Section 3: The HIGHER HISTORY Impact of Scots emigrants on the Empire. The Gordon Schools Huntly. MR DAVIDSON

MIGRATION & EMPIRE 1830-1939 The impact of Scots Emigrants on the Empire.

This theme will cover the himself up to wealth from small impact of Scots emigrants on beginnings without external aid, the growth and development of you find ten Scotchmen’. This the Empire with reference to was made possible by the Treaty of Union in 1707, which Canada, Australia, New Zealand made Scotland a full partner in and India in terms of: the largest free trade empire in • Economy and enterprise the world. The Scots almost • Culture and religion immediately took advantage of • Native societies. the situation and there were large outflows of men and Background: women looking for a new life and a new beginning, mainly at Liberal MP Sir Charles Dilke, this time in North America. writing in 1888, remarked that: ‘In Map of the British Empire, British settlements, from Canada 1887. to Ceylon, from Dunedin to Bombay, for every Englishman that you meet who has worked

[1] In Canada, Lord Mount contributions to Indian culture and The Scottish Influence: Stephen was behind the creation society. Colin Campbell of the great Canadian Pacific completed the first geographical Between 1763 and 1777, Railway, and other Scotsmen survey of India; Alexander Kydd 50,000 Scots from (mainly) the dominated the economy to the created the Botanic gardens in west of Scotland settled in North extent that one-third of the Calcutta; and others such as America. Their drive and country’s business elite were of engineers developed the education saw them quickly Scottish origin. The Scot John infrastructure of India. Even after Muir was the driving force behind the dissolution of the EIC in 1857 dominate the tobacco trade and other areas of economic life, such the establishment of the National and the introduction of as fur-trapping in Canada. Parks Movement. Even American competitive entry into the British Gospel music, which has been administration, Scots still played Education and religion were traditionally linked to Africa and an important part in the running of other areas of cultural life slavery, is now seen to have been India. where the Scottish influence the outcome of a combination of The Earl of Elgin, Viceroy of was overwhelming. Such was influences. Some historians have India 1862-1863: the strength of the Scottish highlighted the impact of Scottish presence in America that 19 of the Gaelic speakers from North Uist 56 delegates who signed the on the development of Gospel Declaration of Independence over the last few centuries. came from Scotland and/or The Scottish presence was Ulster; indeed, 75% of US also strongly evident in India. presidents, including Barack When Henry Dundas became Obama, could claim some President of the Board of Control Scottish ancestry. in 1784 he ‘Scoticised’ India and Although America ended its through his agencies Scots came colonial status in 1783, cultural to dominate the activities of the and economic links were East India Company (EIC); a maintained with the mother Seven of the 12 viceroys were private company which country. Even today, Scottish Scottish and many Scots served administered and defended food, culture and athletics are as judges, district commissioners, territory claimed by the British and so on. Ceylon (Sri Lanka) was celebrated in the many until 1857. By 1792, Scots made added after the Scottish 73rd Highland gatherings, Burns up one in nine EIC civil servants, Regiment defeated the Dutch in Clubs’ and Caledonian one in eleven common soldiers 1815. Ceylon became Societies’ meetings in Canada and one in three officers. synonymous with tea; a product and the USA. Scots and those of The first three Governor- developed by James Taylor but Scottish descent made important Generals of India were Scots. brought to world renown by the contributions to the Vast fortunes were made by Glasgow businessman, Sir development of the American imperial administrators and Thomas Lipton. economy, for example Andrew entrepreneurs. However, there Carnegie, David Dunbar Buick were also scholars and scientists and William Blackie. who made important

[2] engaged in some kind of Scots also distinguished India became a massive service in the period 1792–1815. themselves as businessmen, market for the British economy, They became an integral, almost professionals and but more importantly for the indivisible, part of the imperial administrators, the story of metal industries of Scotland. project. They had established conquest was not always a Practically all the railway engines Britain as the undisputed master pretty one. of the globe and, during the 19th in India were built in Springburn in Much of the justification for century went on to build an Glasgow. The east of Scotland imperial expansion was based was also strongly linked empire on which the sun literally on the idea of the civilising economically through the jute never set. mission of higher racial groups trade. Dundee became the centre towards more backward and of jute making in the world and the Camperdown works of the racially inferior peoples. British Baxter Brothers the largest mill in rule was extended throughout the world. the less developed world But it was not always trade through a mixture of the bible that was the driving force behind and gunpowder. emigration. Religious impulses However, it was not as settlers were behind the desire to that Scots played a significant populate New Zealand and to role in British expansion in Africa create ‘little Scotlands’. The but as individuals working through the Scottish Presbyterian Otago settlement in the South Island and the Waipu settlement missions. The explorer and Not all territorial expansion in the North Island were the missionary David Livingstone, products of two Scottish involved war, at least not against from Blantyre in South ministers. Dunedin (Gaelic for major powers. The empire’s Lanarkshire, inspired many others to follow him to Africa, known as Edinburgh) became the capital of growth was dependent on the the former and already had a suppression of local peoples the ‘dark continent’, after carrying university by 1869. In Waipu, and their cultures. This was out work there in the 1840s and Gaelic was the first language in graphically illustrated in Australia 1850s. their homes until the 1880s and with the brutal treatment of the David Livingston: many still spoke it in the 1920s. Aborigines. The Scots were at The defence of territories from the forefront of this assault on equally acquisitive foreign native peoples, showing powers, such as France, saw the themselves to be as ruthless as chance for Highlanders to redeem any other ethnic group when it themselves in the eyes of British came to land grabbing. This was state after the 1745 Rebellion. also true in New Zealand, where Highland regiments fought with the Maori population fell from great distinction in the wars of around 150,000 in 1800 to 37,000 Empire, from Europe to Canada in 1872 as a result of a protracted and to Asia, with around a struggle with the settlers over quarter of men of military age land rights. Thus, while the

