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Looking Back, Looking Forward: Central and Eastern Europe 30 Years After the Fall of the Berlin Wall

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Looking Back, Looking Forward: Central and Eastern Europe 30 Years After the Fall of the Berlin Wall NOVEMBER 2019 Essays and Occasional Papers 4 Looking Back, Looking Forward: Central and Eastern Europe 30 Years After the Fall of the Berlin Wall Richard Grieveson (coordinator), Vladimir Gligorov, Peter Havlik, Gábor Hunya, Olga Pindyuk, Leon Podkaminer, Sándor Richter and Hermine Vidovic The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche Looking Back, Looking Forward: Central and Eastern Europe 30 Years After the Fall of the Berlin Wall RICHARD GRIEVESON (COORDINATOR) VLADIMIR GLIGOROV PETER HAVLIK GÁBOR HUNYA OLGA PINDYUK LEON PODKAMINER SÁNDOR RICHTER HERMINE VIDOVIC Richard Grieveson is Deputy Director at The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies (wiiw). Olga Pindyuk and Hermine Vidovic are Economists at wiiw. Vladimir Gligorov, Peter Havlik, Leon Podkaminer and Sándor Richter are Research Associates at wiiw. Abstract To mark the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, this paper aims to assess developments in Central, East and Southeast Europe (CESEE) over the past three decades, and to look forward to what the next 30 years might bring. First, we measure the convergence of per capita income, wages and life expectancy in CESEE with Western Europe since 1989, and examine demographic trends. We find that, after a difficult start, many countries have become significantly wealthier and their populations much healthier. However, for others, the outcomes of the first 30 years are less positive, and a large number of countries in CESEE have already experienced significant population decline. Second, our experts look back at the situation in 1989, and to what extent their expectations have played out, reflecting on both successes and disappointments. Third, we analyse current trends in the region, and attempt to project what will come next. Here, we focus on automation, digitalisation, institutions, demographics and geopolitics. We find evidence of institutional regression, demographic challenges, and a changing geopolitical backdrop which will have important implications for much of the region. However, we also see reasons for optimism, including the opportunities provided by digitalisation and automation, and an active civil society that could in time force positive change. Keywords: CESEE, Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, transition, convergence, demographics JEL classification: E00, E02, F02, J11, P20, P30, O52 CONTENTS 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Measuring economic and social developments since 1989 ........................................................ 4 2.1. Three phases of transition and convergence ...................................................................................4 2.2. Income convergence........................................................................................................................5 2.3. Demographic developments ............................................................................................................7 2.4. Life expectancy ................................................................................................................................8 3. Looking back: wiiw experts reflect on 30 years of transition .................................................. 11 3.1. Expectations and outcomes of transition .......................................................................................11 3.2. Ukraine: Taking stock of transition .................................................................................................13 3.3. Poland: wither illusions ..................................................................................................................16 3.4. Hungary: looking at early transition through the ‘reformer’s glasses’ ............................................18 3.5. Hungary and Romania: Radical transition had no alternative but could have been better managed ........................................................................................................................................21 3.6. Slovenia: Personal reflections........................................................................................................25 3.7. Building walls again? .....................................................................................................................28 4. Looking forward: The future of CESEE ............................................................................................. 33 4.1. Introduction: Thinking about the future of CESEE .........................................................................33 4.2. The new crisis is political: authoritarianism and institutional regression ........................................34 4.3. Demographic decline and automation ...........................................................................................40 4.4. Digitalisation, the intangible economy, and the future of work .......................................................43 4.5. The new world order and the place of CESEE ..............................................................................47 4.6. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................51 References ...............................................................................................................................................53 TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.1 / CESEE GDP per capita and gross wages per employee at PPP, 2018 .................................. 7 Table 2.2 / CESEE GDP per capita and gross wages per employee EUR at ER, 2018 ............................ 7 Figure 2.1 / Shock therapy: Real GDP, 1989 = 100, selected countries .................................................... 4 Figure 2.2 / The boom years: Real GDP, 2000 = 100, selected countries ................................................. 5 Figure 2.3 / Post-crisis: Real GDP, 2009 = 100, selected countries .......................................................... 5 Figure 2.4 / GDP per capita at PPP convergence against Germany ......................................................... 6 Figure 2.5 / Change in total population between 1989 and 2019, % ......................................................... 8 Figure 2.6 / Population by main regional groups, 1989 = 100.................................................................... 8 Figure 2.7 / Life expectancy at birth, 2017 ................................................................................................. 9 Figure 2.8 / Change in life expectancy at birth in years, 1989-2017 .......................................................... 9 Figure 2.9 / Relationship between per capita income and change in life expectancy .............................. 10 Figure 2.10 / Life expectancy at birth, years ............................................................................................ 10 Figure 2.11 / Life expectancy at birth, years ............................................................................................ 10 Figure 3.1 / Average population, thousand people .................................................................................. 13 Figure 3.2 / GDP per capita, EUR ............................................................................................................ 13 Figure 4.1 / V-Dem electoral democracy index, 0 = worst, 1= best ......................................................... 34 Figure 4.2 / Change in V-Dem electoral democracy index score by country, 2007-17 ............................ 34 Figure 4.3 / World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, scores ranging from 2.5 (best) to -2.5 (worst) ............................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 4.4 / World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators for major CESEE economies, change 2007-17 ....................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 4.5 / Share of respondents expressing trust in national legal system, % ...................................... 38 Figure 4.6 / Gini coefficients post-tax and transfers ................................................................................. 39 Figure 4.7 / UN population projections, % change between 2015 and 2045 ........................................... 41 Figure 4.8 / The ‘tipping point’ by country ................................................................................................ 41 Figure 4.9 / Estimated number of multipurpose industrial robots per 10,000 persons employed in automotive industry (LHS) and manufacturing ex-automotives (RHS) .................................... 43 Figure 4.10 / Employment in ICT sectors, % of total employment, selected OECD countries, 2016 ....... 44 Figure 4.11 / PISA scores for 2016 .......................................................................................................... 45 Figure 4.12 / World Economic Forum Network Readiness Index, 1 = worst, 7 = best. ............................ 45 Figure 4.13 / European Commission Innovation Index ............................................................................ 46 Figure 4.14 / Global Innovation Index ...................................................................................................... 47 Figure 4.15 / Exports
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