Examining Macroecological Patterns in Mammals: Space Use, Diet and Energetics

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Examining Macroecological Patterns in Mammals: Space Use, Diet and Energetics Examining Macroecological Patterns in Mammals: Space Use, Diet and Energetics. Marlee Tucker Evolution and Ecology Research Centre School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney, N.S.W 2052, Australia ____________________________________________________________________ Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy within the University of New South Wales September 2014 THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: Tucker First name: Marlee Other name/s: Anne Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: PhD School: Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty: Science Title: Examining Macroecological Patterns in Mammals: Space Use, Diet and Energetics. Investigating large-scale patterns in ecology, biogeography and evolution is important to aid our knowledge of species diversity. With the current natural and anthropogenic environmental changes, it is necessary to gather information that can be used for developing models of global ecosystems to assist with conservation. To achieve this, we need to establish basic ecological theories and re-examine older theories to ensure that our current understanding—which is often based on small datasets consisting of a couple of individuals or species—is applicable when expanded across communities, populations and species. The aim of this thesis was to examine the driving influences behind macroecological patterns in mammals, including spatial behaviour and foraging ecology. The investigation of spatial behaviour and foraging ecology will provide useful information on the area required by species, trophic interactions and community structure. More specifically, I was interested in how behavioural changes that have occurred following the colonisation of the marine environment has influenced patterns in home range size, predator-prey relationships and trophic level position. Using published and empirical data and comparative methodologies, I examine the effect of body size, diet, energetics and environment upon home range size, predator-prey relationships and trophic position across mammals. I identify that body mass has been the key factor driving of home range size, prey size, energetics and trophic position in mammals, explaining between 46 and 85% of the variance. However, whether a species lives within the marine or terrestrial environment has also influenced macroecological patterns, with marine mammals having home ranges 1.2 times larger, sitting 1.3 trophic levels higher and have evolved two distinct feeding strategies compared to their terrestrial counterparts. I demonstrate the ability to utilise published data to re-examine ecological theories and highlights that when developing integrative models, we need to incorporate the possibility of phylogenetic effects, a range of ecological variables, and species representative of the diversity within a group should be included. I identify the driving influences of macroecological patterns and show how living in different environments has impacted upon mammalian spatial behaviour, foraging, food web structure and energetics. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). ……………………………….............. ……………………………………..…… ……….…………………...... Signature Witness Date The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of Graduate Research. FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Date of completion of requirements for award: THIS SHEET IS TO BE GLUED TO THE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THE THESIS ii ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed …………………………………………….............. Date …………………………………………….............. COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ‘I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation.' Signed ……………………………………………........................... Date ……………………………………………........................... AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT ‘I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format.’ Signed ……………………………………………........................... Date ……………………………………………........................... iii I dedicate this thesis to my mother, Jenny, who has believed in me since day one. iv Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to sincerely thank Tracey for all of your help, support and guidance throughout my PhD. I genuinely appreciate this opportunity to work with you. To Terry, a huge thank you for your invaluable assistance with statistical analyses, revisions, the crash course into phylogenetic trees/analyses and providing me a space when I had forgotten my keys! I would like to thank everyone on my panel; Alistair Poore, Adriana Verges and Gerry Cassis, for your suggestions and input throughout my PhD. Especially to Alistair for his statistical advice, providing feedback and for always making time to see me. Also to Angela Moles and Rob Brooks for your support and advice. This thesis has been primarily based upon data from other researchers. The majority of the data were collected from published studies and are open access. However, I would like to acknowledge and thank Douglas Kelt (UC Davis), Dirk van Vuren (UC Davis), Horst Bornemann (AWI), Joachim Plötz (AWI), Nick Gales (AAD), PJ Nico deBruyn (U.Pretoria), Cheryl Tosh (U.Pretoria), Colin Southwell (AAD) and Iain Staniland (BAS) for making their datasets available to me (Chapter 2). All research related to animal handling (Chapter 2) was approved by the University of New South Wales Animal Care and Ethics Committee (08/103B and 11/112A). Some of the data used Chapter 2 were obtained from the Australian Antarctic Data Centre (IDN Node AMD/AU), a part of the Australian Antarctic Division (Commonwealth of Australia). The data are described in the ARGOS satellite tracking record "1994 to 2000 - Antarctic Pack Ice Seals (APIS) Survey" (Southwell, 2007). I wish to thank the personnel from the Instituto Antártico Argentino IAA at Primavera Station in the years 2007-2011 for field work support. Logistics support was provided by a grant from the IAA to my collaborator Alejandro Carlini. The research (Chapters 2-5) was supported by an Australian Research Council (ARC) grant LP0989933 awarded to my PhD supervisor Tracey Rogers. v Thank you to everyone in the lab (both past and current) - Michaela, Jess, Tempe, Naysa, Alicia, Kobé, Belinda, Jeff, Lisa, Tiffanie, Nadine, Marie and Joy for providing valuable advice and feedback. I have enjoyed our cake and questions sessions as well as lab discussions, workshops and the occasional fieldtrips/extreme walks. To my fellow Beesians (Rhiannon, Habacuc, Rachel, Sam, Andy, Flo, Tom, Melanie, Angela and Ellie, among numerous others), who have helped along the way including coffee meetings, beverages, and of course serious work involving discussion groups and workshops. A big thank you to Jonathan, with his endless wealth of knowledge, has helped immensely with the administration side of my PhD. To
Recommended publications
  • The South American Plains Vizcacha, Lagostomus Maximus, As a Valuable Animal Model for Reproductive Studies
    Central JSM Anatomy & Physiology Bringing Excellence in Open Access Editorial *Corresponding author Verónica Berta Dorfman, Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y The South American Plains Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775 6to piso, C1405BCK, Ciudad Autónoma Vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus, de Buenos Aires, Argentina, Tel: 54 11 49051100; Email: Submitted: 08 October 2016 as a Valuable Animal Model for Accepted: 11 October 2016 Published: 12 October 2016 Copyright Reproductive Studies © 2016 Dorfman et al. Verónica Berta Dorfman1,2*, Pablo Ignacio Felipe Inserra1,2, OPEN ACCESS Noelia Paola Leopardo1,2, Julia Halperin1,2, and Alfredo Daniel Vitullo1,2 1Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico, Universidad Maimónides, Argentina 2Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina INTRODUCTION anti-apoptotic BCL-2 over the pro-apoptotic BAX protein which leads to a down-regulation of apoptotic pathways and promotes The vast majority of our understanding of the mammalian a continuous oocyte production [6,7]. Moreover, the inversion reproductive biology comes from investigations mainly in the BAX/BCL-2 balance is expressed in embryonic ovaries performed in mice, rats and humans. However, evidence throughout development, pinpointing this physiological aspect gathered from non-conventional laboratory models, farm and as a constitutive feature of the vizcacha´s ovary, which precludes wild animals strongly suggests that reproductive mechanisms show a plethora of different strategies among species. For massive intra-ovarian germ cell elimination. Massive intra- instance, studies developed in unconventional rodents such ovarian germ cell elimination through apoptosis during fetal life as guinea pigs and hamsters, that share with humans some accounts for 66 to 85% loss at birth as recorded for human, mouse endocrine and reproductive characters, have contributed to a and rat [8].
