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Radio Religion,” One That Is Impossible to Separate from Both the Medium and Context That Created It

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Radio Religion,” One That Is Impossible to Separate from Both the Medium and Context That Created It ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! RADIO!RELIGION! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ii! ! ! ! ! ! ! RADIO!RELIGION:!WAR,!FAITH!AND!THE!BBC,!193971948! ! ! By!HANNAH!ELIAS,!B.A.HONS,!M.A.! ! ! A!Thesis!SuBmitted!to!the!School!of!Graduate!Studies!in!Partial!Fulfilment!of!the! Requirements!for!the!Degree!Doctor!of!PhilosoPhy!! ! ! ! McMaster!University!©!CoPyright!By!Hannah!Elias,!August!2016! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! iii! ! ! ! McMaster!University!DOCTOR!OF!PHILOSOPHY!(2016)!Hamilton,!Ontario!(History)! ! TITLE:!Radio!Religion:!War,!Faith!and!the!BBC,!193971948!AUTHOR:!Hannah!Elias,! B.A.HONS,!M.A.!(McMaster!University)!SUPERVISOR:!Professor!Stephen!Heathorn! NUMBER!OF!PAGES:!xi,!297.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! iv! Lay$Abstract$ This!is!a!study!of!the!place!of!religion!in!British!public!life!during!the!Second!World!War.! The!British!Broadcasting!Corporation!(BBC)!was!tasked!with!creating!popular,!upbeat! entertainment!that!could!boost!the!morale!of!the!nation!while!reminding!listeners!of!the! reasons!to!stay!committed!to!the!fight.!They!created!a!“BBC!Religion”!during!the!war,!one! that!emphasised!unity!by!stressing!commonalities!between!all!kinds!of!Christians,!and! offered!psychological!and!spiritual!comfort!to!listeners!in!a!time!of!crisis.!The!Religious! Broadcasting!Department!created!engaging!content!that!prized!accessibility!and!simplicity! above!all,!commissioning!beloved!programmes,!including!C.S.!Lewis’s!Mere$Christianity,! Dorothy!L.!Sayers’!The$Man$Born$to$be$King,$and!Lift$Up$Your$Hearts,!a!precursor!to!Radio!4’s! Thought$for$the$Day.!When!the!urgency!of!the!conflict!passed!and!victory!became!assured,! this!BBC!Religion!ceased!to!serve!a!propagandistic!function.!Instead,!the!post7war!BBC! celebrated!diversity!and!respected!differences!in!religious!belief!and!interpretation!instead! of!forcing!conformity.!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! v! Abstract$$ This!is!a!study!of!the!British!Broadcasting!Corporation’s!religious!broadcasting!practices! during!the!Second!World!War!and!its!aftermath.!Using!documentary!sources!from!the!BBC! Written!Archives!Centre!and!the!National!Archives,!this!thesis!argues!that!the!wartime! context!allowed!the!articulation!and!development!of!a!particular!kind!of!“BBC!Religion,”!one! that!celebrated!commonality!over!difference,!emphasized!the!importance!of!accessibility,! and!focused!on!individual!rather!than!communal!worship.!BBC!Religion!was!an!important! site!of!national!propaganda!and!national!identity!construction,!and!was!central!to!the! celebration!of!key!civil!religious!festivals,!including!the!National!Days!of!Prayer.!BBC! Religion!provided!listeners!with!daily!prayers,!devotionals,!talks!and!entertainments!to! offer!psychological!and!spiritual!support!during!a!time!of!crisis.!Religion!can!be!an!effective! tool!of!persuasion,!particularly!when!propaganda!builds!on!pre7existing!beliefs!and! loyalties.!The!Ministry!of!Information!and!BBC!used!a!generic,!practical!Christianity!as!an! “ecumenical!weapon”!to!foster!unity!in!Britain!and!between!Allies.!!This!thesis!argues!that! the!medium!of!radio!and!the!technological!and!physical!constraints!of!war!shaped!the! particular!articulation!of!BBC!Religion.!While!the!BBC!helped!foster!a!