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Traditional Agroforestry and Ecological, Social, and Economic Sustainability on Small Tropical Islands

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Traditional Agroforestry and Ecological, Social, and Economic Sustainability on Small Tropical Islands Traditional Agroforestry and Ecological, Social, and Economic Sustainability on Small Tropical Islands A Dynamic Land-use System and its Potentials for Community-based Development in Tioor and Rhun, Central Maluku, Indonesia vorgelegt von Diplom-Geograph Stefan Stubenvoll aus München Vom Fachbereich 7 – Umwelt und Gesellschaft der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie - Dr. phil. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuß: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. H. Kenneweg Berichter: Prof. Dr. J. Küchler Berichter: PD Dr. A. Faensen-Thiebes Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 20. Dezember 2000 Berlin 2001 D 83 Acknowledgements The research for this thesis was sponsored by Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), Jakarta, and Pusat Penelitian Pengembangan Kehutanan, Bogor. The federal state of Berlin, the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD), Bonn and the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), Bogor have provided financial, logistical and administrative support. The field work, the subsequent analysis of data and the writing of this thesis would not have been possible without the considerable support of a number of individuals, and it is a pleasure to acknowledge their assistance: - The people of Rhun Island (Pulau Rhun) and Tioor Island (Pulau Tioor) whom I would like to thank for their hospitality and patience during my stay for eight and nine months, respectively. Most of the field work was carried out in both island communities, so that a great part of the results is based on knowledge and information of the Rhun and Tioor people. Especially, thanks to Bapak Adam, Bapak Dos and Bapak Otner and their families who allowed me to stay in their households; - Bapak Labudi, Bapak Dos, Bapak Edo, Bapak Wim and Bapak Christianus selflessly helped me in data collection relating to Map 3 on Tioor Island; - Roberth Liang provided data of his soil analysis on Tioor Island for this thesis; - Conradinus Ufie supported me and Roberth Liang in organising the soil survey on Tioor Island; - The staff of the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) in Bogor, especially Dennis Garrity, Josephine Prasetyo, Geneviève Michon, Hubert de Foresta, Thomas Tomich and Meine van Nordwijk, all provided important logistical and administrative support, as well as scientific supervision and inspiration; - Christa Cocciole and Cliff Jones reviewed an earlier draft of this thesis; - Marie Antoinette Willemsen and Robert Vacher helped with translations of Dutch documents; - Wolfgang Straub helped me to digitalise this thesis and to solve all related software problems; - My advisor Johannes Küchler, along with Roem Topatimasang, Nus Ukru, the staff of Baileo Maluku and Birdlife International in Ambon, Fred Scholz, Bernd Bierbaum, Christoph Beier, Andreas Kapphan, Silvia Werner, Frank Momberg, Sven von der Ohe, Inga Keller, Thomas Meier, Sascha Öhler, Craig Thorburn, Peter Lape, Vincent Loth, Phil Winn, all provided helpful information and support along the way; - My family has provided encouragement and strategic infusions of cash from the beginning. I am grateful to all. 1 Zusammenfassung Obwohl sie viele Gemeinsamkeiten mit kontinentalen, peripheren Landschaften der Tropen aufweisen, sind kleine tropische Inseln mit zusätzlichen, spezifischen Umwelt- und Entwicklungsproblemen belastet. Für die menschliche Nutzung stehen auf diesen kleinsten Landeinheiten nur sehr begrenzte Ressourcen – wie z.B. Süßwasser, Vegetation und Land – zur Verfügung. Darüber hinaus werden die fragilen, auf engem Raum vernetzten terrrestrischen und marinen Ökosysteme durch unangepaßtes Ressourcenmanagement nachhaltig und z.T. irreversibel gestört. So hat vielerorts die Praxis der Rodung von Wäldern zur Urbarmachung von Ackerland zu Bodenerosion und zu Sedimentation geführt – mit nachteiligen Folgen für die Landwirtschaft sowie für die subsistenzorientierte Fischerei im Küstenbereich, welche zur Deckung des Proteinbedarfs der lokalen Bevölkerung von Bedeutung ist. Aufgrund der Bindung von Kohlendioxid durch die Karbonatbildung der sie umgebenden Korallenriffe spielen kleine tropische Inseln zudem eine wichtige Rolle im globalen Klimahaushalt. Die Arbeit hat zum Ziel, traditionelle Land- und Ressourcennutzung auf kleinen tropischen Inseln anhand zweier Inseln im östlichen Indonesien zu analysieren, deren Stärken zu identifizieren sowie diese, zusammen mit Verbesserungspotentialen hinsichtlich ihrer Schwächen, in auszuarbeitende und von der Dorfgemeinschaft getragene (d.h. kommunale) Land- und Ressourcennutzungspläne einzubringen. Damit soll ein