des sceaux, Keeper of the Seals, comme agent; as Agent; M. Douala Moutome, avocat au barreau du Mr. Douala Moutome, Member of the Cameroun, ancien ministre, Cameroon Bar, former Minister, M. Maurice Kamto, professeur à Mr. Maurice Kamto, Professor at the University l'Université de Yaoundé II, avocat au of Yaoundé II, Member of the Paris Bar, barreau de Paris, Dean Peter Ntamark, Professor of Law at the M. Peter Ntamark, doyen, professeur de Inner Temple, Barrister at Law, Faculty of Laws droit à la faculté de droit et de science and Political Science, University of Yaoundé II politique de l'Université de Yaoundé II, avocat, membre de l'Inner Temple, as Co-Agents; comme coagents; S. Exc. M. Joseph Owona, ministre de la H.E. Mr. Joseph Owona, Minister of Youth and jeunesse et des sports, Sport, M. Joseph Marie Bipoun Woum, professeur Mr. Joseph-Marie Bipoun Woum, Professor at à l'Université de Yaoundé II, ancien the University of Yaoundé II, former Minister, ministre, as Special Advisers; comme conseillers spéciaux; M. Alain Pellet, professeur à l'Université de Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor at the University of Paris X-Nanterre et à l'Institut d'études Paris X-Nanterre and at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris, politique of Paris, comme agent adjoint, conseil et avocat; as Deputy-Agent, Counsel and Advocate; M. Michel Aurillac, avocat à la cour, Mr. Michel Aurillac, Advocate at the Court of conseiller d'Etat honoraire, ancien ministre, Appeal, Honorary Member of the Council of State, former Minister, M. Jean-Pierre Cot, professeur à l'Université de Paris 1 (Panthéon- Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot, Professor at the University Sorbonne), vice-président du of Paris 1 (Panthéon-Sorbonne), Vice-President Parlement européen, avocat aux barreaux of the European Parliament, Member of the de Paris et de Bruxelles, ancien ministre, Paris and Brussels Bars, former Minister, M. Keith Highet, Esq., conseil en droit Mr. Keith Highet, Esq., Counsellor in international, vice-président du comité International Law, Vice-Chairman, Inter- juridique interaméricain de l'Organisation American Juridical Committee, Organization of des Etats américains, American States, M. Malcom N. Shaw, Barrister at Law, Mr. Malcom N. Shaw, Barrister at Law, Sir professeur de droit international, titulaire de Robert Jennings Professor of International Law, la chaire Faculty of Law, University of Leicester, M. Bruno Simma, professeur à l'Université Mr. Bruno Simma, Professor at the University de Munich, of Munich, Sir Ian Sinclair, Q.C., Barrister at Law, Sir Ian Sinclair, Q.C., Barrister at Law, M. Christian Tomuschat, professeur à Mr. Christian Tomuschat, Professor at the l'Université de Berlin, University of Berlin, comme conseils et avocats; as Counsel and Advocates; S. Exc. M. Pascal Biloa Tang, ambassadeur H.E. Mr. Pascal Biloa Tang, Ambassador of du Cameroun en France, Cameroon to France, S. Exc. Mme Isabelle Bassong, H.E. Mrs. Isabelle Bassong, Ambassador of ambassadeur du Cameroun auprès des Etats Cameroon to the Benelux Countries, membres du Benelux, H.E. Mr. Martin Belinga Eboutou, Ambassador, S. Exc. M. Martin Belinga Eboutou, Permanent Representative of Cameroon to the ambassadeur, représentant permanent du United Nations Organization, Cameroun auprès de l'Organisation des Nations Unies, Lieutenant General Pierre Semengue, Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, M. Pierre Semengue, général de corps d'armée, chef d'Etat-major général des Mr. Robert Akamba, Principal Civil armées, Administrator, chargé de mission, Secretariat of the Presidency of the Republic, M. Robert Akamba, administrateur civil principal, chargé de mission au secrétariat Mr. Etienne Ateba, Minister-Counsellor, Chargé général de la présidence de la République, d'affaires a.i. at the Embassy of Cameroon to the Netherlands, M. Etienne Ateba, ministre-conseiller, chargé d'affaires a.i. à l'ambassade du Mr. Ernest Bodo Abanda, Director of the Cameroun aux Pays-Bas, Cadastral Survey, Member of the National Boundary Commission of Cameroon, M. Ernest Bodo Abanda, directeur du cadastre, membre de la commission Mr. Ngolle Philip Ngwesse, Director at the nationale des frontières du Cameroun, Ministry of Territorial Administration, M. Ngolle Philip Ngwesse, directeur au Mr. Thomas Fozein Kwanke, Counsellor in ministère de l'administration territoriale, Foreign Affairs, Deputy Director at the