    [Show full text]
  • F!L3ljnew CITATIONS in COASTAL TOPICS • a
    ·/f1!f!!II:. f!l3lJNEW CITATIONS IN COASTAL TOPICS • A ., Addis, R.P.; Garstand, M., and Emmitt, G.D., J9R4. Downdrafts from tropical oceanic cumuli. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 28(1-2).23-49. Admiraal, W.; Laane, R.W.P.M., and Peletier, H., 1984. Participation of diotoms in the amino-acid cycle of coastal waters­ uptake and excretion in cultures. Marine Ecology - Prowess Sf-ries. I ~(:1I. :lO:1-306. Ahmed, 8.T.; King, 8. L., and Clayton, J.R., 1984. Organic-mattler diagenesis in the anoxic sediments of Saanich Inlet. British Columbia. Canada - a case for highly evolved community interactions. Marine Chemistry. 14(3),233-252 Ajebouri, M.M. and Trollope, D.H., 1984. Indicator hacte'ia in fresh water and marine moUusks. HydrobioloRY, 111 (2), 9:l-1 02. Alam, M.; Piper, D.J.W., and Cooke, H.B.8., 198:\. Late Quaternarv stratigraphy and paleooceanography of the Crand Banks continental margin, eastern Canada. Boreas. \2(41. 25:1-2GI AIdabas, M.A.; Hybbard, F.H. , and McManus, J., 1984. The shell of Mytilus as an indicator of zonal variations of water quality within an estuary. Estuarine. Coastal and SI"'lf Science. I H(:ll. 2G:I-270. Allen, D.M., 1984. Population dynamics of the mysid shrimp Mysidop.,i., bili,-loll'i Tattersall. W.M. in a tern perate estuary. Jour­ nal of Crustacean Biology_ 4( 1).25':14 Allen, L.G. and Demartin, E.E., 198:\. Temporal and spatial patterns of nearshore distribution and abundance of the pelagic fishes off San Onofre Oceanside. Califol1lia. Fishery Rulll·tin, RI(:11.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 We Thank the Referees for Their Careful Review
    We thank the referees for their careful review and thoughtful comments. Below please see our point-by-point responses and changes made to the manuscript. Referee report #1 Thank you for responding to my comments. It is now clearer what is going on, but some additional enhancements are desirable. You need to state clearly in the abstract and probably in the manuscript as well that you are using pre-industrial conditions to examine sea-ice generated Antarctic precipitation variability in the absence of anthropogenic forcing. This should appear explicitly in the first sentence of the abstract, I think, rather than being implicit here and throughout the manuscript. I am recommending minor revisions, but think that this is a very important aspect to address comprehensively to make the intent and methodology of your extensive work obvious to the reader. Done as suggested. Now the first sentence of the abstract reads “We conduct sensitivity experiments using a general circulation model that has an explicit water source tagging capability forced by prescribed composites of pre-industrial sea ice concentrations (SIC) and corresponding sea surface temperatures (SST) to understand the impact of sea ice anomalies on regional evaporation, moisture transport, and source–receptor relationships for Antarctic precipitation in the absence of anthropogenic forcing.” A similar statement is also made in the summary paragraph of the Introduction section: “In this study, we aim to understand the impact of SO sea ice anomalies associated with internal variability (in the absence of anthropogenic forcing) on local evaporation, moisture transport and source–receptor relationships for moisture and precipitation over Antarctica using a GCM that has an explicit water source tagging capability.” Section 3.2: You attribute southerly katabatic flow to the polar high.
    [Show full text]
  • General Index
    General Index Italicized page numbers indicate figures and tables. Color plates are in- cussed; full listings of authors’ works as cited in this volume may be dicated as “pl.” Color plates 1– 40 are in part 1 and plates 41–80 are found in the bibliographical index. in part 2. Authors are listed only when their ideas or works are dis- Aa, Pieter van der (1659–1733), 1338 of military cartography, 971 934 –39; Genoa, 864 –65; Low Coun- Aa River, pl.61, 1523 of nautical charts, 1069, 1424 tries, 1257 Aachen, 1241 printing’s impact on, 607–8 of Dutch hamlets, 1264 Abate, Agostino, 857–58, 864 –65 role of sources in, 66 –67 ecclesiastical subdivisions in, 1090, 1091 Abbeys. See also Cartularies; Monasteries of Russian maps, 1873 of forests, 50 maps: property, 50–51; water system, 43 standards of, 7 German maps in context of, 1224, 1225 plans: juridical uses of, pl.61, 1523–24, studies of, 505–8, 1258 n.53 map consciousness in, 636, 661–62 1525; Wildmore Fen (in psalter), 43– 44 of surveys, 505–8, 708, 1435–36 maps in: cadastral (See Cadastral maps); Abbreviations, 1897, 1899 of town models, 489 central Italy, 909–15; characteristics of, Abreu, Lisuarte de, 1019 Acequia Imperial de Aragón, 507 874 –75, 880 –82; coloring of, 1499, Abruzzi River, 547, 570 Acerra, 951 1588; East-Central Europe, 1806, 1808; Absolutism, 831, 833, 835–36 Ackerman, James S., 427 n.2 England, 50 –51, 1595, 1599, 1603, See also Sovereigns and monarchs Aconcio, Jacopo (d. 1566), 1611 1615, 1629, 1720; France, 1497–1500, Abstraction Acosta, José de (1539–1600), 1235 1501; humanism linked to, 909–10; in- in bird’s-eye views, 688 Acquaviva, Andrea Matteo (d.
