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The Concept of Sustainability Has Undergone a Range of Transformations

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The Concept of Sustainability Has Undergone a Range of Transformations The concept of sustainability has undergone a range of transformations. It has gone from material progress in the 1950s through human, social and economic development in the aftermath of the UN Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, to the Rio Summit and the Stockholm Action Plan on Cultural Policies in 1992 brought the notions of culture and sustainable development into the debate. Currently, the concept of sustainability is closely related to the ethical value loaded concepts of human rights and democracy, identity, social cohesion and culture. Within the content context of sustainable development, cultural and architectural heritage are increasingly gaining more space in public debate and making a contribution to strengtheningstrength local identitylocal identity and better and better quality quality of life. of life. Despite Despite this, this, there there is isa achallenge challenge in in that that international architectural heritage heritage heritage policies policies do not do reflectnot reflect local local needs needs and and experiences, experiences, oror public participation. Thus new ways of understanding and manage architectural heritage are demanded. THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF TECHNOLOGY Intentions and Reality in Architectural Heritage Management In Search of the Influence of International Policy Documents on Contemporary Sustainable Local Heritage Management. Case: Zanzibar Stone Town, Tanzania. INGER LISE SYVERSEN Department of Architecture CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Göteborg, Sweden 2007 Intentions and Reality in Architectural Heritage Management In Search of the Influence of International Policy Documents on Contemporary Sustainable Local Heritage Management. Case: Zanzibar Stone Town, Tanzania. INGER LISE SYVERSEN ISBN 978-91-7385-031-5 © INGER LISE SYVERSEN, 2007 Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniska högskola Ny serie nr 2712 ISSN 0346-718X Department of Architecture ISSN 1650-6340, 2007:05 Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden Telephone + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Cover: Solveig Rødland and Lars Marcus Vedeler Layout: Merethe Hansen-Tangen The cover illustration indicates the objects and the aim of the research: Policy Documents and their influence on the management of the built environment. Jan’s Trykkeri AS Asker, Norway, 2007 II Intentions and Reality in Architectural Heritage Management In Search of the Influence of International Policy Documents on Contemporary Sustainable Local Heritage Management. Case: Zanzibar Stone Town, Tanzania. INGER LISE SYVERSEN Department of Architecture CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Abstract We live in a world where millions of people seek global citizenship but simultaneously search for their identity as defined by ethnicity and locality – global assimilation with stronger self-awareness. The global interactions of today, founded in a context of unity, have on the contrary proven to be fragmented and complex in a way that splits nations into regions demanding autonomy. Cultures that for many years have reinforced societies are destroyed or have vanished. At the same time as politicians and international organisations eagerly try to reach international agreements arguing the importance of cultural heritage as the backbone of a sustainable development, local communities living with their heritage are encouraged by the international society to become self-reliant and strong decision makers. This thesis aims to increase understanding of the relationship between policy documents and their impact on architectural heritage management, so as to help build a platform of understanding that will bridge the gap between the local community and international policy level. The intention is to develop design criteria for re-thinking architectural heritage management. The approach to reach an operational analysis is based on a modified Grounded Theory and an applied methodology of Geographic Information System. The subject studied is Zanzibar Stone Town, Tanzania, listed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 2000, and relevant selected international and local policy documents, to see if the espoused outcome of the policy documents is to be seen in the management of Zanzibar Stone Town. The finding of this research is that international policies and the scientific and theoretical approaches to architectural heritage management are predominantly out of step with the concept of sustainable architectural heritage management. The study shows that a “bottom-up” approach to sustainable architectural management is required and therefore that a process of re-thinking an integrated heritage management