Ministry of Foreign Relations, M. Thomas Fozein Kwanke, conseiller des affaires étrangères, sous-directeur au Mr. Jean Gateaud, Ingénieur général géographe, ministère des relations extérieures, Mr. Bienvenu Obelabout, Director of Central M. Jean Gateaud, ingénieur général Administration, Secretariat of the Presidency of géographe, the Republic, M. Bienvenu Obelabout, directeur Mr. Marc Sassen, Advocate and Legal Adviser, d'administration centrale, secrétariat The Hague, général de la présidence de la République, Mr. Joseph Tjop, Consultant at the Civil Law M. Marc Sassen, avocat et conseil Firm of Mignard Teitgen Grisoni and juridique, La Haye, Associates, Senior Teaching and Research Assistant at the University of Paris X-Nanterre, M. Joseph Tjop, consultant à la société d'avocats Mignard Teitgen Grisoni et Mr. Songola Oudini, Director/Central associés, chargé d'enseignement et de Administration at the General Secretariat of the recherche à l'Université de Paris X- Presidency of the Republic, Nanterre, as Advisers; M. Songola Oudini, directeur/administration centrale au secrétariat général de la présidence de la république comme conseillers; Mme Florence Kollo, traducteur-interprète Mrs. Florence Kollo, Principal Translator- principal, Interpreter, comme traducteur-interprète; as Translator-Interpreter; M. Pierre Bodeau, attaché temporaire Mr. Pierre Bodeau, Teaching and Research d'enseignement et de recherche à Assistant at the University of Paris X-Nanterre, l'Université de Paris X-Nanterre, Mr. Olivier Corten, Senior Lecturer at the M. Olivier Corten, maître de conférences à Faculty of Law, Université libre de Bruxelles, la faculté de droit de l'Université libre de Bruxelles, Mr. Daniel Khan, Assistant at the University of Munich, M. Daniel Khan, assistant à l'Université de Munich, Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, Senior Lecturer at the University of Maine and at the Institut M. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, maître de d'études politiques of Paris, conférences à l'Université du Maine et à l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris, as Research Assistants; comme assistants de recherche; M. Guy Roger Eba'a, Mr. Guy Roger Eba'a, M. Daniel Nfan Bile, Mr. Daniel Nfan Bile, comme responsables de la communication; as Communications Specialists; Mme René Bakker, Mrs. Renée Bakker, Mme Florence Jovis, Mrs. Florence Jovis, Mme Mireille Jung, Mrs. Mireille Jung, comme secrétaires. as secretaries. Le Gouvernement du Nigéria est The Government of Nigeria is représenté par : represented by: S. Exc. M. Alhaji Abdullahi Ibrahim, OFR, H.E. Mr. Alhaji Abdullahi Ibrahim, OFR, SAN, SAN, honorable Attorney-General de la the Honourable Attorney-General of the Fédération et ministre de la justice, Federation and Minister of Justice comme agent; as Agent; M. Richard Akinjide, SAN, Mr. Richard Akinjide, SAN, comme coagent; as Co-Agent; M. Ian Brownlie, C.B.E., Q.C., F.B.A., Professor Ian Brownlie, C.B.E., Q.C., F.B.A., professeur de droit international public à Chichele Professor of Public International Law, l'Université d'Oxford, titulaire de la chaire Oxford, Member of the International Law Chichele, membre du barreau d'Angleterre, Commission, Member of the English Bar, Sir Arthur Watts, K.C.M.G., Q.C., membre Sir Arthur Watts, K.C.M.G., Q.C., Member of du barreau d'Angleterre, the English Bar, M. James Crawford, S.C., professeur de Professor James Crawford, S.C., Whewell droit international à l'Université de Professor of International Law, University of Cambridge, titulaire de la chaire Whewell, Cambridge, Member of the International Law membre du barreau d'Australie, Commission, Member of the Australian Bar, comme conseils et avocats; as Counsel and Advocates; M. Timothy H. Daniel, associé, membre du Mr. Timothy H. Daniel, Partner, D. J. Freeman cabinet D. J. Freeman de la City de of the City of London, Londres, Mr. Alan Perry, Partner, D. J. Freeman of the M. Alan Perry, associé, membre du cabinet City of London, D. J. Freeman de la City de Londres, Mr. David Lerer, Solicitor, D. J. Freeman of the M. David Lerer, Solicitor, membre du City of London, cabinet D. J. Freeman de la City de Londres, Mr. Christopher Hackford, Solicitor, D. J. M. Christopher Hackford, Solicitor, Freeman of the City of London, membre du cabinet D. J. Freeman de la City de Londres, Ms Louise Cox, Solicitor, D. J. Freeman of the City of London, Mme Louise Cox, Solicitor, membre du cabinet D.
