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The Simuliidae (Diptera) from Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea

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The Simuliidae (Diptera) from Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea Jpn. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., Vol. 23, No. 4, 1995, pp. 239-252 239 THE SIMULIIDAE (DIPTERA) FROM BOUGAINVILLE ISLAND, PAPUA NEW GUINEA HIROYUKI TAKAOKA Received September 10, 1995/Accepted October 13, 1995 Abstract: Seven black fly species were identified, chiefly on the basis of reared adults, pupae and mature larvae collected from Bougainville Inland, Papua New Guinea. All were assigned to the genus Simulium Latreille s. 1. and were further classified into two subgenera, i.e., six species in Simulium (Morops) and one in Simulium (Gomphostilbia) . S. (M.) noroense and S. (G.) hiroshii were newly recorded from Bougainville Island, and five other species were described as new species. Under the subgenus Morops, a new species- group was proposed. Smart and Clifford (1965) reported 52 species of 1. Simulium ( Gomphostilbia) hiroshii Takaoka, 1994 Simulium Latreille s. 1. from Papua New Guinea. Crosskey (1967) classified these species, and those of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) hiroshii Takaoka, 1994: 97- Australia and the Western Pacific, into subgenera and 101. species-groups. Stone and Maffi (1971) recorded two black fly species from Guadalcanal, the Solomon SPECIMEN EXAMINED. 1•Š (ANIC) , in alcohol, Islands. Seven other species were also collected from caught inside the house, 10/39 Arawa, Bougainville the Solomon Islands (Takaoka, 1994; Takaoka and Island, Papua New Guinea, 1. X. 1987, by C. Yule. Suzuki, 1994 & 1995) . However, no study has previously been made on black flies of Bougainville Island. DISTRIBUTION. Bougainville Island (new record) In this study seven species of the genus Simulium s. and Solomon Islands (New Georgia Island and Guadal- 1. were recognized. They were reared or light-trapped canal Island) . adults, pupae and mature larvae collected from Bougainville Island in 1965 by Dr. R.W. Crosskey and in REMARKS. The female specimen well agreed with the 1987-1989 by Miss Cathy Yule. original description of S. (G.) hiroshii reported from the Descriptions of five new species are given, and a Solomon Islands (Takaoka, 1994) . The female of this new species-group within the subgenus Morops is species is easily distinguished from the other Morops proposed. species by the large basal tooth of the tarsal claws as Type specimens will be deposited in the Natural well as the bare pleural membrane. It is interesting that History Museum (BMNH) , London, U.K., and in the the female genitalia of S. (G.) hiroshii including the Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC) , Canber- spermatheca with internal setae are very similar to ra, Australia. those of the sherwoodi-group of the subgenus Morops, as noted later. Genus Simulium Latreille s. 1. Subgenus Morops Enderlein Subgenus Gomphostilbia Enderlein This subgenus was well defined by Crosskey (1967) This subgenus was first defined by Crosskey (1967) and was divided into several species-groups (Crosskey, and recently revised by Takaoka and Davies (1995) . 1967; Colbo, 1976) . The subgenus Morops is character- This is characterized by the bare pleural membrane and ized in the adults by the presence of hairs on both haired katepisternum in adults of both sexes. pleural membrane and katepisternum. In this study, all Division of Medical Zoology, Oita Medical University, Hasama, Oita 879-55, Japan 240 the seven, but one in the subgenus Gomphostilbia Ender- with a large, transparent pouch (Fig. 2a) , which lein, were assigned to this subgenus; two species were expands laterally, thus partially covering the pit-like further classified into the clathrinum -group and four organ; tubular filaments subequal in length and thick- were into the newly proposed sherwoodi-group. ness to each other, with several annular constrictions along their length, and, on their surface, with many (A) clathrinum -group longitudinal ridges, covered with somewhat larger tuber- This species-group is easily distinguished from cles on ridges and with smaller ones on interspaces (Fig. other species-groups in having the pit-like cuticular 2b) ; slender filaments subequal in length and thickness organ at the base of pupal gill filaments (Crosskey, to each other, with well-defined annular ridges and 1967) . The identification of species within this species- furrows on their surface, and covered with minute tuber- group is usually difficult in the adult and larval stages cles; all filaments pale yellow to dark yellow except but is most reliably made in the pupal stage by compar- basal portion of tubular filaments dark brown. Abdo - ing the size and feature of pit-like organ, as well as the men. Terga 1 and 2 almost transparent, without tuber- shape of gill filaments. Takaoka and Suzuki (1995) cles; tergum 1 with 1 long seta on each side, tergum 2 proposed plo ratio ( = A/B as shown in Fig. 1) to with 5 simple spinous setae and 1 