BIOL 7083 Ecologist Presentation

Dr. Michael L. Rosenzweig The Man The Scientist The Legend

Michael Rosenzweigs

Biographical Information  Born in 1941  Jewish

 Parents wanted him to be a physician  Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, 1966

 Advisor: Robert H. MacArthur, Ph.D.  Married for over 40 years to Carole Ruth Citron

 Together they have three children,

and several grandchildren Biographical Information  Known to be an innovator  Founded the Department of & at the University of Arizona in 1975, and was its first head  In 1987 he founded the scientific journal Evolutionary Ecology  In 1998, when prices for journals began to rise, he founded a competitor, Evolutionary Ecology Research

Honor and Awards

 Ecological Society of America Eminent Ecologist Award for 2008

 Faculty of Sci, Univ Arizona, Career Teaching Award, 2001

 Ninth Lukacs Symp: Twentieth Century Distinguished Service Award, 1999

 International Ecological Soc: Distinguished Statistical Ecologist, 1998

 Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, Univ Arizona: Fellow, 1997–8

 Mountain Research Center, Montana State Univ: Distinguished Lecturer, 1997

 Univ Umeå, Sweden: Distinguished Visiting Scholar, 1997

 Univ Miami: Distinguished Visiting Professor, 1996–7

 Univ British Columbia: Dennis Chitty Lecturer, 1995–6

 Iowa State Univ: 30th Paul L. Errington Memorial Lecturer, 1994

 Michigan State Univ, Kellogg Biological Station: Eminent Ecologist, 1992

Honor and Awards

 Ben­Gurion Univ of the Negev, Israel: Jacob Blaustein Scholar, 1992

 Univ Wisconsin, Madison: Brittingham Fellow, 1990 – 91

 Monash University, Melbourne, Australia: The Jock Marshall Fellow, 1989

 Australian Academy of Science: The Rudi Lemberg Travelling Fellow, 1988–9

 Soc for the Study of : Vice­President, 1988 – 1989

 Amer Soc Zoologists: Outstanding Service Award, 1986

 Amer Soc Zoologists: Chair, Division of Ecology, 1985 – 1986

 College of Science, Univ Arizona: Outstanding Teaching Award, 1985

 Univ Miami: Distinguished Visiting Professor, 1983

 Soc for the Study of Evolution: Counselor: 1981 – 1983

 UC San Diego: Distinguished Visiting Scholar, 1977

Research Themes  Desert Mammal Ecology  Environmental Issues and Public Policy   Optimal Density–Dependent Selection  Dynamics

Model Organisms

Evidence for predator-mediated in small populations of prey

Desert Mammal Ecology

 In the late 1960s, Rosenzweig initiated investigations of the ecological relationships of small desert mammals  He discovered that the interactions and diversity of small desert mammals hinge on sophisticated differences in  These papers based on work both in the southwestern USA and Israel

 1986 Z. Abramsky, M.A. Bowers & MLR. Detecting interspecific in the field: testing the regression method. Oikos 47:199­ 204.

 1985 MLR, Z. Abramsky, B. Kotler & W. Mitchell. Can interaction coefficients be determined from census data? Oecologia 66:194­198.

 1985 Z. Abramsky, S. Brand & MLR. Geographical ecology of gerbelline rodents in the sand dune habitats of Israel. J. Biogeog. 12:363­372.

 1985 Z. Abramsky, MLR & S. Brand. Habitat selection in Israel desert rodents: comparison of a traditional and a new method of analysis, Oikos 45:79­88.

 1984 MLR, Z. Abramsky & S. Brand. Estimating species interactions in heterogeneous environments. Oikos 43:329­340.

 1980 R.J.Frye & MLR. Clump size selection: a field test with two species of Dipodomys. Oecologia 47:323­327.

 1978 M. Mares & MLR. Granivory in North and South American deserts. Ecology 59:235­241.

 1978 C. Lemen & MLR. Microhabitat selection in two species of heteromyid rodents. Oecologia 33:127­135.

 1977 Coexistence and diversity in heteromyid rodents. Pp.89­99 in B. Stonehouse & C. Perrins (eds.), Evolutionary Ecology. Macmillan, London.