Recommended publications
  • Cameroon 2019 Human Rights Report
    CAMEROON 2019 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Cameroon is a republic dominated by a strong presidency. The president retains the power over the legislative and judicial branches of government. In October 2018 Paul Biya was reelected president in an election marked by irregularities. He has served as president since 1982. His political party--the Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement (CPDM)--has remained in power since its creation in 1985. New legislative and municipal elections are scheduled to take place in February 2020. Regional elections were also expected during the year, but as of late November, the president had not scheduled them. The national police and the national gendarmerie have primary responsibility over law enforcement and maintenance of order within the country and report, respectively, to the General Delegation of National Security and to the Secretariat of State for Defense in charge of the Gendarmerie. The army is responsible for external security but also has some domestic security responsibilities and reports to the Ministry of Defense. The Rapid Intervention Battalion (BIR) reports directly to the president. Civilian authorities at times did not maintain effective control over the security forces. Maurice Kamto, leader of the Cameroon Renaissance Movement (CRM) party and distant runner-up in the October 2018 presidential elections, challenged the election results, claiming he won. On January 26, when Kamto and his followers demonstrated peacefully, authorities arrested him and hundreds of his followers. A crisis in the Anglophone Northwest and Southwest Regions that erupted in 2016 has led to more than 2,000 persons killed, more than 44,000 refugees in Nigeria, and more than 500,000 internally displaced persons.
    [Show full text]
  • Heres-What-You-Need-To-Know/?Utm Term=.F95b633a9eb5
    1 Peace and Reconciliation Journalism –Cameroon 2017 Steven Youngblood, Center for Global Peace Journalism-- [email protected] WHAT IS PEACE JOURNALISM? From Peace Journalism-Lynch/McGoldrick (slightly revised) PEACE/CONFLICT JOURNALISM TRADITIONAL/WAR JOURNALISM I. PEACE/CONFLICT-ORIENTED II. WAR/VIOLENCE-ORIENTED Explore conflict formation, x parties, y goals, z Focus on conflict arena, 2 parties, 1 goal (win), issues war general zero-sum orientation General ‘win, win’ orientation Closed space, closed time, causes and exits in Open space, open time, causes and outcomes arena, who threw the first stone anywhere, also in history/culture Making wars opaque/secret Making conflicts transparent ‘us-them’ journalism, propaganda Giving voice to all parties; empathy, understanding See ‘them’ as the problem, focus on who prevails in war See conflict war as problem, focus on conflict creativity Dehumanization of ‘them’ Humanization of all sides Reactive: waiting for visible effect of violence (killed, wounded and material/monetary Proactive: prevention before any violence/war damage) occurs Focus on invisible effects of violence (trauma and glory, damage to structure/culture) II. FACT-ORIENTED II. PROPAGANDA-ORIENTED Expose untruths on all sides/ uncover all cover- Expose ‘their’ untruths; help ‘our’ cover- ups ups/lies III. PEOPLE-ORIENTATED III. ELITE-ORIENTED Focus on suffering all over; on women, aged, Focus on ‘our’ suffering, on able-bodied elite children males, being their mouth-piece Giving voice to the voiceless (marginalized, Give name only of the ‘other side’s’ negative 2 women/children, minorities, etc.) actors Give name to all who act destructively Focus on elite peace-makers only Focus on everyday people who are peace- makers IV.
