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"Know Your Enemy!"

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i june 1945 UNCLASSIFIED JAPANESE ANTITANK WARFARE "KNOW YOUR ENEMY!" Classification to o: r & £ 4K&ER' M*., S vV C in CPac - C inCPOA BULLETIN 144-45 i IMS UNCLASSIFIED 4 m Po (U-i at- d~ 137% FOREWORD Information contained in this pamphlet, which supersedes CINCPAC-CINCPOA BULLETIN 160-44, has been compiled from various sources and includes pertinent data on Japanese antitank tactics and weapons used against Allied armored forces. Corrections ami additions will be made from time to time and recipients are invited to forward additional data to the Joint Intelligence Center* Pacific Ocean Areas. Additional copies of the pamphlet are available on request. '•V. JICPOA L" 50603*# THRU 39 JAPANESE ANTITANK TACTICS The evolution of Japanese antitank warfare from the start of the Pacific war, indicates a steadily increased emphasis on antitank defenses, organization, tactics and equipment. Initially, Japanese antitank tactics were based on experience gained in skir­ mishes against Russian tanks. Training documents captured during the early part of the Pacific War were based on the Japs1 knowledge of Russian light tanks and tank tactics. Subsequently, the Japanese developed antitank warfare from small, meagerly equipped, independent assault teams and antitank gun units, to well equipped, highly specialized, coordinated units. On Tarawa, 37 mm antitank guns were emplaced on beaches where they could be fired along tank approaches. Although the enemy was trained in laying hasty and deliberate minefields, only scattered mines were encountered offshore. A few in­ effective field expedients were found inland. Antitank obstacles and antitank ditches, on the other hand, usually have been well-constructed and integrated with such personnel obstacles as trip wires. Ex­ perience has shown that the Japanese always will make the most of local materials in constructing obstacles. Explosives prepared in the field have been unique and in some cases impracti­ cal, but steady improvements and variations have appeared. Probably the most recent departure from normal antitank defense was employed by the Japanese on Iwo Jima. The enemy effectively used his light and medium tanks, the latter mounting 47 mm or 57 mm guns, as stationary dug-in fire points. His tanks were well concealed in emplacements covering our tank approaches, with only the tank turrets exposed. Special Assault Teams Close-in antitank teaaa were first organized to supplement inferior and inade­ quate antitank weapons. These groups have grown from two-, three-, and four-man teams, into sections of six to nine men equipped to deliver a comparatively heavy attack. Raiding groups, developed earlier in the war, still follow fundamental Japa­ nese AT doctrines. Groups of three or more men are organized to slip through front PAGE I lines, hunt out tank parks and destroy vehicles. The raiders, who also strive to destroy artillery positions, command posts, supply dumps and airplanes, are equipped with grenades, small mines, incendiaries and satchel charges. .Raiding units may be included in each infantry platoon, or organized from engineer units. The raiders attempt to maintain the element of surprise by attacking at night without support from small arms fire. Still another mission of the raiding teams is to assault tanks which are de­ ployed or engaged in actual combat. These attacks are supported by small arms fire from accompanying infantry for the dual purpose of pinning down our tank supporting infantry and forcing the tanks to "button up". If the situation permits, the raiders attempt to knock out our command tanks before attacking others. This is particularly true when maneuver is difficult and subordinate tanks are dependent on the leaders. Each member of the raiding teams has a specific responsibility during an attack. One man places a demolition charge under the tank tread and another tosses a itolotov Cocktail, attempting to force the occupants of the tank to abandon it. If the crew continues to offer resistance, the raiders are trained to board the tank and force the ports with grenades and small aras fire. Interrogation of two prisoners on Okinawa revealed that on 1 May, the 32nd Army ordered the 23rd and 26th Shipping Engineers and the 24th Division to send 15 men from each of their companies to Shuri. These men were ordered to construct a perim­ eter of camouflaged foxholes (spider traps) on all possible tank approaches in the area. From these foxholes raiding attacks were to be made on our approaching tanks. The raiders were to attack from underneath the tanks as they crossed over the fox­ holes, or from the rear after they had passed, using sticky grenades and improvised mines. Priority list of vulnerable tank parts, which raiders attempt to hit, appears to be: (1) Treads. (2) Rear of the tank, including air vents. (3) Front of tank, especially observation ports. (4) The turret, particularly where it joins main body. (5) Tank weapons. In making attacks, the raiding units are cognizant of the importance of select­ ing terrain where the speed of tanks is limited. Steep inclines, fords, and ob­ stacles are used as points from which assaults are launched. The raiders&rive to catch Allied tanks which have been damaged and cannot maintain speed, or those which have reduced speed in order to fire. The recently employed "raiding sections" have been divided into three teams: (1) Neutralizing team, (2) Track-attacking team, and (3) Demolition team. The first attack is by the neutralizing team which is responsible for opening opportunities for the other teams to execute close assaults. The neutralizing team PAGE 2 ^ PLANS FOR TANK ATTACKING TEAMS MATERIAL FOR ATOICKING TANKS ARTIFICIAL OBSTACLES TO ECHELONED TRENCH EMBANKMENT MOAT LAND RENDER TANKS TO NEUTRALIZE TO DESTROY DEPTH MINES TOP IN­ BASE IMMO­ OF BILE WIDTH DEPTH CLINE HEIGHT WIDTH WIDTH WATER 4 3kg 2 or Conical more Hand thrown smoke candle; 5kg Hemispherical Mine; M-L Hand Yard­ Conical hand thrown mine Light armor - 2kg Conica]I 6,6" 2/1 8«2" 231 29'6" 6!6n HEAVY Thrown stick Type 99 Magnetic mine* hand thrown mine and 5kg Mines Mines Improvised mine. 2 Type Yard­ 1 Conical hand thrown M-4 , n 93 stick SAME mine or 3kg Improvised 13 fl" 6 6" 3/1 6»5 19•?« 24f U x MEDIUM Mines Mine mine. Main parts 1kg Conical M-3 SAME SAME SAME hand thrown mine; Others 13 fln 6,611 3/1 6f5,f 19 *7" 241 A 1 3kg Improvised mines. Type 1kg Conical hand thrown BIT-2 mine; Light parts 1kg 13 tin 6*6" f 16•5" x MEDIUM 93 SAME SAME 3/1 . 6 5" I9.7H K Mine Improvised mine; Type 99 Magnetic mines. Smoke against turret tra­ M2-A3 Type 99 Magnetic mine or , LIGHT SAME SAME versing mechanism; Hand 9,8M 41 3/1 4f 13*1" 16*5" 3 11» grenades against guns. 1kg. Improvised mine. 2 Conical hand thrown Yard­ Hand thrown smoke candle; mines or Type 99 Mag­ M-3 SAME stick Conical hand thrown mine netic mines. Lighter 9I8" 41. 3/1 6f6" 16*5" 16»5W 3,11« LIGHT Mine and Type 99 Magnetic mine parts 2 - 1kg Improvised mines• Smoke against turret tra­ F Kl-Al SAME SAME versing mechanism; Hand Type 99 Magnetic mine or 9 8». 4* 3/1 4* 13'1" 16*5" 3 r H" LIGHT grenades against guns. 1kg Improvised mine. uses smoke to blind the tank occupants. This action is followed by hand-thrown mines and grenades to eliminate the crew. Against flame-throwing tanks, the team employs smoke grenades shot from a launcher placed out of range of the tank guns. The track-attacking team then moves in on the crippled tank and destroys its tracks with yardstick and tape-me&sure mines attached to poles. In most cases the team concentrates on one track. Final destruction is left to the demolition team, which attacks the armored parts of the tank and destroys the crew. Japs are given special individual training in tank raiding tactics and are quick to take advantage of our tanks which have outdistanced supporting infantry. They all are imbued with the spirit of becoming "human bombs" if they are called upon for any such mission. Though they are resolved to "die for the Emperor", re­ cent training doctrines have stressed the importance of making death as costly as possible to their enemy. Each member is expected to account for at least one U. S. tank. Itany of the attacks will seem foolhardy to us, but the Japanese are determined to make us pay a heavy price in men and armor. Our best defenses against Japanese close assaults on tanks are: Close support by infantry; mutual support by tanks; fast movement of the tanks; tank accessories designed to prevent boarding and attachment of demolition charges. Tactical Employment of Antitank Guns Most Japanese infantry battalions have at least two antitank guns, organized as a platoon in the battalion gun compar^y. Depending on organizational differences, this platoon may have three, or even four guns, although two guns seem to be stan­ dard. Previously, four and sometimes six AT guns were included in a regimental AT company. These weapons have been placed in battalions during recent Central Pacific operations. It is entirely possible that the regimental AT company again will be encountered, or that combination regimental and battalion AT units will be met. In recent campaigns, AT battalions with a normal armament of 12 47 nam AT guns have been attached to defending infantry forces to supplement antitank and antiboat capabilities. Five such units were included in the Iwo Jima garrison and several have been encountered on Okinawa. In addition, two automatic guns for close-in AT support (usually Type 97 20 mm) may be included in the machine gun company or in the machine gun platoons if the latter are organic within the infantry company.
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