 1977 M. Mares & MLR. Seeds­seedeater systems. Pp. 196­204 in G. Orians & O. Solbrig (eds.), in Warm Deserts. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA.

 1975 G. Schroder & MLR. Perturbation analysis of competition and overlap in habitat utilization between Dipodomys ordii and Dipodomys merriami. Oecologia 19:9­28.

 1975 MLR, B. Smigel & A. Kraft. Patterns of food, space and diversity, pp.241­268 in Rodents in Desert Environments, I. Prakash & P. Ghosh (eds.), Monographiae Biologicae 28, Dr. W. Junk, the Hague, Netherlands.

 1974 B. Smigel, W. Jester, J. Blomgren, K.N. Prasad & MLR. Dietary analysis in granivores through the use of neutron activation. Ecology 55:340­349.

 1974 B. Smigel & MLR. Seed selection in Dipodomys merriami and Perognathus penicillatus. Ecology 55:329­339.

 1974 On the optimal aboveground activity of bannertail kangaroo rats. J. Mamm. 55:193­199.

 1973 Habitat selection experiments with a pair of coexisting heteromyid rodent species. Ecology 54: 111­117. 1973 Exploitation in three trophic levels. Amer.Natur. 107: 275­294.

 1970 MLR & P. Sterner. of desert rodent communities: body size and seed­husking as bases for heteromyid coexistence. Ecology 51:217­224.

 1969 MLR & J. Winakur. Population ecology of desert rodent communities: habitats and environmental complexity. Ecology 50:558­572. Environmental Issues and Public Policy

 Principles of density­dependent habitat selection to achieve cheap, quick censuses of economically important, annually harvested animal populations  Use the rules of species­area relationships to develop early warning indicators of environmental health  The non­confrontational relationship or even fundamental agreement of western religions and environmentalism

 2000 National Research Council Environmental Indicators for the Nation. National Academy Press, Washington, DC

 1999: with S. Archer, W. Mackay, J. Mott, S.E. Nicholson, M. Pando Moreno, MLR, N.G. Seligman, N.E. West and J. Williams, Arid and semi­arid land community dynamics in a management context, pp.48­74 in Hoekstra, T.W. and M. Shahak, Arid Lands Management: toward ecological sustainability. Univ. of Ill. Press. 279 p.

 1996 The Green Commandments, Eco­Health: News & Views 2:4­5

 1995 Review: Trees... the green testament, by Y. Kirschen. Restoration and Mgmt. Notes 13:136­7.

 1990 Commentary (on ecological uniqueness and loss of species), p. 188­198 in Orians, G., G.M. Brown, Jr., W. E. Kunin & J.E. Swierzbinski (eds.), The preservation and valuation of biological resources. Univ. of Wash. Press, Seattle.

 1988 The silly war: religion vs. science. The World and I, Feb:194­197.

 1987 Density­dependent habitat selection: a tool for more effective population management, pp. 98­111 in Vincent, T. Y. Cohen, W.J.Grantham, G.P. Kirkwood & J.M. Skowronski (eds.), Modeling & Management of Resources under uncertainty. Springer­Verlag, Berlin.

 1974 And Replenish the Earth: the evolution, consequences and prevention of . Harper & Row, N.Y. 304 p.

 1974 On and U.S. policy, pp.29­30,85,94,98­99,141 in Proc. Science Advisory Panel of the Committee on Public Works, U.S. House of Representatives, print #93­36, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

 1974 J. Sundquist, B.J.L. Berry, M. Brewer, A. Davis, L. Dworsky, D. McGrath, MLR, J. Sterner & W. Thompson. National population distribution policy, pp. 5­26 in A national public works investment policy. Committee print #93­53 of the Committee on Public Works, U.S. House of Representatives. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

 1974 L. Duhl, A. Davis, J.R. Newbrough, MLR & R. Aldrich. Values and the public works investment policy, pp.87­105 in Committee print #93­53 (ibid.).