    [Show full text]
  • The Constitution and Governance in Cameroon
    The Constitution and Governance in Cameroon This book provides a systematic analysis of the major structural and institutional governance mechanisms in Cameroon, critically analysing the constitutional and legislative texts on Cameroon’s semi-presidential system, the electoral system, the legislature, the judiciary, the Constitutional Council and the National Commission on Human Rights and Freedoms. The author offers an assessment of the practical application of the laws regulating constitutional institutions and how they impact on governance. To lay the groundwork for the analysis, the book examines the historical, constitutional and political context of governance in Cameroon, from independence and reunification in 1960–1961, through the adoption of the 1996 Constitution, to more recent events including the current Anglophone crisis. Offering novel insights on new institutions such as the Senate and the Constitutional Council and their contribution to the democratic advancement of Cameroon, the book also provides the first critical assessment of the legislative provisions carving out a special autonomy status for the two Anglophone regions of Cameroon and considers how far these provisions go to resolve the Anglophone Problem. This book will be of interest to scholars of public law, legal history and African politics. Laura-Stella E. Enonchong is a Senior Lecturer at De Montfort University, UK. Routledge Studies on Law in Africa Series Editor: Makau W. Mutua The Constitution and Governance in Cameroon Laura-Stella E. Enonchong The Constitution and Governance in Cameroon Laura-Stella E. Enonchong First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 Laura-Stella E.
    [Show full text]
  • Cameroon Konings, P.J.J
    Cameroon Konings, P.J.J. Citation Konings, P. J. J. (2005). Cameroon. In Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in [..]. Leiden: Brill. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4631 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4631 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Cameroon In 2004, Cameroon maintained a remarkable degree ofpolitical stability, in spite of its stark ethnic and regional cleavages. One of the most significant events was the re-election of the incumbent Paul Biya as president. This will most probably result in the continuation of the national and international policies pursued since his assumption of office in 1982. A major setback for Cameroon's socioeconomic development was the government's failure to suc­ cessfully implement the three-year poverty-reduction and growth programme prescribed by the Bretton Woods institutions and Western donors. Domestic Politics The major event on the political scene in 2004 was undoubtedly the presidential election. It was not until 11 September that a presidential decree announced the exact date of the election, namely 11 October. Presidential candidates had to deposit their files with the min­ istry of territorial administration and decentralisation (MINATD) for approval before 16 September. It was only then that the 'natural candidate' of the ruling 'Rassemblement Democratique du Peuple Camerounais' (RDPC), the incumbent Paul Biya, in power since 1982, declared his candidature. In a television and radio message, the 71-year-old Biya justified his decision to run for another seven-year term on the basis of the popular appeals 186 • Central Africa by internal and external groups, which he interpreted as a mark of trust.
    [Show full text]
  • Country of Origin Information Report Cameroon January 2008
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT CAMEROON 16 JANUARY 2008 Border & Immigration Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE CAMEROON 16 JANUARY 2008 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN CAMEROON FROM 1 DECEMBER 2007 TO 16 JANUARY 2008 REPORTS ON CAMEROON PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED SINCE 1 DECEMBER 2007 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 1.01 Map ................................................................................................ 1.04 2. ECONOMY ............................................................................................. 2.01 3. HISTORY ............................................................................................... 3.01 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ....................................................................... 4.01 5. CONSTITUTION ...................................................................................... 5.01 6. POLITICAL SYSTEM ................................................................................ 6.01 Human Rights 7. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 7.01 National Commission on Human Rights and Freedoms (NCHRF).................................................................. 7.09 8. SECURITY SITUATION ............................................................................. 8.01 9. CRIME ................................................................................................... 9.01 10.
