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Natural Sciences Master Dissertations
2015 Contribution of tourist cultural heritage sites in community livelihood in Bagamoyo district.
Mrema, Dickson John
The University of Dodoma
Mrema, D. J. (2015). Contribution of tourist cultural heritage sites in community livelihood in Bagamoyo district. Dodoma: The University of Dodoma. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12661/730 Downloaded from UDOM Institutional Repository at The University of Dodoma, an open access institutional repository.
CONTRIBUTION OF TOURIST CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES IN COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD
IN
BAGAMOYO DISTRICT
By
Dickson John Mrema
A Research submitted in partial fulfilments of the requirements for the Degree of
Masters of Science in Natural Resource Management of the University of Dodoma
University of Dodoma
October, 2015 CERTIFICATION
The undersigned certifies that he has read and hereby recommends for an acceptance by the University of Dodoma a dissertation entitled “The Contribution of Tourist Cultural
Heritage Sites in Community livelihoods: A Case study of Bagamoyo District, Coastal
Region” in fulfillment of the requirements for a degree of Masters of Science in Natural
Resource Management at the University of Dodoma.
……………………………………………………
Prof. Abiud Kaswamila
(SUPERVISOR)
Date……………………………………….
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DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT
I Mrema Dickson J, declare that, this dissertation is my own original work and that it has not been presented and will not be presented, to any other University for a similar or any other degree award.
Signature…………………………………….
This dissertation is a copyright material protected under the copy right Act of 1999, and other International and National enactments on intellectual property. No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the author or the University of Dodoma.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank God, for giving me an opportunity, to undertake this study for my academic fulfillments. My deepest gratitude goes to my supervisor Prof Abiud Kaswamila, for his guidance and valuable contributions in writing this dissertation. His commitments, made the whole study successful. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Obed Chaula, who is the Bagamoyo District Tourism officer, who contributed much of his time during the field work and other Government responsible leaders, from Bagamoyo District, especially the Ward Executive Officers (WEOs) of Dunda Ward and Village leaders of
Shaurimoyo, Soko jipya and Mwambao for allowing me to collect data in their respective administrative areas. This work could not have been accomplished without their permission. A large number of people have contributed directly or indirectly to this work. I would like to thank all lecturers from the department of Geography and
Environmental studies as well students from the Natural Resource Management class. In a special way, I also express my appreciation to my parents, my lovely wife Josephine
Magambo our daughter Genesis Mrema and all my relatives for their patience and support during my studies, especially when they had to divert family resources, in the name of financing my academic work, even though they were in need.
Additional thanks goes to my friends, Erasto H. Mang’enya, Charles Cleth, Adam
Mpoda, Rose Mawenya, Biliel Ngowo and Manguye John for their moral support.
Finally, I would like thank all those who have contributed to the knowledge or provided vital information, but their names might have been omitted. This study is highly indebted to their contribution.
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DEDICATION
This dissertation is dedicated to Col. John Mrema and Madam Cecilia P. Nyaki.
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ABSTRACT
This study had assessed the Contribution of Tourist Cultural Heritage sites in the community livelihood which was conducted in Bagamoyo District, in three selected villages namely;
Shaurimoyo, Soko jipya and Mwambao. Data were collected by using household questionnaire surveys, focus group discussions and interviews. One hundred respondents and twelve key informants were involved in the study. Quantitative data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 11.5, and content analysis, was used for qualitative information. Results have revealed that, majority of the respondents, were aware of the tourist cultural heritage sites such as Kaole ruins, Caravan serai, Ngome Kongwe and Catholic Museums. In addition, the overall majority did not benefit from the cultural heritage sites, though a fewer respondents indicated to receive benefits, such as an increase of income, capacity building, expansion and growth of trade, provision of social services and the provision of area for conducting business. Moreover,
(88.8%) of respondents indicated that, they were not employed in tourism while (11.2%) responded to be employed. Challenges that hindered the local community to benefits were identified such as inadequate benefits sharing, poor participation in tourism activities and lack of awareness of tourism benefits, also respondents proposed measures to ensure they acquired benefits such as ensuring of equitable benefits sharing mechanism, raise awareness on tourism activities, promotion of tourism and an encouragement of tourism investment in
Bagamoyo. The study concludes that, tourist cultural heritage sites are important for improving livelihoods of the local community in Bagamoyo through investing on tourism activities. Therefore, the Government, NGOs and tourism stakeholders have to ensure that local communities are fully involved and participating on eco-tourism which could improve the economy of local community hence, livelihood development.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION ...... i
DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT ...... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iii
DEDICATION ...... iv
ABSTRACT ...... v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONOMYS ...... xv
CHAPTER ONE ...... 1
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ...... 1
1.1 Background to the study ...... 1
1.2. Statement of the problem ...... 3
1.3. Research Objectives ...... 4
1.3.1 General Objective ...... 4
1.3.2 Specific objectives ...... 4
1.3.3 Research Questions ...... 4
1.4 Significant of the study ...... 5
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1.5. Organization of the Dissertation ...... 5
CHAPTER TWO ...... 6
LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 6
2.1 Concept of cultural tourism, Eco-Cultural tourism in enhancing livelihood ...... 6
2.2. Livelihood benefits from cultural heritage ...... 7
2.3. Policies context and their implication in Cultural Tourism ...... 8
2.4. Participation of Community in tourism ...... 9
2.5. Tourism and Socio-Economic Development ...... 10
2.6. The Push and Pull Theory ...... 12
2.7. Conceptual framework ...... 13
2.7. Knowledge Gap ...... 15
CHAPTER THREE ...... 16
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 16
3.1 Study area Selection Criteria...... 16
3.2 Research Design ...... 16
3.3. Description of the study area ...... 17
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3.3.1. Location ...... 17
3.3.2. Population and main economic activities ...... 18
3.3.3. Climate ...... 19
3.3.4. Topography, Vegetation and Soil ...... 19
3.4. Target Population ...... 20
3.5. Sampling and sample Size ...... 20
3.5.1. Sampling procedure ...... 20
3.5.2. Sample size ...... 21
3.6. Methods of Data collection ...... 21
3.6.1. Household questionnaire survey ...... 21
3.6.1.1 Training of Enumerators ...... 22
3.6.1.2 Questionnaire pre testing ...... 22
3.6.1.3 Administration of Household Questionnaires ...... 22
3.6.2 Interviews ...... 23
3.6.3. Documentary reviews ...... 24
3.6.4 Focus group discussion ...... 24
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3.7. Data analysis ...... 25
3.7.1. Household questionnaire survey ...... 25
3.7.2. Interview and focus group discussion ...... 26
3.8. Validity and Reliability ...... 26
3.8.1. Validity ...... 26
3.8.2. Reliability ...... 26
CHAPTER FOUR ...... 28
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 28
4.1. Socio Economic Profile of the Respondents ...... 28
4.2. Community awareness of the tourist cultural heritage sites in Bagamoyo ...... 29
4.3. Assessment of the benefits of tourist cultural heritage sites to local communities ...... 31
4.4. Benefits of tourist cultural heritage sites identified by local communities ...... 34
4.4.1. Increasing of income ...... 35
4.4.2. Capacity building ...... 36
4.4.3. Expansion and growth of trade` ...... 37
4.4.4. Provision social service ...... 38
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4.4.5. Provision of Market center ...... 38
4.5. Employment of respondents on cultural tourism ...... 40
4.6. Challenges hindering communities to benefits from the initiative ...... 43
4.6.1. Inadequate benefits’ sharing ...... 44
4.6.2. Inadequate participation in tourism activities ...... 45
4.6.3. Lack of awareness of tourism benefits ...... 45
4.7. Suggestion measures to ensure local community are benefitting from initiative...... 46
4.7.1. Equitable benefits sharing mechanism ...... 46
4.7.2. Awareness on tourism activities ...... 47
4.7.3. Promotion and advertisement of tourism ...... 48
4.7.4. Encouragement of tourism investments ...... 49
CHAPTER FIVE ...... 50
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 50
5.1. Summary ...... 50
5.2. Conclusion ...... 51
5.3. Recommendations ...... 52
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5.4. Suggested areas for further studies ...... 53
REFERENCES ...... 55
APPENDICES ...... 62
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Social profile of the respondents...... 29
Table 2: Common cultural attraction sites in Bagamoyo ...... 31
Table 3: Benefits based on gender and age on the surveyed villages ...... 34
Table 4: Benefits of tourist cultural heritage sites identified by local communities ...... 35
Table 5: Training of local community on cultural tourism enterprises ...... 37
Table 6: Employment of respondents on cultural tourism ...... 41
Table 7: Description of employment status based on gender ...... 41
Table 8: Description of employment status based on gender ...... 42
Table 9: Challenges hindering communities to benefits from tourist cultural heritage sites ...... 43
Table 10: Suggested measures to ensure local community are benefitting from initiative ...... 46
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Conceptual framework ...... 14
Figure 2: The study area ...... 18
Figure 3: Community awareness on tourist cultural heritage sites ...... 30
Figure 4: Assessment of the benefits of tourist cultural heritage sites to local communities ...... 32
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LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1: Interview with key informants in Kaole ruins ...... 24
Plate 2: Mosque in Kaole ruins ...... 39
Plate 3: Sharipha grave in Kaole ruins ...... 40
Plate 4: Traditional cultural dance in Bagamoyo ...... 43
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSAND ACRONOMYS
BC – Before Christ
CBECHT – Community Based Eco-Cultural Heritage Tourism
CH – Cultural Heritage
DFID – Department for International Development
DTO – District Tourism Officer
GDP – Global Domestic Product
GLOPP – Globalization and Livelihood options of People Living in Poverty
IFAD – International Fund for Agricultural Development
MDG – Millennium Development Goals
MENA – Middle East and North Africa
NGOs – Non-Governmental Organization
OECD – Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
PWC – Price Waterhouse Coopers
SEMC - Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries
SEMC – Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries
SPSS – Statistical Package for Social Science
UK – United Kingdom
UNEP – United Nations Environmental Programme
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UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UN-HABITAT – United Nations Human Settlements
UNIDO – United Nations Industrial Development
UNWTO – United Nations World Tourism Organization
URT – United Republic of Tanzania
USAID – United States Agency for International Development
WB – World Bank
WEO – Ward Executive Officer
WHS - World Heritage Sites
WTO – World Trade Organization
WTO – World Trade Organization
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTIONAND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
1.1 Background to the study
The Millennium Development Goals, represent a commitment by the entire international community to take all necessary action to reduce by half, the proportion of people who lived in extreme poverty by 2015 (IFAD, 2003). The importance of MDG, is to alleviate poverty and improve community livelihood and welfare through various sectors of production (IFAD, 2003).