    [Show full text]
  • Data Structure
    Data structure – Water The aim of this document is to provide a short and clear description of parameters (data items) that are to be reported in the data collection forms of the Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) data collection campaigns 2013–2014. The data itself should be reported by means of MS Excel sheets as suggested in the document UNEP/POPS/COP.6/INF/31, chapter 2.3, p. 22. Aggregated data can also be reported via on-line forms available in the GMP data warehouse (GMP DWH). Structure of the database and associated code lists are based on following documents, recommendations and expert opinions as adopted by the Stockholm Convention COP6 in 2013: · Guidance on the Global Monitoring Plan for Persistent Organic Pollutants UNEP/POPS/COP.6/INF/31 (version January 2013) · Conclusions of the Meeting of the Global Coordination Group and Regional Organization Groups for the Global Monitoring Plan for POPs, held in Geneva, 10–12 October 2012 · Conclusions of the Meeting of the expert group on data handling under the global monitoring plan for persistent organic pollutants, held in Brno, Czech Republic, 13-15 June 2012 The individual reported data component is inserted as: · free text or number (e.g. Site name, Monitoring programme, Value) · a defined item selected from a particular code list (e.g., Country, Chemical – group, Sampling). All code lists (i.e., allowed values for individual parameters) are enclosed in this document, either in a particular section (e.g., Region, Method) or listed separately in the annexes below (Country, Chemical – group, Parameter) for your reference.
    [Show full text]
  • Fleas (Siphonaptera) Infesting Giant Kangaroo Rats (Dipodomys Ingens) on the Elkhorn and Carrizo Plains, San Luis Obispo County, California
    SHORT COMMUNICATION Fleas (Siphonaptera) Infesting Giant Kangaroo Rats (Dipodomys ingens) on the Elkhorn and Carrizo Plains, San Luis Obispo County, California STEPHEN P. TABOR/ DANIEL F. WILLIAMS,2 DAVID}. GERMAN0,2 3 AND REX E. THOMAS J. Med. Entomol. 30(1): 291-294 (1993) ABSTRACT The giant kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ingens (Merriam), has a limited distri­ bution in the San Joaquin Valley, CA. Because of reductions in its geographic range, largely resulting from humans, the species was listed as an endangered species in 1980 by the California Fish and Game Commission. As part of a study of the community ecology of southern California endangered species, including D. ingens, we were able to make flea collections from the rats when they were trapped and marked for population studies. All but one of the fleas collected from the D. ingens in this study were Hoplopsyllus anomalus, a flea normally associated with ground squirrels (Sciuridae). It has been suggested that giant kangaroo rats fill the ground squirrel niche within their range. Our data indicate that this role includes a normal association with Hoplopsyllus anomalus. KEY WORDS Dipodomys ingens, Hoplopsyllus anomalus, population studies THE GIANT KANGAROO RAT, Dipodomys ingens the only flea known from D. ingens. We found no (Merriam), is the largest of the kangaroo rats and additional information on collection records from the largest North American heteromyid. The his­ D. ingens. Therefore, we took the opportunity to torical range of the species lies along the western collect and identify fleas from D. ingens as part of side of the San Joaquin Valley, CA from the a larger study on the effects of drought, grazing Tehachapi Mountains on the southern extremity by livestock, and humans on a community of in San Luis Obispo, Kern, and Santa Barbara endangered species that includes populations of counties to the southern tip of Merced County D.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Differentiation of Island Spotted Skunks, Spilogale Gracilis Amphiala Author(S): Chris H
