Glass (Kurtus Gulliveri) Reproduction Aspects at Kumbe River Estuary, District of Mearuke, Province of Papua, Indonesia

Norce Mote1, Sunarni1, Rosa D. Pangaribuan1, Nova S. Monika1, Edy H.P. Melmambessy1, Anwar Mallongi2 1Department of Management of Aquatic Resources, Department of Agriculture, University of Musamus, 6Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University

ABSTRACT

Kumbe River estuary has strategic roles for fish resource sustainability located in District of Merauke. Kurtus gulliveri is a kind of original fish found only in the southern part of New Guinea Island with crucial economic value. This research aims for analyzing Kurtus gulliveri reproduction aspects which is found as dominant fish in Kumbe River estuary. It applies survey method by having three research stations in Kumbe River estuary. Fish samples have been collected for six months, from February to July, 2016. The mesh size of catching tool is 1; 1,5; 2 inch gillnets and seine shores. The samples that have been collected are preserved with 10% formalin. Reproduction parameters are sex ratio, Gonad maturity level, gonad maturity index and fecundity. Total sex ratio is unbalanced with comparison of 1:2,5 which means that number of male fish is lower than females. The highest gonad maturity level is at level IV in May. It indicates that fish are in spawning time and the highest time occurs in May, therefore, fishing should not be allowed in that month. Fish fecundity is ranging from 449 to 14.441 averaged 4.766 (±2.950). Based on this study, we found that the time for catching with high efficient and effective is in May due to the size and the amount of Glass fish is highest.

Keywords: Reproduction, Fish, Estuary, Kumbe, Kurtus gulliveri

INTRODUCTION District of Merauke lies in the southern part of Province of Papua and directly adjacent to Papua New An estuary is a transition zone between freshwater Guinea. As the result, it is enriched by many kinds and seawater which is a quite unique area marked by of typical flora, fauna and macro organism. Many salinity fluctuation happening all day. Nevertheless, researchers also have been attracted by its geology estuary becomes an essential habitat for fish live stages. histories such as Merauke was once sharing the same This area is quite productive supporting various aspects island with Australia therefore some flora and fauna are 1 of fish live (Kimirei et al., , and functions as areas of still related to Australia such as Kangaroo (Marsupialia) 2 3 spawning (Chaves & Bouchereau , nurturing (Bonecker and several kinds of endemic fish. There are about 4 5 et al.,; Huijbers et al. , searching for food and migrating. 34 kinds of fish that have been reported in this area11. Several studies on estuary have been conducted in The southern part of Papua has relatively low land. 6-10. Indonesia This condition causes inland waters and marine waters influence aquatic system of this area. Mostly, it influences tidal system of estuary.

Corresponding author: Kumbe River is one of big Rivers located in District Nortje Mote of Merauke. Kumbe River estuary has important roles for Department of Management of Aquatic Resources, the sustainability of fish resource at District of Merauke. Department of Agriculture, University of Musamus; Various activities of anthropogenic occurring in area Email address: [email protected] estuary are estimated influencing the sustainability of 192 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October 2018, Vol. 9, No. 10 fish in that ecosystem12. Management effort needs to MATERIALS AND METHOD conduct in order to keep the sustainability of fish in this area. Therefore, information and knowledge of biologic Research Site and Research Time characteristics of fish such as reproduction aspects as Research site lies in Kumbe River, District of 13 basic for management are essential . Merauke, Province of Papua (Figur 1). Data collection The dominant fish found in Kumbe River are has been done for six months, From February to July, Snapper (Lates calcalifer), Threadfin (Eleutheronema 2016). Research stations are determined through tetradactylum), Blue-spot Mullet (Mugil sp), Glass Fish purposive sampling which is the determination of zone (Kurtus gulliveri), and Greenback Croaker (Johnius based on land environment characteristic, fish habitat sp.)14-17. As as we know, the data of reproduction aspects type, and catching area considerations. Based on those are not been reported in elshewere, therefore the aims in considerations, three stations have been determined: this study is to analyze reproduction aspects of glass fish Station 1: coastal area of Kumbe 2 (Kurtus gulliveri) which is found as a dominant fish in Kumbe River estuary. It is expected that this information Station 2: estuary can give contribution in managing and catching time of Station 3: coastal area of Kaiburse the glass fish.