Tourism in developing countries, is among of the important sectors which receives more attention for alleviation of poverty hence, community livelihoods development (WTO,
2010). Sub-Saharan Africa, has an abundant tourism resources; It has expansive beaches, plentiful wildlife, and extensive nature, culture, and adventure opportunities
(Lain et al.,2014). According to Shackley (1998), World heritage sites (WHS), are often popular as tourist attractions since the World heritage status, has a significant impact on tourists visit decision to such sites.
UNESCO (2005), has categorized World heritage sites into natural and cultural, whereby Natural heritage, refers to an outstanding physical, biological and geological formations, habitats of threatened species of animals and plants and areas with scientific, conservation or aesthetic value; and Cultural heritage refers to monuments, groups of buildings and sites with historical, aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnological or anthropological value. Moreover Timothy (2011), added that, cultural tourism is referred to people visiting or participation in living cultures, contemporary art and music or other
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elements of modern culture and heritage tourism, is based upon antiquated relics.
Therefore, when receiving knowledge on cultural and heritage sites as part of tourist attraction, Timothy (2011) argues that, cultural and cultural heritage, are often related or overlapping phenomena. Cultural tourism, is among of tourism industries which can be utilized for an economic development in many developing countries (Asantel & Melita,
2013).
Culture, is a powerful global economic engine generating jobs and income with a value of US$1.3 trillion in 2005. Global cultural industries account for more than 7% of global
GDP. During the1990s, the cultural industries grew at an annual rate twice that of service industries and four times that of manufacturing (UNESCO, 2009). In Africa cultural and cultural heritage, has a potential significance in influencing economic and societal development for example, Ghana with its various forts and castles spread along its coastline communities, have taken it for granted as tourist areas (Deffor, 2011).
During 1990 and 2000s, the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (SEMC) recorded the highest growth rates of inbound world tourism and the total average contribution of tourism with a GDP of 12.5%, confirming its key economic importance
(Rym et al., 2015).
In Tanzania, tourism is predominantly of wildlife nature which contains various species of wildlife. Apart from wildlife assets, the country also has a variety of historical and archaeological assets, which form part of cultural tourism. These include Stone Town in
Zanzibar, Bagamoyo, Kilwa and the island of Kilwa Kisiwani, Olduvai Gorge, Isimila
(near Iringa) and Tarangire (Kazuzuru, 2014). The diverse cultural heritages of Tanzania
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are tangible elements, from paleontological evidence in the form of geologically enshrined footsteps of early hominids, to the burial sites and painted rock shelters of prehistoric civilizations (UNESCO, 2011). The archeological evidence, including in the form of shipwrecks, recounts the history of early trade with nations across the world including China, Southeast Asia, and the Asian subcontinent. Arabia and much later,
Europe. Apart from the excising evidence of trade in precious goods, the sites also bear witness to the distribution of slave trade, which flourished in the coastal towns until the late 19th century (UNESCO, 2011).
Although Tanzania and other parts of the country like Bagamoyo, which consists of a tremendous tourist cultural heritage sites, there are inadequete emperical studies which support the cultural attractions which has a contribution to the local livelihoods. This nessesitate, to conduct a study on the contribution of tourists cultural heritage sites on the livelihood.
1.2. Statement of the problem
Tanzania is among of tourist destinations in Africa, and gifted with a variety of tourism assets, including six World Heritage sites and numerous wildlife parks, beach resorts, coral reefs, and spectacular Mountain scenic view (Robert, 2008). Both natural and cultural tourist attraction sites, have contributed much to the economy of the country and community livelihoods development.
Bagamoyo District administratively in the Coast Region, is one of the districts rich in tourist attractions including the cultural heritage site at Dunda and Kaole, which are also
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a World Heritage Site due to extraordinary historical and cultural heritage (USAID,
2009). For example, between 2005 and 2009, the district attracted 121,663 tourists from different parts of the world (USAID, 2009). In terms of revenue, it is estimated that about US$ 14,850 were realized between 2005 and 2009 and this involves only old fort and Kaole ruins (USAID,2009).
Despite the increased tourists in the districts and at the cultural particularly, a little is known about the contribution of these cultural heritage sites to the communities’ livelihoods and the district at large. The proposed study is an attempt to that end.
1.3. Research Objectives
1.3.1 General Objective
The overall objective of the study is to assess the contribution of tourist cultural heritage site in community livelihood.
1.3.2 Specific objectives
i. To assess awareness of local community towards cultural heritage sites.
ii. To assess the benefits of tourist cultural heritage sites to local communities.
iii. To identify challenges that hinders communities to benefits from the initiative.
iv. To suggest measures to ensure local community are benefitting from initiative.
1.3.3 Research Questions
i. What is the level of communities understanding on tourist cultural heritage sites?
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ii. Does the tourist cultural heritage contribute to communitys livelihood?
iii. What are the challenges that hindered the community to benefits from the
initiative?
iv. What are the possible measures, which could ensure the local community
benefited from the cultural heritage site?
1.4 Significance of the study
The outcome of this research will help planners, decision makers, administrators, tourism stake holders, policy makers, antiquity sites officers, anthropologists as well as community in designing scientific measures, on the strategies of tourist cultural heritage sites enhancing community livelihoods, in rural areas and in Tanzania as a whole. The study will be able to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the tourist heritage sites in reduction of poverty; and also to address the opportunities, that can be done so as to help local community to benefits from the tourism products. Findings of the study will provide the base line information for the Government, policy makers in addressing challenges that hinder people to benefit from the initiatives, and also the formulation of new policies that reduces challenges and promote positively improvement of people livelihoods in the study area and other areas of Tanzania as a whole.
1.5. Organization of the Dissertation
This dissertation consists of five chapters. Chapter two describes the literature review, three methodology used in data collection, four presents the results and discussions of findings obtained from the study and chapter five provides a summary, conclusion, recommendations and areas for further studies.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Concept of cultural tourism, Eco-Cultural tourism in enhancing livelihood
Cultural heritage, are those cultural products handed down through generations tangible or intangible that are usually regarded as being important to the society because of their value historical, moral or political; and which offer some certainty about the society’s cultural or national identity and human existence (Bakari, 2012). Cultural heritage tourism provides a symbiotic relationship between visitors and host populations. This relationship is credited for economic benefits and cultural conservation in destination areas Richard & Tom, 2007). The symbiotic relationship is possible to the extent that cultural survival contributes to economic success and economic success, contributes to cultural survival (Richard & Tom, 2007).
Culture tourism, has played a tremendous role for poverty reduction and economic development and that, cultural and natural sites or historical and cultural buildings and monuments, have a significant tourism attractions that can ensure job creation, wealth generation and poverty reduction for tourism operators, service providers, artists and cultural producers alike (Burama, 2006). In addition to that, eco-cultural tourism, is among the important concepts whereby ecological and cultural aspects of a landscape are combined to create a site for tourists (Diana et al., 2010). These provide a links and promote cooperation between local communities, national and international NGOs, and tour agencies, in order to involve local populations fully in the employment
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opportunities and income generating activities, that tourism can bring. According to
Ppoya (2011), community based eco-cultural heritage tourism (CBECHT) can be effectively used, in a region for achieving the objectives of sustainable development by integrating pro poor tourism approaches.