    [Show full text]
  • 16 November 2012 President Paul
    NGO in Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations Promoting human rights by protecting those who defend them www.lrwc.org – [email protected] – Tel: +1 604 738 0338 – Fax: +1 604 736 1175 3220 West 13 th Avenue, Vancouver, B.C. CANADA V6K 2V5 16 November 2012 President Paul Biya Prime Minister Philemon Yang President of Cameroon Prime Minister of Cameroon Fax: +237 22 22 08 70 Fax: (237) 22 23 57 35 E-mail: [email protected], or E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Minister Laurent Esso Minister of Justice, Cameroon Fax: +237 22 23 00 05 Dear Mr. President, Prime Minister and Minister of Justice, Re: Alice Nkom, Michel Togue and Saskia Ditisheim under threat in Cameroon We write on behalf of Lawyers Rights Watch Canada (LRWC), a committee of Canadian lawyers who promote human rights and the rule of law internationally. LRWC also provides support to lawyers and other human rights defenders in danger because of their advocacy. LRWC is deeply concerned by the broad policy established in Cameroon against lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) persons and the consequent harm to suspects and their lawyers. Our immediate concern is with the personal and professional safety of lawyers Alice Nkom, Michel Togue and Saskia Ditisheim. We understand these lawyers are in grave danger, having been threatened with harm for representing a client accused of homosexuality. The lawyers and their client Jean-Claude Roger Mbede, urgently need protection. Immediate protection is needed to enable them to safely attend the court appearance scheduled for Monday November 19, 2013, in Yaoundé.
    [Show full text]
  • Cameroon: the Dangers of a Fracturing Regime
    CAMEROON: THE DANGERS OF A FRACTURING REGIME Africa Report N°161 – 24 June 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. THE REGIME: AN APPEARANCE OF SOLIDITY ................................................... 1 A. A POWERFUL BUT ILLEGITIMATE SYSTEM ................................................................................... 1 B. INCREASING DIVISIONS ................................................................................................................ 3 III. OMNIPRESENT BUT DIVIDED SECURITY SECTOR ............................................ 7 A. FRAGMENTED SECURITY FORCES ................................................................................................ 8 B. INDISCIPLINE AND CRIME ............................................................................................................. 9 IV. THE STREET: RISING DISCONTENT ...................................................................... 11 A. GREAT SOCIAL TENSION ............................................................................................................ 12 B. STATE VIOLENCE ....................................................................................................................... 13 V. AVERTING A CRISIS ................................................................................................... 15 A. POSSIBLE SCENARIOS
    [Show full text]
  • Cameroon: the Dangers of a Fracturing Regime
    CAMEROON: THE DANGERS OF A FRACTURING REGIME Africa Report N°161 – 24 June 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. THE REGIME: AN APPEARANCE OF SOLIDITY ................................................... 1 A. A POWERFUL BUT ILLEGITIMATE SYSTEM ................................................................................... 1 B. INCREASING DIVISIONS ................................................................................................................ 3 III. OMNIPRESENT BUT DIVIDED SECURITY SECTOR ............................................ 7 A. FRAGMENTED SECURITY FORCES ................................................................................................ 8 B. INDISCIPLINE AND CRIME ............................................................................................................. 9 IV. THE STREET: RISING DISCONTENT ...................................................................... 11 A. GREAT SOCIAL TENSION ............................................................................................................ 12 B. STATE VIOLENCE ....................................................................................................................... 13 V. AVERTING A CRISIS ................................................................................................... 15 A. POSSIBLE SCENARIOS
    [Show full text]
  • Cameroon Background Note
    Country Background Note Cameroon Version 1.0 December 2020 Preface Purpose This note provides a summary of and links to country of origin information (COI) for use by Home Office decision makers handling particular types of protection and human rights claims. It is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of a particular subject or theme. It is split into two main sections: (1) general background to the country concerned, including demography and geography; and (2) issues which may be relevant to protection claims. Unlike country policy and information notes, it does not contain an assessment of risk, availability of protection or reasonableness of internal relocation. Decision makers must, however, still consider all claims on an individual basis, taking into account each case’s specific facts. Country of origin information The country information in this note has been carefully selected in accordance with the general principles of COI research as set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI), dated April 2008, and the Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation’s (ACCORD), Researching Country Origin Information – Training Manual, 2013. Namely, taking into account the COI’s relevance, reliability, accuracy, balance, currency, transparency and traceability. The structure and content of the country information section follows a terms of reference which sets out the general and specific topics relevant to this note. All information included in the note was published or made publicly available on or before the ‘cut-off’ date in the country information section. Any event taking place or report/article published after this date is not included.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anglophone Dilemma in Cameroon the Need for Comprehensive Dialogue and Reform by ATEKI SETA CAXTON
    CONFLICT TRENDS | 2017/2 The Anglophone Dilemma in Cameroon The Need for Comprehensive Dialogue and Reform BY ATEKI SETA CAXTON 21 JUL 2017 The teachers' and lawyers' unions have joined together and insist on a two-state federation in Cameroon as the best way to guarantee their demands. (Photo: Education International) In recent months, the “Anglophone problem”1 has dominated politics in Cameroon, following strike action initiated by lawyers and teachers in the two English-speaking regions of the country. On 11 October 2016, Anglophone lawyers commenced a sit-down strike after having petitioned the government to address their grievances, without success. Cameroon inherited two legal systems when areas controlled by Britain and France joined to form a single state after the colonial powers withdrew. Civil law was practised in the French- speaking part and common law was practised in the English-speaking region during colonisation. The Anglophone lawyers on strike asked the government to hold an emergency session of the Higher Judicial Council and redeploy all civil law magistrates from the two Anglophone regions, among other demands. They also requested a return to a two-state federation, as the best framework to guarantee the coexistence of both legal systems. Teachers in the English-speaking regions joined the lawyers on 21 November 2016, after their own demands were also not met. Anglophone teachers fell out with the government for its continued deployment of Francophone teachers to Anglophone schools. They claimed that the teachers taught in broken English and, as a result, many students did not perform well in their final examinations.