[3] was largely responsible for Pipes and drums of the 2nd Mary Slessor, a mill girl from creating the widely held belief Battalion Royal Scots, Quetta, Dundee, was one of them. She, that Scottish education was the India, 1931. like her idol, went ‘literally where best in the world. no white man had gone before’ in Thus, the Scots were her quest to save souls in the important to the development Calabar region of Nigeria. of the Empire in diverse ways: However, by driving into the as businessmen, as educators, uncharted interiors of the as missionaries, as imperial continent and encouraging administrators and soldiers. trade between the natives and Their contribution was so British traders they opened up substantial that it has led some the territories to further imperial historians to refer to ‘the expansion. They were largely Scottish empire’. While the unsuccessful in attracting Scots were hugely important to converts to Christianity. Still, men and women such as Livingstone the global growth of British and Slessor helped in the long run influence, to argue that the to change deeply entrenched Empire was essentially their notions regarding the divine right creation would be to ignore the to rule ‘lesser races’, to a more role of the British state and ethical position on foreign policy. other national groupings such They felt the native population to as the English and the Irish. The be only inferior to Europeans in Scots may have run the Empire, the sense that they were without and profited by it, but at the end God. Their desire to bring of the day it was London that education to Africans led to decided its fate. It was English national independence laws and civil institutions that movements in central, eastern and southern Africa, as well as the Scot was to uphold and live India. Moreover, it was the by. educational work of Presbyterian missionaries that

[4] Tasks:

The Scottish Influence:

1. What were the sort of traits Scots had which saw them dominate and succeed in so many areas? 2. What evidence is there to show that Scottish culture is still celebrated abroad even today? 3. Give some examples of successful Scots in Canada and India. 4. How did the British Empire help Scottish trade? 5. What was one of the driving forces behind the desire to populate New Zealand? 6. Which group of Scots helped Britain establish itself as the undisputed master of the globe? 7. How did Britain justify the suppression of local peoples and their cultures? 8. How was the territories opened up to further imperial expansion? 9. Explain how Scottish education came to be regarded as the best in the world? 10.Sum up how the important Scots were to the development of the Empire.

For the remainder of this booklet, you should take notes on each country, i.e:

Canada Australia New Zealand India

And for each country, you should gather detailed notes on the impact Scots had (positive and negative) in these countries in terms of:

Economy and Enterprise Culture and religion Native Societies

Also, you’ll find some IT tasks which I urge to complete as they are core parts of the course.

[5] Canada: were unlikely to inherit the family first Prime Minister of Canada. He Canada was first colonised in holdings from their parents when died 6th June 1891. the 17th and 18th centuries by they arrived in Ontario were sent both the French and the British. In to foundries, mills and 1791 the Constitutional Act workshops which allowed them formally separated the country to gain the technical skills which into Lower and Upper Canada. would give them the advantage Upper Canada was basically over other groups. British, while Lower Canada was In the 1880s Scots migrants mainly French. From the time of dominated Canadian textiles, its colonization, it would become paper, sugar, oil, iron and steel, a popular emigration destination. furniture making, the fur trade and bakery products. They also were incredibly influential in transport which would allow the Macdonald had been a lawyer economy to grow through in Kingston before becoming allowing goods to be transported involved in Canadian politics in at a quicker rate. George 1854. Alongside French-Canadian Stephen from Dufftown, Moray, lawyer Georges Etienne Cartier was the driving force behind the and fellow influential Scots, giant Canadian-Pacific Railway George Brown (editor of the which transformed Canada by newspaper, The Globe) and linking East with West. Alexander Galt; he pushed Canada was certainly one of through all the important the most popular destinations for George Stephen: legislation to unite Upper and Scots emigrants. Out of Lower Canada in a Confederation, 1,841,534 emigrants leaving or union, to form one country. Scotland between 1825 and When New Brunswick, Nova 1914, a quarter chose to go to Scotia and Prince Edward Island noted their interest in federation in Canada. Indeed in 1871 Scottish 1864, Macdonald planned to origin was claimed by over 79% include them in the confederation of the population living in the of the rest of Canada. A eastern counties. Due to the conference was held in Quebec, huge Scottish presence it was where Macdonald Cartier, Brown inevitable that the Scots would go and Galt acted as the principal on to influence religion, education, Scots were prominent in negotiators. In reality, although Canadian politics. Indeed there literature, medicine as well as assisted by these other men, the journalism, transport and politics. was one particular Scot who plan for federation outlined at the would unite and transform the Quebec Conference was almost nation. His name was Sir John A. Economy and Politics: entirely MacDonald’s. Just as they would in Australia Macdonald. He was born on 11th and New Zealand, some Scots Janusry 1815 in Glasgow. He continued their tradition of emigrated to Kingston, Upper working the land when they Canada in 1820. He became the arrived in Canada. Those who