    Genetic differentiation of island spotted skunks, Spilogale gracilis amphiala Author(s): Chris H. Floyd, Dirk H. Van Vuren, Kevin R. Crooks, Krista L. Jones, David K. Garcelon, Natalia M. Belfiore, Jerry W. Dragoo, and Bernie May Source: Journal of Mammalogy, 92(1):148-158. 2011. Published By: American Society of Mammalogists DOI: 10.1644/09-MAMM-A-204.1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1644/09-MAMM-A-204.1 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is an electronic aggregator of bioscience research content, and the online home to over 160 journals and books published by not-for-profit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(1):148–158, 2011 Genetic differentiation of island spotted skunks, Spilogale gracilis amphiala CHRIS H. FLOYD,* DIRK H. VAN VUREN,KEVIN R. CROOKS,KRISTA L. JONES,DAVID K. GARCELON,NATALIA M. BELFIORE, JERRY W. DRAGOO, AND BERNIE MAY Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA (CHF) Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA (DHVV, KLJ) Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA (KRC) Institute for Wildlife Studies, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Serologic Survey of the Island Spotted Skunk on Santa Cruz Island
    Western North American Naturalist Volume 66 Number 4 Article 7 12-8-2006 Serologic survey of the island spotted skunk on Santa Cruz Island Victoria J. Bakker University of California, Davis Dirk H. Van Vuren University of California, Davis Kevin R. Crooks Colorado State University, Fort Collins Cheryl A. Scott Davis, California Jeffery T. Wilcox Berkeley, California See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan Recommended Citation Bakker, Victoria J.; Van Vuren, Dirk H.; Crooks, Kevin R.; Scott, Cheryl A.; Wilcox, Jeffery T.; and Garcelon, David K. (2006) "Serologic survey of the island spotted skunk on Santa Cruz Island," Western North American Naturalist: Vol. 66 : No. 4 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol66/iss4/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Western North American Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Serologic survey of the island spotted skunk on Santa Cruz Island Authors Victoria J. Bakker, Dirk H. Van Vuren, Kevin R. Crooks, Cheryl A. Scott, Jeffery T. Wilcox, and David K. Garcelon This article is available in Western North American Naturalist: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol66/iss4/7 Western North American Naturalist 66(4), © 2006, pp. 456–461 SEROLOGIC SURVEY OF THE ISLAND SPOTTED SKUNK ON SANTA CRUZ ISLAND Victoria J. Bakker1,6, Dirk H. Van Vuren1, Kevin R. Crooks2, Cheryl A.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial Genomes of the United States Distribution
    fevo-09-666800 June 2, 2021 Time: 17:52 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 08 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/fevo.2021.666800 Mitochondrial Genomes of the United States Distribution of Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) Reveal a Major Phylogeographic Break at the Great Plains Suture Zone Edited by: Fernando Marques Quintela, Dawn M. Reding1*, Susette Castañeda-Rico2,3,4, Sabrina Shirazi2†, Taxa Mundi Institute, Brazil Courtney A. Hofman2†, Imogene A. Cancellare5, Stacey L. Lance6, Jeff Beringer7, 8 2,3 Reviewed by: William R. Clark and Jesus E. Maldonado Terrence C. Demos, 1 Department of Biology, Luther College, Decorah, IA, United States, 2 Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Field Museum of Natural History, Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, United States, 3 Department of Biology, George United States Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States, 4 Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, VA, United States, Ligia Tchaicka, 5 Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States, 6 Savannah River State University of Maranhão, Brazil Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, United States, 7 Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia, MO, *Correspondence: United States, 8 Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States Dawn M. Reding [email protected] We examined phylogeographic structure in gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) across † Present address: Sabrina Shirazi, the United States to identify the location of secondary contact zone(s) between eastern Department of Ecology and and western lineages and investigate the possibility of additional cryptic intraspecific Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, divergences.