is demanded. Contemporary architectural heritage management has, according to this study, to be responsive to the needs and objectives of the local community. Keywords: Intentions, reality, architectural and cultural heritage, policy documents, sustainability, sustainable management, design criteria, identity, global and local, and the selection of attributes: producer, type, conservation, object, threat, tool and intention. III IV The Zebra Anecdote Upon discussing the identity and character of Zanzibar Stone Town with my friend of more than 20 years, Mwalim A. Mwalim, the Director General of the Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority, I complained about my disadvantage in being a non-Zanzibari. Because I could never “read” the town as local inhabitants can, I will always see it through my Norwegian “cultural glasses”. Mwalim looked at me and quietly told the following anecdote. A zebra passed two men sitting in the shade of a big mango tree. One of the men asked the other: “do you think the zebra is a black horse with white stripes or a white horse with black stripes?” Both men were quiet, thinking, reflecting and watching the zebra. After a while one concluded that: “the zebra is a black horse with white stripes” and the other that: “the zebra is a white horse with black stripes”. Mwalim looked at me and said: “both were wrong because a zebra is a zebra”. To my grandchildren: Christoffer, Sebastian, Marius, Leander and Celia. V Acknowledgements First of all my gratitude goes to my parents who gave me the security, curiosity and stubbornness needed to carry out this thesis, and who passed away during the years that I worked on it. Returning to Oslo after the Conference on Culture and Architectural Heritage in Zanzibar in 1992, I presented the conference papers to my friend, teacher and tutor of many years, Professor Halina Dunin-Woyseth at the Oslo School of Architecture. Halina immediately encouraged me to carry the subject through to a PhD and her ability as a highly qualified mentor has accompanied me through years without sponsors or grants, until I was awarded a position as doctoral student at the Division of Architecture and Development Studies at Lund Institute of Technology (LTH), Lund University in Sweden in 2001 for three years. During the first two years Professor Lars Reuterswärd was my main supervisor. His wide experience in the field of Development Studies and his conscientiousness guided me through a complex jungle of international organisations and policies. When he left to take up the position as Director of Global Division in UN-HABITAT, Professor Dr. Maria Nyström was appointed as my main supervisor, in April 2003. October 2006 she was appointed a professorship at Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Architecture. Her analytical skill and knowledge of system analysis has provoked decisive and challenging brain exercises. Throughout these years Professor Lars Henrik Ståhl has been my second supervisor. Both Professor Bengt O. H. Johansson and Professor Sigmund Asmervik, who led the final seminar, have been important guides during the reaserch. There has also been a rich bouquet of colourful, wise and skilful people supporting me along the way, and taking time to respond to papers, answering hopeless and blurred questions, searching for documents, information and key persons to ensure that my thesis became as complete as possible. Among these are the staff at Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority, Mussa Bakari, its previous General Director Ahmed Sheik and its recent Director General Mwalim A. Mwalim, as well as Muhammad Salim Sulaiman, former Minister of Water, Construction, Energy, Lands and Environment, Zanzibar. Then there is the library staff at Zanzibar Archives and at ICCROM in Rome, and Mansour Baiji, Flemming Aalund and Cato N. Lund who introduced me to Zanzibar in 1980. The warmth and smiles from Babu Emerson, Thomas Green and staff in Zanzibar as well as Mama Farina always made me feel at home and comfortable. I owe great gratitude to my colleagues at Division of Architecture and Development Studies in Lund: Christian Wilke, Emma Nilsby, Catarina Östlund and especially Anna Stuermer and Carin Berglind and my doctoral colleagues Agnes Mwaiselage, Moses Mkony and to Lynda Christiansen, whose excellent knowledge of English combined with moral support has been priceless. I am equally grateful to Cyriacus Lwamayanga, a PhD colleague from UCLAS, Dar es Salaam who patiently and skilfully commented VI on the content of the thesis. Further there are my colleagues from the Nordic Council of Ministers who were astonished at my dedication to a beautiful and challenging city on the East coast of Africa: Torill Egge Grung, Steffen Søndergård and Catharina Peters who took part in my ups and downs over many years. And not least I am grateful to Randi Roalsø and Øyvind Marman, of the very special computer and design rescue
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