[6] John Macdonald contd. 3) Is it a myth to say that the ‘English ruled After some small changes, the the Empire but the British North America Act of 1867 Scots ran? Give was passed, which formally evidence to back up established the Dominion of your answer. Canada. Macdonald went on to 4) How many become the first Prime Minister of Canadian Universities the united country and would were founded by continue to dominate the political Scots? scene in Canada. He was also 5) Politically, where knighted for all of his work. would you place most Upon returning to power in emigrant Scots on a political spectrum? 1875 Macdonald was John Murray, instrumental in introducing a 6) Mention some of father of modern system of tariff protection as well the more unsavory Oceanography. as organising a contract with a ventures Scots were involved new company to build the in. transcontinental rail link promised 7) Take some notes on the role in the previous administration. He of Scots abroad. promised it would be constructed 8) Were Scots emigrants within 10 years. The contract welcome? agreement was passed in 1881 9) Which group of people including a grant of $25 million suffered at the hands of Scots? and 25 million acres of land. Although the company was forced Between 1815 to obtain a further loan of $20 and 1870, around million from the government, 170000 Scots emigrated secured against the land, this was to Canada repaid in 1887. The railway opened in 1886, five years ahead of schedule.

IT Tasks: 1) Go to the LTScotland Migration & Empire site and click on ‘Video Sources’ 2) Click on ‘Migration and Empire - Emigration and the Empire’ and watch the video.

[7] Culture: become bi-lingual, but the Gaelic University of Manitoba in 1877. language was fundamental to the The interest in learning was Place Manes, Languages settlers, and as a result it universal amongst the Scottish continued into the modern day. settlers, with some settlements and a bit of religion bringing their own teachers. Other The Scots impact on Canada groups relied on the local minister, went beyond the realms of politics Catholic or Presbyterian, for their and the economy. Their legacy education. can be seen simply in the place names in the country. When the Pictou College, Nova Scotia: Highland emigrants arrived they took with them not only their language of Gaelic, but also place names. If you look at a map of Canada you will see many Education, Indigenous Scottish place names with a link Relations and more Religion! to the Hebrides, such as Stornoway, Tolsta, Galson and There is little information Ballallan. Lowland emigrants also available regarding the carried place names with them, relationship with the indigenous As a result of this desire for such as Ayr, Glasgow, Lanark and people of Canada. From what has learning amongst the Scots many Stirling. There are even links to been sourced, it is apparent that Presbyterian colleges were the North East, such as Banff, relations between the Scots established. These included Elgin and Aberdeen. The list is settlers and the Inuit were Morrin College (Quebec City, enormous! The very province peaceful and friendly. Indeed 1862), Pictou Academy (Nova Nova Scotia itself means New some Inuit would gather at Scotia, 1816), Queen’s College Scotland, highlighting the simple whaling stations and work for the (Kingston, 1841), and Manitoba cultural impact they had on the visiting Scottish and American College (Winnipeg, 1877). The country. ships. Scottish influence extended The Highland emigrants beyond mere foundations of seats continued to use Gaelic in of educational learning to also Canada. It remained the main running these establishments. language in many communities, There were Scottish principals particularly Cape Breton and and administrators involved in Nova Scotia, well into the 20th McGill, Trinity College and Century. Gaelic newspapers Universities in New Brunswick were even circulating in the and Toronto. Sir Francis Xavier 1930s, demonstrating the massive University of Nova Scotia was What is clear however is that impact and cultural links between also founded by Scots, this time Scotland and Canada. The the Scots had a large impact on by Catholic Highlanders. Christian religious faith, be it education and religion, which Roman Catholic or often appear to go hand in hand. The Scottish clergy were Presbyterian, was able to thrive prominent in the foundation and in communities where only administration of many institutions Gaelic was spoken by the early in Canada, including the settlers. Eventually they did

[8] Scots also played a role in Nova Scotia, including the 79th Canadian literature and sports. Highland Battalion of Infantry, Alexander McLachlan which later became the 1st (1818-1896), from Johnstone in Battalion Nova Scotia Renfrewshire, was a poet heavily Highlanders. There was a heavy influenced by Robert Burns. Scottish influence on the Indeed he has been called the Canadian army and the links “Burns of Canada” because of his between the two nations use of the Scottish dialect in his inevitably meant that during wars, works. He wrote satire and would Britain could rely on Canada for often attack Bible believers and support and manpower. This was those with money conscious apparent in both the Boer War attitudes. He also wrote poems (1899-1902) and World War One focusing on the homesickness of (1914-1918). In short, the Scots many Scots. The emigrants also were crucial to the growth of brought with them various sports Canada in many ways, including and activities including the its education, religion and Highland Games, which were protection. first played in Canada in 1819. The Canadian interest in curling Tasks: and golf is often attributed to 1) Before moving on to Scottish origins, with curling Australia, New Zealand and being one of the main national India, are you gathering the sports alongside hockey. notes correctly, efficiently and The armed forces also have in a way that you can quickly links with the Scots, particularly in get information from? Compare relation to names of regiments. In your notes with fellow pupils. the 1860s and 1870s two Highland units were raised in