“spiritual!consensus”! during!the!war,!this!consensus!quickly!degraded!in!the!in!the!aftermath!of!the!conflict.! Instead,!the!BBC!articulated!principles!of!tolerance!and!liberty!in!a!more!straightforward! way,!celebrating!the!return!of!regional!and!religious!diversity!in!radio!programming.!In! 1948,!the!BBC!broke!with!its!former!“ban!on!controversy”!to!allow!Bertrand!Russell!to! openly!question!the!existence!of!God!on!the!air!for!the!first!time.!This!study!offers!a!revision! to!“caesura”!and!“gradual7declinist”!narratives!of!religious!change!by!suggesting!that! religious!change!in!the!mid7twentieth!century!may!be!more!episodic!in!nature,!and!that! current!historiography!would!benefit!from!an!approach!that!considers!the!formation,! development!and!adaptation!of!multiple!discursive!Christianities.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! vi! Acknowledgments$$ I!have!imagined!assembling!these!acknowledgments!hundreds!of!times,!because!I!knew! these!would!be!the!last!pages!I!would!write!before!submitting!this!thesis!for!examination.! I’ve!had!a!long!journey!to!this!point,!one!full!of!unexpected!twists,!and!one!that!would!not! have!been!possible!without!the!support!of!a!great!many!people.!! First,!I!have!to!thank!my!supervisor,!Professor!Stephen!Heathorn,!for!his!unfailing!support! and!for!teaching!me!so!much!about!this!discipline.!Listing!all!the!debts!I!owe!him!would!take! several!pages,!but!I!particularly!want!to!thank!him!for!encouraging!me!to!pursue!doctoral! study,!and!for!the!many!enriching!discussions,!emails!and!Skype!calls!that!guided!me! though!this!process.!I!also!have!to!thank!the!other!members!of!my!supervisory!committee,! Professor!Michael!Gauvreau!and!Dr!Juanita!De!Barros,!both!of!whom!have!given!me!much! food!for!thought!over!the!years,!and!have!helped!shape!this!thesis!into!its!current!form.!It! was!Dr.!Gauvreau!that!suggested!that!I!turn!what!would!have!been!a!sprawling!and! unwieldy!investigation!of!religion!and!popular!culture!in!the!Second!World!War!into!a!study! of!the!wartime!BBC,!a!direction!that!has!made!for!a!much!stronger!thesis,!and!has!allowed! me!to!draw!more!direct!conclusions!about!the!relationship!between!religion!and!public!life! during!the!war.!Dr!De!Barros!encouraged!me!to!appreciate!the!complexity!of! intersectionality!in!the!minor!field!of!study!that!she!supervised!called!‘Race,!Gender!and!the! Atlantic!World,’!and!those!conversations!and!discussions!had!a!great!influence!on!my! subsequent!research!and!writing.!I!must!also!offer!my!sincere!thanks!to!Dr!Alana!Harris!for! serving!as!external!examiner!for!this!thesis,!and!for!her!praise!and!support!for!the!project.! Thanks!are!also!due!to!McMaster!University,!the!Social!Sciences!and!Humanities!Research! Council,!the!London!Goodenough!Association!of!Canada!and!the!Government!of!Alberta!for! providing!funding!for!this!research!project.!Louise!North!at!the!BBC!Written!Archives! Centre!served!as!an!invaluable!resource!on!many!visits!to!Caversham!where!I!compiled!the! primary!research!for!this!thesis.!! I!started!researching!British!religious!culture!in!the!Second!World!War!during!my! undergraduate!degree!at!the!