much longer seta on compare relative sizes of the pit-like organ. each side; terga 3 and 4 each with 4 hooked spines The clathrinum -group species were recorded from directed forward on each side; terga 7 and 8 each with a Australia (one species) (Mackerras and Mackerras, transverse row of spine-combs and comb-like groups of 1948) , Papua New Guinea (four species) , New Britain minute spines directed caudad on each side; tergum 9 (one species) (Smart and Clifford, 1965) and Solomon with comb-like groups of minute spines and a pair of Islands (four species) (Takaoka and Suzuki, 1995) . Our small, terminal hooks but lacking spine-combs. Sternum recent investigation in Indonesia indicates the presence 4 with 1 distinct simple hook and a few minute setae on of species of this species-group in Halmahera (two each side; sternum 5 with a pair of bifid hooks on each species) , Ambon (two species) , Seram (three species) , side; sterna 6 and 7 each with a pair of inner bifid and Biak (one species) and Irian Jaya (two species) , extend- outer simple hooks on each side; last segment without ing its distribution up to Halmahera Island in the west grapnel-like hooklets ventrolaterally. Cocoon (Fig. 3) . (unpublished data) . Interestingly, more specialized pit- Shoe-shaped, moderately woven, somewhat extending like organs, such as that of S. (M.) aropaense, are at ventrolaterally; anterior margin thickly woven; individ- present recognized only in four species, each on Papua ual threads visible; interspaces thinnly walled but with- New Guinea, Bougainville Island, the Solomon Islands out perforations. and Australia. Mature larva. Body length 4.0-4.6 mm. Body greyish. Cephalic apotome pale yellow, with faint, positive head 2. Simulium (Morops) aropaense sp. nov. spots in 24 larvae, but markedly darkened medially and posteriorly on posterior 1/2 (Fig. 4) in 30 larvae. DESCRIPTION. Female and Male. Unknown. Antenna with 3 segments and apical sensillum, longer Pupa. Body length (excluding gill filaments) ca. 2.6 than stem of labral fan; proportional lengths of 3 seg- mm. Head. Integument dark yellow, bare, with 4 pairs ments from base to tip 1.0 :1.0 : 0.64. Labral fan with ca. of trichomes, all long and simple. Antennal sheath with 35 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 6) with comb-teeth smooth surface. Thorax. Integument dark yellow, bare decreasing in size from 1st to 3rd; mandibular serration on anterior 1/2 except area along middle longitudinal composed of 2 teeth (1 large and 1 small) , with or suture with round tubercles, and moderately covered without supernumerary serrations. Hypostomium (Fig. with cone-shaped tubercles on posterior 1/2; pit-like 7) with a row of 9 apical teeth; median tooth as long as organ large, circular, thickly fringed with distinct, comb- each corner tooth, longer than 3 intermediate teeth on like processes, and its diameter (A in Fig. 1) nearly as each side; lateral margin serrate; hypostomal bristles 6 long as the distance (B in Fig. 1) from its innermost or 7 in number per side, lying slightly divergent poste- margin to middle longitudinal suture of thorax, i.e., plo riorly from lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 5) ratio ( = A/B) 1; thoracic trichomes 6 pairs (5 antero- nearly triangular, wide basally, gradually narrowed dorsally and 1 posterolaterally) , all long and simple. anteriorly with a narrow apex, which is approaching Gill (Figs. 1 & 2) composed of 2 inflated, tubular fila- posterior border of hypostomium. Thoracic cuticle ments each with 2 slender filaments at its apex (total bare. Abdominal cuticle bare except last segment length ca. 1.8 mm) ; basal stalk of moderate length and moderately covered with numerous colorless setae on 241 3 2 6 4 1 8 5 7 Figs. 1-8. Pupal and larval characters of Simulium (Morops) aropaense sp. nov. 1, pupal gill and anterior portion of thoracic integument (dorsal view) showing pit-like organ, trichomes and tubercles along middle longitudinal suture (A, diameter of pit-like organ; B, distance from innermost margin to middle longitudinal suture) ; 2, pupal gill filaments (side view) showing a transparent pouch (a) and an enlargement of surface pattern of inflated filament (b) ; 3, pupa and cocoon; 4 & 5, larval head capsule (4, dorsal view; 5 ventral view) ; 6, apex of larval mandible; 7, larval hypostomium; 8, larval rectal papilla. Scale bar 0.02 mm for Fig. 2b. 242 10 9 12 14 13 11 Figs. 9-14. Pupal characters of Simuliurn (Morops) kietaense sp. nov. 9 & 10, tubercles on frontal integument (9, dorsal view; 10, side view) ; 11, base of gill and anterior part of thoracic integument showing a pit-like organ, trichomes and distribution of tubercles (dorsal view); 12, pit-like organ (anterodorsal view) ; 13, basal portion of gill filaments (side view) ; 14, terminal hooks. Scale bar 0.02 mm for Figs. 9, 10 & 12. each side of anal sclerite. Rectal papilla (Fig. 8) com- filaments. Among nine known species, S. (M.) lalokien- pound, each of 3 lobes with ca. 4 finger-like, secondary se from central Papua New Guinea (Smart and Clifford, lobules.
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