 1972 and artificial control of human populations, pp.82­84 in Ecology and Pollution (White, W.W.,Jr. & F.J. Little, eds.). North American Publishing Co., Philadelphia, PA. Species Diversity  Present a basic, continent­scale, mathematical theory of diversity as a process, a process resulting from the differential equations of and

 Predict several patterns of diversity with area, patterns that have proved accurate in the decades since the theory first emerged

 New pattern of diversity: on a regional scale, animal diversity peaks in locales with intermediate

 Previously, ecology had assumed that diversity and were inexorably and positively correlated  Suggested a mode of speciation (competitive speciation) that joins ecology and evolution, and appears to be implicated in biotic revolutions, the sort that sees major taxa such as dinosaurs supplanted by other major taxa such as mammals

 2001 The four questions: What does the introduction of exotic species do to diversity? Evolutionary Ecology Research 3.

 2000 Wisheu, I.C., M.L.Rosenzweig, L. Olsvig­Whittaker, and A. Shmida: What makes nutrient­poor mediterranean heathlands so rich in plant diversity? Evolutionary Ecology Research 2: 935­955.

 1999 MLR & Y. Ziv: The echo pattern of species diversity: pattern & process. Ecography 22: 614­628.

 1999 W. Turner, W. Leitner & MLR: Ws2m; software for estimating diversity. URL: http://eebweb.arizona.edu/diversity

 1999 Heeding the warning in 's basic law. Science 284:276­277

 1999 Species diversity, Chapter 9, p. 249­281 in McGlade, J. (ed.), Advanced : principles and applications, Blackwell Science, Oxford, England.

 1998 Articles on Species Diversity in Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management (P. Calow et al., Eds.) Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford, England.

 1) Diversity, alpha, beta and gamma: three measures of species diversity in space (p.195 )

 2) Diversity gradient: A correlation of diversity with another spatial or temporal variable (p.195­7)

 3) Diversity, methods of measurement and analysis (p. 200)

 1998 Preston's ergodic conjecture: the accumulation of species in space and time. Ch. 14 (pp.311­348) in McKinney, M.L. & J. Drake (eds.) Biodiversity Dynamics; turnover of populations, taxa and communities. Columbia Univ. Press, NY.

 Looks at fossil data to construct the first species­time accumulation curves. These are analogues of species­area curves and suggest the existence of an ergodic property in diversity relationships.

 1998 Davidowitz, G. & MLR, The latitudinal gradient of species diversity among North American grasshoppers within a single habitat: a test of the spatial heterogeneity hypothesis. J. Biogeog. 25:553­560.

 Further evidence that the latitudinal gradient does not come from high habitat diversity in the tropics.

 1997 Tempo and mode of speciation. Science 277:1622­1623.

 1997 MLR & E.A. Sandlin: Species diversity and latitude: listening to area's signal. Oikos 80:172­176.

 1997 Leitner, W.A. & MLR. Nested species­area curves and stochastic sampling: a new theory. Oikos 79:503­512.

 Overturns the major theory of species­area relationships, i.e., the lognormal distribution. Replaces previous theories with a closed form equation validated with simulations. Introduces the connection between species­area relationships, population densities and the size of geographical ranges.

 1995 Species Diversity In Space and Time, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK., 436 pp. (Revised ed., 1996) Now in third printing.

 1994 MLR & C.W. Clark. Island extinction rates from regular censuses. Conserv. Biol. 8:491­494; reprinted pp. 112­115 in Ehrenfeld, D. (ed.), Readings from Conservation Biology: Genes Populations & Species, 1995, Blackwell Science, Inc. & Society for Conservation Biology, Cambridge, MA

 1994 Clark, C.W. & MLR. Extinction and colonization processes: parameter estimates from sporadic surveys. Amer. Natur. 143:583­596.