Figure 1. Map of sampling site

Data Collection and Data Analysis method the sex is determined based on fish secondary sexual characteristics. Each fish sample is measured its total Fish samples are collected for six months in the length and standard using 1 mm measurement board research stations. The catching tools are gillnets with and the weight is measured using 0,01 gram balance. 50 m width and 3 m length, sizes are 2”; 2,5”, 3”, Further, fish gonad is discharged by cutting and opening. 3,5”, and 4” for each. Each fish sample found in each Determination of gonad maturity level is conducted station is placed in plastic bag contained 5% and 10% through gonad morphologic observation. concentration of formalin. Then, each plastic bag is labeled with information of station number and date of Female fish that have achieved gonad maturity level collection. All caught fish are brought MSP laboratory of III and IV will be measured its fecundity. The equation for further analysis. The fish will be grouped based on to calculate fecundity is: their type and sex. F = Fish types are identified according to18-20, especially F : total fecundity (grain) Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October 2018, Vol. 9, No. 10 193 Wg : Sub ovarium weight Table 1. Sex Ratio of Glass Fish based on Observation Months WG : Ovarium weight

2 f: : Chopped eggs Month Male Female Sex X Count (amount) (amount) Ratio Sex ratio is analyzed by comparing number of male ns fish and female fish from the same species revealed in February 2 19 1 : 9,5 13,76 each station and has been observed during six months. March 19 22 1 : 1,6 0,22s The sex ratio is calculated using the following equation: April 23 56 1 : 2,43 13,78ns

ns X = J : B May 17 48 1: 2,82 14,78 June 7 35 1 : 5 18,67ns X : Sex Ratio July 6 16 1 : 2,67 4,55ns J : number of male fish Note: s: significant different; ns: no-significant B : Number of female fish different

Then, to calculate the steadiness between male and It is revealed different morphology shape between female fish, q square (X2) test is applies. The following male and female fish, thus, it is easier to find out the sex formulation is : of this kind of fish. The males are relatively slender while the females are relatively broad. The main characteristic to distinguish it is that on males’ head, fishhook-like indentation is found while none is found on the females’ (Figur 2). X2 : q square value

O1 : Encountered male or female fish frequency

E1 : Expected male or female fish frequency (1 : 1) Biotic potential is estimated based on fecundity obtained during this research. Biotic potential will describe in what extent mother of fish will produce descents and maintain viability of its species comparing to other species living in the same time and location.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figur 2. Glass fish (top male and above female) Sex Ratio During six months observation of sex ratio, overall, Sex ratio of glass fish during research generally it reveals that number of the female fish is higher than the shows unequal pattern (Table 1). Balanced pattern had males. It indicates that amount of this fish is still good been showed in March by having chi square value of and stable. Regarding to this data, during spawning time, 0,22<3,84, whereas in February, April, May, June, and the amount of female fish is higher than male fish or one July, it shows unbalanced pattern. male fish that has had gonad maturity must be able to fertilize eggs from more than one female fish. This is also found in some of endemic fish such as Mesopristes cancellatus Openiano et al.,21 Girardiictys multiradiatus in Mexico, Adolfo et al.,22 and Glossolepis inciscus in Sentani Lake in Jayapura, Indonesia23.

Besides the higher amounts of female fish, some research also report that some types of freshwater and 194 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October 2018, Vol. 9, No. 10 estuary fish have balanced sex ratio (1 : 1), such as Maturity level of fish is varied between male and Terapontidae family found in Alligator River, Australia; female. Gonad maturity levels of male fish are I and II A. percoides, and H. fuliginosus24. and gonad maturity levels of female are I, II, III, and IV (Figur 3, and 4). Gonad Maturity Level