Beitrag zu der Frage geleistet werden, ob und unter welchen Bedingungen nachhaltige, ländliche Entwicklung auf kleinen tropischen Inseln erreicht werden kann. Über ein induktives Verfahren – mit Methoden der qualitativen Sozialforschung, des RRA und PRA, und der Kartierung, sowie mit der Erhebung von boden- und vegetationskundlichen Daten und der Auswertung von Sekundärquellen – wird gezeigt, daß die in beiden Inseln praktizierte traditionelle Agroforstwirtschaft sowohl den Bedürfnissen und Möglichkeiten der Bevölkerung weitgehend entgegenkommt, als auch ökologisch nachhaltig ist (Bodenschutz, Küstenschutz, Stabilisierung des Wasserhaushalts). Allerdings stößt die Erweiterung der Agroforstwirtschaft auf Hindernisse, u.a. weil andere Landnutzungssysteme (z.B. Brandrodungs-Wanderfeldbau, permanenter Trockenfeldbau) mit ihr konkurrieren. Deshalb wird analog der FAO ‚Guidelines For Land-use Planning‘ (1993) ein Planungsverfahren vorgestellt, mit dem Agroforstwirtschaft auf kommunaler Basis ausgeweitet werden kann. Des weiteren werden die Nutzung der Küstengewässer (mit ‚sea-use planning‘, verstanden als Erweiterung des FAO-Ansatzes) und institutionelle Gesichtspunkte (z.B. Landrecht, Regelungen, traditionelle Institutionen) bei der Entwicklung von kommunalen Landnutzungsplänen berücksichtigt. Die Studie kommt zur Schlußfolgerung, daß nachhaltige Entwicklung auf kleinen tropischen Inseln nur über kommunale Landnutzungsplanung, mit der gleichzeitigen Sicherung der exklusiven Nutzungsrechte von Ressourcen in traditionellem Dorfterritorium einschließlich der Küstengewässer, erreichbar ist. Mit partizipativer Planung können lokal spezifische Problemlösungsmöglichkeiten identifiziert werden, weil einerseits indigenes Wissen eingebracht wird, und andererseits die lokale Bevölkerung Zugang zu externem Wissen erhält. Außerdem wird mit Partizipation die Akzeptanz der Bevölkerung für eine veränderte, nachhaltige Land- und Ressourcennutzung erhöht. 2 Abstract Although small tropical islands share many characteristics with continental, peripheral landscapes of the tropics, they are confronted with additional, specific environmental and development constraints. On these smallest land units only very limited resources – such as fresh water, vegetation and land – are present to draw on for human utilisation. Furthermore, their fragile, interdependent terrestrial and marine ecosystems, that are co-existing in a limited area, will be severely, and partly irreversibly disturbed by unsuitable resource management. In many places, the usual practice of clearing forests to reclaim arable land has caused soil erosion and sedimentation – with adverse impacts on both agriculture and subsistence-oriented fisheries in coastal waters, which is important for islanders as these resources are the major source of proteins. Moreover, small tropical islands have a significant function for global climate as carbon dioxide is being fixed in the calcium carbonate of the islands’ coral reefs. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse traditional land and resource utilisation on small tropical islands with the help of two island case studies in East Indonesia. Furthermore, merits of traditional resource management as well as potentials to deal with its shortcomings are identified and discussed concerning its inclusion in community-based land and resource management plans. Thus, it is intended to contribute to a clarification of the question, if and under which conditions sustainable rural development on small tropical islands can be achieved. For this purpose an inductive approach is chosen, which includes methods of qualitative social research, RRA and PRA, as well as the collection of soil and vegetation data and the evaluation of secondary sources. It is shown that traditional agroforestry is practised on both islands. These land-use systems are adapted to the needs and capacities of the local population, while being ecologically sustainable (soil conservation, coastal protection, protection of freshwater resources). However, the extension of agroforestry runs into difficulties, also because other land-use practices (e.g., shifting cultivation, permanent dry field agriculture) are competing with it. Therefore, a planning process, derived from the FAO’s Guidelines for Land-use Planning (1993), is presented, by which agroforestry can be extended on a community level. Additionally, the utilisation of coastal waters (with ‘sea-use planning’, understood as an extension of the FAO’s approach) and institutional aspects (land tenure, regulations, traditional institutions) are discussed and considered for the development of community- based land-use plans. The study concludes that sustainable development on small tropical islands can only be achieved with community-based land-use planning, along with the islanders’ exclusive access to resources in customary territory including coastal waters. With
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