 1993 MLR & Z. Abramsky. How are diversity and productivity related? Pp. 52­65 in Ricklefs, R. & D. Schluter (eds.). Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. Univ. Chicago Press.

 1992 Species diversity gradients: we know more and less than we thought. J. Mamm. 73:715­730.

 1992 MLR & S. Vetault. Calculating speciation and extinction rates in fossil clades. Evolutionary Ecology 6:90­93.

 1984 Z. Abramsky & MLR. Tilman's predicted productivity­diversity relationship shown by desert rodents. Nature 309:150­1.

 1980 MLR & J. Taylor. Speciation and diversity in Ordovician invertebrates: filling niches quickly and carefully. Oikos 35:236­243.

 1979 MLR & J.L. Duek. Species diversity and turnover in an Ordovician marine invertebrate assemblage, pp. 109­119 in Patil & Rosenzweig ibid.

 1978 Competitive speciation. Biol. J. Linnaean Soc. 10:275­289.

 1977 On interpreting the results of perturbation experiments performed by nature. Paleobiol. 3:322­324.

 1977 Geographical speciation: on range size and the probability of isolate formation. Pp. 172­194 in D. Wollkind (ed.), Proc. Wash. State Univ. Conf., Biomath. and Biostatistics, Pullman, WA.

 1975 On continental steady states of species diversity, pp.121­140 in The Ecology and Evolution of Communities, M. Cody & J. Diamond (eds.), Harvard Univ. Press.

Optimal Density–Dependent Habitat Selection  Invented and developed isoleg theory

 This qualitative mathematical approach deals with a perverse multidimensional problem: how should foragers select habitats in the face of variation in their own population density and that of the species with which they interact

 Isoleg theory predicted unique nonlinear dynamics for competing species

 Called this model “The Ghost of Competition Past”

 Isolegs led to the discovery of centrifugal community organization

 Isoleg theory also allowed the initiation of the study of the

of ecological niches  2000 Abramsky, Z, M.L. Rosenzweig and A. Subach. The energetic cost of competition: Gerbils as moneychangers. Evol. Ecol. Research 2: 279­292.

 1998 Abramsky, Z, M.L. Rosenzweig and A. Subach, Do gerbils care more about competition or predation? Oikos 83:75­84.

 1997 MLR & Z. Abramsky, Two gerbils of the Negev: a long­term investigation of optimal habitat selection and its consequences. Evolutionary Ecology 11:733­756.

 1997 Abramsky, Z., MLR, J.S. Brown & W.A. Mitchell, Reply to Yom­Tov and Dayan. Oikos 78:182.

 1995 Ziv, Y., B.P. Kotler, Z. Abramsky & MLR. efficiencies of competing rodents: why do gerbils exhibit shared­preference habitat selection? Oikos 73:260­268.

 1994 Abramsky, Z., O. Ovadia & MLR. The shape of a Gerbillus pyramidum (Rodentia: Gerbillinae) isocline: an experimental field study. Oikos 69:318­326.

 1992 Abramsky, Z., MLR & A. Subach, The shape of a gerbil isocline: an experimental field study. Oikos 63:193­199.

 1991 Habitat selection and population interactions: the search for mechanism. Amer. Natur. 137:S5­S28.

 1991 Chesson, P. & MLR. Behavior, heterogeneity and the dynamics of interacting species. Ecology 72:1187­1195.

 1991 Abramsky, Z., MLR & B. Pinshow. The shape of a gerbil isocline: an experimental field study using principles of optimal habitat selection. Ecology 72:329­340.

 1990 Abramsky, Z., MLR, B. Pinshow, J.S. Brown, B. Kotler & W.A. Mitchell. Habitat selection: an experimental field test with two gerbil species. Ecology 71:2358­2369.

