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UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Variational generalized Kohn-Sham approach combining the random-phase-approximation and Green's-function methods Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7gf3h1h9 Journal PHYSICAL REVIEW A, 99(1) ISSN 2469-9926 Authors Voora, Vamsee K Balasubramani, Sree Ganesh Furche, Filipp Publication Date 2019-01-28 DOI 10.1103/PhysRevA.99.012518 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Variational Generalized Kohn{Sham Approach Combining Random Phase Approximation and Green's Function Methods Vamsee K. Voora, Sree Ganesh Balasubramani, and Filipp Furche∗ University of California, Irvine, Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-4095, USA (Dated: 12/11/2018) A generalized Kohn{Sham (GKS) scheme which variationally minimizes the random phase ap- proximation (RPA) ground state energy with respect to the GKS one-particle density matrix is introduced. We introduce the notion of functional-selfconsistent (FSC) schemes, which vary the one- particle Kohn{Sham (KS) potential entering an explicitly potential-dependent exchange-correlation (XC) energy functional for a given density, and distinguish them from orbital-selfconsistent (OSC) schemes, which vary the density, or the orbitals, density matrix, or KS potential generating the den- sity. It is shown that, for explicitly potential-dependent XC functionals, existing OSC schemes such as the optimized effective potential method violate the Hellmann-Feynman theorem for the density, producing a spurious discrepancy between the KS density and the correct Hellmann-Feynman den- sity for approximate functionals. A functional selfconsistency condition is derived which resolves this discrepancy by requiring the XC energy to be stationary with respect to the KS potential at fixed density. We approximately impose functional selfconsistency by by semicanonical projection (sp) of the PBE KS Hamiltonian. Variational OSC minimization of the resulting GKS-spRPA energy functional leads to a nonlocal correlation potential whose off-diagonal blocks correspond to orbital rotation gradients, while its diagonal blocks are related to the RPA self-energy at real frequency. Quasiparticle GW energies are a first-order perturbative limit of the GKS-spRPA orbital energies; the lowest-order change of the total energy captures the renormalized singles excitation correction to RPA. GKS-spRPA orbital energies are found to approximate ionization potentials and fundamen- tal gaps of atoms and molecules more accurately than semilocal density functional approximations (SL DFAs) or G0W0 and correct the spurious behavior of SL DFAs for negative ions. GKS-spRPA energy differences are uniformly more accurate than the SL-RPA ones; improvements are modest for covalent bonds but substantial for weakly bound systems. GKS-spRPA energy minimization also removes the spurious maximum in the SL-RPA potential energy curve of Be2, and produces a single Coulson{Fischer point at ∼ 2.7 times the equilibrium bond length in H2. GKS-spRPA thus corrects most density-driven errors of SL-RPA, enhances the accuracy of RPA energy differences for electron-pair conserving processes, and provides an intuitive one-electron GKS picture yielding ionization potentials energies and gaps of GW quality. I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY negative ions, and small-gap compounds, producing large \density-driven errors" in energies and other properties Electronic structure methods based on the random- [10, 11]. For example, SL DFAs produce qualitatively phase approximation (RPA) [1,2] are rapidly gaining incorrect densities and ionization potentials for negative popularity in solid-state and molecular applications [3{ ions [12], and overly delocalized states for correlated ma- 5]. As opposed to semilocal (SL) density functional ap- terials [13]. proximations (DFAs), RPA-based methods capture non- Unlike SL energy functionals, the RPA energy ex- covalent interactions [6], which have recently moved into plicitly depends on the unknown KS potential, making the focus of research in soft matter, nanomaterials, and straightforward minimization with respect to the den- catalysis [7]. RPA-based methods are comparable in cost sity or KS orbitals impossible. In this paper, we distin- with but more robust than perturbative approaches for guish density- or orbital-selfconsistent (OSC) RPA ap- small-gap systems and offer a way out of the functional proaches, which minimize the energy after choosing an inflation dilemma faced by SL DFAs [8]. approximate KS potential, from functional selfconsistent The vast majority of today's RPA calculations are per- (FSC) approaches, which aim to determine the KS poten- formed in a \post Kohn{Sham" fashion, i.e., by