Figur 3. Graphic of Gonad Maturity Level of Male

Figur 4. Graphic of Gonad Maturity Level of Female

Finding reveals that reproduction stage of glass fish Tsangpo River, Tibet in which the spawning time occurs is found in April, May, and June. The highest spawning in February-April. Study by (Ma et al.,25 spawning time time occurs in May which is the end of rainy season. of Leptobatia elongata occurs in May-June in Yalong The same thing is happened on some of freshwater and Yangtze River, China Yin et al.,26, spawning time endemic fish such as Schizothorax o’connori in Yarlung of Aspius varax is in March in Euphrates River, Syria Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October 2018, Vol. 9, No. 10 195 (Saleh et al.,27 and spawning time of Cobitis faridpaki REFERENCES is in May-July in Siahrud River, Iran by Sabet et al.,28. 1. Kimirei IA, Nagelkerken I, Griffioen B, Wagner Spawning time of each fish is different one another C, & Mgaya YD. Ontogenetic habitat use by according to the type of fish and place of spawning. mangrove/seagrass-associated coral reef Biotic Potential shows flexibility in time and space. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 2011: 92: 47-58. Fecundity value of glass fish during research is 2. Chaves P & Bouchereau J. Use of mangrove habitat ranging from 449 to 14.441 with average of 4.766 for reproductive activity by the fish assemblage (±2.950) out of 23 fish that have gonad maturity level in the Guaratuba Bay, Brazil. Oceanologica Acta of III and 23 fish that have gonad maturity level of IV. 2000: 23: 273-280. Fecundity result draws the biotic potential of the fish. 3. Bonecker ACT, de Castro, MS, Namiki CAP, Generally, fecundity of either native fish species or Bonecker FT & de Baros FBAG. arval fish endemic fish species is lower than invasive fish species. composition of a tropical estuary in northern Brazil The varied number of fecundity is related to reproduction (2º18’-2º47’S/044º20’- 044º25’W) during the dry strategic of the fish and related to adaptation with its season. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences environment. For example, fecundity of some endemic 2007; 2 (3): 235-241. fish such as Glossolepis incisus in Sentani Lake, 4. Huijbers CM, Mollee EM, & Nagelkerken I. Post- Jayapura, Indonesia is ranging from 910 to 3.122 by larval French grunts (Haemulon flavolineatum) Siby et al.,23; celebensis in Matano Lake, distinguish between seagrass, mangrove and coral Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia is ranging from 297 to reef water: Implications for recognition of potential 1.265 by Jayadi et al.,29; Paratherina aurich in Towuti nursery habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Lake, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia researcher Nasution Biology and Ecology 2008; 357:134-139. et al., 201030; Neolissochilus soroides in Gombak River, Malaysia is ranging from 803 to 6.218 by Khaironizam 5. Laegdsgaard P & Johnson C. Why do juvenile fish utilise mangrove habitats?. Journal of Experimental and Ismail31 Marine Biology and Ecology 2001: 257: 229-253. CONCLUSION 6. Zahid A, Rahardjo MF, Nurhakim S, & Sulistiono. Variasi makanan ikan seriding Ambassis nalua Sex ratio is unbalanced with comparison of 1:2,5. (Hammilton, 1822) di ekosistem estuari Segara Spawning time occurs in April, May and June and Menyan, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia the highest time is in May. Therefore, fishing should 2011a : 11(2): 159-168. be limited or even banned in research site during these 7. Zahid A, Simanjuntak CPH, Rahardjo MF, & months. Sulistiono. Iktiofauna ekosistem estuari Mayangan, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia 2011b. : Fecundity is ranging from 449 to 14.441 with 11(1): 77-86. average of 4.766 (±2.950). 8. Amran, Stang, and Anwar Mallongi, AIP Acknowledgement: The researcher would like to Conference Proceedings 1825, 020002 (2017); doi: say thank you to Bapak Muji, Ibu Rabia, and Bapak 10.1063/1.4978971 Amin for their dedication during this research, and to 9. Stang Abdul Rahman, Amran Rahim and Anna K. Gebze as my student for her willingness in Anwar Mallongi. Forecasting of Dengue Disease giving help to analyze samples in laboratory. Incident Risks Using Non-stationary Spatial of Geostatistics Model in Bone Regency Indonesia. J. Conflict of Interest : None Entomol.,2017; 14: 49-57. Ethical Research: Obtained from University 10. Ristya Widi Endah Yani, Anwar Mallongi, Sri committee Andarini, Dwi Prijatmoko, Ida Ratna Dewanti. The Effect of Zinc Saliva on the Toddlers’ Nutritional Financial Research : Directorate Research of Status, J Int Dent Med Res 2016; 9: (1), Pp.29-32. higher Education of republic of Indonesia 11. Kartika SN, Marshall AJ dan Beehler BM. Ekologi 196 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October 2018, Vol. 9, No. 10

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