 1990 Do animals choose habitats? Pp. 157­79 (chapter 8) in M. Bekoff & D. Jamieson (eds.), Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior: comparative perspectives; Interpretation, intentionality and communication. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. (reprinted 1996, pp. 185­199 in M. Bekoff & D. Jamieson (eds.), Readings in animal cognition, MIT Press).

 1989 Habitat selection, community organization and small mammal studies. pp. 5­ 21 in Morris, D., Z. Abramsky, B. Fox & M.R. Willig (eds.), Patterns in the Structure of Mammalian Communities, International Theriological Congress, Special Publication #28 of the Museum of Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock.

 1987 Habitat selection and evolutionary processes, a symposium edited by MLR, vol. 1,(4) of Evolutionary Ecology, 132 pp.

 1987 Habitat selection as source of biological diversity. Evolutionary Ecology 1:315­330.

 1987 Editor's coda: central themes of the symposium. Evolutionary Ecology 1:401­407.

 1987 Community organization from the point of view of habitat selectors, pp. 469­490 in Gee, J.H.R. & B.J. Giller, (eds.) Organization of Communities: past and present. British Ecological Society Symposium #27, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford. 1986 MLR & Z. Abramsky. Centrifugal community organization . Oikos 46:339­348.

 1986 Hummingbird isolegs in an experimental system, Behav, Ecol. and Sociobiol 19:313­322.

 1986 J.S. Brown & MLR. Habitat selection in slowly regenerating environments. J. Theor. Biol 123:151­171.

 1985 S. Pimm, MLR & W.A. Mitchell. Competition and food selection: field tests of a theory. Ecology 66:798­807.

 1985 D. Baharav & MLR. Optimal foraging in Dorcas gazelles. J. Arid. Environ. 9:167.

 1985 MLR & Z. Abramsky. Detecting density dependent habitat selection. Amer. Natur. 126:405­417.

 1985 Some theoretical aspects of habitat selection, pp.517­540 in Cody, M.L. (ed.), Habitat Selection in Birds, Academic Press, NY

 1981 A theory of habitat selection. Ecology 62:327­335.

 1981 S. Pimm & MLR. Competitors and habitat use. Oikos 37:1­6.

 1979 Optimal habitat selection in two­species competitive systems. Fortschr. Zool. 25:283­293.

 1974 On the evolution of habitat selection. Pr. First International Congress of Ecology, pp. 401­404. Predation Dynamics  Invented and exploited a robust theoretical approach to the population interactions of predators and their victims

 Introduced the use of isocline analysis and linearized stability analysis to ecology  Showed the dynamic importance of prey refuges to the continued existence of predation systems  Discovered likelihood of positive feedback in predation, and showed that such positive feedback would be a major source of population oscillation and instability  Examine the issue of coevolution between predators and victims

 Predicted that predators and victims would achieve long term parity: neither would outrun the other in their evolutionary race

 1998 Articles on Predation in Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management (P. Calow, Ed.) Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford, England.

 1) Paradox of enrichment (p. 523)

 2) Predator­prey interactions (p. 584)

 3) , swamping (p. 585)

 4) Models of predator­prey interaction (p. 451­3)

 5) Prudent predator concept (p. 594)

 1997 MLR, Z. Abramsky & A. Subach: Safety in numbers; sophisticated vigilance by Allenby's gerbil. Pr. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 94:5713­5715.

 Field experiments test and confirm the existence of dynamic mutualism as a consequence of the interaction between predator & prey.

 1997 Abramsky,Z., MLR, & A. Subach: Gerbils under threat of owl predation: isoclines and isodars. Oikos 78:81­90.

 Field experiments with trained barn owls measure the slope of a prey isocline in the field. First time for a vertebrate.

 1996 And now for something completely different: Genetic games and Red Queens. Evolutionary Ecology 10:327

 1991 MLR & R. McCord. Incumbent replacement: evidence for long­term evolutionary progress. Paleobiology 17:202­213.

 1990 Schwinning, S. & MLR. Periodic oscillations in an ideal­free predator­prey distribution. Oikos 59:85­91.

 1987 MLR, Joel S. Brown & T.L. Vincent. Red Queens and ESS: the coevolution of evolutionary rates. Evolutionary Ecology 1:59­96.