evaluat- tial functional self-consistently by requiring its exchange- ing the RPA energy functional using Kohn{Sham (KS) correlation (XC) part to coincide with the functional orbitals generated from a variational SL DFA calculation derivative of the RPA energy. The optimized effective [9]. Apart from the lack of a variationally stable energy, potential (OEP) approach [14{17] has been claimed to a major limitation of this SL-RPA approach is that SL achieve \fully selfconsistent" RPA results [16]. However, densities are relatively inaccurate for open-shell systems, while OEP-RPA produces accurate KS orbital energies, OEP-RPA results for bond energies and noncovalent in- teractions are less accurate than their SL-RPA counter- ∗ Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: parts [16]. This result is puzzling, because the OEP-RPA fi[email protected] KS potentials are considerably more accurate than SL Phys. Rev. A, accepted ones [18], and recent orbital-optimized RPA approaches where the KS orbitals and occupation numbers were improve upon SL RPA energetics [19]. gathered in the column vectors jφi ; n. Observables such as quasiparticle spectra and ioniza- Kohn and Sham[42] showed that variational minimiza- tion potentials (IPs) have traditionally been the do- tion of the total energy as a functional of ρ leads to the main of many-body Green's function theory (GFT) [20{ KS equations 22]. For example, quasiparticle self-consistent GW the- H [ρ] jφ i = jφ i ; (2) ory [23, 24] yields highly accurate IPs and band gaps 0 p p p for a wide variety of materials, but accurate total en- where H0[ρ] = T + Vs[ρ] is the noninteracting KS one- ergy differences and related properties such as structures particle Hamiltonian, T is the one-particle kinetic energy or thermodynamic quantities remain elusive. GW ap- operator, and proaches starting from SL DFAs [25{27] and even fully ext H XC self-consistent GW [28] face a similar dilemma, producing Vs[ρ](x) = V (x) + V [ρ](x) + V [ρ](x) (3) high quality quasiparticle spectra and excitation ener- is the KS one-particle potential. Vext(x) is the external gies, but energy differences generally inferior to SL-RPA H [29, 30]. one-particle potential, and V [ρ](x) is the Hartree poten- tial. The XC potential is the (total) functional derivative Here we generalize the SL-RPA energy functional us- of the XC energy with respect to the density, ing a simple semicanonical projection (sp) of the SL KS Hamiltonian. The resulting spRPA energy is a func- δEXC[ρ] VXC[ρ](x) = : (4) tional of the KS one-particle density matrix that may δρ(x) variationally be minimized using an OSC generalized KS (GKS) scheme [31]. Semicanonical approaches have suc- The OSC minimizing density is given by cessfully been used to devise perturbative corrections to X 2 SL-RPA in the past [32]. The present variational GKS ρ(x) = npjφp(x)j ; (5) spRPA method is designed to (i) recover SL-RPA for SL p densities; (ii) reduce density-driven error by determin- with occupation numbers normally [43] chosen according ing the density from the stationary point of the RPA to the Aufbau principle. While this section focuses on rather than a SL energy functional; (iii) systematically density-based \proper KS" schemes, analogous consider- improve SL-RPA energetics; (iv) approximate FSC RPA ations apply to the GKS framework [31], if the local XC without sacrificing the variational principle; (v) yield a potential in Eq. (4) is replaced by the nonlocal one de- complete GKS effective one-particle Hamiltonian, unlike fined by the functional derivative of the XC energy with orbital optimized [19] or Brueckner [33] RPA, providing respect to the KS density matrix. an intuitive one-electron picture and GKS orbital ener- However, Eqs. (1)-(5) do not completely determine the gies which accurately approximate quasiparticle spectra energy as a functional of the density: Obtaining the KS [34]; (vi) establish a straightforward connection to GFT potential via Eq. (4) requires knowledge of EXC[ρ], which and GW theory; (vii) eliminate the need for KS inversion in turn is defined in terms of the KS potential. Two dif- or OEP approaches, which can be ill conditioned [35] and ferent avenues have been used to bypass this quandary: require cumbersome regularization [36{38]. The first uses the density (or, in GKS framework, the orbitals and occupation numbers) as independent vari- able. In this case, an additional condition specifying the II. VARIATIONAL MINIMIZATION OF KS potential as a functional of the density (or the or- POTENTIAL-DEPENDENT FUNCTIONALS bitals and occupation numbers) is required. The second approach considers the density (or the orbitals and oc- A. Statement of the Problem cupation numbers) as dependent variable(s), and the po- tential
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