2.2. Livelihood benefits from cultural heritage
A livelihood comprises people, their capabilities and their means of living, including food, income and assets, also livelihood is environmentally sustainable when it maintains or enhances the local and global assets on which livelihoods depends and has a net beneficial effect on other livelihood (Robert, 1991). The cultural heritage is linked to the lives of communities and is fully integrated into social, economic and environmental processes, making it an integral part of people’s daily experience
(UNESCO, 2013). Culturally embedded livelihood practices help retain local knowledge and generate employment while enabling local economic development (UNESCO,
2009). According to the report of GLOPP (2008), the livelihood outcomes, based on the achievements or outputs of livelihood strategies, such as more income and increased well-being, reduce vulnerability, improved food security and a more sustainable use of natural resources. A number of prominent development agencies, including the UK’s
Department for International Development (DFID), are developing sustainable livelihoods approaches, in response to these targets (GLOPP, 2008). Therefore, it is essential to improve and encouraging management of eco-tourism and eco-cultural activities so as, to provide economic opportunities inorder to relieve rural poverty and create incentives for sustainable natural resource stewardship.
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2.3. Policies context and their implication in Cultural Tourism
Cultural policy is a political instrument that countries use in an attempt to control the types of channels and types of content that enter and leave their territory. On the international level, three goals of cultural policy can be identified; firstly Protecting the country’s cultures from domination by the cultural achievements of other countries and from encroachments by the media industries of other countries, secondly creating and maintaining international images of the country or region or city, within the country and thirdly is developing and protecting international markets and venues for the country’s international exports (Diana, 2001). Regional and local governments, pursue such policies in an attempt to obtain economic benefits and provide satisfying environmental for residence (Diana, 2001).
Cultural policy as an institutional, has an ability of organized programs, involvement of
NGOs communities and social organization so as to develop cultural activities through promotion (exhibitions, cultural festivals) of arts, physical culture inorder to attract tourists hence improve community livelihood (Miller & Yudice, 2002). According to
OECD (2009) argue that, economic and social challenges facing regions have increased in recent decade, so policies with respect to tourism and culture, have tended to become more instrumental for the justification of conserving cultural heritages for example, is now often framed in economic terms, such as creating employment or helping to create an attractive image, which will attract visitors and inward investments which will benefit local economy.
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URT (1997) stated that, “The National Arts Council, shall collaborate with and promote artists and the arts. Furthermore, it shall collect and disseminate information about price and markets of the products of cultural industries, to individual artists and organizations.
Moreover, the Council shall encourage artists to participate in different festivals and exhibitions.” Therefore, due to promotion of cultural tourism will lead community to invest in cultural tourism, which attracts of tourist hence improving of livelihood.
2.4. Participation of Community in tourism
A community participation approach has long been advocated as an integral part of sustainable tourism development. The essence is, to empower them, get support from them on the implemented project as well as to benefit the community economically through facilitation of employment. According to Fariborz (2011), a sense of community and participation, are the main factors which can effect on processes of tourism development. Without community participation and sense of community, tourism development could not be achieved. Michael (2013) adds that, local communities can take part in identifying and promoting tourist resources and attractions that form the basis of community tourism development, also he adds that, the power of the local communities to influence decision making as well as policy making will therefore, depend on the level of participatory approach being in operation in a particular destination.
URT (1997), argue that, “The public shall be sensitized to participate fully in various cultural activities including recreation and sports; individuals, the public and various organizations shall be encouraged to establish and manage recreation facilities”.
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Tosun & Delen (2003) adds that, the local community is more likely to know what will work and what will not in local conditions.
2.5. Tourism and Socio-Economic Development
Tourism is very important economic sector and often a vehicle of both rural and urban economic regeneration, in many industrialized and unindustrialized nations. The number of tourists and the amount of tourists spending are used as basic economic indicators to gauge the economic impact of tourism (Melanie, 2005). In 2011 the tourism sector contributed 9% of global GDP which is equal to a value of over US$6 trillion, and accounted for 255 million jobs (URT, 2012).
According to Sharpley (2008), whose argues that, tourism is a vital source of employment, income and foreign exchange. This entails that, due to the development of tourism sector and marketing of tourist products, construction of tourist facilities
(accommodation, transport system, banking and security) in a destination country enabling tourist to visit the destination hence employment and growth of economy.
Since tourism embracing both natural and cultural attractions; Melanie & Mike (2005) argued that, Cultural tourism, could be a subject of interest to tourist destinations with cultural amenities, heritage sites, arts centers, historical museums and natural resources which improve economy of people. Today, the growth of tourism around cultural themes has the potential to bring benefits to economically peripheral regions’ (Butcher, 2001).
According to UNESCO (2011), culture tourism engineer global economic, by creating jobs and revenues from visitation of archeological sites and museums. For example, the
Tate Modern museum found in London is estimated to bring in revenues of over £100
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million every year (UNESCO, 2011). Moreover, the growth of tourist cultural heritage site, in central America and Africa, have contributed much to the improvement of GDP and facilitate employment (UNESCO, 2011). A good example is Mali, where culture sector accounted for 5.8% of employment in 2004 and 2.38% of GDP in 2006. In
Guatemala due to the presence of many civilizations which dated back more than 2000 years, pyramids and temples have assisted the growth of cultural tourism industry at a rate of 7.3% annually from 2001 to 2005 and facilitated employment of 7.14%
(UNESCO, 2011).
According to Timothy (2009) who argues that, the diversity of cultures, climates and topographies, are potentially important for economic development through tourism.
South Asian courtiers, are known for living cultural whereby it attracts many tourists to visit and experience religious practices (UNWTO, 2007). It is believed that, Hinduism is the World’s oldest and third largest religion practiced in Asia whereby, its history can be traced back to approximately 5000BC. Due to this, living cultural, taboos, temples and archeological sites in South Asia countries, contribute to annual growth in tourism industries at an average rate of 6.4% since 2000 (UNWTO, 2007). Due to the increase of an annual growth, tourism has facilitated employment to the local community hence, improved the community livelihood.
Furthermore, World Bank (2009) argues that, the association of Banks and cultural heritage in Middle East and North Africa (MENA), diversified income generation by creating new jobs which improve standard of living to the community that reside near
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heritage sites, also the World Bank (2009) report adds that, most of MENA have a comparative advantage in cultural tourism. For instance, Morocco derives about 7% of its GDP from general and cultural tourism sector. In addition to that, a direct employment occurred inside and outside the sites as a result of expenditures for site preservation and returns, from the use of site and support facilities, linking cultural services with related services (WB, 2009).
2.6. The Push and Pull Theory
The push and pull theory, was originated from Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 1970
(Girish & Chris, 2011). Moreover Girish & Chris, 2011 quote (Gray, 1970) in the classification of pleasure travelers that, there two varieties of tourists namely wanderlust
(push) and sunlust (pull). The concepts of push and pull explain why people (tourists) travel; push refers to the fact that, one wants to travel in order to satisfy a need and pull refers to the fact that tourism destinations are designed such a way that their attributes will attract visitors ( Tsephe & Eyono, 2013). The theory, aims to explain the development of rural tourism (Streimikiene & Bilan, 2015). Rural tourism has many economical, environmental, and socio-cultural benefits, such as generation of income for local communities and such income, can then be used by these communities towards the sustainability of their traditional activities, the promotion and conservation of their local arts and cultures, and the prevention of rural-urban migration (Tsephe & Eyono, 2013).
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The theory is linked with this study in the way that, promotion of attraction sites in
Bagamoyo will pull many tourists to visit those attractions, and will lead the communities to invest on tourism activities hence improving their livelihoods.
According to Streimikiene & Bilan (2015), when the suitable location (tourist attraction sites) is discovered and popularized, tourists start to invade this area, and the local community refuses other economic activities and begins to build the infrastructure for tourists and offer desirable services. Due to this, tourism will be continually to evolve to a fully mature because people will invest on tourism hence, improve the standard of living and social services, which will result into an improved livelihood among the community adjacent to the sites.
2.7. Conceptual framework
The study is guided by inter-relationship between independent, intermediate and dependent variables (Figure 1). The Tourist Cultural Heritage sites as tourism assets, attracts tourists to travel and facilitate employments (in public / private sectors) of people in historical sites, arts craft (curio shops, painting, ornament dressing) music and museums. The employments in attraction sites, will lead people to acquire income which will help them in improving their economy and social services like, education, health facilities, water quality services and roads facilities as well as better housing and food security due to a high purchasing power. Moreover, tourism industry which comprises tourism assets will help in developing Antiquity act and tourism policy, which provide a
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support in investing in tourism sector. Nevertheless, the government will collect taxes in tourism assets, which cultural heritage sites are part of it, and improve the country GDP, community services hence community livelihoods.