    [Show full text]
  • Official Bilingualism in Cameroon: an Endangered Policy?
    African Studies Quarterly | Volume 18, Issue 2| February 2019 Official Bilingualism in Cameroon: An Endangered Policy? NGUH NWEI ASANGA FON Abstract: At the dawn of independence and reunification in 1961, Cameroon opted for a bilingual republic with English and French as its two official languages. “Official bilingualism”—which for a long time became a source of pride and distinguished Cameroon in the international community has been eroded in recent years by a number of factors militating for its demise: controversy over its meaning; challenges in its application; challenges in the safeguard of the English-subsystem of education and law; among others. Can bilingualism survive in Cameroon? This paper sets out to examine factors militating against the survival of bilingualism in Cameroon and factors supporting its continued existence. The analysis is predicated on the hypothesis that though facing significant challenges, bilingualism still stands a good chance to survive in Cameroon. The paper begins with a succinct definition of what is meant by bilingualism in Cameroon and concludes with some proposals on how to better improve on its implementation. The collapse of bilingualism might trigger further political instability in the country as it may be used as leverage for secession, especially with the Anglophone minority which has for long lamented their marginalization. At the international level, such an occurrence (secession) may inspire a similar pursuit to linguistic or ethnic minorities in the Africa and beyond. Keywords: Bilingualism, Official bilingualism, Anglophone, Francophone Introduction Bilingualism in Cameroon is the constitutional recognition of French and English as the two official languages of the country equal in status and guaranteed promotion by the state.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon (African Historical
    HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF AFRICA Edited by Jon Woronoff 1. Cameroon, by Victor T. Le Vine and Roger P. Nye. 1974. Out of print. See No. 48. 2. The Congo, 2nd ed., by Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff. 1984. Out of print. See No. 69. 3. Swaziland, by John J. Grotpeter. 1975. 4. The Gambia, 2nd ed., by Harry A. Gailey. 1987. Out of print. See No. 79. 5. Botswana, by Richard P. Stevens. 1975. Out of print. See No. 70. 6. Somalia, by Margaret F. Castagno. 1975. Out of print. See No. 87. 7. Benin (Dahomey), 2nd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1987. Out of print. See No. 61. 8. Burundi, by Warren Weinstein. 1976. Out of print. See No. 73. 9. Togo, 3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1996. 10. Lesotho, by Gordon Haliburton. 1977. Out of print. See No. 90. 11. Mali, 3rd ed., by Pascal James Imperato. 1996. Out of print. See No. 107. 12. Sierra Leone, by Cyril Patrick Foray. 1977. 13. Chad, 3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1997. 14. Upper Volta, by Daniel Miles McFarland. 1978. 15. Tanzania, by Laura S. Kurtz. 1978. 16. Guinea, 3rd ed., by Thomas O’Toole with Ibrahima Bah-Lalya. 1995. Out of print. See No. 94. 17. Sudan, by John Voll. 1978. Out of print. See No. 53. 18. Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, by R. Kent Rasmussen. 1979. Out of print. See No. 46. 19. Zambia, 2nd ed., by John J. Grotpeter, Brian V. Siegel, and James R. Pletcher. 1998. Out of print. See No. 106. 20. Niger, 3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo.
    [Show full text]