[9] The Scots also contributed to Canada’s growth by sending a number of orphans there to begin a new life. This would mean a wealth of labour to help boost the fledgling country’s economy. A key figure in this move was William Quarrier from Greenock. He was responsible for founding a charitable organisation called the Quarriers in 1871. Initially he set up orphanages in Scotland and from 1872 began sending some of these children to Canada to start a new life.

William Quarrier, born in Greenock, 1829. Only suitable children were sent, with the first party of 35 Glasgow and Edinburgh children being sent to Canada on 23rd June 1872 after the charity managed to raise enough money to cover the fee of £10 passage per child. The idea was to send children to good Christian homes where they would be cared for. Due to rising numbers by 1887 a special reception and distribution centre was built in Canada called Fairknowe Home, located in Brockville, Ontario. The centre employed a resident superintendent, a matron and staff to find homes for the orphans and also to provide after care until they reached the age of 21. Adverts were placed in local papers and in church circles, specifically to farmers, hoping that they would either adopt a child or employ an older one. By early 1933 nearly 7,000 poor children had been sent to Canada, which in turn would significantly boost the labour market. Some other Significant Scots:

Hugh Allan (1810–1882) Financier and shipping magnate.

H. Montagu Allan (1860–1951) Banker, ship owner, sportsman.

Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922) Eminent scientist, inventor and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone.

John William Dawson (1820–1899) Scientist, educator.

William Dow (1800–1868) Brewer and businessman. Extensive resources about the Scots in

Hugh Graham (1848–1938) Canada are available @ Newspaper publisher. http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/ Robert Mackay (1840–1916) scotsandcanada/index.asp Businessman, statesman. It includes primary materials and media Peter McGill (1789–1860) resources BUT you need to be aware that Businessman, politician some information is pre-1830!

Duncan McIntyre (1834–1894) Businessman

[10] would leave from Leith at a cost in 1836, to make loans for the Australia: of 24 guineas if they travelled development of pastoral steerage, to 50 guineas if they agriculture in the district of Port wanted a cabin. Phillip (later Melbourne). It Australia began its life under Regardless of how Scots were originated in Glasgow in British rule as a faraway place able to reach their destination and connection with a merchant to send convicts, as well as who helped them, be it from dynasty based in the Dennistoun striking miners, Charters and private savings, charities, family, area of the city. These companies food rioters in the 1840s. landowners or government did well in the sheep and wool Perhaps as a result, there were schemes, they would go on to market, a staple of the Australian mixed messages about have a massive impact on economy. choosing Australia as a Australian businesses, The sale of land in Australia destination for a new life. education, religious and cultural was booming in the 1880s. Land Despite these however, Australia life. was seen as an investment became a fairly popular choice for opportunity. Some Scots even many Scots. In the early 1850s created new estates. William Economy and Politics: an estimated 90,000 Scots left Leslie, Laird of the Warthill estate for Australia, possibly prompted at Old Rayne in Aberdeenshire The Scots provided Australia by the discovery of gold, sent three of his “surplus” sons to with a wealth of talent to alongside other reasons. Australia. The sheep farming contribute towards its Various charities and other investments lined the pockets of economic growth including private organizations became the family and brought about farmers, bankers, politicians, further emigration to Australia by prevalent in assisting many Scots to leave their homeland and find a merchants, businessmen and encouraging tenants from the new life elsewhere. One charity professionals, as well as Warthill estate, who would find was the Highland and Island singers, poets, priests and lucrative employment in this new Emigration Society, who between painters. Australia also gained in country. 1852 and 1858 helped 5000 terms of produce which was Highlanders to escape from imported from Scotland, such as famine and go to Australia. Private Ayrshire cows and bulls, companies would send out Clydeside stallions and mares, special emigration agents to give which could be used on the land, lectures, issue pamphlets, hold as well as ale and whisky. All of discussions or even arrange these things would contribute to personal visits to prospective Australia’s economy in some emigrants, in order to encourage form. them to leave their homeland. The Scots were extremely active in Australian Company of Edinburgh working the land. They also kept and Leith, established in 1822, cattle and sheep. Money was encouraged Scots to emigrate, raised to pay for this through describing the “fertility of the soil”; investment from the rich back “the salubrity of the climate”, “the home. There were also Scottish abundance mineral resources and investment houses which navigatable waterways that allowed the pastoral economy awaited them”. During their to bloom. An early leader in this decade of existence passengers was the Clyde Company, founded