Independent Intermediate Dependent variables variables variables
Community TOURIST’S Knowledge on tourist livelihood CULTURAL cultural heritage sites. HERITAGE SITES Social ethical values (rituos, worships, taboos, Historical customs etc) sites Income due to Museums employment Music (Public/private)
Art Crafts Asset (etc) -Land.
-Better housing -Tourism company.
-Shops, Hotels (etc) Social services such as schools, health and clean water.(etc) Tourism Policy, Cultural Heritage sites Policy, Antiquity Act
Figure 1: Conceptual framework
Source: Researcher
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2.7. Knowledge Gap
In spite of the existence of various Historical Cultural Heritage sites in Tanzania, and lessons learned from other countries of Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries
(SEMC) that, the growth rates of inbound world tourism and the total average contribution of tourism GDP of 12.5%, confirming, as a key economic importance (Rym et al., 2015). But still the knowledge on the contribution of the Historical Cultural
Heritage sites impact to the community livelihoods is unclear; on how the design of historical sites will affect the livelihood of people, is a challenging element due to limited empirical evidence in developing countries.
The question, is on how the existence of these historical sites affect multilevel stakeholder participation and poverty reduction, continues to surface in the ongoing international tourists regime and its related policy. This could be due to there being a limited number of studies, to whether these historical cultural sites through tourist activities, have succeed in creating the appropriate income and peoples livelihoods by the community in engaging themselves in tourists activities in these historical sites.
There are a limited number of empirical studies on cultural heritage sites, which make difficult to accurately assess the potential implication for the livelihoods of people, living adjacent to the historical sites. Therefore, in understanding the impact of tourist’s cultural heritage sites in people’s livelihoods will help to fill the gap in designing proper strategies for tourism sector implementation.
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CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study area Selection Criteria
The study was conducted at Bagamoyo District in Coastal Region. Bagamoyo District has been picked mainly because it is the historical coastal town, with a long history and renowned heritage site, Kaole (USAID, 2009). Within the District, three villages that is
Shaurimoyo, Soko jipya and Mwambao in Dunda ward were picked for the study. The criterion for picking these three villages is due to highly concentration of 18th century unique historical buildings and ruins, which attract many residents and non-resident tourists and visitors (URT, 2014).
3.2 Research Design
A research design is a structure that, guides the execution of a research method and the analysis of the subsequent data (Bryman, 2007). A descriptive research design was used in the study because it provided good explanations of the cases, so as to have a broad understanding of the issues involved (Creswell, 2003). Furthermore, the design enables through the researcher to study different aspects of the phenomenon; it is flexible in data collection; and it saves both time and costs (Kothari, 2004). Furthermore, descriptive design can be a strategy of doing research, which involves empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its life context by using multiple sources of evidences (Sounders et al., 2004).
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3.3. Description of the study area
3.3.1. Location
Bagamoyo District is one of six districts in the Coastal Region (Figure 2). It is located between 370 and 390 East, and between 60 and 70 South of the equator. Historically
Bagamoyo town is located 65 kilometers north of Dar es Salaam. It borders Morogoro
District on the west; Mvomero, Kilindi, and Handeni districts on the north; Pangani
District on the north east; the Indian Ocean on the east; Kinondoni District on the south east and Kibaha District on the south .The district, covers an area of 9,847 square kilometers, six divisions, sixteen wards, eighty two villages, and six hundred and forty five (645) hamlets (USAID, 2009).
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Figure 2: The study area
Source: Bagamoyo District Profile.
3.3.2. Population and main economic activities
According to National population census and housing (2012), Bagamoyo district has a population of 311,740 people of which males are 154,198 and females 157,542. The main economic activities in Bagamoyo District are fishing, agriculture, pastoralism, tourism and mining. Tourism in the district is dominated mainly by visitors to the
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historic buildings and ruins of Dunda and Kaole villages and visitors to Saadani National
Park (USAID, 2009).
3.3.3. Climate
0 The humid tropical climate has a seasonal average temperature ranging from 13 C -
0 30 C and rainfall ranges between 800 – 1200 mm per annum. The short rain (vuli) season start from October to December while the long rain (masika) season starts from
March to May. The driest months are June to September, when monthly rainfall is generally less than 50 mm per month (USAID, 2013).
3.3.4. Topography, Vegetation and Soil
The topography of the area is within the Indian Ocean coastal belt, which dominates the region and extends from Bagamoyo District to Rufiji District to the south. The area is relatively flat and the highest point is 40 meters above sea level (URT, 2013). The vegetation cover of Bagamoyo District is classified into two ecological zones; the coastal strip is characterized by savannah and bush; in contrast to the East North and
Western up country which is covered with natural dense forest (USAID, 2013). The coastal strip usually receives relatively more precipitation than the upcountry part. The general district topography is characterized by gentle undulating plains covered by space vegetation. Mangroves swamps and trees cover the costal belt. Dominant soil types include Sand, Loamy, Sandy- loamy and clay soils (USAID, 2013).
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3.4. Target Population
Population, refers to all elements or phenomenon under the study. According to Kothari
(2004), defines a population as total number of subjects or total number elements of interest to the researcher. The target population in this study includes local communities, antiqutiy officers, District tourism and Village executive officers. These subjects, are thought to provide sufficient and relevant information on the contribution of tourist’s heritage sites in community livelihood.
3.5. Sampling and sample Size
3.5.1. Sampling procedure
Purposive sampling and simple random sampling were used in this study. Purposive sampling is a deliberate selection of particular units of the universe, to constitute the sample that represents the universe (Kothari, 2004). Purposive sampling was used in data to collect information from antiquity officers, District tourism and village executive officer from the three villages so as to get information which could not be provided by other respondents like benefit sharing mechanism.
Random sampling is a type of sampling which provides an equal chance, to every member of the population to be included in the study (Kothari, 2004). Random sampling was used in selecting households, as it provided an equal chance of households within the study area, to be included in a study. Simple random sampling was done by assigning a number to each unit of the population and constructed a table. This was followed by selecting a starting point randomly going through the table across rows and
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listed the numbers as they appeared on the table. The reason of selecting this method was to get respondents with different characteristics and to reduce bias.
3.5.2. Sample size
A sample can be defined as the number of items to be selected from the universe to constitute a sample (Kothari, 2004). In the study, 37 respondents form Shaurimoyo village, 33 respondents from Mwambao village and 30 respondents from Soko jipya respectively were picked. With an inclusion of 12 key informants, the total sample was
112 people. This number was thought to be appropriate which could provide relevant information on the contribution of tourist cultural heritage sites, in the community livelihood.
3.6. Methods of Data collection
This part describes in details different tools of data collection such as household questionnaire surveys, interviews and focus group discussions. Data collection tools were described as follows:
3.6.1. Household questionnaire survey
Questionnaires design (Appendix 1) was used, to obtain information concerning the contribution of tourist’s cultural heritage sites of the study area. These questionnaires comprised of open and closed-ended questions. Open-ended questions allow free responses from respondents and closed-ended questions allowed easy coding. The questionnaires covered important aspects such as socio-economic aspects, as well as
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issues related to tourist cultural heritage sites as its impact to livelihoods, challenges and mechanisms which could be used in improving livelihoods.
3.6.1.1 Training of Enumerators
Four days were used for conducting training to three enumerators, one from each village.
The enumerators were identified in collaboration with the village government officials.
The training was provided on how to interview respondents, probe the relevant information of the study and filling questionnaires accurately.
3.6.1.2 Questionnaire pre testing
Twelve respondents were used to pre-test the questionnaires, because it was important to pretest the instruments so as to eliminate ambiguities and errors, as well as ensuring that they produce the required and the desired data. Twelve respondents were provided with questionnaires and requested to fill them in, so as to enable the researcher to reformulate or remove the ambiguous questions. The pre-testing also enabled the researcher to estimate of the time for administering each questionnaire.
3.6.1.3 Administration of Household Questionnaires
The predesigned household questionnaires were managed by the researcher and three enumerators, to a sample of households in each village. The team visited the selected household’s sample, at their residential areas with a help of a villages leaders. After seeking the respondents consent, the teams were introduced then respondents were given questionnaires to fill them, with a guidance of the researchers or the research assistants, and for those respondents who were not able to read and write, the researcher or the research assistants read the questions and filled them based on their responses. The
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reason was to enable the collection of data even from houses that were scattered within a given study area.
3.6.2 Interviews
Interview is a method of data collection, which involves a presentation of oral/verbal responses (Kothari, 2004). In this study, semi-structured interview was used in gathering relevant information (Appendix 2). A semi-structured interview is preferred over the unstructured because they involve the use of a set of predetermined questions and highly standardized techniques of recording (Kothari, 2004). Where needed, interviews were made flexible in order to allow easy expression from the respondents. Semi-structured interview had themes that include tourist’s sites impact on community livelihoods, its challenges and suggested mechanisms, in improving community livelihoods. The semi- structured interview was administered to the District tourism officer; Archeological sites officers, tourism stakeholders (souvenir, traders, associations) WEO and Village leaders of the three villages. The total number of interviewees was twelve (12) people.