 1978 MLR & W.M.Schaffer. Homage to the Red Queen II. Coevolutionary response to enrichment of exploitation . Theor. Pop. Biol. 9:158­163.

 1978 W.M. Schaffer & MLR. Homage to the Red Queen I. Coevolution of predators and their victims. Theor. Pop. Biol. 9:135­157.

 1977 Aspects of biological exploitation. Quart. Rev. Biol. 52:371­380, reprinted from D. Wollkind (ed.), Proc. Wash. State Univ. Conf., Biomath. and Biostatistics, Pullman, WA. Pp. 251­288.

 1973 Evolution of the predator isocline. Evolution 27:89­94.

 1972 Comment on May & Gilpin, Science 177:904

 1972 Stability of enriched aquatic ecosystems. Science 175:564­5.

 1971 Paradox of enrichment: destabilization of exploitation ecosystems in ecological time. Science 171:385­7. 1969 Why the prey curve has a hump. Amer. Natur. 103:81­87.

 1963 MLR & R.H. MacArthur. Graphical representation and stability conditions of predator­prey interactions. Amer. Natur. 97:209­223. Reprinted 1967 by Bobbs­Merrill.

Journal: Judasim

 Rosenzweig, M. L. (1980). Life history data in the Bible, from Abraham to Joshua. Judaism, 29(3), 353–359.  Rosenzweig, M. L. (1986). A Helper Equal to Him. Judaism, 35(3), 277.  Is M. L. R. a Jewish feminist icon?

Books  Rosenzweig, M. L. (1974). And Replenish The Earth: The Evolution, Consequences, And Prevention Of Overpopulation. New York: Harper & Row.  Identifies natural selection as the ultimate long­term threat to any attempt we make to keep human within bounds  Difficult to obtain a copy, or find information on it

Books  Rosenzweig, M. L. (1995). Species Diversity In Space And Time. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.  Focus on what reduces diversity in ecologically productive places and across what scales of space and time diversity patterns hold  Sets agenda for diversity research into the next century and will be useful to graduate students and researchers in ecology and evolutionary and conservation biology

Books

 Rosenzweig, M. L. (2003). Win­win Ecology: How the Earth’s Species Can Survive in the Midst of Human Enterprise. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.  Introduced the concept of , which M. L. R. created

Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni)

Reconciliation Ecology

 The science of inventing, establishing and maintaining new habitats to conserve species diversity in places where people live, work or play  Seeks environmentally sound ways for us to continue to use the land for our own benefit

Reconciliation Ecology

 We need a careful foot  “We must pay close attention to our treatment of the land. We must back off a bit — not on the amount of land we take for ourselves — but on how we transform it for our use. Right now, our footprint is too big. Going barefoot is not the answer but the time has come to trade in our jackboots for the grace and elegance of ballet slippers.”  Then, the careful foot can walk anywhere

Economics vs. Ecology

 Reconciliation ecology may add to profits  It helps maintain agriculture and timber harvest over the long haul  It adds to the value of residences and vacation spots  Reconciliation retrofitting will spawn a multibillion dollar set of businesses and industries to tend to its needs

Religion vs. Ecology  Disinterested yet passionate stewardship of the environment and its creatures may not be a religion  Nevertheless it invests human life with a sense of holiness  Our moral systems may not all be the same, but none advocates either destruction of Nature or indifference to her needs

Sharing the Land

Additional Sources  Michael L. Rosenzweig

 http://eebweb.arizona.edu/faculty/mlro/  Evolutionary Ecology Research  http://www.evolutionary­ecology.com/  Reconciliation Ecology

 http://winwinecology.com/  Wikimedia Commons  http://commons.wikimedia.org/