[11] Scots were just as prevalent in Culture: Education, Religion Australian politics as they were in and Literature. other countries they left for. Of Just as they had been in the first six governors of New Canada, and would be in New South Wales, half of them were Zealand and India, the Scots Scots. One of the most prominent brought about the foundations was Lachlan Macquarie, who of various seats of educational originally came from Ulva, near learning. Scotch College for Mull. He was against drink and as example was opened in a result cut the number of pubs in Melbourne in 1851, which would Sydney from 75 to 20. He also provide education for the sons of ordered the pubs to close during the wealthy in the state of hours of divine service, and raised Victoria. Individual students duty on spirits. What was more thrived under Alexander Morrison significant during his who was originally from Moray. He Governorship was his role in was principal of the school bringing about the laying down of between 1857 and 1903, and roads to the interior of the country even modelled its curriculum on and the foundation of planned the lines of Elgin Academy, the villages like those in Scotland. school he himself had attended. Each one had a square, a bridge, Scottish professors could be a school and a police station. found in various universities and schools across Australia, especially at the University of Sydney.

The picture above shows John Dunmore Lang, born 1799 in Greenock. He founded schools in Sydney Australia under the Church of Scotland. He is discussed over the page.

[12] This was then passed down tension was violence and the As in Canada, education in through the family. decline of the Aboriginal Australia was in part connected Ebenezer Syme, born 1826 in population. to religion. John Dunmore Lang North Berwick; emigrated to A number of Scots were guilty from Greenock was responsible Victoria in 1853. Journalist and of forcing the Aborigines off of for founding the Caledonian part owner of the newspaper, The their land, and on occasion would Academy primary school that was Age: even kill them. There was a attached to the Scots church in heavy emphasis on sheep Sydney. This was supervised by farming in Australia which the Church of Scotland and provided the Scots with a key included daily prayers, Bible study industry to work in, which and religious education. This would benefit the country’s initial school failed but by 1844 a economy. For a small fee they total of thirteen primary schools would get acres of land, large had been founded in the Sydney flocks of sheep which would area, nearly all with Scottish result in large bank balances and teachers. In 1857 the Australian a reputation. The consequence of College was opened by Lang and this desire to do well and prosper staffed by three members of the Relations with the meant that the indigenous Church of Scotland. During its 23 Indigenous People. population were not given a year existence the College second thought, and in fact were educated many boys, 500 of Unlike in Canada where the seen as expendable. whom went on to hold influential relationship with the Indigenous positions in Australia and to have people seems to have been a major impact on the country’s relatively peaceful, the development. relationship with the Aborigines was far more volatile. In fact the Scots, alongside other emigrant groups, played a crucial role in bringing about the near- extinction of a human race. Ebenezer Syme, born in North The Aboriginal population was Berwick, emigrated to Victoria in small due to the primitive way of 1853. He became a prominent life they led. Both the Aborigines journalist in Australia, who later and the emigrant Scots needed began a newspaper dynasty. and wanted the land for their After being dismissed from the own use, which inevitably led to newspaper the Argus because of tension. The expansion in farming his uncompromising views, he took the Scots to unexplored joined the newly established Age, areas, where sometimes they which still exists today. In 1856 he would require the assistance of an became its proprietor in Aboriginal guide. As the Scots partnership with his brother expanded their farming this led David, and held this position until to conflict with the nomadic 1860 when his brother took over. Aborigines. The result of the

[13] The Scots involved were not worried about wiping out an entire race of people. They viewed the Aborigines as savage, uncivilised and not even human, as evident in a letter by DS Murray. Writing from China Farm in Canning River in 1839, Murray wrote to his mother that: “Our natives have been much more quiet lately and I think every year they will become more accustomed to our ways if not civilised.” The volatile relationship between some Scots and the Aborigines reached a new height in the 1840s. Angus McMillan from Skye had been exploring the Gippsland area of Victoria in 1840, led by an Aboriginal guide. Between 1841 and 1842 five white men, including Ronald Macalister, had been murdered, allegedly by Aborigines. The consequence came in 1843 where along with other Scottish settlers, McMillan played a leading role in the Warrigal Creek Massacre, where an estimated 60-150 Aborigines were killed.

THE WARRIGAL CREEK MASSACRE

The Scottish settlers decided that the tribe had to atone for the murders of the white men since they could identify the individuals guilty of the offences. They dubbed themselves the Highland Brigade and went in search of the Aboriginal tribe. They found more than 100 men, women and children camped by a waterhole on Warrigal Creek. The Scots galloped up, surrounded them and shot without warning. Some of the Aborigines jumped in the water to hide, but the Scots picked them off as they came up from air, leaving the creek to run red with blood. They paused simply to cover the heaps of bodies with sand and then left. Within a few years the several thousand Aborigines of Gippsland virtually disappeared, largely as a result of Scots emigrants, alongside other groups, encroaching on Aboriginal land for their own profit.

Some other significant Scots: Thomas Brisbane (1773-1860) Governor of New South Wales

Andrew Fisher (1862-1928) First Labour Prime Minister of Australia

Angus McMillan (1810-1865) explorer and pastoralist

Marie MacKillop (1842-1909) set up free school for poor children & religious order Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart

David Mitchell (1829-1916) building contractor

George Reid (1845-1918) Prime Minister of Australia

James Macpherson Grant (1822 – 1 April 1885) A politician and prosperous Melbourne solicitor, who became vice-president of the land and works board and commissioner of railways and roads in 1864.