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Plate 1: Author (Center) interviewing key informants in Kaole ruins. (Photo by Adam, 2015)
3.6.3 . Documentary reviews
Some of the information, such as records of tourist arrival in Tanzania was obtained from World Travel & Tourism: Economic impact-Tanzania reports. These included reports, articles, books, journals and e-book. The district office and ward records on local community population, livelihoods and Cultural heritage tourist’s historical sites related information was considered.
3.6.4 Focus group discussion
A focus group is a form of a qualitative research in which a group of people discusses a particular issue or existing situation in their particular location (Cooper et al., 2006). In this study, focus group discussion was done with some of respondents of the surveyed villages (Appendix 3). The group of elders, youths and women were considered and
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each group comprised 6 to 8 people. The reasons for choosing these groups were having experiences in Cultural tourist’s sites. The researcher had introduced the topic to the group members and let the group discuss the matter, while taking note on a note book.
3.7. Data analysis
Kothari (2004), referred data analysis as a process of checking, cleaning, examining, transforming and modeling data, with the aim of highlighting useful information, suggesting conclusion and supporting the decision making. Moreover, data analysis is the process where raw data are ordered and organized so that, a useful information can be extracted. Data that fall in quantitative category was coded and analyzed so as to provide the percentages, frequencies, tables and figures for systematic interpretations, organization and presentation; and this was done by the help of statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 11.5 and Microsoft Excel in order to obtain a comprehensive report.
3.7.1. Household questionnaire survey
Raw data collected from the household questionnaires surveyed, were thoroughly examined; variables were coded and entered into SPSS version 11.5. After data entry for the whole surveyed villages, analysis was carried out to answer research questions, whereby, cross tabulation, multiple responses and percentages were obtained. This software was used because of its quality in analyzing the quantitative data.
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3.7.2 . Interview and focus group discussion
Data collected from interviews and focus group discussions were mostly qualitative in form of nature, so the information was not processed with an analysis rather than the researcher recorded the key issues, such as the contribution of tourist heritage sites on the livelihoods of the people, challenges and the mechanisms, which could be used in improving livelihoods; and summarizes those key findings and provide an explanation of the findings. This argument is supported by Kombo (2006) that, qualitative data analysis has no one right to proceed with analysis.
3.8. Validity and Reliability
3.8.1. Validity
Validity refers to which an instrument measures what is supposed to measure (Kothari,
2004). In this study, validity was achieved in various ways. First, the use of a random sampling helps to minimize selection bias because it provides an equal chance to every member in a population to be included in the study. Secondly, through a careful formulation of questions and pre-testing questionnaires made the questions clear, which could help the research assistants to be aware with research requirements, possible problems and how to easy overcome them. Lastly edited study data, helped in identifying errors and remove them, hence archiving the validity of the findings of the current study.
3.8.2. Reliability
Reliability concerns the issues of consistency of measurement over time; if the same results can be reproduced under a similar methodology, the research instruments are
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considered to be reliable (Bryman, 2007). In this study, the reliability was insured by the use of different data collection tools such as household questionnaire surveys, interviews, focus group discussions and reviews of secondary data which related to the study.
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CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Socio Economic Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 below present the socio-economic characteristics of the households surveyed in three villages. Results indicate that, the overall proportion of males was higher 67.3 %,( n=100) than females (32.7%) in both villages. The reasons could not be established; however, this could be occurred by chance. As for the age of the respondents, results indicated that, majority of them were 18-47 (98.1%) and 48 (1.9%) years. This indicated that, most people were active working class in various forms of production. In terms of education, majority (70.5%) of them had attained primary education, (15.6%) secondary education (12.8%) informal education and the last group (1.1%) had college/university education. This implied that, majority of the villagers who lived in the rural villages had attained primary education. As for economic activities, findings indicate that, (43.4%) of them were small entrepreneurs in the town center while others were transporters for various commodities to other areas such as Msata, Mafia and Pemba and (30.9%) were artisanal fishermen, who practiced their activities along the coastal areas of Indian ocean.
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Table 1: Social profile of the respondents
Village in percentage (%) Shaurimoyo Soko jipya Mwambao Variables (n=37) (n=30) (n=33) Aver age (%)
Male 62.2 70.0 69.7 67.3 Gender Female 37.8 30.0 30.3 32.7 18-27 27.0 23.3 39.4 29.9 Age category 28-37 43.2 60.0 51.5 51.6 38-47 27.0 16.7 6.1 16.6 48 and above 2.7 0 3.0 1.9 Informal 18.9 13.3 6.1 12.8 Education level Primary 78.4 63.3 69.7 70.5 Secondary 2.7 20.0 24.2 15.6 College/University 0 3.3 0 1.1 Tourism 0 3.3 30.3 11.2 Economic Small entrepreneur 18.9 56.7 54.5 43.4 activities Farming 13.5 10.0 6.1 9.8 Fishing 56.8 26.7 9.1 30.9 Other 10.8 3.3 0 4.7 Household size Alone 0 0 6.1 2.0 1-5 people 62.2 76.7 81.8 73.6 More than 6 37.8 23.3 12.1 24.4 people
Source: Field data survey, 2015 Key: n= the Sample size
4.2 Community Awareness of the Tourist Cultural Heritage Sites in Bagamoyo
Results of this study have indicated that, the overall majorities of the surveyed villages
68.2% (n=100) were aware of the tourist cultural heritage sites in Bagamoyo while
(31.8%) were not (Figure 3 below). The awareness could probably be due to the knowledge on tourist cultural heritage sites and others might have participated in tourism activities. A study conducted by Bassey (2009) suggested that, cultural festival and events foster cross-cultural communication, that can promote understanding on cultural tourism between the hosts and guest, hence provision of satisfactions to visitors.
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80 73.3% 67.6% 70 63.6%
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50 36.4% Yes 40 32.4% 26.7% No 30
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10
0 Shaurimoyo Soko jipya Mwambao
Figure 3: Community awareness on tourist cultural heritage sites
Source: Field data survey, 2015
Further probing on awareness, the respondents of the three villages were able to indentify some of the tourist cultural attractions found in Bagamoyo. For example
(63.1%) of them in all surveyed villages were able to identify Kaole ruins, Caravan Serai
(25.6%), Ngome Kongwe (19.1%) and Catholic Museums (17.2%) as shown in Table 2 below.
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Table 2: Common cultural attraction sites in Bagamoyo
Village in percentage (%)
Shaurimoyo Soko Jipya Mwambao Average (%) (n=37) (n=30) (n=33)
Responses
Kaole 67.6 73.3 48.5 63.1
Caravan Serai 13.5 30.0 33.3 25.6
Ngome Kongwe 10.8 13.3 33.3 19.1
Catholic Museum 8.1 13.3 30.3 17.2
* Multiple responses Source: Field data survey, 2015 Key: n= the Sample size In addition to that, during focus group discussions one discussant near the Old Forts had this to say;
“I am aware of the attraction sites thus, it is why am participating in curving so as to sale the products to tourists visiting Ngome Kongwe and Kaole.” This implies that, respondents in the surveyed villages were aware of the tourist cultural attraction sites found in Bagamoyo.
4.3. Assessment of the benefits of tourist cultural heritage sites to local communities
Respondents were asked the benefits obtained from the cultural heritage sites. Results indicated that there were variations between one village to another; minority of them for example, Mwambao (30.3%) and Soko jipya (16.6%) indicated that, they received some benefits, this could be attributed by the presence of awareness and participating on
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cultural tourism. In Shaurimoyo, majority (100%) could not observe any kind of benefits; this could be attributed by lack of awareness on cultural tourism, poor participation in tourism activities and poor benefits sharing. Soko jipya (83.3%) and
Mwambao (69.7%) respectively could not benefit from the cultural heritage sites due to lack of education and poor participation in cultural tourism activities (Figure 4 bellow).
A study conducted by Cornelia & Mikhail (2013) indicates that, cultural heritage sites has benefits to local community through creating of employments and growth of national income, which could be one of the potential impacts in improving people’s livelihoods. Based on the findings an overall (84.4%) of the respondents in all surveyed villages, could not see any benefits; these findings are contrary to the study done by
Cornelia & Mikhail (2013), therefore, the findings implies that, majority of respondents in the surveyed villages were poorly involved in tourism activities and lacked the benefit sharing, which could not motivate them in participating in tourism activities and valued the cultural heritage site as their source of economy.