    [Show full text]
  • Translocating Endangered Kangaroo Rats in the San Joaquin Valley of California: Recommendations for Future Efforts
    90 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME Vol. 99, No. 2 California Fish and Game 99(2):90-103; 2013 Translocating endangered kangaroo rats in the San Joaquin Valley of California: recommendations for future efforts ERIN N. TENNANT*, DAVID J. GERMANO, AND BRIAN L. CYPHER Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA 93311 USA (ENT, DJG) Endangered Species Recovery Program, California State University – Stanislaus, P.O. Box 9622, Bakersfield, CA 93389 USA (BLC) Present address of ENT: Central Region Lands Unit, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1234 E. Shaw Ave. Fresno, CA 93710 USA *Correspondent: [email protected] Since the early 1990s, translocation has been advocated as a means of mitigating impacts to endangered kangaroo rats from development activities in the San Joaquin Valley. The factors affecting translocation are numerous and complex, and failure rates are high. Based on work we have done primarily with Tipton kangaroo rats and on published information on translocations and reintroductions, we provide recommendations for future translocations or reintroductions of kangaroo rats. If the recommended criteria we offer cannot be satisfied, we advocate that translocations not be attempted. Translocation under less than optimal conditions significantly reduces the probability of success and also raises ethical questions. Key words: Dipodomys heermanni, Dipodomys ingens, Dipodomys nitratoides, reintroduction, San Joaquin Valley, Tipton kangaroo rat, translocation ________________________________________________________________________ Largely due to habitat loss, several species or subspecies of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) endemic to the San Joaquin Valley of California have been listed by the state and federal governments as endangered. These include the giant kangaroo rat (D. ingens), and two subspecies of the San Joaquin kangaroo rat (D.
    [Show full text]
  • Exposing the Structure of an Arctic Food Web Helena K
    Exposing the structure of an Arctic food web Helena K. Wirta1,†, Eero J. Vesterinen2,†, Peter A. Hamback€ 3, Elisabeth Weingartner3, Claus Rasmussen4, Jeroen Reneerkens5,6, Niels M. Schmidt6, Olivier Gilg7,8 & Tomas Roslin1 1Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 5, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland 2Department of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20014 Turku, Finland 3Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 4Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK–8000 Aarhus, Denmark 5Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands 6Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark 7Laboratoire Biogeosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Universite de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France 8Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Arctique, 16 rue de Vernot, 21440 Francheville, France Keywords Abstract Calidris, DNA barcoding, generalism, Greenland, Hymenoptera, molecular diet How food webs are structured has major implications for their stability and analysis, Pardosa, Plectrophenax, specialism, dynamics. While poorly studied to date, arctic food webs are commonly Xysticus. assumed to be simple in structure, with few links per species. If this is the case, then different parts of the web may be weakly connected to each other, with Correspondence populations and species united by only a low number of links. We provide the Helena K. Wirta, Department of Agricultural first highly resolved description of trophic link structure for a large part of a Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 5, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. high-arctic food web.
    [Show full text]
  • Dipodomys Ingens)
    Species Status Assessment Report for the Giant Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ingens) Photo by Elizabeth Bainbridge Version 1.0 August 2020 Prepared by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service August 2020 GKR SSA Report – August 2020 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) as endangered under the Endangered Species Act in 1987 due to the threats of habitat loss and widespread rodenticide use (Service 1987, entire). The giant kangaroo rat is the largest species in the genus that contains all kangaroo rats. The giant kangaroo rat is found only in south-central California, on the western slopes of the San Joaquin Valley, the Carrizo and Elkhorn Plains, and the Cuyama Valley. The preferred habitat of the giant kangaroo rat is native, sloping annual grasslands with sparse vegetation (Grinnell, 1932; Williams, 1980). This report summarizes the results of a species status assessment (SSA) that the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) completed for the giant kangaroo rat. To assess the species’ viability, we used the three conservation biology principles of resiliency, redundancy, and representation (together, the 3Rs). These principles rely on assessing the species at an individual, population, and species level to determine whether the species can persist into the future and avoid extinction by having multiple resilient populations distributed widely across its range. Giant kangaroo rats remain in fragmented habitat patches throughout their historical range. However, some areas where giant kangaroo rats once existed have not had documented occurrences for 30 years or more. The giant kangaroo rat is found in six geographic areas (units), representing the northern, middle, and southern portions of the range.
    [Show full text]