Catherine Helen Spence (31 October 1825 – 3 April 1910) An Author, teacher, journalist, politician (Australia's first female political candidate) and leading suffragette.

Video resources about the Scots in Australia are available @

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/scottish- emigrants-in-australia/4371.html

http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/video/n/ video_tcm4567284.asp? strReferringChannel=higherscottishhistory

[14] tended to use Scottish labour and Zealand. He became interested in New Zealand trade with companies back home. the dairy industry and frozen meat Others came to try and make their and alongside his partner, George fortune in mining gold when it Davidson, created the New The first 150 Scottish settlers was discovered. Zealand and Australia Land arrived in 1839, and between Company. In 1882 they were 1848 and 1860, 80% of responsible for shipping the immigrants to the area of Otago first consignment of frozen alone, were Scots born. As a meat from Port Chalmers in result, it has been suggested that New Zealand to London on a over 30% of the non-Maori ship, aptly named the Dunedin. population of New Zealand now is of Scottish lineage. Scots born Thomas Brydone: In early 1842, 500 Scottish labourers left Lowland Scotland and helped to develop Auckland. This marked the beginning of a shift to New Zealand. Assisted package schemes led to this shift in population. Thirty-one per cent of emigrants were agricultural labourers, 19% were domestics, 20% were skilled artisans and 10% labourers. Generally, emigrants were young, single men who came from the Highlands. By the 1870s, some single women The Dunedin: In terms of farming, Scots left vast started to make this shift. Small areas of Otago bare after felling all families who made the transition the trees. New Zealand was originated from Edinburgh and proved an attractive opportunity Glasgow. Scots tended to settle in for tenant farmers and farm Auckland, Wellington and servants because of the Christchurch. availability of land. Running holdings, particularly in Otago and Canterbury on the South Island, Economy and Politics: involved a number of the Scottish settlers. Their land could range In terms of work many joined the from a size of a few hundred acres rush to make money. This was to 315,000 acres. Scots prospered seen in a rise in entrepreneurs at through sheep farming, just as The Scottish presence and this time. Others were happy to their fellowmen did across the impact in New Zealand was not take part in the land reforms to Tasman Sea. This played a large gain money for themselves. part in the displacement of the always clean-cut. Sometimes Businesses were also created Maoris. there were individuals who had with the rise of shipping, frozen slightly more criminal tendencies meat and dairy exports. Many of In terms of businesses, many who managed to influence and the emigrant skills gained in prominent companies were impact the country. Scotland were utilised in farming, established, for example New distilling and the creation of Zealand Refrigeration Company educational establishments. and Union Steamship Company. Early businesses earned the The Scot, Thomas Brydone, was a name of ‘Scottish cliques’ as they prominent businessman in New

[15] James Mackenzie, originally Governors of Nelson College and from Ross-shire became a was elected to the House of Sheep Farming: famous outlaw in New Zealand for Representatives in 1853, where his sheep and cattle rustling. he acted as Speaker between Despite this he played a vital role 1861 and 1870. in opening up the country, (Reward poster published in which in turn would allow better The Lyttelton Times in May 1855 offering a reward for the capture transport and trading links, of Mackenzie) which in turn would benefit the economy. Mackenzie had obtained land in the interior of Otago, based on his ability to Gold digging: stock it with sheep, but he had neither the money nor the sheep to fund and stock the holding. However, he did have a well trained sheepdog and was used to the mountainous terrain. He set out to explore the country and as a consequence of his actions, he eventually found a pass through the snowy mountains to the pastures of the Canterbury Plains, Culture where possibly with the assistance of others, he explored Like their fellow Scots in 12,000 square miles of terrain. Canada, the Scots settlers who came to New Zealand also The route he prospected became It was another Scot who was brought place names with them. known as Mackenzie’s Pass. responsible for ensuring that Dunedin in the south province of The Scots were equally history in Scotland was not Otago means New Edinburgh. prominent in New Zealand repeated in New Zealand. The link between the city and the politics as they were elsewhere. Legislation was passed which capital in Scotland extends For example, the second Labour basically outlawed absentee beyond the city’s name. Dunedin Prime Minister, Peter Fraser, was landlords which had been such a also shares many street names born in Ross-shire. Dr David prevalent problem in Scotland. with Edinburgh, including Princes Munro was another important People were unable to buy up Street, George Street, St Andrews and influential figure in New land just to rent out for profit. The Street and Moray Place to name a Zealand politics. He arrived in the man behind this was John few. The South Island had country in 1842 and was Mackenzie who was appointed numerous and distinctly Scottish responsible for introducing the as Minister of Lands in 1891. A place names such as Paisley, first sheep from Australia. law was passed which included Stirling, Campbeltown, Oban and measures where the Government Within 20 years he himself had Roxburgh. There are also many 14,000 sheep on an estate of reserved the freehold to all Bens (mountains), for example Government sold lands. This also 13,000 acres. As well as Ben Nevis, Ben Lomond and one gave the Government the power occasionally practicing medicine, slightly strange Maori-Scottish Munro became a foundation to get the land back under mixture, Ben Ohau. member of the Company of compulsory purchase.