100% 100 83.4% 80 69.7%
60 Yes 30.3% 40 No 16.6% 20
0 Shaurimoyo Soko jipya Mwambao
Figure 4: Assessment of the benefits of tourist cultural heritage sites to local communities Source: Field data survey, 2015
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Further respondents, were probed on the benefits based on gender and age (Table 3 below). In terms of gender, results indicate that, the overall proportional of males 9.2%
(n=100) was higher than females (6.2%). For example males in Mwambao and Soko jipya villages agreed that, they received benefits from cultural heritage by (18.2%) and
(10%) respectively while females in Mwambao (12.1%) and Soko jipya (6.6%) admitted that, they received benefits from the cultural tourism. However, in Shaurimoyo, the community they did not observed any benefits and this could be due to poorly involvement in tourism activities. Based on Soko jipya and Mwambao villages the results imply that, males benefited more than females, this probably could be attributed by the awareness of males in tourism activities and their participation in tourism through investing in tourism industry. On the other hand, findings have shown that, ages between
28-37 years (10.3%) benefited when compared to other age groups (Table 3 bellow).
Probably this age group was more active participants of the industry due to the fact that, they had already realized the benefits obtained from tourism and also had more knowledge on tourism opportunities, which influenced them to invest their time and money in cultural tourism.
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Table 3: Benefits based on gender and age on the surveyed villages
Villages in percentages (%)
Benefiting Shaurimoyo Soko Jipya Mwambao Average (n=37) (n=30) (n=33) (%)
Gender Male 0 10 18.2 9.4
Female 0 6.6 12.1 6.2
Age 18-27 0 6.7 6.1 4.3
28-37 0 6.7 24.2 10.3
38-47 0 1 0 0.3
48 > 0 0 0 0
Source: Field data survey, 2015
4.4. Benefits of tourist cultural heritage sites identified by local communities
Local communities were requested to mention the benefits obtained from the tourist cultural heritage sites. These were the increase of income, expansion and growth of trade, provision of social services, environmental education and provision of area for conducting business. However, in Shaurimoyo village the community perception was that, they did not realized any benefits (Table 4 below).
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Table 4: Benefits of tourist cultural heritage sites identified by local communities Village in percentage (%)
Benefits Shaurimoyo Soko Jipya Mwambao Average (%) (n=37) (n=30) (n=33)
Increase of income 0 3.3 24.2 9.2
Capacity building 0 3.3 21.2 8.2
Expansion and growth 0 13.3 3.0 5.4 of trade
Provision of social 0 0 6.1 2 services
Provision of Market 0 0 6.1 2 center
* Multiple responses
Source: Field data survey, 2015 Key: n= the Sample size
4.4.1. Increasing of income
In the case of increasing of income, majority of the respondents (9.2%) identifed the increase of income. This was influenced by the availabilities of tourism facilities like hotels, lodges and restaurants whereby most tourists tended to visit areas where these services were available, after arrival and during their stay at the destination, but these benefits varied from one village to another for example, at Mwambao majority (24.2%) benefited on income (foreigns earning and Tanzanian shillings) compared to other villages. This was influenced by the availabilities of tourism information centers and tourists guide, who participated direct on the tourism activities. Study conducted by
Robert & Russell (2014) adds that, cultural heritage tourists are known to have higher
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incomes and brought more economic resources to the communities they visited; due to the frequent of traveling in different cultural attractions, to have more experiences they wanted, tourists tend to spend more money to destinations they visited through the utilization of tourism facilities. Furthermore, Zandel & Sinisa (2013) quoted (Jucan &
Jucan, 2013) that, When tourists spent their money in hotels, restaurants, transportation, communication services and retail outlets, these would create a direct income, government revenue, employment effects and some direct imports of goods and services.
4.4.2. Capacity building
The capacity building, had been mentioned by (8.2%) as a benefit accrued by villagers, from the cultural tourism stakeholders due to the fact that, some of them obtained knowledge and skills which helped in the conservation of environments, tourism attraction sites and investments on eco-tourism activities. This was facilitated and funded by NGO’s and International organizations like UNEP, UNWTO and UNIDO in collaboration with the Government of United Republic of Tanzania in Bagamoyo
District. However, Shaurimoyo (0%) and Soko jipya (3.3%) villages had a lower percentage benefits from the capacity building, compared to Mwambao (21.2%)
Probably was attributed by poor participation in tourism activities.
In addition to that, during interviews with key informants from the district tourism officer whp revealed that, (135) people, received indoor and outdoor training and seminars in 2014. Apart from (135) selected people, (45) people were from Dunda ward.
The community, were taken to a study tour to Mto wa Mbu to learn on cultural tourism enterprises and how to use, the available tourism opportunities to increase income,
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women were trained in micro tourism business development and also in improving customer care as well the establishment of networking forum on tourism in Bagamoyo
(Table 5 below). The argument is supported by a study conducted by Dhakal (2005) that, human capacity building is very important in any economic activities.
PwC (2007) adds that, capacity building increases publicity of cultural resources to the local community, which provides knowledge and skills for conservation and catalyst local development in economic business.
Table 5: Training of local community on cultural tourism enterprises Village names Number Training of people
- Micro tourism business development
Mwambao 20 - Improvement of customer care services
Soko jipya 16 -Cultural tourism enterprises
Shaurimoyo 9 - Establishment of cultural tourism network forum
Total 45
Source: District tourism office, 2015
4.4.3. Expansion and growth of trade
Respondents were further explored on the expansion and growth of trade; the average of
(5.4%) of the surveyed villages explained that, there was an expansion and growth of trade. And these benefits varied from one village to another, for example Soko jipya
(13. 3%) and Mwambao (3%). This could probably be influenced by different visitors to
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shop around the surveyed villages. A study conducted by Mansour & Mahin (2013) argues that, Tourism, may have many different effects on the social and cultural aspects of life, in a particular region or area; the interaction between tourists and the host community, can be one of the factors that may affect trade to community through investing in tourism infrastructure facilities, such as hotels, motels, ports, roads, shopping centers and modern airport facilities and the provision of vehicles as well means of transport to the tourist sites .
4.4.4. Provision social service
Results indicate that, (2%) of the respondents agreed on the provision social service as benefits, these social services were roads and road lights. During field survey, key informant interviewer WEO of Dunda ward and the District tourism officer said that, the
Indian pavement roads and lights along the road were constructed. These projects were funded in collaborations with NGO’s and International organizations like UNEP,
UNWTO and UNIDO, to support the development of tourism in Bagamoyo. Results implied that, there was a fewer respondents on the development project, this could be attributed with the lack of awareness and poor involvement of the local communities during the implementation of projects and also this projects perhaps was not the communities choice.
4.4.5. Provision of Market center
Findings indicate that, (2%) of the surveyed respondents realized on the provision of the market place as benefits. In Mwambao village (6.1%) of them indicated that, they had business at Art Market (soko la wasanii) which they used to sell their cultural products
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such as curios, T-shirts, art pictures and bracelets, also during an interview with key informants from the District tourism office who pointed that, the art market was one of the cultural tourism attraction because it was built during the colonial era, so the District council has given this area to small entrepreneur’s artists to conduct their business.
Apart from the direct benefits mentioned with the communities there were also social ethical values which were recognized as benefits. During focus group discussions one discussant had this to say; I am benefiting with this ruins for rituals worship because my grand, grand, grandfather were buried at this place. During an interview with Antiquity officer of Kaole who explained that, the community indirectly benefited with the ruins because they were allowed to conduct prayers around the Mosque and other performed rituals worship, to Sharipha graves found in the protected area.
Plate 2: Showing a Mosque in Kaole ruins which was built in 13th and 15th centuries (Photo by Author, 2015)
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Plate 3: Showing a Sharipha grave in Kaole ruins (Photo by Author, 2015)
4.5. Employment of respondents on cultural tourism
Results indicate that, (11.2%) were employed (Table 6 below). Results varied from one village to another, for example, Mwambao village (30.3%) and Soko jipya (3.3%) respectively confirmed that, they were employed as tour guides, artist, finearts and traditional dancers. During a focus group discussion one of the respondents had this to say; “I have employed myself as tourist guide, and I managed to convince other guides to establish our association and we did it and we are recognized by the Bagamoyo
District as guides and provide us with identity cards”. So this result implied that, probably due to the awareness on tourism benefits, and presence of Kaole Art College and Bagamoyo Tourism College, enabled people to have knowledge and skills on cultural tourism. However, majority of respondents (88.8%) reported that, they were not employed in the cultural tourism, this might be possibly due to the lack of knowledge on tourism activities and they were doing other activities such retailer business, fishermen and tailoring.
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Table 6: Employment of respondents on cultural tourism
Village in percentage (%)
Response Shaurimoyo Soko jipya Mwambao Averages (%) (n=37) (n=30) (n=33)
Yes 0 3.3 30.3 11.2
No 100 96.7 69.7 88.8
Source: Field data survey, 2015 Key: n= the Sample size
Further respondents were probed on the employment status based on gender (Table 7 below). Results indicate that, the overall proportional of males in employment opportunity was higher (7.2%) (n=100) than females (4%) in both villages, which implies that, men were more employed than females because traditionally men dominating tourism industries while women participated in dual work such as economy and family care, which might hinder their participation in tourism activities and some of the walks required a long distance work. During focus group discussions one of the respondents had this to say; guiding work is a tough job because we walk very long distance and there are no clear payments, so we only rely on negotiating or bargaining with visitors for work payments done.