University!of!Calgary,!and!some!strands!of!those!initial! proposals!and!investigations!have!made!their!way!into!this!work.!I!have!to!thank!Professor! Warren!Elofson!for!first!encouraging!me!to!pursue!this!direction!of!inquiry,!and!Dr!Ken! MacMillan!for!teaching!me!to!be!a!better!writer!and!first!suggesting!that!I!go!to!graduate! school.!Dr!Anne!White!in!the!Department!of!Religious!Studies!introduced!me!to!cultural!and! postmodern!approaches!to!the!study!of!religion,!and!I!am!still!benefiting!from!insights! gained!from!those!discussions.!! I’ve!managed!to!live!in!five!cities!during!the!course!of!this!degree,!and!in!each!one!I!have! been!fortunate!to!have!a!wonderful!group!of!people!provide!me!with!inspiration!and! support.!I’ve!had!a!number!of!comrades!in!arms!that!have!offered!advice!(or! commiserations)!while!completing!their!own!doctoral!studies!or!starting!academic!careers,! and!their!fellowship!has!been!essential.!Chief!among!them!is!Helen!Glew,!who!has!been!a! constant!and!unwavering!support.!Lucy!Allwright!and!Dagomar!Degroot!have!inspired!me! with!their!passion,!drive,!creativity,!and!ridiculous!humour.!Special!thanks!are!also!due!to! Cathy!Elliott,!Justin!Bengry,!Ryan!Vieira,!Michele!Haapamaki,!Alyson!Mercer,!Leanna!Fong,! Stuart!Hallifax,!Ed!Marshall!and!Amy!Kavanagh.!I!am!lucky!to!know!these!talented!people.!! ! vii! I!must!say!a!word!of!thanks!to!some!dear!friends!now!scattered!around!the!world!for!their! encouragement.!In!London:!Daniel!Edmonds,!John!Lyons,!Anna!Smith,!Andy!Saunders,!Ben! Nikolay,!James!Wilper,!Michael!Melenberg,!Lorraine!Enge!and!Rose!Parker.!In!Calgary:! Rosanne!Visser,!Marilyn!Visser!and!Jonathan!Wiens.!In!Toronto:!Lindsay!Baxter!and!Steve! Pomedli.!In!Hamilton:!Jocelynn!Vieira!and!Theresa!Wright.!In!Ottawa:!Marielle!McGovern,! Joe!Law!and!Alex!Telka.!In!D.C.:!Madeleine!Chartrand,!Udeshika!Fernando,!and!Diana! Withrow.!In!San!Francisco:!Genevieve!Jenkins.!In!Kuala!Lumpur:!Sharanya!Premanathan.!In! Copenhagen:!Stefan!Lund!Christensen.!Words!don’t!really!suffice,!so!if!any!of!the!people! listed!here!need!a!kidney,!they!should!let!me!know.!(First!come,!first!served.)!! The!team!I!worked!with!at!St!Paul’s!Cathedral!has!my!sincere!gratitude!for!being!patient! when!I!needed!time!off!to!write!chapters!of!this!thesis,!particularly!Robert!Gordon,! Elizabeth!Foy!and!Canon!Mark!Oakley.!The!Department!of!History!at!Goldsmiths!College!has! been!a!wonderful!institutional!home!this!past!year!while!I!lectured!on!Modern!Revolution.! Thanks!go!to!the!departmental!staff!there,!and!particularly!Professor!Jan!Plamper!for!his! mentorship!and!unfiltered!advice.!!Professor!Matt!Cook!has!been!tremendously!welcoming! at!both!Birkbeck!and!History!Workshop,!where!I!am!a!Visiting!Research!Fellow!and! Editorial!Fellow!respectively.! On!a!more!serious!note,!it!would!be!remiss!not!to!say!a!special!word!of!thanks!to!Dr!Ric! Arseneau!for!diagnosing!me!after!months!of!uncertainty.!After!receiving!world7class! treatment!and!many!months!of!recovery,!he!helped!me!return!to!full!time!study.!Rebecca! Garland!was!also!tremendously!helpful!during!that!process.!Ella!Guy!and!Laura!Stevenson! helped!me!over!the!finish!line.!! I!wouldn’t!be!anywhere!without!my!big,!sprawling,!eccentric!family.!I!count!myself!very! lucky!to!be!the!child!of!immigrants.!My!family!is!from!England,!Sri!Lanka!and!Canada,!and!
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