[16] The Scots continued to instituted a £500 scholarship in The Maori population also impact the New Zealand culture his memory to be used to send suffered a decline due to the through religion. The settlement deserving medical students from loss of land and territory. The of Otago was developed by the Otago to the University of sale of land, which technically Free Church of Scotland as a Aberdeen to complete their belonged to the Maoris, was Presbyterian colony in the training. theoretically impossible, but the 1840s. This attracted families in James MacAndrew, born Scots were able to bargain with particular through promises of a Aberdeen 1819; went to New them, and consequently the well-ordered Christian society Zealand 1851: Maoris broke their own laws with good educational facilities and sold the land in return for and Scottish culture. Education muskets. Thus the Scots had a was not a huge priority amongst considerable impact in the the Otago Presbyterian pioneers. decline of another indigenous Only 100 out of 270 children living race, although it must be in or around Dunedin attended remembered they were not the school in 1853. Eventually only ones to blame. education became more important and schooling was controlled by the Provincial Government rather than the Church. The historian, Tom Brooking, Relations with the has said that New Zealand indigenous People: educational development The story surrounding the received “greater assistance relationship between Scots from the Scots than any other settlers and the indigenous New Zealand is made up of immigrant group” and there is people of New Zealand, the two main islands, North and considerable evidence to Maoris, echoed what happened in South. The relationship substantiate this claim. James Australia. The relationship was between the Scots settlers and MacAndrew, an Aberdonian, very mixed and could be highly the Maori population on the became a leading merchant and volatile. Sometimes this was by South Island was very peaceful, politician in Dunedin, who was accident. A proportion of the instrumental in establishing and many of the Maoris had Maori population lost their lives training colleges and schools as converted to Christianity. The or became ill as a result of well as the University of Dunedin. settlers in the area of Otago Over 100 schools were founded catching “civilised” diseases bought land from the Maoris, thanks to him. As a result he is such as syphilis and measles and had a very congenial viewed as one of the “Founding which the settlers had brought relationship with them. Fathers” of New Zealand. He has with them. Consequently their even been commemorated by the numbers declined in the 1840s. people of Otago who have

[17] However in the North Island it was a different story. The Maori uprisings (occurring between 1845 and 1872) were confined to the North Island, and one Scot, Donald Mclean is largely responsible for the unnecessary Maori Wars in the nineteenth century, which saw innocent blood spilt. Mclean did redeem himself in part by later ensuring lasting peace, but this does not detract from the fact that a proportion of Scots settlers were guilty of reducing the number of indigenous people in the North Island.

SOME OTHER SIGNIFICANT SCOTS IN NEW ZEALAND

George Bruce (?1798–1819) The first recorded settler, 1809.

George Rennie (1801 or 1802 – 22 March 1860) Founded settlement at Otago, 1842.

John Campbell (1817–1912) Sent first cargo of New Zealand produce from Auckland to England, 1844.

Rev Norman McLeod (1778–1866) Brought his parishioners from Nova Scotia, 1852.

Rev Thomas Burns (1796?–1866) Nephew of Robert Burns, leader of Otago colony.

Donald Sutherland (1843?–1921) Discovered Sutherland Falls, the country's highest waterfall.

Sir Bernard Ferguson (1911–1980) Governor General (as were his father and grandfather)

Sir Robert Stout (1844-1930) born in Shetland, Prime Minister (1884–1887)

John Mackenzie (1839–1901) born Ross-shire, Minister of Agriculture, 1890s.

Video resources about the Scots in New Zealand are available @

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/scottish-emigration- to-australia-and-new-zealand-pt-1-2/4360.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/scottish-emigration- to-australia-and-new-zealand-pt-2-2/4370.html

[18] India lacking. However, Scots From the eighteenth century, continued to play a key role in the the number of Scots venturing out running of India throughout this to India under the East India period, as soldiers, civil servants Company’s service steadily and entrepreneurs. increased due to a number of reasons. For many Jacobite Economy and Politics refugees in Scotland, India was The Scots impact on the economy of India is evident arguably a safe haven, as they through the entrepreneurial skills had been treated with contempt of many Scots. From 1830 after the rebellions of 1715 and onwards, Scots became 1745. The financial opportunity involved as general merchants available, as well as employment with Indian interests. They opportunity appealed to many began to export jute, tea, timber, young Scots struggling to make coal, sugar and indigo as well as ends meet in their native land, or cotton. By 1880, with the help of for those wishing to refinance old Scottish entrepreneurs, India family estates encumbered with overtook China as leaders of debt. As a result ambitious tea distribution. Alexander Hall young Scots flocked to India as & Co of Aberdeen and Robert soldiers, surgeons and civil Steele & Co of Greenock servants. Their role in the sixteenth and invested in tea clippers and seventeenth centuries is more later investment came in the widely documented and as a form of steamships. result, the information for the Leith Docks c.1895; the ship period of 1830-1939 is slightly Cockburn tied up.