Table 7: Description of employment status based on gender Villages in percentages (%)
Response Shaurimoyo Soko jipya Mwambao Average (%) (n=37) (n=30) (n=33)
Male 0 3.3 18.2 7.2
Female 0 0 12.1 4.0
Source: Field data survey 2015 Key: n= the Sample size
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During an interview with key informative of Bagamoyo Tour Guides Association,
United Art Rising in Bagamoyo, hotel managers and Spirit Band group explained that, the communities were employed as tour guides, hoteliers, traditional dancers and artist
(Table 8 below).
Table 8: Description of employment status based on gender Key informants response in percentage Job description Sex (%)
BATOGA UARB HM SPBA
(N=1) (N=1) (N=3) (N=1)
male 83.3 0 0 0
Tour guides female 16.7 0 0 0
male 0 0 46 0
Hoteliers female 0 0 54 0
male 0 0 0 66.7
Traditional dancers female 0 0 0 33.3
male 0 86.2 0 0
Artist female 0 13.8 0 0
BATOGA= Bagamoyo tour guide association, UARB= United art rising in Bagamoyo, HM = Hotel Managers, SPBA= Spirit band.
Source: Field data survey, 2015
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Plate 4: Showing traditional cultural dance in Bagamoyo (Photo by Adam, 2015)
4.6. Challenges hindering communities to benefits from the initiative
Respondents were asked to identify challenges that hindered them, from acquiring benefits from the cultural tourism, and results are presented in Table 9 below.
Challenges identified were as inadequate benefits’ sharing (36%), poor participation in tourism activities (28.1%) and the lack of awareness on tourism benefits (27.9%).
Table 9: Challenges hindering communities to benefits from tourist cultural heritage sites Village in percentage (%)
Challenges Shaurimoyo Soko jipya Mwambao Average (n=37) (n=30) (n=33) (%)
Inadequate benefits 43.2 46.6 18.2 36 sharing
Poor participation in 29.7 33.3 21.2 28.1 tourism activities
Lack of awareness of 27.0 23.3 33.3 27.9 tourism benefits
Source: Field data survey, 2015 Key: n= the Sample size
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4.6.1. Inadequate benefits’ sharing
The surveyed respondents (36%) realised that, Inadequate benefit sharing was a challenge that hindered them benefiting from the cultural tourism, and were probed to identify causes. This was attributed by absent of proper benefits sharing mechanism between local communities and the central government.
During a discussion with DTO, who said that, they had not been able to establish any development projects to the local communities because all the revenue collected from the attraction sites, were sent directly to the department of antiquity which are responsible of taking care of the heritage sites. All revenue collected goes to the central government and there is no any kind of returns in terms of monetary that comes to the
Bagamoyo district or the surrounded villages as an outreach return, thus why it is not possible for the tourism department in Bagamoyo district to finance any kind of development.
However during an interview with the Antiquity officer at Kaole ruins who admitted that, all the revenue collected from the tourist cultural heritage sites, which are supervised by the antiquity department were sent directly to the central Government under the Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism, and there are no any terms of revenues returns to the local communities lived adjacent to the attraction sites. These implied that, due to inadequate benefit sharing in terms of revenue, villagers could not participate in any tourism activities because there was no benefits accrued to the people lived adjacent the cultural site. Similar study conducted by Makame (2008), realized that
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there was no benefits sharing because there was neither legal agreement nor a recognized mechanism for sharing the benefits.
4.6.2. Poor participation in tourism activities
Furthermore, the surveyed villages identified that, there was poor participation in tourism activities (28.1%). This might partly be attributed to the fact that, the antiquity department had no outreach programme that influenced the participation of the local people in the conservation of tourism assets and an investment in eco-tourism, which implied that, due to the inadequate participation of local communities in tourism activities could probably lead them not to participate in any tourism activities and switched them to do other economic activities like small business enterprises and fishing along the coastal area of Indian Ocean. According to Dill (2010), Community participation in Tanzania, is still a top-down approach and its history can be traced back to Tanzania’s early years of independence and a socialist mode of economy, where all decisions were centrally made. This research suggests that, if cultural heritage resources well managed through, public participation could be useful to people surrounding the resources and the public at large for a poverty reduction.
4.6.3. Lack of awareness of tourism benefits
Respondents (27.9%) identified the lack of awareness of tourism benefits as a challenge that hindered their benefits. This probably, could be due to the lack of knowledge on cultural tourism which led into a failure of valuing the cultural resources and the benefits that could occur. The study of Hamimi (2013) identify , a lack of awareness or interest in CH tourism on the part of local residents and a lack of trained human resources to
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ensure a maximum local economic benefits from CH tourism, are among of the factors that hindered community involvement in tourism industry.
4.7. Suggestion measures to ensure local community are benefitting from initiative
Table 10 below, explains some of the measures which were proposed by the surveyed villages so as, to ensure they benefited from the cultural tourism.
Table 10: Suggested measures to ensure local community are benefitting from initiative Village in percentage (%)
Measures Shaurimoyo Soko jipya Mwambao Average (n=37) (n=30) (n=33) (%)
Ensure equitable 75.7 63.3 42.4 60.5 benefits sharing mechanism
Promotion and 37.8 23.3 36.4 32.5 advertisement of tourism
Rise awareness on 59.5 63.3 54.5 59.1 tourism activities
Encourage tourism 35.1 33.3 33.3 33.9 investments
Source: Field data survey, 2015 Key: n= the Sample size 4.7.1. Equitable benefits sharing mechanism
Findings indicate that, (60.5%) of the respondents suggested that, there must be an equitable benefits sharing mechanism. The Government has to involve the local communities during making of laws, regulation and policies that were active on ensuring equitable distribution of revenues that accrued on the tourist cultural heritage sites. The
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equitable benefits shared, might probably be used to fund a number of community development projects such as schools, health services, safe water supply and many others, also, through making of a clear policy on the introduction of a joint tourism management between the Government and the local community which would help to provide directives on the conservation of tourist attraction sites and ensuring revenues benefits were directed to the surveyed villages. The results varied from one village to another, for example, Shaurimoyo village the majority (75.7%) and Soko jipya (63.3%) identified the equitable benefits sharing mechanism as measures, this implied that, probably when the local community received revenues as benefits would help them on valuing of cultural tourism resources; also some villagers might be attracted in participating in tourism activities.
4.7.2. Awareness on tourism activities
Moreover, overall of the respondents (59.1%) suggested that, the awareness on tourism activities had to be considered. According to them, it was suggested that, through capacity building (seminars, workshops); provision of brochures, conducting cultural festival and tourism education to the primary school pupils and other tourism stakeholders should be given, a priority so as to raise the awareness. So due to the provision of the awareness, probably could have attracted many people to participate in tourism activities which might have improved their livelihood. A Study done by Mariya
& Ivanka (2015) argued that, awareness of cultural and historical heritage sites (tangible and intangible), can be done through festivals based on traditional cuisine, agricultural products, traditional rituals and natural resources, that can fully promote local businesses.
47
Tourism has been a benefit to the local communities in socially and culturally sustainable due to the increase of the people’s awareness of cultures practices, behaviors, values and heritage (Hamimi, 2013). In addition to that, Hamimi (2013) quoted (Mathieson & Wall, 1982) that, whenever tourism becomes an important component of a local economy, there is an increase in interest in native arts and crafts.
Consequently, such situations have sometimes made local communities more aware of their own historical and cultural continuity, which subsequently may enrich their culture and instill desire, to protect and restore their cultural landmarks (Hamimi, 2013).
4.7.3. Promotion and advertisement of tourism
A number of (32.5%) of the respondents from the field survey also, suggested that, the promotion and advertisements of tourism should be done by the Tanzania Tourism
Board, Tourism stakeholders and the Ministry for Natural Resources and Tourism, so as tourists could be aware about the cultural tourism sites in Bagamoyo district. These could have increased the tourist’s arrival per year, and the investments probably could have increased the income of the people adjacent to attraction sites through the availabilities of employment and an increase of revenues to the cultural tourism attractions. In addition, the promotion and advertisements could help Bagamoyo sites to compete with other sites like Zanzibar (mji mkongwe and the slave market). A study conducted by Janos (2010) adds that, cultural events and festivals again play an important role in the formation and strengthening of cultural tourism, in today’s tourism industry. These programmes offer the tourist additional reasons to visit a place over and above the regular cultural product offered. Different festivals can contribute to the
48
development of the given areas or regions and also, promote the cognition of the local population or residents of an area, to invest on cultural tourism (Janos, 2010).
4.7.4. Encouragement of tourism investments
An overall (33%) of the respondents had a view on the encouragement of the tourism investments, to ensure that the tourism development in the study area could improve the local community economy as benefits. Investors are regarded as an important asset in tourism development, which ensured a growth and an expansion of the tourism industry; which would have supported development through investments in tourism infrastructures, such as tourist’s resorts, hotels, transport facilities, financial services, shopping centers and encouraging security of their visitors, from the government and other private companies. These investments could contribute in job creation, which might improve the economy of local community hence improving of livelihood. The encouragement of investments in sustainable tourism, including ecotourism and cultural, which creating small and medium sized enterprises and facilitating an access to finance, motivates people to participate in tourism activities, hence conservation of tourism resources (UNEP, 2013).
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CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Summary
The study had aimed at assessing the contribution of tourist cultural heritage sites in community livelihood in Bagamoyo District. The study specifically, assessed on the local communities awareness, benefits of cultural heritage sites to the local communities, challenges which hindered the community to acquire benefits and suggested measures, to ensure the local community benefitted from the initiative to improve community livelihoods. Results indicated that, most villagers (68.2%) were aware of the tourist cultural heritage sites since the majorities (63.1%), were able to identify them such as
Kaole ruins, Caravan Serai, Ngome kongwe and Catholic museums.
In addition, on the benefits of tourists cultural heritage sites, the overall majority of respondents (84.4%) did not benefit with tourist cultural heritage sites; whereby (100%) of them from Shaurimoyo totally indicated that, there was no benefits at all. However, some of them (15.6%) indicated to have benefits. The two villages Soko jipya (16.6%) and Mwambao (30.3%) respectively mentioned to have benefits; and those benefits were identified as an increase of income (9.2%), capacity building (8.2%), expansion and growth of trade (5.4%), provision of social services (2%) and the provision of area for conducting business (2%). Moreover the findings indicated that, (88.8%) of the surveyed respondents were not employed in cultural tourism, while (11.2%) of the two
50
villages Mwambao and Soko jipya respectively, had agreed to have employed on cultural tourism.
The major challenges which hindered the local communities to benefit from the tourist’s cultural heritage sites were identified such as, inadequate benefits sharing (36%), poor participation in tourism activities (28.1%) and the lack of awareness of tourism benefits
(27.9%). On the other hand, the suggested mechanism which could help the local communities to benefit from the initiative, so as to ensure sustainable livelihood were identified as, ensuring equitable benefits sharing mechanisms (60.5%), promotion and advertisement of tourism (32.5%) rising of awareness on tourism activities (59.1%) and the encouragement of the tourism investments in Bagamoyo (33.9%).
5.2. Conclusion
Tourist cultural heritage sites are important for improving livelihoods of the local community in Bagamoyo, through investing on tourism activities. Inorder for the local communities to improve their livelihoods, the Government, NGOs and other tourism stakeholders, has to ensure the local communities are full participated the on eco-cultural tourism. In addition to that, the Government has to ensure an equitable benefit sharing on revenues with the local community; this could help to change the negative perception of the local community, towards the cultural tourism and its attractions. An intensive consultation, education, planning and designing strategies for the tourism investments and development in Bagamoyo, has to be implemented by the Government with the help of NGOs and tourism stakeholders, so as to ensure the local communities are benefited hence an improvement of their livelihoods.
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5.3. Recommendations
Based on the findings, the following recommendations are made for the improvement of cultural tourism so as to ensure, the communities are benefited with cultural tourism hence an improvement of their livelihood:
The community member’s participation on cultural tourism activities, have to be
strengthened by the Government and NGOs through provision of an intensive
capacity building and education. This might possibly improve the people’s
awareness and the involvement in decision making on tourism activities.
The antiquity department has to introduce benefit sharing mechanism, on the
revenue collection, this could help the local communities to improve the social
services on their areas, also it could help the local community to value the
cultural tourism assets and motivate them to participate on tourism activities
because of the benefits they acquired.
The Government with the collaboration of other tourism stakeholder’s, has to
take responsibilities to market cultural tourism in Bagamoyo, so as to attract
many residents and non-residents tourist to visit the Bagamoyo cultural attraction
sites; this could help to raise an awareness to local communities around the
villages, and to motivate them to participate on tourism activities.
The Government has to take necessary action to help local communities to invest
on tourism activities, through provision of loans, and also the Government has to
encourage people and other investors to use the potential opportunities to invest
52
on tourism activities in Bagamoyo; this could help into an increase of
employment to the local communities around Bagamoyo, and help to improve
their livelihoods.
Government has to ensure antiquity sites are being controlled by the Bagamoyo
District Council, because they are closer to local community and they can also
ensure provision revenue, as benefit sharing with the local communities adjacent
to the cultural attraction.
5.4. Suggested areas for further studies
From this study therefore, the researcher suggests the following areas for a future research:
There is a need of conducting a research on the effects of climate change, at the
cultural heritage sites in Bagamoyo, because many ruins undergone weathering this
could be due to climate change. The research is very important because it will help
to provide mitigation measures of climate change on the cultural heritage in
Bagamoyo, and other parts of the country.
The effect of tourism on culture and environment is among the important researchs
that can be done in Bagamoyo and other parts of the country, because Tanzania is
rich of natural and cultural resources which attracted many tourists from different
parts of the world and each tourist, had own behavior on the utilization of these
resources; therefore, its important to make such research, so as to enhance the
protection of cultural resources and evironment.
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In developing countries tourism is among the important sector which received
attention on the poverty reduction, so it is important to conduct a research on the role
of local communities in tourism development in Bagamoyo, and other parts of
Tanzania to observe how the local community were involved and participated in a
sustainable tourism development.
54
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1
INDICATIVE QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HOUSEHOLDS
A. Demographic characteristics of respondent
District………………………….Ward…………………Date…………
1. Sex: - □ Male □ Female
2. Age …………….
3. Marital status (please tick on a box)
□ Single □ Marriage □ Divorced □ Widow
4. Education level (Please tick on the box)
□ Informal □ Secondary
□ Primary School □ University / College
5. Duration of stay …...... years 6. What is the size of your household? (Please tick on)
□ Alone
□ 1-5 People
□ More than 5 peoples
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7. What is your major economic activity? (Please tick on)
□ Tourism
□ Small entrepreneur
□ Agriculture
□ Fishing
□ Other (specify)…………………..
B. Awareness of local community towards cultural heritage sites. 8. Are you aware of tourist Cultural Heritage site in your area? (Please tick on a box)
□ Yes
□ No
9. If YES, can you mention them ………………………………………………………….. 10. Who own this tourist Cultural Heritage sites? (Please tick the box)
□ Government
□ Private Institution
□ Local Community
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C. Benefits of tourist cultural heritage sites to local communities. 11. Do you have any household member(s) employed in one of the cultural heritage sites?
□ Yes
□ No
12. If Yes, how many?...... 13. If No, what are the reasons? (mention at least three) ...... In your opinion, do you think the current cultural heritage sites have benefits to local communities? (tick the box)
□ Yes
□ No
14. If Yes, What are the benefits? (Mention three)
………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………
15. Are you aware of any social development project supported by cultural heritage sites (tick the box)
□ Yes
□ No
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16. If Yes, mention them …………………………………………………………………………......
…………………………………………………………………………………………… Challenges that hinders communities to benefits from the initiative.
17. Are there challenges that hinder communities from benefiting from Cultural tourism?
□ Yes
□ No
18. If Yes, What are the challenges?
......
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
D. Measures to ensure local community are benefitting from initiative. 19. What has to be done so as to ensure that communities benefits from the cultural tourism?
…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………......
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Appendix 2:
GUIDING CHECKLIST FOR KEY INFORMANTS SUCH AS DISTRICT TOURISM OFFICER, ANTIQUITY SITES OFFICERS, TOURISM ASSOCIATIONS AND VILLAGE EXECUTIVE OFFICER
1. Mechanism to ensure local community are aware with cultural heritage sites. 2. Benefits of cultural heriatege sites to local communities around the area. (employment, Income) 3. Plan, policy and program to ensure that local communities are benefits from cultural heritage sites. 4. Identification of any development project supported by cultural heritage site. 5. Villages that have been supported (statistics) 6. Measures that has been placed to make sure the benefits accrued form cultural tourism are impacted the livelihood of local communities. 7. Challenges faced when ensuring benefits acrued from the cultural tourism has impact on local communities the livelihood. 8. Ways to improve livelihood of household through cultural heritage site.
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Appendix 3:
GUIDING CHECKLIST FOR FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS WITH
HOUSEHOLD OF THE STUDY AREA AND SOUVENIRS
Awareness of local community toward tourist cultural heritage
Perceptions on the impact of tourist’s cultural heritage site in livelihood enhancement
Benefits of tourist cultural heritage site to local community’s i.e Types, Level and Frequencies of benefits provided, mode of sharing and distribution.
Challenges that hinder to acquire benefits of tourist cultural heritage site and how are they affecting your livelihood
Ways to improve local community benefits
67