‘The Glasgow Boys’ serving in India, during the Great War.

[19] annexed. He initiated a movement Culture, Education & There was also interest in the to build canals, roads and Religion. building of railways, banking and railways which would help to commerce. open up the country. He also The impact of the Scots The Scottish impact on the brought in cheap postage and extended beyond the realms of Indian economy was coupled with introduced the telegraph, which economy and politics to that of a similarly influential role in would improve communications in education and religion, and the politics. Indeed various Scottish the country and allow the very culture of India. Their role in economy to benefit. By the end of individuals helped to sculpt it. education is apparent, usually Besides being prevalent in the his time in office, the main route hand in hand with religion. to India was by steamship, which Indian civil service, many took Alexander Duff, who had enabled faster sailing times leading roles, be it as Governor- attended St Andrew’s University, between India and elsewhere. Generals or other ministerial roles. began teaching at the General James Andrew Broun- It was the son of a Scot who Assembly’s Institution, now Ramsey; born 1812 in Midlothian; created India’s penal code. His known as the Scottish Church emigrated to India 1848. name was Thomas Babington College in Calcutta in July 1830. Macaulay (1800-1859). While an Duff adopted a western curriculum in his teaching, MP in 1830, he was offered a seat on the supreme council of India, including religion, science, history worth £10,000 per annum. He and political economy. He sailed for Calcutta in 1834, and believed in free education and as whilst in India he was appointed a result charged no fees to his pupils, which amounted to around president of the commission to look at the justice system. The 200 boys who he had enrolled. result was the penal code, which he had based largely on Britain’s own. James Andrew Broun- Alexander Duff, born Ramsay (The Marquess of Perthshire 1806; emigrated to Dalhousie), was another influential The Marquess of Dalhousie India in 1830. figure in India politics and was also important in another economic development. Born in way. He foresaw something that Midlothian in 1812, James many had failed to notice – the Andrew Broun-Ramsay, or the coming of a mutiny within the Marquess of Dalhousie to give ranks of India soldiers. It was him his full title, was to become Dalhousie who warned the another Governor-General of India government of the impending who would bring about changes likelihood of an India Mutiny. This that would have long lasting mutiny took place in 1857, and impact on his adopted nation. He brought about the downfall of the accepted his post of Governor- East India Company. However General of India and Governor of British rule in India would Bengal in 1848. He was forced to continue for another ninety years. fight in the Punjab which was annexed to the Crown, followed by Burma which was also

[20] Another influential character in Generally speaking however, India’s education was John although there has been a long Wilson. Born in Lauder in the tradition of Scots involvement Scottish Borders in 1804, he in India, few settled and they gained his own education through tended to return to Scotland to the University of Edinburgh. After be replaced by family members. this he travelled to Bombay where he formed a native church where Marathi was the language of instruction. He became the President of the literacy society of Bombay and in 1843 went on to join the Free Church, where he served as the Moderator of the General Assembly in 1870. Wilson’s real influence and impact however, began in 1857 when on the foundation of the University of Bombay, he became its vice- chancellor. Indeed, he is credited in part for the city’s rapid progress which was routed in its educational system. Fifteen years after his death in 1874, a college was founded in his memory, You should now have a which to this day displays the detailed set of notes on: Scottish saltire. The Scottish influence in Canada modern-day Pakistan is also Australia evident. In the late 18th and early IT Tasks: New Zealand 19th centuries, Scottish culture India arrived in the area. Sialkot in 1) Go to the main LtSotland Pakistan has been home to a Migration and Empire site And for each country, you thriving bagpipe manufacturing 2) Click on Historical should have detailed notes on business for over a century now, documents and scroll down to the impact Scots had (positive with many small companies in the ‘The impact of Scots emigrants and negative) in these countries city making pipes as well as on the Empire. in terms of: Highland dress, and exporting 3) Click on the 4 ‘Letters’ and them all over the world. In 1895, a read the contents of them. thriving business was established 4) Consider the level of Economy and Enterprise selling bagpipes and Highland literacy, knowledge and skills of Culture and religion dress to British Army regiments. these emigrants. How Native Societies What is truly amazing is that they representative of Scots began to export their goods to emigrants do you think these Now attempt Paper 2 Scotland! letters represent? question related to this theme.

[21] Useful Links:

The impact of Scots emigrants on the Empire, LTS* http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/nq/resources/higherscottishhistory/migrationandempire/ impactofscotsemigrants/index.asp

Migration and Empire - Emigrants and the Empire Video Resources, LTS http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/video/n/video_tcm4567284.asp? strReferringChannel=higherscottishhistory

Migration and Empire Historical Documents, LTS http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/nq/resources/higherscottishhistory/migrationandempire/ historical_documents/index.asp

The Scots in Canada, LTS (remember the period we are studying is 1830-1939) http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scotsandcanada/index.asp

Scotland’s History – Emigration to Australia and New Zealand, LTS http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scotlandshistory/jacobitesenlightenmentclearances/ emigration/australianewzealand/index.asp

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